CN107179573B - Composite membrane and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Composite membrane and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN107179573B CN107179573B CN201710466582.6A CN201710466582A CN107179573B CN 107179573 B CN107179573 B CN 107179573B CN 201710466582 A CN201710466582 A CN 201710466582A CN 107179573 B CN107179573 B CN 107179573B
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Abstract
The invention provides a composite membrane and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: forming an upper prism layer with a first microstructure on one side surface, and covering a protective layer on the surface of the first microstructure to form an upper prism composite layer; forming a lower prism layer with a second microstructure on one side surface; and attaching one side of the upper prism composite layer, which is far away from the protective layer, to one side of the lower prism layer, which is provided with the second microstructure. The protective layer is adopted to protect the first microstructure of the upper prism layer, so that the upper prism layer can be prevented from being scratched and foreign matters can be prevented from being attached in the subsequent forming process, the lower prism layer can be independently prepared without the limitation of a manufacturing process, and the production efficiency and the yield of the composite film are improved; and because the laminating step is placed at the end of the manufacturing process, the lower prism layer is prepared in advance, factors which possibly influence the interlayer adhesive force in the traditional preparation process are eliminated, and compared with the traditional soft film manufacturing process, the production efficiency of the composite film is greatly improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of optics, in particular to a composite film and a preparation method thereof.
Background
With the development of optical films, the conventional combination of a diffusion film and a prism sheet is gradually replaced by a multi-layer composite film which is ultra-thin, high in assembly yield, low in cost and excellent in optical effect.
The current multilayer composite film process is mainly formed by combining and matching a micro lens film (Microlens), a diffusion film (Diffuser) and/or a Prism film (Prism) and then bonding the films through a layer of adhesive. The POP type composite film is manufactured by firstly manufacturing a lower layer prism, then adhering an adhesive layer and finally preparing an upper layer prism on the adhesive layer.
As is well known, the microlens film and the diffusion film are more scratch-resistant than the prism film in the forming process, and the scratch resistance of the prism film is generally poor, so that the POP-type composite film generally needs to be prepared with the lower prism layer firstly, and then the upper prism layer is prepared after the coating and laminating adhesive layer is coated.
In addition, when the upper prism layer is manufactured in the third step of the POP type composite film manufacturing process, because the upper prism layer and the lower prism layer are already attached, if the upper prism layer and the lower prism layer are manufactured by using a metal mold, the bending angle of the upper prism layer and the lower prism layer is very large (up to 90 °), and the attached upper prism layer and lower prism layer can crack, so the upper prism layer is usually manufactured by using a soft film process, however, the soft film process can cause low production efficiency, low yield and poor quality of the composite film.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention mainly aims to provide a composite film and a preparation method thereof, and aims to solve the problems of low production efficiency, low yield and poor quality of the composite film caused by the preparation process of the composite film in the prior art.
In order to achieve the above object, according to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for preparing a composite film, comprising the steps of: forming an upper prism layer with a first microstructure on one side surface, and covering a protective layer on the surface of the first microstructure to form an upper prism composite layer; forming a lower prism layer with a second microstructure on one side surface; and attaching one side of the upper prism composite layer, which is far away from the protective layer, to one side of the lower prism layer, which is provided with the second microstructure.
Further, the minimum distance between the surface of the side, away from the upper prism layer, of the protective layer and the surface of the side, away from the protective layer, of the upper prism layer is h1, the maximum distance between the surface of the first microstructure and the surface of the side, away from the protective layer, of the upper prism layer is h2, and h1 > h 2.
Further, the material forming the above protective layer is selected from any one or more of an acrylate resin, a urethane resin, a polyester resin, and an epoxy resin.
Further, the step of forming the upper prism composite layer includes: compression molding the upper prism glue to form an upper prism layer with a first microstructure; and coating the protective glue on the surface of the first microstructure and performing compression molding to form the protective layer covering the surface of the first microstructure.
Further, in the step of carrying out compression molding on the upper prism glue, carrying out compression molding on the upper prism glue and carrying out UV curing, wherein the preferable compression molding pressure is 2-4kg, and the temperature of the UV curing is 30-60 ℃.
