CN107319199B - 一种用于齐口裂腹鱼的配合料 - Google Patents
一种用于齐口裂腹鱼的配合料 Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种用于齐口裂腹鱼料的配合料，该配合料包括鱼粉35‑45份，豆粕15‑25份，发酵饲料4‑6份，菜粕5‑10份，次粉3‑6份，大豆油3‑6份，α‑淀粉10‑15份，氯化胆碱0.5‑2份，磷酸二氢钙0.5‑2份，赖氨酸0.5‑2份，蛋氨酸0.5‑2份，预混料0.5‑2份，其中，发酵饲料由含水量20％‑30％的饲料原料在15℃‑35℃的温度下，密封发酵2‑7d制得。本发明的配合料含益生菌和发酵生物饲料，提高了饲料的消化吸收率，促进齐口裂腹鱼肠道组织的发育以及对饲料的利用和转化，避免饲料能量大量在腹部堆积形成脂肪，改善齐口裂腹鱼形体，对提供优质的齐口裂腹鱼具有重要意义。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于鱼类饲料领域，具体涉及一种提高齐口裂腹鱼生产性能，并改善齐口裂腹鱼形体的配合料。
背景技术
齐口裂腹鱼，俗称：雅鱼，齐口，细甲鱼，齐口细鳞鱼，为底层鱼类，要求较低的水温环境，喜欢生活于急缓流交界处，有短距离的生殖洄游现象。齐口裂腹鱼属冷水性鱼类，平时多生活于缓流的沱中，摄食季节在底质为沙和砾石、水流湍急的环境中活动，秋后向下游动，在河流的深坑或水下岩洞中越冬。生殖季节一般在8-9月，产卵于水流较急的砾石河床中。以动物性食料为主食，其口能自由伸缩，在砾石下摄食；食物中几乎90％是水生昆虫和昆虫幼体，也吞食小型鱼类、小虾及极少量的着生藻类。齐口裂腹鱼为杂食性鱼类，其肉质鲜嫩，味道鲜美，是名贵的野生经济鱼类，深受养殖户和消费者欢迎。
目前，对齐口裂腹鱼的繁殖和养殖方法已经有一些报道。专利申请CN201010581349.0和CN201611154977.4公开了针对齐口裂腹鱼的人工繁殖方法，专利申请CN201510591283.6公开了齐口裂腹鱼的一种育苗培育方法，CN201510591946.4公开了一种齐口裂腹鱼幼鱼饲料，CN201510591976.5公开了一种齐口裂腹鱼亲鱼饲料，专利申请201510389548.4公开了一种齐口裂腹鱼的膨化配合饲料。这些现有技术对高效养殖齐口裂腹鱼都提供了其特有的方法和技术。但是这些专利申请所用饲料有些成分过于复杂，比如要加入乌贼膏、酵母提取物或者中草药提取物等价格较高的组分；而且这些技术采用的饲料都主要考虑增加齐口裂腹鱼的摄食量，迅速增长体重，并没有考虑饲料对齐口裂腹鱼形体的影响。在饲料中添加诱食成分，以特殊的味道或气味吸引鱼类多进食，能在短时间内促进齐口裂腹鱼迅速增重长大，缩短上市时间，带来较大的经济利益。但是，鱼类本身是贪食性的，在没有诱食剂的情况下，自身摄食就容易进食过多，再人为增加其摄食量会导致饲料消化、吸收及能量转化出现问题。喂饲含诱食剂饲料的齐口裂腹鱼，鱼腹圆润鼓大，由于长期过量进食腹部被撑大；而且鱼内脏重量占比高，大量摄食吸收的能量未能及时转移到其他部位，堆积在腹部导致鱼腹中脂肪较多，因为大量代谢的需要，肝脏也明显增大。因此，消费者购买和食用喂饲含诱食剂饲料的齐口裂腹鱼后，因为鱼的可食用部分减少，因而对产品的满意度明显下降。
发明内容
针对现有技术存在的问题，本发明的目的在于提供一种用于齐口裂腹鱼的配合料和发酵饲料。通过向配合料中添加适量的含益生菌和发酵物的生物饲料，提高饲料的消化吸收率，促进齐口裂腹鱼肠道组织的发育以及对饲料的利用和转化，避免饲料能量大量在腹部堆积形成脂肪，改善齐口裂腹鱼形体增加可食用部分。
本发明的上述目的是通过以下技术方案实现的：
