CN107204810A - A kind of optical fiber telecommunications system - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to an optical fiber communication system, comprising: a sensing optical signal transmitter, an optical transmitter, a multiplexer, a circulator, a sensing optical signal receiving converter, a data receiving analyzer and an optical fiber; the sensing optical signal transmitter is electrically connected to The multiplexer is used to send the sensing optical signal to the multiplexer; the optical transmitter is electrically connected to the multiplexer to send the generated optical signal to the multiplexer; the multiplexer is electrically connected to the circulator to combine the sensing optical signal and the optical signal After multiplex processing, the multiplexed signal is sent to the circulator; the circulator is electrically connected to the optical fiber to send the multiplexed signal to the optical fiber and receives the sensing light signal scattered and returned in the optical fiber; the sensing optical signal receiving converter is electrically connected to the circulator to Receive the scattered and returned sensing light signal and convert it into an electrical signal; the data receiving analyzer is electrically connected to the sensing light signal receiving converter to receive the electrical signal and analyze and process it.

Description

A fiber optic communication system

technical field

The invention belongs to the technical field of optical fiber communication, and in particular relates to an optical fiber communication system.

Background technique

The optical fiber communication system is a communication system that uses light as the carrier, uses ultra-fine optical fibers drawn from extremely high-purity glass as the transmission medium, and uses light to transmit information through photoelectric conversion. With the rapid development of international Internet business and communication industry, informatization has brought great impetus to the development of world productivity and human society. As one of the main technical pillars of informatization, optical fiber communication will surely become the most important strategic industry in the 21st century.

At present, the most basic optical fiber communication system consists of data source, optical transmitter, optical channel and optical receiver. Among them, a commonly used optical transmitter uses a semiconductor laser (LD) as a light source device. When the light source works for a long time or the temperature is too high, the output power will decrease, resulting in unstable output optical signals.

Contents of the invention

In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention provides an optical fiber communication system.

Embodiments of the present invention provide an optical fiber communication system, including:

Sensing optical signal transmitter, optical transmitter, multiplexer, circulator, sensing optical signal receiving converter, data receiving analyzer and optical fiber; among them,

The sensing optical signal transmitter is electrically connected to the multiplexer to send the sensing optical signal to the multiplexer;

The optical transmitter is electrically connected to the multiplexer to send the generated optical signal to the multiplexer;

The multiplexer is electrically connected to the circulator to combine the sensing optical signal and the optical signal to form a multiplexed signal and send it to the circulator;

The circulator is electrically connected to the optical fiber to send the multiplexed signal to the optical fiber and receive the sensing light signal scattered and returned in the optical fiber;

The sensing light signal receiving converter is electrically connected to the circulator to receive the scattered and returned sensing light signal and convert it into an electrical signal;

The data receiving analyzer is electrically connected to the sensing optical signal receiving converter to receive the electrical signal and analyze and process it.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the sensing optical signal transmitter includes a laser transmitter and an optical driver, the sensing optical signal receiving converter includes a spectroscopic filter and a photoelectric converter, and the data receiving analyzer includes a data receiver and data parser.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the laser transmitter generates a laser signal with a wavelength of 1064nm.

In an embodiment of the present invention, the spectroscopic filter is used to extract the scattering spectrum of the sensing light signal scattered and returned in the optical fiber.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the data parser includes a communication interface for connecting the parsed data to the terminal device through the communication interface.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the optical transmitter includes:

The input circuit is used to scramble and encode the input electrical signal;

A modulation circuit, electrically connected to the input circuit, for modulating the scrambling code and the encoded electrical signal to form a modulation signal;

The light source module is electrically connected to the modulation circuit, and is used to drive the light source module according to the modulation signal and generate an optical signal.