Further, in the step of molding the protective adhesive in a compression molding manner, the protective adhesive is molded and UV cured, preferably, the molding pressure is 2-4kg, and the temperature of the UV curing is 20-30 ℃.
Further, the prism glue and the protective glue are respectively added into a two-coating machine to prepare an upper prism layer and a protective layer.
And further, carrying out compression molding on the lower prism glue to obtain the lower prism layer with the second microstructure.
Further, in the step of carrying out compression molding on the lower prism glue, carrying out compression molding on the lower prism glue and carrying out UV curing, wherein the preferable compression molding pressure is 2-4kg, and the temperature of the UV curing is 30-50 ℃.
Further, the step of attaching the upper prism composite layer to the lower prism layer includes: coating adhesive glue on the surface of one side of the upper prism composite layer, which is far away from the protective layer, and/or the surface of the lower prism layer; and (3) bonding the upper prism composite layer and the lower prism layer by using bonding glue, curing the bonding glue, preferably performing UV curing on the bonding glue, and more preferably, controlling the temperature of the UV curing to be 20-30 ℃.
Further, after the step of attaching the side of the upper prism composite layer away from the protective layer to the side of the lower prism layer having the second microstructure, the manufacturing method further includes a step of peeling the protective layer from the surface of the upper prism layer.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a composite film prepared by the above preparation method.
By applying the technical scheme of the invention, the preparation method of the composite film comprises the steps of forming the upper prism layer and the lower prism layer, and after the upper prism layer is formed, the preparation method also comprises the steps of covering the protective layer on the surface of the first microstructure to form an upper prism composite layer, and then attaching the upper prism composite layer to one side of the lower prism layer with the second microstructure, so that the first microstructure of the upper prism layer is protected by adopting the protective layer, the upper prism layer can be prevented from being scratched and attached by foreign matters in the subsequent forming process, the lower prism layer can be independently prepared without being limited by a process technology, and the production efficiency and the yield of the composite film are improved; moreover, because the laminating step is arranged at the end of the manufacturing process, the lower prism layer is prepared in advance, and factors which can influence the interlayer adhesive force in the traditional preparation process are eliminated, so that metal molds can be completely used in the preparation process, and the production efficiency of the composite film is greatly improved compared with the traditional soft film manufacturing process; in addition, the protective layer can serve as a protective film of the composite film, so that film sticking is not needed in subsequent processes, one process is reduced, and the yield and the production efficiency are improved.
In addition to the objects, features and advantages described above, other objects, features and advantages of the present invention are also provided. The present invention will be described in further detail below with reference to the drawings.
Drawings
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, are included to provide a further understanding of the invention, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate exemplary embodiments of the invention and together with the description serve to explain the invention and not to limit the invention. In the drawings:
fig. 1 shows a schematic flow chart of a method for preparing a composite membrane according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
It should be noted that the embodiments and features of the embodiments may be combined with each other without conflict. The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the embodiments with reference to the attached drawings.
In order to make the technical solutions of the present invention better understood, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
It should be noted that the terms "first," "second," and the like in the description and claims of the present invention and in the drawings described above are used for distinguishing between similar elements and not necessarily for describing a particular sequential or chronological order. It is to be understood that the data so used may be interchanged under appropriate circumstances in order to facilitate the description of the embodiments of the invention herein. Furthermore, the terms "comprises," "comprising," and "having," and any variations thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, system, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of steps or elements is not necessarily limited to those steps or elements expressly listed, but may include other steps or elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus.
As can be seen from the background art, the whole process of preparing the POP type composite film in the prior art needs to be performed in three steps, and the upper prism layer and the lower prism layer cannot be performed simultaneously, which results in a great decrease in production efficiency and yield. The inventors of the present invention have studied in view of the above problems and provide a method for preparing a composite film, as shown in fig. 1, comprising the steps of: forming an upper prism layer with a first microstructure on one side surface, and covering a protective layer on the surface of the first microstructure to form an upper prism composite layer; forming a lower prism layer with a second microstructure on one side surface; and attaching one side of the upper prism composite layer, which is far away from the protective layer, to one side of the lower prism layer, which is provided with the second microstructure.