一种用于齐口裂腹鱼的配合料，包括以下重量份的组分：鱼粉35-45份，豆粕(CP46％)15-25份，发酵饲料4-6份，菜粕5-10份，次粉3-6份，大豆油3-6份，α-淀粉10-15份，氯化胆碱(60％)0.5-2份，磷酸二氢钙0.5-2份，赖氨酸(70％)0.5-2份，蛋氨酸0.5-2份，预混料0.5-2份。
进一步地，本发明上述用于齐口裂腹鱼的配合料，包括以下重量份的组分：鱼粉38-42份，豆粕(CP46％)18-22份，发酵饲料4-6份，菜粕6-8份，次粉3-6份，大豆油3-6份，α-淀粉10-15份，氯化胆碱(60％)1份，磷酸二氢钙1份，赖氨酸(70％)1.0份，蛋氨酸1份，预混料1份。
根据本发明的一些具体实施例，上述用于齐口裂腹鱼的配合料，包括以下重量份的组分：鱼粉38份，豆粕(CP46％)22份，发酵饲料6份，菜粕8份，次粉5份，大豆油6份，α-淀粉10份，氯化胆碱(60％)1份，磷酸二氢钙1份，赖氨酸(70％)1份，蛋氨酸1份，预混料1份；
或者，包括以下重量份的组分：鱼粉40份，豆粕(CP46％)20份，发酵饲料5份，菜粕8份，次粉5份，大豆油5份，α-淀粉12份，氯化胆碱(60％)1份，磷酸二氢钙1份，赖氨酸(70％)1份，蛋氨酸1份，预混料1份；
或者，包括以下重量份的组分：鱼粉42份，豆粕(CP46％)18份，发酵饲料4份，菜粕7份，次粉6份，大豆油6份，α-淀粉12份，氯化胆碱(60％)1份，磷酸二氢钙1份，赖氨酸(70％)1份，蛋氨酸1份，预混料1份。
上述配合料中的预混料，每千克含有：维生素A 30000IU；维生素C 200mg；维生素D325000IU；维生素E 600mg；维生素K 100mg；维生素B1 50mg；维生素B2 60mg；尼克酸100mg；泛酸钙120mg；维生素B6 40mg；维生素B12 0.2mg；叶酸20mg；肌醇250mg；生物素7mg；一水硫酸镁5.16g；碘化钾6.58g；五水硫酸铜7.2g；一水硫酸锌10g；七水硫酸亚铁122g；亚硒酸钠2.1g；余量为载体(如沸石粉等)。
上述配合料将各组分按所述重量配比称重，然后采用冷制粒方式进行生产制备饲料颗粒即可。
上述配合料中所用的发酵饲料，由含水量20％-30％的饲料原料在15℃-35℃的温度下，密封发酵2-7d制得，所述饲料原料含有下述重量份的组分：酿酒酵母菌0.05-0.2份，嗜酸乳杆菌0.05-0.2份，枯草芽孢杆菌0.05-0.2份，豆粕(CP46％)200-500份，玉米粉100-300份，菜粕100-300份，麸皮50-150份。
根据本发明的一些实施例，所述发酵饲料的饲料原料含有下述重量份的组分：酿酒酵母菌0.08-0.12份，嗜酸乳杆菌0.08-0.12份，枯草芽孢杆菌0.08-0.12份，豆粕(CP46％)250-350份，玉米粉150-250份，菜粕200-280份，麸皮50-80份。
根据本发明的一些实施例，所述发酵饲料的饲料原料含有下述重量份的组分：酿酒酵母菌0.1份，嗜酸乳杆菌0.1份，枯草芽孢杆菌0.1份，豆粕(CP46％)300份，玉米粉200份，菜粕250份，麸皮50份。
上述用于发酵的饲料原料中，所述枯草芽孢杆菌、酿酒酵母和嗜酸乳杆菌均分别不低于2×109CFU/g。发酵产物中，含活菌数≥2.0×109个/g，含有机酸≥2.0％。
发酵饲料原料的豆粕、菜粕和麸皮经粉碎后再发酵，更有利于增大发酵接触面。
本发明将发酵饲料引入到齐口裂腹鱼的配合料中，代替中药提取物、诱食剂等成本较高的组分。用枯草芽孢杆菌、酿酒酵母和嗜酸乳杆菌这三种益生菌改善齐口裂腹鱼的肠道环境，提高鱼的免疫力和抗氧化功能，并且通过发酵饲料显著改善齐口裂腹鱼对进食饲料的转化能力，降低脏体比和肝体比，增加鱼的肥满度和可食用部分，以满足消费者的需求。