In one embodiment of the present invention, it also includes a light monitoring module and an alarm output circuit; wherein,

The light monitoring module is used to detect the light signal output by the light source module, and the alarm output circuit is electrically connected to the light monitoring module for detecting and warning the working state of the light source module.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the light source module includes a light emitting diode, a lead and a lens; wherein, the lead is used to connect the positive and negative pins of the light emitting diode and the input end of the light source module; the lens It is arranged on the light-emitting surface of the light-emitting diode for converging and transmitting the light signal.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the light emitting diode is a vertical PiNGeLED; wherein the vertical PiNGeLED comprises:

N-type Si substrate;

an intrinsic Ge layer stacked on the N-type Si substrate;

a p-type Si layer stacked on the intrinsic Ge layer;

a positive electrode prepared on the p-type Si layer;

The negative electrode is prepared on the N-type Si substrate.

In one embodiment of the present invention, the wavelength of the light source sent by the light emitting diode is 1550nm.

Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

1) The vertical PiNGeLED adopted in the present invention has the advantages of high crystal quality of the Ge epitaxial layer and low dislocation density of the Ge epitaxial layer, thereby further improving the luminous efficiency of the light emitting diode;

2) The optical fiber communication system provided by the present invention realizes communication and sensing in the same optical fiber at the same time, which saves optical fiber resources and greatly reduces production costs; the system has a high degree of integration, and can highly integrate communication and sensing devices, reducing the The complexity of the system facilitates daily installation and maintenance.

Description of drawings

The specific implementation manners of the present invention will be described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an optical fiber communication system provided by an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of an optical transmitter provided by an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of an input circuit of an optical transmitter provided by an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of an optical transmitter light source module provided by an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a schematic structural diagram of a light emitting diode used in a light source module of an optical transmitter provided by an embodiment of the present invention;

6 is a schematic diagram of the layer structure of an intrinsic Ge layer of a light emitting diode provided by an embodiment of the present invention;

7a-7j are schematic diagrams of a manufacturing process of a light-emitting diode used in a light source module of an optical transmitter according to an embodiment of the present invention;

Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of an LRC process method provided by an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a schematic structural diagram of another light emitting diode used in a light source module of an optical transmitter provided by an embodiment of the present invention.

detailed description

The present invention will be described in further detail below in conjunction with specific examples, but the embodiments of the present invention are not limited thereto.

Embodiment one

Please refer to FIG. 1. FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an optical fiber communication system provided by an embodiment of the present invention. The optical fiber communication system 50 includes:

Sensing optical signal transmitter 55, optical transmitter 51, multiplexer 52, circulator 53, sensing optical signal receiving converter 56, data receiving analyzer 57 and optical fiber 54; wherein,

The sensing optical signal transmitter 55 is electrically connected to the multiplexer 52 to send the sensing optical signal to the multiplexer 52;

The optical transmitter 51 is electrically connected to the multiplexer 52 to send the generated optical signal to the multiplexer 52;

The multiplexer 52 is electrically connected to the circulator 53 to perform multiplex processing on the sensing optical signal and the optical signal to form a multiplexed signal and send it to the circulator 53;

The circulator 53 is electrically connected to the optical fiber 54 to send the multiplexed signal to the optical fiber 54 and receive the sensing light signal scattered and returned in the optical fiber 54;

The sensing light signal receiving converter 56 is electrically connected to the circulator 53 to receive the scattered and returned sensing light signal and convert it into an electrical signal;

The data receiving analyzer 57 is electrically connected to the sensing optical signal receiving converter 56 to receive the electrical signal and analyze and process it.

Wherein, the sensing optical signal transmitter 55 includes a laser transmitter and an optical driver, the sensing optical signal receiving converter 56 includes an optical filter and a photoelectric converter, and the data receiving analyzer 57 includes a data receiver and a data analyzer .

Wherein, the laser transmitter generates a laser signal with a wavelength of 1064nm.

Wherein, the spectroscopic filter is used to extract the scattering spectrum of the sensing light signal scattered and returned in the optical fiber 54 .

Wherein, the data parser includes a communication interface for connecting the parsed data with the terminal device through the communication interface.