In the composite film, after the upper prism layer is formed, the preparation method further comprises the steps of covering the protective layer on the surface of the first microstructure to form an upper prism composite layer, and then attaching the upper prism composite layer to one side, provided with the second microstructure, of the lower prism layer, so that the first microstructure of the upper prism layer is protected by adopting the protective layer, the upper prism layer can be prevented from being scratched and attached by foreign matters in the subsequent forming process, the lower prism layer can be independently prepared without being limited by a manufacturing process, and the production efficiency and the yield of the composite film are improved; moreover, because the laminating step is arranged at the end of the manufacturing process, the lower prism layer is prepared in advance, and factors which can influence the interlayer adhesive force in the traditional preparation process are eliminated, so that metal molds can be completely used in the preparation process, and the production efficiency of the composite film is greatly improved compared with the traditional soft film manufacturing process; in addition, the protective layer can serve as a protective film of the composite film, so that film sticking is not needed in subsequent processes, one process is reduced, and the yield and the production efficiency are improved.
An exemplary embodiment of a method for preparing a composite film provided according to the present invention will be described in more detail below. These exemplary embodiments may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to only the embodiments set forth herein. It should be understood that these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the concept of these exemplary embodiments to those skilled in the art.
Firstly, forming an upper prism layer with a first microstructure on one side surface, and covering a protective layer on the surface of the first microstructure to form an upper prism composite layer; or forming a lower prism layer with a second microstructure on one side surface. The step of forming the upper prism composite layer and the step of forming the lower prism layer may be performed sequentially, respectively, or simultaneously, and preferably, both steps are performed simultaneously, so as to shorten the time of the manufacturing process, thereby improving the efficiency of the manufacturing process.
In the step of forming the upper prism composite layer, the protective layer covers the surface of the first microstructure, so that the protective layer can play a role in protecting the first microstructure in the subsequent process, the upper prism layer is prevented from being scratched and foreign matters are prevented from being attached in the subsequent forming process, and the lower prism layer can be independently prepared without the limitation of the process technology; moreover, the protective layer covers the surface of the first microstructure of the upper prism layer, so that film sticking is not needed in subsequent procedures, a procedure is reduced, and the yield and the production efficiency are improved. The material forming the above protective layer may be any one or more selected from among acrylate resin, urethane resin, polyester resin, and epoxy resin.
Preferably, the minimum distance between the surface of the protective layer on the side away from the upper prism layer and the surface of the upper prism layer on the side away from the protective layer is h1, the maximum distance between the surface of the first microstructure and the surface of the upper prism layer on the side away from the protective layer is h2, and h1 > h 2. At the moment, at least part of the protective layer can completely fill and level up the first microstructure of the upper prism layer, so that the protective effect of the protective layer on the upper prism layer in the subsequent forming process is improved, and scratches and foreign matter adhesion on the upper prism layer are reduced.
In a preferred embodiment, the step of forming the upper prism composite layer comprises: compression molding the upper prism glue to form an upper prism layer with a first microstructure; and coating the protective glue on the surface of the first microstructure and performing compression molding to form the protective layer covering the surface of the first microstructure.
In the preferred embodiment, in order to improve the forming efficiency of the upper prism, it is preferable that in the step of compression molding the upper prism glue, the upper prism glue is compression molded and UV cured, and more preferably, the compression molding pressure is 2 to 4kg, and the UV curing temperature is 30 to 60 ℃; in order to improve the forming efficiency of the protective layer, preferably, in the step of compression molding the protective adhesive, the protective adhesive is compression molded and UV cured, more preferably, the compression molding pressure is 2-4kg, and the temperature of UV curing is 20-30 ℃; more preferably, in order to improve the molding efficiency of the upper prism composite layer, the upper prism glue and the protective glue are respectively added into the two-coating machine to prepare the upper prism layer and the protective layer.