生物饲料在鱼类中的应用报道不多，但其能够促进鱼类的生长，提高饲料的转化率。饲料经过乳酸菌、酵母菌、芽孢杆菌发酵之后提供了许多生物活性物质，如功能性多肽、酶等，使得饲料的消化吸收率大大提高促进了鱼类生长，促进肠道组织的发育，提高饲料的利用率。此外，我国水产养殖的集约化发展导致水环境日益恶化，病害频繁发生，直接影响养殖动物的生长发育，甚至导致养殖动物的大量死亡。发酵饲料中的益生菌不仅安全性好，而且具有促进动物生长和改善水质等功能。本发明所生产出来的齐口裂腹鱼料可以很好的提高其免疫和抗氧化功能，促进齐口裂腹鱼优质生长，改善水质环境。
具体实施方式
以下通过具体实施例对本发明的发明内容做进一步的阐释，但不应理解为本发明的范围仅限于以下的实例，根据本发明的发明思路和全文内容，可以将以下实例中的各个技术特征做适当的组合/替换/调整/修改等，这对于本领域技术人员而言是显而易见的，仍属于本发明保护的范畴。
以下实施例用于齐口裂腹鱼的配合料含有鱼粉35-45份，豆粕(CP46％)15-25份，发酵饲料4-6份，菜粕5-10份，次粉3-6份，大豆油3-6份，α-淀粉10-15份，氯化胆碱(60％)0.5-2份，磷酸二氢钙0.5-2份，赖氨酸(70％)0.5-2份，蛋氨酸0.5-2份，预混料0.5-2份。
预混料，每千克含有：维生素A 30000IU；维生素C 200mg；维生素D 325000IU；维生素E 600mg；维生素K 100mg；维生素B1 50mg；维生素B2 60mg；尼克酸100mg；泛酸钙120mg；维生素B6 40mg；维生素B12 0.2mg；叶酸20mg；肌醇250mg；生物素7mg；一水硫酸镁5.16g；碘化钾6.58g；五水硫酸铜7.2g；一水硫酸锌10g；七水硫酸亚铁122g；亚硒酸钠2.1g；余量为载体(如沸石粉等)。
将上述组分混匀，用冷制粒方式进行生产，制备齐口裂腹鱼饲料颗粒。
发酵饲料是事先用发酵饲料原料经过密封发酵得到的。
发酵饲料原料的总含水量在20％-30％，饲料原料含有下述重量份的组分：酿酒酵母菌0.05-0.2份，嗜酸乳杆菌0.05-0.2份，枯草芽孢杆菌0.05-0.2份，豆粕(CP46％)200-500份，玉米粉100-300份，菜粕100-300份，麸皮50-150份，通常这些饲料原料的含水量不足20％-30％，需要额外补充水至该范围。酿酒酵母菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌各自不低于2×109CFU/g。
豆粕、菜粕、麸皮在发酵前先进行粉碎，然后与其他组分混匀在15℃-35℃的温度下，密封发酵2-7d制得。发酵产物中，含活菌数≥2.0×109个/g，含有机酸≥2.0％。
实施例1
发酵生物饲料的制备：按照下述重量配比称取发酵饲料原料，酿酒酵母菌0.1份，嗜酸乳杆菌0.1份，枯草芽孢杆菌0.1份，豆粕(CP46％)300份，玉米粉200份，菜粕250份，麸皮50份。添加水至原料总含水量25％，30℃密封发酵72h。
实施例2
发酵生物饲料的制备：按照下述重量配比称取发酵饲料原料，酿酒酵母菌0.08份，嗜酸乳杆菌0.12份，枯草芽孢杆菌0.08份，豆粕(CP46％)350份，玉米粉150份，菜粕240份，麸皮60份。添加水至原料总含水量30％，35℃密封发酵48h。
实施例3
发酵生物饲料的制备：按照下述重量配比称取发酵饲料原料，酿酒酵母菌0.12份，嗜酸乳杆菌0.08份，枯草芽孢杆菌0.1份，豆粕(CP46％)250份，玉米粉180份，菜粕280份，麸皮50份。添加水至原料总含水量35％，35℃密封发酵54h。
实施例4
配合料的制备：按重量计，称取配合料原料：鱼粉38份，豆粕(CP46％)22份，发酵饲料6份，菜粕8份，次粉5份，大豆油6份，α-淀粉10份，氯化胆碱(60％)1份，磷酸二氢钙1份，赖氨酸(70％)1份，蛋氨酸1份，预混料1份。