Wherein, the optical transmitter 51 includes:

The input circuit is used to scramble and encode the input electrical signal;

A modulation circuit, electrically connected to the input circuit, for modulating the scrambling code and the encoded electrical signal to form a modulation signal;

The light source module is electrically connected to the modulation circuit, and is used to drive the light source module according to the modulation signal and generate an optical signal.

Among them, the optical fiber communication system also includes a light monitoring module and an alarm output circuit;

Wherein, the optical monitoring module is used to detect the optical signal output by the light source module, and the alarm output circuit is electrically connected to the optical monitoring module for detecting and alarming the working state of the light source module.

Wherein, the light source module includes a light emitting diode, a lead wire and a lens; wherein, the lead wire is used to connect the positive and negative pins of the light emitting diode and the input end of the light source module; the lens is arranged on the light emitting diode The light emitting surface is used for converging and transmitting the light signal.

Wherein, the light emitting diode is a vertical PiNGeLED;

Wherein said vertical PiNGeLED comprises:

N-type Si substrate;

an intrinsic Ge layer stacked on the N-type Si substrate;

a p-type Si layer stacked on the intrinsic Ge layer;

a positive electrode prepared on the p-type Si layer;

The negative electrode is prepared on the N-type Si substrate.

Wherein, the wavelength of the light source sent by the light emitting diode is 1550nm.

Embodiment two

Please continue to refer to FIG. 1 , which is a schematic structural diagram of an optical fiber communication system provided by an embodiment of the present invention. The optical fiber communication system structure includes:

An optical transmitter 51 , a multiplexer 52 , a circulator 53 , an optical fiber 54 , a sensing optical signal transmitter 55 , a sensing optical signal receiving converter 56 , and a data receiving analyzer 57 .

The sensing optical signal transmitter 55 sends the sensing optical signal to the multiplexer 52, the optical transmitter 51 sends the generated optical signal to the multiplexer 52, and the multiplexer 52 combines the sensing optical signal and the optical signal After the wave is processed, it is sent to the circulator 53 and the optical fiber 54 . The sensing light signal is scattered backwards in the optical fiber 54, and the backscattering sensing light signal enters the sensing light signal receiving converter 56 through the return port of the circulator 53, and the sensing light signal receiving converter 56 receives the scattered and returned sensing light signal and conducts photoelectric processing. To convert, the electrical signal is input to the data receiving analyzer 57 for receiving and analyzing the electrical signal.

Wherein, the sensing optical signal transmitter 55 includes a laser transmitter and an optical driver.

The sensing light signal receiving converter 56 includes a spectral filter and a photoelectric converter.

The data reception analyzer 57 includes a data receiver and a data parser.

Wherein, the optical transmitter 51 is used to convert the electrical signal into an optical signal, and transmit information in the light; the wavelength of the optical signal converted by the optical transmitter 51 is 1550nm.

Wherein, the multiplexer 52 uses a wavelength division multiplexing multiplexer 52 to multiplex the sensing optical signal and the optical signal generated by the optical transmitter 51 and send them to the circulator 53 .

Wherein, the circulator 53 adopts the optical fiber 54 circulator 53 , which is used to send the combined wave to the optical fiber 54 for transmission, and receive the backscattered sensing optical signal returned in the optical fiber 54 and transmit it to the sensing optical signal receiving converter 56 .

Wherein, the laser transmitter is used to generate the initial sensing optical signal, which is a continuous optical signal with a wavelength of 1064nm and a power of 0-40mW.

Among them, the optical driver is used for electro-optical modulation and driving, and modulates the continuous optical signal generated by the laser transmitter into the required pulsed optical signal.

Among them, the photoelectric converter firstly receives the backscattered sensing light signal, and adopts the combination of the optical fiber 54 and the transflective filter to combine the Rayleigh scattered light, Stokes scattered light, and anti-Stowe light in the backscattered sensing light signal. Separation of X-scattered light, etc.; secondly, a high-sensitivity APD avalanche diode is used to detect the backscattered sensing light signal, and convert the backscattered sensing light signal into an electrical signal.