In a preferred embodiment, the lower prism glue is compression molded to obtain the lower prism layer having the second microstructure. In order to improve the forming efficiency of the lower prism, it is more preferable that in the step of compression molding the lower prism glue, the lower prism glue is compression molded and UV cured, preferably the compression molding pressure is 2-4kg, and the temperature of the UV curing is 30-50 ℃.
And after the steps of preparing the upper prism composite layer and preparing the lower prism layer for lamination are finished, laminating one side of the upper prism composite layer, which is far away from the protective layer, on one side of the lower prism layer, which is provided with the second microstructure. The lower prism layer is prepared in advance, and the attaching step is placed at the end of the manufacturing process, so that factors which possibly influence the interlayer adhesive force in the traditional preparation process are eliminated, metal molds can be completely used in the preparation process, and the production efficiency of the composite film is greatly improved compared with the traditional soft film manufacturing process.
In a preferred embodiment, the step of bonding the upper prism composite layer to the lower prism layer comprises: coating adhesive glue on the surface of one side of the upper prism composite layer, which is far away from the protective layer, and/or the surface of the lower prism layer; and bonding the upper prism composite layer and the lower prism layer by using bonding glue, and curing the bonding glue. In order to improve firmer bonding between the upper prism composite layer and the lower prism layer, the bonding glue is preferably UV cured, and more preferably, the temperature of the UV curing is 20-30 ℃.
After the step of attaching the side of the upper prism composite layer remote from the protective layer to the side of the lower prism layer having the second microstructure, the manufacturing method may further include a step of peeling the protective layer from the surface of the upper prism layer. The protective layer is peeled off from the surface of the prism layer to obtain a composite film.
According to another aspect of the invention, a composite film is also provided, which is prepared by the preparation method. The preparation method of the composite film comprises the steps of covering the protective layer on the surface of the first microstructure to form the upper prism composite layer, and then attaching the upper prism composite layer to the side, with the second microstructure, of the lower prism layer, so that the first microstructure of the upper prism layer is protected by the protective layer, the upper prism layer can be prevented from being scratched and foreign matters are prevented from being attached in the subsequent forming process, the protective layer can serve as a protective film of the composite film, and the yield and the production efficiency are improved.
The composite membrane and the method for preparing the composite membrane provided by the present application will be further described with reference to the following examples.
Example 1
The preparation method of the composite film provided by the embodiment comprises the following steps:
adding upper prism glue (UV light-cured acrylate glue, CHTF-9945) into a single coating machine for mould pressing and UV curing, wherein the mould pressing pressure is 6kg, the temperature of the UV curing is 20 ℃, forming an upper prism layer with a first microstructure, coating protective glue on the surface of the first microstructure, mould pressing and UV curing the protective glue (UV light-cured acrylate glue, SPX1200), the mould pressing pressure is 5kg, and the temperature of the UV curing is 15 ℃, forming a protective layer covering the surface of the first microstructure, so as to obtain an upper prism composite layer;
adding lower prism glue (UV light-cured acrylate glue, SPX1200) into a single coating machine for mould pressing and UV curing, wherein the mould pressing pressure is 6kg, and the temperature of the UV curing is 20 ℃, so as to form a lower prism layer with a second microstructure;
adding the upper prism composite layer and the lower prism layer into a laminating machine, coating laminating glue (UV light-cured acrylate glue, CHTF-8080) on the surface of one side, far away from the protective layer, of the upper prism composite layer, laminating the upper prism composite layer and the lower prism layer by utilizing the laminating glue, and carrying out UV curing on the laminating glue, wherein the temperature of the UV curing is 40 ℃.
Example 2
The difference between the preparation method of the composite membrane provided in this example and example 1 is that:
adding the prism glue and the protective glue into a double-coating machine to simultaneously prepare an upper prism layer and a protective layer.
Example 3
The difference between the preparation method of the composite membrane provided in this example and example 2 is that:
in the step of molding and UV curing the upper prism glue, the molding pressure was 4kg and the temperature of UV curing was 30 ℃.
Example 4
The difference between the preparation method of the composite membrane provided in this example and example 2 is that:
in the step of molding and UV curing the upper prism glue, the molding pressure was 2kg and the temperature of UV curing was 60 ℃.