发酵饲料根据实施例1制备。
混匀上述原料，用冷制粒方式进行生产，制备齐口裂腹鱼颗粒饲料。
实施例5
配合料的制备：按重量计，称取配合料原料：鱼粉40份，豆粕(CP46％)20份，发酵饲料5份，菜粕8份，次粉5份，大豆油5份，α-淀粉12份，氯化胆碱(60％)1份，磷酸二氢钙1份，赖氨酸(70％)1份，蛋氨酸1份，预混料1份。
发酵饲料根据实施例2制备。
混匀上述原料，用冷制粒方式进行生产，制备齐口裂腹鱼颗粒饲料。
实施例6
配合料的制备：按重量计，称取配合料原料：鱼粉42份，豆粕(CP46％)18份，发酵饲料4份，菜粕7份，次粉6份，大豆油6份，α-淀粉12份，氯化胆碱(60％)1份，磷酸二氢钙1份，赖氨酸(70％)1份，蛋氨酸1份，预混料1份。
发酵饲料根据实施例3制备。
混匀上述原料，用冷制粒方式进行生产，制备齐口裂腹鱼颗粒饲料。
对比例
配合料的制备：按重量计，称取配合料原料：鱼粉40份，豆粕(CP46％)20份，菜粕8份，次粉5份，大豆油5份，α-淀粉12份，氯化胆碱(60％)1份，磷酸二氢钙1份，赖氨酸(70％)1份，蛋氨酸1份，预混料1份
混匀上述原料，用冷制粒方式进行生产，制备颗粒饲料。
对比例的配合料为市场上为齐口裂腹鱼提供蛋白质，脂肪，糖源，维生素和微量元素等营养的常用基础配方饲料。
试验例
材料与方法：分别用实施例5和对比例的颗粒饲料作为齐口裂腹鱼的日粮。
选用平均体重为12.74±0.14g的健康齐口裂腹鱼720尾，分为两个处理组，每组10个重复，每个重复36尾。初始体重经统计分析，组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。
处理1：饲喂本发明实施例5含生物发酵饲料的试验组配合料；
处理2：饲喂本发明对比例的对照组配合料；
试验前先驯养7天，按齐口裂腹鱼体重3％的日投饵量饲喂，每天分2次(08:30和18:30)投饵，试验期为70天。试验在四川铁骑力士花荄科研基地室内过滤式循环水系统中进行，试验鱼以重复为单位饲养于圆形水族箱(体积为2.75m3，实际水体积为1.33m3)内，试验用水为充分曝气的水库水，每周换水三分之一。试验期间水温为28-32℃，用空气压缩机24h增氧。
试验前后分别测量两组齐口裂腹鱼的初始体重、终末体重，并计算增重率、饲料系数和特定生长率，以考察饲料对齐口裂腹鱼生产性能的影响，结果见表1；试验结束后，测量和计算两组齐口裂腹鱼的肥满度、脏体比和肝体比，以考察饲料对齐口裂腹鱼形体的影响，结果将表2。
表1饲料对齐口裂腹鱼生产性能的影响
| 项目 | 对照组 | 试验组 |
| 初始体重，g | 12.77 | 12.74 |
| 终末体重，g | 35.04 | 41.60* |
| 增重率，％ | 174.40 | 226.63* |
| 饲料系数 | 1.67 | 1.57 |
| 特定生长率，％/d | 1.44 | 1.69* |
注：“*”表示与对照组相比，通过T检验差异显著(P<0.05)。
由表1可知，与对照组相比，试验组齐口裂腹鱼的终末体重、增重率和特定生长率均有显著提高(P<0.05)，说明发酵饲料添加到配合饲料中可以促进齐口裂腹鱼对营养的吸收和转化。
表2饲料对齐口裂腹鱼形体的影响
| 项目 | 对照组 | 试验组 |
| 肥满度，g/cm3 | 0.82 | 0.92* |
| 脏体比，％ | 9.1 | 8.34* |
| 肝体比，％ | 1.78 | 1.52* |
注：“*”表示与对照组相比，通过T检验差异显著(P<0.05)
由表2可知，与对照组相比，试验组显著提高了齐口裂腹鱼的肥满度(P<0.05)，降低了脏体比和肝体比(P<0.05)，有效改善齐口裂腹鱼的形体，增加每单位鱼肉的肉重。