Among them, the data acquisition processor uses a high-speed data acquisition chip and a high-speed FPGA processing chip to analyze and process the converted electrical signal.

Among them, the analysis results can be saved and displayed.

The optical transmitter 51 converts the electrical signal of the information to be sent into an optical signal, and injects it into the optical fiber 54 for transmission. The optical signal output by the optical transmitter 51 is injected into the optical fiber 54 for transmission after passing through the multiplexer 52 and the circulator 53 . The sensing optical signal transmitter 55 sends a continuous optical signal of a certain power, which is driven by modulation and then input through an input port of the multiplexer 52 , and then input into the optical fiber 54 through the input port of the circulator 53 after being multiplexed by the multiplexer 52 . Optical signals of two different wavelengths are simultaneously transmitted in the optical fiber 54 . The sensing light signal generates backscattered light in the optical fiber 54, and the backscattered sensing light signal is input to the sensing light signal receiving converter 56 through the return port of the circulator 53, and the backscattered light is split, filtered, and photoelectrically converted. Use the principle of photoelectric detection to convert into electrical signals. According to different measurement parameters, different backscattering spectra such as Rayleigh, Brillouin, and Raman are extracted. The electrical signal is input into the data receiving analyzer 57 to receive and analyze the electrical signal, and a high-speed data acquisition chip and a high-speed FPGA processing chip are used to analyze and process the converted electrical signal to obtain corresponding optical fiber sensing data. The analyzed result data can be displayed and stored in the computer.

The embodiment of the present invention realizes communication and sensing in the same optical fiber at the same time, saves optical fiber resources, and greatly reduces production costs; the system has a high degree of integration, and can highly integrate communication and sensing devices, reducing the complexity of the system , convenient for daily installation and maintenance.

Embodiment Three

Please refer to FIG. 2. FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of an optical transmitter provided by an embodiment of the present invention. The optical transmitter 30 includes:

The input circuit 31 is used to scramble and encode the input electrical signal;

The driving circuit 32 is electrically connected to the input circuit 31, and is used for modulating the scrambling code and the encoded electrical signal to form a modulation signal;

A light source module 33, electrically connected to the drive circuit 32, for driving the light source module 33 according to a modulation signal and generating an optical signal;

The temperature control circuit 34 is electrically connected to the light source module 33 for stabilizing the working temperature of the light source module 33 .

Wherein, as shown in FIG. 3 , FIG. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of an input circuit of an optical transmitter provided by an embodiment of the present invention. The input circuit 31 includes: an input interface 101, an equalizing amplifier 102, and a code conversion circuit that are electrically connected in sequence. module 103 , multiplexing module 104 , and scrambling coding module 105 .

Wherein, the input circuit 31 further includes: a clock extraction module 106;

Further, one end of the clock extraction module 106 is electrically connected to the equalizing amplifier 102 , and the other end is electrically connected to the pattern conversion module 103 , the multiplexing module 104 , and the scrambling code encoding module 105 .

Wherein, the input interface 101 is used to receive the pulse signal input by the electrical terminal machine (PCM), and this interface is generally called an electrical interface.

Among them, the equalizing amplifier 102 is used to equalize the pulse signal, and compensate the attenuation and distortion generated by the cable transmission, so as to correctly decode.

Wherein, the clock extraction module 106 is used to provide a clock signal as a time reference for the process of pattern conversion and scrambling.

Wherein, the code conversion module 103 is used to convert the code stream into unipolar "0", "1" non-return-to-zero codes (ie, NRZ codes). Because the output of the equalizer is HDB3 code, three-value bipolar code (ie +1, 0, -1). The light source can only correspond to "0" and "1" with light and no light, so it needs to pass through a code conversion circuit.

Wherein, the multiplexing module 104 refers to a process of using a large-capacity transmission channel to simultaneously transmit multiple low-capacity user information and overhead information.