Example 5
The difference between the preparation method of the composite membrane provided in this example and example 2 is that:
in the step of molding and UV curing the protective paste, the molding pressure was 2kg and the temperature of UV curing was 20 ℃.
Example 6
The difference between the preparation method of the composite membrane provided in this example and example 2 is that:
in the step of molding and UV curing the protective paste, the molding pressure was 4kg and the temperature of UV curing was 30 ℃.
Example 7
The difference between the preparation method of the composite membrane provided in this example and example 2 is that:
in the step of molding and UV curing the lower prism glue, the molding pressure was 2kg and the temperature of UV curing was 30 ℃.
Example 8
The difference between the preparation method of the composite membrane provided in this example and example 2 is that:
in the step of molding and UV curing the lower prism glue, the molding pressure was 4kg and the temperature of UV curing was 50 ℃.
Example 9
The difference between the preparation method of the composite membrane provided in this example and example 2 is that:
in the step of bonding the upper prism composite layer and the lower prism layer, the temperature of UV curing of the bonding glue is 20 ℃.
Example 10
The difference between the preparation method of the composite membrane provided in this example and example 2 is that:
in the step of bonding the upper prism composite layer and the lower prism layer, the temperature of UV curing of the bonding glue is 30 ℃.
Example 11
The preparation method of the composite film provided by the embodiment comprises the following steps:
simultaneously adding upper prism glue (UV light-cured acrylate glue, CHTF-9945) and protective glue (UV light-cured acrylate glue, SPX1200) into a double-coating machine for mould pressing and UV curing, wherein the mould pressing pressure of the upper prism glue is 3kg, the temperature of the UV curing is 45 ℃, forming an upper prism layer with a first microstructure, coating the protective glue on the surface of the first microstructure, the mould pressing pressure of the protective glue is 3kg, and the temperature of the UV curing is 25 ℃, forming a protective layer covering the surface of the first microstructure, so as to obtain an upper prism composite layer;
adding lower prism glue (UV light-cured acrylate glue, CHTF-9781M) into a single coating machine for mould pressing and UV curing, wherein the mould pressing pressure is 3kg, and the UV curing temperature is 40 ℃, so as to form a lower prism layer with a second microstructure;
adding the upper prism composite layer and the lower prism layer into a laminating machine, coating laminating glue (UV light-cured acrylate glue, CHTF-8080) on the surface of one side, far away from the protective layer, of the upper prism composite layer, laminating the upper prism composite layer and the lower prism layer by utilizing the laminating glue, and carrying out UV curing on the laminating glue, wherein the temperature of the UV curing is 25 ℃.
Comparative example 1
The preparation method of the composite membrane provided by the comparative example comprises the following steps:
adding the upper prism glue (same as the embodiment 1) into a single coating machine for mould pressing and UV curing, wherein the mould pressing pressure is 6kg, and the temperature of the UV curing is 20 ℃, so as to form an upper prism layer with a first microstructure;
adding the lower prism glue (same as the embodiment 1) into a single coating machine for mould pressing and UV curing, wherein the mould pressing pressure is 6kg, and the temperature of the UV curing is 20 ℃, so as to form a lower prism layer with a second microstructure;
adding the upper prism composite layer and the lower prism layer into a laminating machine, coating laminating glue on the surface of one side, far away from the protective layer, of the upper prism composite layer (same as embodiment 1), laminating the upper prism composite layer and the lower prism layer by utilizing the laminating glue, and carrying out UV curing on the laminating glue, wherein the temperature of the UV curing is 40 ℃.
Various performance parameters were tested on the composite membranes provided in examples 1 to 11 and comparative example 1 above, and the test results are shown in the following table.
As can be seen from the above test results, the composite films obtained by the manufacturing methods of examples 1 to 11 of the present application have higher yield and the manufacturing methods of examples 2 to 11 require shorter man-hours than comparative example 1.
