CN107382594A - 一种生化复合多元生物有机肥的制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种利用微生物发酵垃圾加入微量元素复合而成的多元素生物有机肥技术领域。其特征具有解磷、解钾、固氮、补充微量元素、提高土壤有机质含量、活化土壤、提高肥料利用率、增强农作物抗性、减少病虫害发生等功效。主要用于底肥和追肥，广泛用于棉花、小麦、花生、玉米、蔬菜、瓜果等农作物。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种利用微生物发酵垃圾加入微量元素复合而成的多元素生物有机肥技术领域。其特征具有解磷、解钾、固氮、补充微量元素、提高土壤有机质含量、活化土壤、提高肥料利用率、增强农作物抗性、减少病虫害发生等功效。主要用于底肥和追肥，广泛用于棉花、小麦、花生、玉米、蔬菜、瓜果等农作物。
技术背景
农作物大量使用化肥导致土壤板结、污染严重、重金属残留严重，氮、磷、钾化学肥料的不断增加和农作物连做，使土壤不同程度的缺乏微量元素，致使农作物缺“素”病，枯萎病、叶枯病、根腐病发生频繁。
近几年市场上大量有机肥和生物菌肥、有机无机掺混肥等没有很好的办法既能解决化肥农药的污染还能提供营养的办法。
我通过垃圾发酵产生的氮、磷、钾添加微量元素复配而生产出的多元复合生物有机肥，具有解磷、解钾、固氮、补充微量元素、提高土壤有机质含量、活化土壤、提高肥料利用率、增强农作物抗性、减少病虫害发生等功效。
本发明利用微生物菌发酵农业垃圾、补充微量元素和氮磷钾，利用有机质和生物菌活化土壤、提高肥料利用率等功效，彻底解决了各种肥料的不足。
具体实施内容
利用微生物技术发酵农业垃圾提高了氮磷钾的含量和利用率、复配微量元素生化而成的多元生物有机肥技术是用放线菌、光合细菌、硅酸盐菌、枯草芽孢杆菌加入湿度30％的草粉混合的粪便垃圾中发酵，再分别加入磷酸二氢钾、硼、锌、铁、铜、钼元等微量元素。
各种组份用量为：以100公斤原料为例，加入5公斤红糖，100毫升维生素B族，5公斤豆浆，1公斤淀粉酶，用木醋液10--15％和碳酸氢铵15--10％调试PH值7，分别将放入放线菌每毫升20亿个菌的500毫升液体、光合细菌20亿个菌的500毫升液体、硅酸盐菌20亿个菌的500毫升液体、枯草芽孢杆菌20亿个菌的500毫升液体密封搅拌扩繁、复合、复壮，加入农业垃圾混合的草粉中混合成含水30％，加入微量元素硼沙1％，硫酸锌0.5％，硫酸亚铁2％，硫酸铜0.05％，钼酸氨0.05％，磷酸二氢钾1.5％。
垃圾为农作物秸秆、养殖场粪便、下水道和化粪池污泥等，利用微生物菌剂充分混合厌氧发酵和好氧发酵相结合制成成的微生物有机肥。
具体做法是：
放线菌：它将从光合菌获得氨基酸、氮素产生出各种抗生素物质，维生素及酶可以直接抑制病原菌，具有提前获取有害霉菌和细菌增殖所需要的基质，为其它有益微生物提供增殖和生存环境。它对难分解的物质、木质素、纤维素、甲壳素都是具有降解作用。并能让作物容易吸收，增强动植物对各种病害的抵抗力和免疫力，还能促AV菌和同氮菌增殖。