试验结果表明，用本发明的齐口裂腹鱼配合料营养均衡、消化率高，能有效替代鱼粉等价格昂贵的动植物蛋白质原料，并且显著提高生产性能，保证齐口裂腹鱼快速协调生长。
Claims (8)
1.一种用于齐口裂腹鱼的配合料，其特征在于，由以下重量份的组分制成：鱼粉35-45份，豆粕15-25份，发酵饲料4-6份，菜粕5-10份，次粉3-6份，大豆油3-6份，α-淀粉10-15份，氯化胆碱0.5-2份，磷酸二氢钙0.5-2份，赖氨酸0.5-2份，蛋氨酸0.5-2份，预混料0.5-2份；
所述发酵饲料由总含水量20％-30％的饲料原料在15℃-35℃的温度下，密封发酵2-7d制得，所述饲料原料含有下述重量份的组分：酿酒酵母菌0.05-0.2份，嗜酸乳杆菌0.05-0.2份，枯草芽孢杆菌0.05-0.2份，豆粕200-500份，玉米粉100-300份，菜粕100-300份，麸皮50-150份。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用于齐口裂腹鱼的配合料，其特征在于，由以下重量份的组分制成：鱼粉38-42份，豆粕18-22份，发酵饲料4-6份，菜粕6-8份，次粉3-6份，大豆油3-6份，α-淀粉10-15份，氯化胆碱1份，磷酸二氢钙1份，赖氨酸1.0份，蛋氨酸1份，预混料1份。
3.根据权利要求1所述的用于齐口裂腹鱼的配合料，其特征在于，由以下重量份的组分制成：鱼粉38份，豆粕22份，发酵饲料6份，菜粕8份，次粉5份，大豆油6份，α-淀粉10份，氯化胆碱1份，磷酸二氢钙1份，赖氨酸1份，蛋氨酸1份，预混料1份；
或者，由以下重量份的组分制成：鱼粉40份，豆粕20份，发酵饲料5份，菜粕8份，次粉5份，大豆油5份，α-淀粉12份，氯化胆碱1份，磷酸二氢钙1份，赖氨酸1份，蛋氨酸1份，预混料1份；
或者，由以下重量份的组分制成：鱼粉42份，豆粕18份，发酵饲料4份，菜粕7份，次粉6份，大豆油6份，α-淀粉12份，氯化胆碱1份，磷酸二氢钙1份，赖氨酸1份，蛋氨酸1份，预混料1份。
4.根据权利要求1～3任意一项所述的用于齐口裂腹鱼的配合料，其特征在于，所述预混料，每千克含有：维生素A 30000IU；维生素C 200mg；维生素D 325000IU；维生素E 600mg；维生素K 100mg；维生素B1 50mg；维生素B2 60mg；尼克酸100mg；泛酸钙120mg；维生素B640mg；维生素B12 0.2mg；叶酸20mg；肌醇250mg；生物素7mg；一水硫酸镁5.16g；碘化钾6.58g；五水硫酸铜7.2g；一水硫酸锌10g；七水硫酸亚铁122g；亚硒酸钠2.1g。
5.根据权利要求1所述的用于齐口裂腹鱼的配合料，其特征在于，所述发酵饲料的饲料原料含有下述重量份的组分：酿酒酵母菌0.08-0.12份，嗜酸乳杆菌0.08-0.12份，枯草芽孢杆菌0.08-0.12份，豆粕250-350份，玉米粉150-250份，菜粕200-280份，麸皮50-80份。
6.根据权利要求1所述的用于齐口裂腹鱼的配合料，其特征在于，所述发酵饲料的饲料原料含有下述重量份的组分：酿酒酵母菌0.1份，嗜酸乳杆菌0.1份，枯草芽孢杆菌0.1份，豆粕300份，玉米粉200份，菜粕250份，麸皮50份。
7.根据权利要求1、5、6中任意一项所述的用于齐口裂腹鱼的配合料，其特征在于，所述枯草芽孢杆菌、酿酒酵母和嗜酸乳杆菌分别不低于2×109 CFU/g。
8.根据权利要求1、5、6中任意一项所述的用于齐口裂腹鱼的配合料，其特征在于，发酵饲料产物中，含活菌数≥2.0×10 9个/g，含有机酸≥2.0％。
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