Among them, the scrambling coding module 105 is used to add a scrambling circuit to achieve "0" if there is a long continuous "0" or a long continuous "1" in the information code stream, which will bring difficulties to the extraction of the clock signal. Codes and "1" codes appear with equal probability. In the actual optical fiber communication system, in addition to the need to transmit the main signal, it is also necessary to implement some other functions, such as error monitoring for uninterrupted business, inter-area communication, official communication, monitoring and other functions, so it is necessary to transmit the signal after scrambling. On the basis of adding some information redundancy, that is, line coding.

Wherein, the driving circuit 32 is also called a modulating circuit. The scrambled electrical signal modulates the light source through the modulating circuit, so that the intensity of the optical signal emitted by the light source changes with the change of the telecommunication code stream.

Wherein, the optical transmitter also includes an optical monitoring module 35 and an alarm output circuit 36;

Further, the light monitoring module 35 is used to detect the light signal output by the light source module 33, and the alarm output circuit 36 is electrically connected to the light monitoring module 35 for detecting the working state of the light source module 33 and call the police.

Wherein, as shown in FIG. 4, FIG. 4 is a schematic structural diagram of a light source module of an optical transmitter provided by an embodiment of the present invention, and the light source module 33 includes a light emitting diode 111, a lead wire 113 and a lens 112;

Wherein, the lead wire 113 is used to connect the positive and negative pins of the light emitting diode 111 and the input end of the light source module 33; the lens 112 is arranged on the light emitting surface of the light emitting diode 111 for converging and transmitting the optical signal.

Embodiment four

Please refer to FIG. 5, which is a schematic structural diagram of a light-emitting diode used in an optical transmitter light source module provided by an embodiment of the present invention; the vertical PiNGe light-emitting diode 10 may include: a P-type Si substrate 11 and sequentially stacked on the An intrinsic Ge layer 12 and an N-type Si layer 13 on a P-type Si substrate 11 .

Wherein, the light emitting diode 10 further includes a positive electrode 14 and a negative electrode 15 , the positive electrode 14 is connected to the P-type Si substrate 11 , and the negative electrode 15 is connected to the N-type Si layer 13 .

Further, the negative electrode 15 and the positive electrode 14 are made of aluminum.

Optionally, please refer to FIG. 6 , which is a schematic layer structure diagram of an intrinsic Ge layer of a light emitting diode according to an embodiment of the present invention. The intrinsic Ge layer 12 may sequentially include a Ge seed layer 121 , a crystallized Ge layer 122 and a Ge epitaxial layer 123 .

Further, the crystallized Ge122 layer is formed by a Ge host layer on the Ge seed layer 121 through a laser recrystallization process; wherein, the parameters of the laser recrystallization process include: the laser wavelength is 808nm, The laser spot size is 10mm×1mm, the laser power is 1.5kW/cm ² , and the laser moving speed is 25mm/s.

Wherein, the thickness of the Ge seed layer is 40-50 nm; the thickness of the Ge host layer is 150-250 nm.

In the embodiment of the present invention, LRC (laser recrystallization) technology has the advantage of preparing a low dislocation density Ge epitaxial layer, and the formed device structure has the advantage of low dislocation density of the Ge epitaxial layer, and it is used as a GeLED on a Si substrate. The source region can well improve the luminous efficiency of the device.

Embodiment five

Please refer to Figure 7a-Figure 7j, Figure 7a-Figure 7j is a schematic diagram of the preparation process of a light-emitting diode used in the light source module of the light transmitter according to the embodiment of the present invention, the preparation method includes the following steps:

S101. Select a P-type single crystal silicon (Si) substrate 001 with a doping concentration of 5×10 ¹⁸ cm ⁻³ , as shown in FIG. 7 a .

S102 , at a temperature of 275° C. to 325° C., a 40-50 nm Ge seed layer 002 is grown on the surface of the Si substrate by using a CVD process, as shown in FIG. 7 b .

S103 , at a temperature of 500° C. to 600° C., using a CVD process to grow a Ge main body layer 003 of 150 to 250 nm on the surface of the Ge seed layer, as shown in FIG. 7 c .

S104, growing a 100-150 nm SiO ₂ oxide layer 004 on the surface of the Ge main body layer by using a CVD process, as shown in FIG. 7d.