光合细菌：光合菌属于独立营养微生物，菌体本身含60以上的蛋白质且富含多种维生素，还含有辅酶010，抗病毒物质和促生长因子，它以土壤接受光和热为能源将土壤中的硫氢和碳氢化合物中的氧分离出来，变有害物质为无害物质，并以植物根部的分泌物，土壤中的有机物，有害气体(硫化氢等)及二氧化碳、氮等为基质，合成糖类、氨基酸类维生素类、氮素化合物，抗病毒物质和生理活性物质等，是肥沃土壤和促进动植物生长的主要细菌。光合菌代谢的物质可以直接被作物吸收，可以成为其它微生物繁殖的养分，光合菌增殖，其它有益微生物也增殖。它既能溶解磷，又能和固氮菌共生，使固氮菌倍增。
硅酸盐细菌能将土壤中含钾的长石、云母、磷灰石、磷矿粉等矿物的难溶性钾及磷分解出来为作物和菌体本身利用同时菌体本身代谢物也被作物吸收，在菌体代谢过程中产生的激素、氨基酸、多糖等物质促进作物的生长，同时抑制其它病原菌的生长。
枯草芽孢杆菌：在液体培养基中生长时，形成需氧菌，利用蛋白质、多种糖及淀粉，分解色氨酸形成吲哚乙酸、萘乙酸、赤霉素，这些都对农作物的生长起到促进作用，同时枯草芽孢杆菌菌体生长过程中产生的枯草菌素、多粘菌素、制霉菌素、短杆菌肽等活性物质对致病菌有抑制作用。
木醋液：木醋液是从多年生杂木烧制木炭中经过高温蒸馏出来的纯天然物质，属于酸性液体，含有K，Ca，Mg，Zn，Ge，Mn，Fe等矿物质，此外还含有维他命B1和B2，具有杀菌改良土壤，抑制病虫害发生。
碳酸氢铵：含氮17％，属于碱性化肥，用于调和酸碱度补充氮素。
秸秆草粉和粪便等垃圾：含有大量的有机质、纤维素、半纤维素、木质素、低分子化合物、无机盐、维生素、多种微量元素等。
动物粪便及化粪池的污泥：各种动物粪便和化粪池的各种成分含量都不不同，大致为胺、氨、吲哚(indole)、亚硝胺、臭粪素、无机盐(钙，铁，镁，汞)、脂肪，分解的脂肪、粪胆素、尿胆素、胆固醇、嘌呤基和少量维生素。通过加入的菌群不同分解转化的各种物质的含量和功能也不同，有利于土壤利用的有机质和氮磷钾及微量元素、维生素等各类粪便和污泥都含有，只是含量不同。
磷酸二氢钾：磷酸二氢钾属新型高浓度磷钾二元素复合肥料，其中含五氧化二磷52％左右，含氧化二钾34％左右。适用于各种农作物，具有增产增收、改良品质、抗倒伏、抗病虫害、防治早衰等许多优良作用，并且具有克服作物生长后期根系老化吸收能力下降而导致的营养不足的作用。
硼沙：硼沙作为农业用肥，他的作用是促进碳水化合物的运转，改善作物各器官的有机物供应，使作物生长正常，提高结实率和坐果率。硼肥对受精过程能刺激花粉的萌发和花粉管的伸长，使授粉能顺利进行，硼在植物体内能调节有机酸的形成和运转。硼肥还能增强作物的抗旱、抗病能力和促进作物早熟的作用。
硫酸锌：锌肥是植物必需的微量元素之一，硫酸锌是一些脱氢酶、碳酸酐酶和磷脂酶的组成元素，这些酶对植物体内的物质水解、氧化还原过程和蛋白质合成起重要作用；它还具有生长素吲哚乙酸的合成作用，是稳定细胞核糖体的必要成分，参加叶绿素的形成。植物缺锌生长发育停滞、叶片缩小、茎节缩短。缺锌土壤施锌增产显著。锌肥可以基施、追施、浸种、拌种。可用于防止果树苗圃的病害，也是一种补充作物锌微量元素肥的常用肥料，可做基肥等
硫酸亚铁：铁是植物必需微量营养元素之一，是植物中一些重要的氧化还原酶的组分。铁不是叶绿素的组成成分，但铁对叶绿体结构的形成是必不可少的，没有叶绿体，植物就不会有叶绿素。铁以各种形态与蛋白质结合生成铁蛋白：细胞色素、过氧化物酶、豆血红蛋白、铁氧还蛋白。铁肥对矫治果树失绿症有一定作用。铁肥具有防治小麦黑穗病，苹果和梨的疤痂病、果树的腐烂病等农药性作用；也可用作肥料，能除去树干的青苔及地衣。园艺中使用硫酸亚铁来杀灭苔藓。