From the above description, it can be seen that the above-described embodiments of the present invention achieve the following technical effects:
1. the protective layer is adopted to protect the first microstructure of the upper prism layer, so that the upper prism layer can be prevented from being scratched and foreign matters can be prevented from being attached in the subsequent forming process, the lower prism layer can be independently prepared without the limitation of a manufacturing process, and the production efficiency and the yield of the composite film are improved;
2. because the laminating step is placed at the end of the manufacturing process, the lower prism layer is prepared in advance, and factors which can influence the interlayer adhesive force in the traditional preparation process are eliminated, so that metal molds can be completely used in the preparation process, and the production efficiency of the composite film is greatly improved compared with the traditional soft film manufacturing process;
3. the protective layer can serve as a protective film of the composite film, so that film sticking is not needed in subsequent processes, one process is reduced, and the yield and the production efficiency are improved.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention, and various modifications and changes may be made by those skilled in the art. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A preparation method of a composite film is characterized by comprising the following steps:
forming an upper prism layer with a first microstructure on one side surface, and covering a protective layer on the surface of the first microstructure to form an upper prism composite layer;
forming a lower prism layer with a second microstructure on one side surface;
attaching one side of the upper prism composite layer, which is far away from the protective layer, to one side of the lower prism layer, which is provided with the second microstructure,
the step of forming the upper prism composite layer includes: carrying out compression molding on upper prism glue to form the upper prism layer with the first microstructure; coating protective glue on the surface of the first microstructure and performing compression molding to form the protective layer covering the surface of the first microstructure,
adding the upper prism glue and the protective glue into a double-coating machine to prepare the upper prism layer and the protective layer,
the minimum distance between the surface of one side of the protective layer far away from the upper prism layer and the surface of one side of the upper prism layer far away from the protective layer is h1, the maximum distance between the surface of the first microstructure and the surface of one side of the upper prism layer far away from the protective layer is h2, and h1 is more than h2, at least part of the protective layer completely fills and levels the first microstructure of the upper prism layer,
in the step of compression molding the upper prism glue, the upper prism glue is subjected to compression molding and UV curing, wherein the compression molding pressure is 2-4kg, the UV curing temperature is 30-60 ℃,
in the step of molding the protective adhesive in a compression molding manner, the protective adhesive is molded and UV cured, the molding pressure is 2-4kg, and the temperature of UV curing is 20-30 ℃.
2. The production method according to claim 1, wherein a material forming the protective layer is selected from any one or more of an acrylate resin, a polyurethane resin, a polyester resin, and an epoxy resin.
3. A method of manufacturing as claimed in claim 1, wherein lower prism glue is compression molded to provide the lower prism layer with the second microstructure.
4. The method of manufacturing according to claim 3, wherein in the step of press-molding the lower prism glue, the lower prism glue is press-molded and UV-cured.
5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the molding pressure is 2 to 4kg and the temperature of UV curing is 30 to 50 ℃.
6. A method of making as set forth in claim 1, wherein the step of attaching the upper prism composite layer to the lower prism layer comprises:
coating adhesive glue on the surface of one side of the upper prism composite layer, which is far away from the protective layer, and/or the surface of the lower prism layer;
and bonding the upper prism composite layer and the lower prism layer by using the bonding glue, and curing the bonding glue.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the bonding glue is UV cured.
8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the temperature of the UV curing is 20 to 30 ℃.
9. A producing method according to claim 1, characterized in that after the step of attaching the side of the upper prism composite layer remote from the protective layer to the side of the lower prism layer having the second microstructure, the producing method further comprises a step of peeling the protective layer from the surface of the upper prism layer.
10. A composite film produced by the production method according to any one of claims 1 to 9.
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| CN102956729A (en) * | 2011-08-26 | 2013-03-06 | 颖台科技股份有限公司 | Optical Microstructure Protective Film |
| CN104129072A (en) * | 2013-04-30 | 2014-11-05 | 鸿富锦精密工业（深圳）有限公司 | Optical element and manufacturing method thereof |
| CN106410059A (en) * | 2016-09-19 | 2017-02-15 | 张家港康得新光电材料有限公司 | Structure, preparation method and application of extraction film |
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