S105. Heat the entire substrate material including the single crystal Si substrate, Ge seed layer, Ge main body layer and oxide layer to 700°C, and continuously use the laser recrystallization process to crystallize the entire substrate material, wherein the laser wavelength is 808nm , the laser spot size is 10mm×1mm, the laser power is 1.5kW/cm ² , the laser moving speed is 25mm/s, and then annealed at high temperature, while introducing tensile stress.

Specifically, please refer to FIG. 8 , which is a schematic diagram of an LRC process method provided by an embodiment of the present invention. The LRC process is laser recrystallization (Laser Re-Crystallization, referred to as LRC) process is a method of thermally induced phase change crystallization. Through laser heat treatment, the Ge epitaxial layer on the Si substrate is melted and recrystallized, and the Ge epitaxial layer is released laterally. Dislocation defects can not only obtain high-quality Ge epitaxial layer, but at the same time, because the LRC process can precisely control the crystallization area, on the one hand, it avoids the problem of Si and Ge interdiffusion between the Si substrate and the Ge epitaxial layer in the conventional process, On the other hand, the material interface properties between Si/Ge are good.

S106, using a dry etching process to etch the oxide layer 004, and etch the oxide layer to form a Ge virtual substrate 005, as shown in FIG. 7e.

S107, using decompression CVD to grow a 1 μm thick Ge layer (in order to facilitate the illustration, the crystallized Ge layer and the crystallized Ge layer are combined into an i-Ge layer 006). The growth temperature is 330 ° C, as shown in the figure 7f shown. Since the epitaxial layer is grown on the surface of the Ge virtual substrate, the quality of Ge is better and the lattice mismatch ratio is lower.

S108. Deposit N-type polycrystalline Si 007 with a thickness of 90-110 nm and a doping concentration of 1×10 ²⁰ cm ^-3 , as shown in FIG. 7g .

S109. At room temperature, use a chemical solvent of HCl:H ₂ O ₂ :H ₂ O=1:1:20, and perform mesa etching at a steady rate of 100nm/min, so that the P-type Si layer is exposed as a metal contact, as shown in Figure 7h shown.

S110 , using a PECVD process, depositing a passivation layer 008 with a thickness of 150-200 nm to isolate the mesa from electrical contact with the outside. Selectively etch away the SiO ₂ in the designated area with an etching process to form a contact hole, as shown in Figure 7i.

S111, using electron beam evaporation to deposit an Al layer 009 with a thickness of 150-200 nm. The metal Al in a designated area is selectively etched away by an etching process, and planarized by a CMP technology, as shown in FIG. 7j .

In this embodiment, based on the advantages of good interface properties between the Si substrate and the Ge epitaxial layer under the LRC process conditions, the p-Si/i-Ge/n ⁺⁺ -Si structure LED is used, the device structure is simple, and the process cost is low.

Embodiment six

Please refer to FIG. 9 . FIG. 9 is a schematic structural diagram of another light emitting diode used in a light source module of an optical transmitter provided by an embodiment of the present invention. The vertical PiNGe light emitting diode 20 includes: an N-type Si substrate 21; an intrinsic Ge layer 22 stacked on the N-type Si substrate 21; a P-type Si layer 23 stacked on the intrinsic Ge layer 22 The positive electrode 24 is prepared on the P-type Si layer 23 ; the negative electrode 25 is prepared on the N-type Si substrate 21 .

Optionally, the intrinsic Ge layer 22 sequentially includes a Ge seed layer, a crystallized Ge layer and a Ge epitaxial layer.

In addition, the crystallized Ge layer is formed by a laser recrystallization process of the Ge host layer located on the Ge seed layer; wherein, the parameters of the laser recrystallization process include: the laser wavelength is 808nm, the laser spot The size is 10mm×1mm, the laser power is 1.5kW/cm ² , and the laser moving speed is 25mm/s.