硫酸铜：硫酸铜对植物体内多种氧化酶的成分，与植物体内的氧化还原反应和呼吸作用有关；对蛋白质代谢及叶绿素的形成有重大影响；能增强光合作用和促进花粉萌发和花粉管伸长，提高结实率。
钼酸氨：钼是作物生长过程中需要量较少的一种微量元素。它在植物体内与氮的代谢有着非常密切的关系。表现为钼不仅在生物固氮中起着重要作用，而且还参与硝酸的还原过程，因为钼是组成硝酸还原酶的成分。
复合配制：分别为以下步骤
培养复合菌：以100公斤原料为例，加入5％红糖，100毫升维生素B族，5％豆浆，1％淀粉酶，用木醋液10--15％和碳酸氢铵15--10％调试PH值7，在加热25至30度恒温时分别放入放线菌每毫升20亿个菌的500毫升液体、光合细菌20亿个菌的500毫升液体、硅酸盐菌20亿个菌的500毫升液体、枯草芽孢杆菌20亿个菌的500毫升液体加入密封搅拌机搅拌48小时，静止4个小时搅拌一次，恒温保持不超过30度，发酵在进行到约第四天时，水面会出现泡沫，泡沫个体由小变大，在10天左右泡沫慢慢消失，水面浮起一片白色的悬浮物，到第15天左右悬浮物沉入水底，发酵结束。以上发酵变化指在温度20～35℃时的变化，如果温度低，发酵培育时间会延长。
垃圾和草粉的处理：将各种垃圾筛选后取纯净的土肥部分、养殖场粪便、下水道和化粪池污泥等加入农作物秸秆垃圾粉碎混合成含水分30％，加入活性菌混合均匀放进发酵池密封进行厌氧发酵，在天气温度零上10度至30度发酵7到10天，用温度计插入发酵池中间，温度达到70到80度时打开，用混合机充分混合降温至常温。
发酵富菌：将处理好的垃圾混合物加入复合菌(放线菌、光合菌、硅酸盐菌、枯草芽孢杆菌的复合液)，压实密闭发酵，发酵温度不超过40度，10天左右表面会出现白丝或红丝，没有臭味即成，检测每克8亿以上有益菌。
生化复合：将发酵好的富菌肥原料用木醋液和碳酸氢铵调至PH值7，分别加入微量元素硼沙3％，硫酸锌1.5％，硫酸亚铁6％，硫酸铜0.5％，钼酸氨0.5％，磷酸二氢钾5.5％，加入搅拌机充分复合，形成生化复合型的有机肥。用滚筒造粒制成颗粒。即制得生化复合多元生物有机肥。
生化复合多元生物有机肥的技术指标：NPK4-20％，有机质20-30％，有益活菌每克2亿个，微量元素15％。按用途包装即可。
主要用途：生化复合多元素有机肥具有解磷、解钾、固氮、补充微量元素、提高土壤有机质含量、活化土壤、提高肥料利用率、增强农作物抗性、减少病虫害发生等功效。主要用于底肥和追肥，广泛用于棉花、小麦、花生、玉米、蔬菜、瓜果等农作物。
Claims (2)
1.发酵附菌：将处理好的垃圾混合物加入复合菌(放线菌、光合菌、硅酸盐菌、枯草芽孢杆菌的复合液)，压实密闭发酵，发酵温度不超过40度，10天左右表面会出现白丝或红丝，没有臭味即成，检测每克8亿以上有益菌。
2.生化复合：将发酵好的富菌肥原料用木醋液和碳酸氢铵调至PH值7，分别加入微量元素硼沙3％，硫酸锌1.5％，硫酸亚铁6％，硫酸铜0.5％，钼酸氨0.5％，磷酸二氢钾5.5％，加入搅拌机充分复合，形成生化复合型的生物有机肥。用滚筒造粒制成颗粒。即制得生化复合多元生物有机肥。
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