Optionally, the doping concentration of the N-type Si substrate 21 is 1×10 ²⁰ cm ⁻³ , and the doping concentration of the P-type Si layer 23 is 5×10 ¹⁸ cm ⁻³ .

In addition, the light emitting diode 20 also includes a passivation layer 26, which can be made of SiO ₂ material with a thickness of 150-200nm.

Optionally, the positive electrode 24 and the negative electrode 25 are made of Cr or Au with a thickness of 150-200 nm.

In summary, specific examples are used in this paper to illustrate the structure and implementation of an optical transmitter and an optical fiber communication system of the present invention. The description of the above embodiments is only used to help understand the method of the present invention and its core idea; at the same time For those of ordinary skill in the art, according to the idea of the present invention, there will be changes in the specific implementation and application scope. In summary, the content of this specification should not be understood as limiting the present invention, and the protection scope of the present invention The appended claims shall prevail.

Claims (10)

1. A kind of optical fiber communication system, is characterized in that, comprises: Sensing optical signal transmitter, optical transmitter, multiplexer, circulator, sensing optical signal receiving converter, data receiving analyzer and optical fiber; among them, The sensing optical signal transmitter is electrically connected to the multiplexer to send the sensing optical signal to the multiplexer; The optical transmitter is electrically connected to the multiplexer to send the generated optical signal to the multiplexer; The multiplexer is electrically connected to the circulator to combine the sensing optical signal and the optical signal to form a multiplexed signal and send it to the circulator; The circulator is electrically connected to the optical fiber to send the multiplexed signal to the optical fiber and receive the sensing light signal scattered and returned in the optical fiber; The sensing light signal receiving converter is electrically connected to the circulator to receive the scattered and returned sensing light signal and convert it into an electrical signal; The data receiving analyzer is electrically connected to the sensing optical signal receiving converter to receive the electrical signal and analyze and process it. 2. The optical fiber communication system according to claim 1, wherein the sensing optical signal transmitter includes a laser transmitter and an optical driver, and the sensing optical signal receiving converter includes a spectroscopic filter and a photoelectric converter, the The data receiving analyzer includes a data receiver and a data parser. 3. The optical fiber communication system according to claim 2, wherein the laser transmitter generates a laser signal with a wavelength of 1064nm. 4 . The optical fiber communication system according to claim 2 , wherein the spectroscopic filter is used to extract the scattering spectrum of the sensing light signal scattered and returned in the optical fiber. 5. The optical fiber communication system according to claim 2, characterized in that the data analyzer comprises a communication interface for connecting the analyzed data to the terminal device through the communication interface. 6. The optical fiber communication system according to claim 1, wherein the optical transmitter comprises: The input circuit is used to scramble and encode the input electrical signal; A modulation circuit, electrically connected to the input circuit, for modulating the scrambling code and the encoded electrical signal to form a modulation signal; The light source module is electrically connected to the modulation circuit, and is used to drive the light source module according to the modulation signal and generate an optical signal. 7. The optical fiber communication system according to claim 1, further comprising a light monitoring module and an alarm output circuit; wherein, The light monitoring module is used to detect the light signal output by the light source module, and the alarm output circuit is electrically connected to the light monitoring module for detecting and warning the working state of the light source module. 8. The optical fiber communication system according to claim 1, wherein the light source module comprises a light emitting diode, a lead wire and a lens; wherein the lead wire is used to connect the positive and negative pins of the light emitting diode and the light source The input end of the module; the lens is arranged on the light-emitting surface of the light-emitting diode for converging and transmitting the light signal. 9. The optical fiber communication system according to claim 8, wherein the light emitting diode is a vertical PiNGeLED; wherein the vertical PiNGeLED comprises: N-type Si substrate; an intrinsic Ge layer stacked on the N-type Si substrate; a p-type Si layer stacked on the intrinsic Ge layer; a positive electrode prepared on the p-type Si layer; The negative electrode is prepared on the N-type Si substrate. 10. The optical fiber communication system according to claim 9, characterized in that, the wavelength of the light source sent by the light emitting diode is 1550 nm.