CN107173015A - A kind of vegetable plot nutrient emission reduction and the method for improving vegetables commodity property - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention provides a kind of vegetable plot nutrient emission reduction and the method for improvement vegetables commodity property, belong to agricultural non-point source pollution control and vegetables production technical field.The effect that appropriate wheat straw charcoal technology reaches the emission reduction of vegetable soil runoff nitrogen phosphorus nutrient, vegetables stable yields and improvement vegetables commodity property is applied specifically applying fertilizer and matching somebody with somebody with organic fertilizer by decrement.Vegetable plot runoff water nitrogen, phosphorus concentration can be significantly reduced respectively up to 13.95% 23.68% and 34.81%~52.44% using this technology, nitrogen in vegetables breeding time, phosphorus Loss in Runoff amount is substantially reduced respectively up to 13.95% 23.68% and 34.81%~52.44%.Significantly reduce vegetable plot nitrogen, phosphorus Loss in Runoff risk simultaneously.Further, vegetables stable yields can be maintained using the technology, wilfully force of labor significantly improves 24.39% 28.98% to wild cabbage nitrogen, and cabbage head spherical index significantly improves 6.17%~7.41%, significantly improves vegetables commodity property.

Description

A method for reducing nutrient discharge in vegetable fields and improving vegetable commodity traits

Technical field:

The invention relates to a method for reducing nutrient discharge in a vegetable field and improving the commodity properties of vegetables, and belongs to the technical fields of agricultural non-point source pollution control and vegetable production.

Background technique:

Vegetable land is one of the important land use methods in the Taihu Lake Basin. In recent years, with the strong support of agricultural industry policies and the continuous improvement of economic benefits, the vegetable planting area has continued to expand. According to statistics, in 2013, the vegetable planting area in Jiangsu Province was about 1.36×10 ⁶ hm ² , accounting for about 28.95% of the cultivated land area, of which, the open field vegetable planting area accounted for about 56.52% of the vegetable planting area. In the process of vegetable production, vegetable farmers often apply excessive fertilizers in order to pursue higher vegetable yields and economic benefits, which not only causes a great waste of nutrient resources, but also leads to nutrient surplus and load increase in farmland soil due to continuous excessive application of fertilizers, which will inevitably increase soil nutrients. Potential risk of discharge to surface water bodies through surface runoff or underground leaching. As we all know, excessive nitrogen and phosphorus content is one of the main causes of water eutrophication, and the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in farmland is an important source of non-point pollution. It is estimated that agricultural non-point source nitrogen and phosphorus contribute 37.5% and 15.1% to Taihu Lake water body respectively, and the contribution rate of farmland loss to non-point source pollution is about 60% and 20% respectively. Furthermore, related reports indicate that the contribution rate of economic crops such as vegetables, fruit trees and flowers (accounting for 15%-35% of the total area) in the Taihu Lake Basin to the eutrophication of the water body is comparable to that of rice, wheat, etc., which account for 70% of the total farmland area. Field crops are basically the same. It can be seen that the nutrient runoff loss per unit area of economic crop farmland in this watershed is much higher than that of field crops such as rice and wheat. Therefore, it is of great significance to establish a technical system for the reduction of nutrient runoff in vegetable farmland soil for the healthy and sustainable development of the water body ecological environment in the Taihu Lake Basin.

In recent years, a large number of scientific and technological workers have developed a variety of technical approaches on how to reduce non-point source pollution in vegetable fields, mainly including biological measures, physical-chemical measures, engineering measures or comprehensive measures, etc., and have conducted small-scale field experiments. initial positive results. The use of artificial ecological ditches or vegetation interception/buffer strips and other technologies can effectively reduce the runoff loss of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in vegetable fields by 42% to 91% and 30% to 92%, but the construction and daily maintenance are cumbersome, and crops are planted in ditches Or the grass belt crops are not harvested in time, which has the potential risk of secondary pollution. Although the application of chemical additives such as desulfurized gypsum or aluminum sulfate can effectively reduce the loss of phosphorus in the surface runoff of vegetable soil, if applied in large quantities or for a long time, it may have adverse effects on the physical and chemical properties of vegetable soil, and then affect the yield and quality of vegetables. The application of biochar in vegetable fields can slow down nitrogen loss by regulating nitrification-denitrification and nutrient release processes, but a large amount or even excessive application (up to 4.0×10 ⁴ kg·hm ^-2 ) may affect the absorption and utilization of crop nutrients and the Potential negative effects on farmland ecological environment.

Invention content:

technical problem:

The invention provides a method for reducing nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient runoff loss in vegetable fields and improving vegetable commodity properties. The technology can reduce soil nitrogen and phosphorus runoff losses in vegetable fields, reduce non-point source pollution in vegetable fields, and maintain stable vegetable production. Improve the commodity properties of vegetables and increase the economic benefits of vegetable production.

Technical solutions:

A method for reducing nutrient emission in a vegetable field and improving the commodity properties of vegetables, characterized in that: during the vegetable production process, fertilization is applied twice per crop, and the nitrogen fertilizer is 262.65 kg·hm ^-2 in terms of pure N and the phosphorus fertilizer is 182.55 kg in terms of P ₂ O ₅ kg·hm ^-2 , the nitrogen application rate of the base fertilizer accounted for 73.73% of the annual application amount, and all the phosphorus fertilizer was applied as the base fertilizer; on the day of soil preparation and application of the base fertilizer, the base fertilizer was applied to the vegetable field in the form of pig manure organic fertilizer, compound fertilizer and wheat straw biochar , fully mixed with the 0-20cm soil of the tillage layer of the vegetable field, the amount of organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer were 1.13×10 ⁴ kg·hm ^-2 and 525kg·hm ^-2 respectively, and the amount of wheat straw biochar was 20% of the amount of organic fertilizer, That is, 2.25×10 ³ kg·hm ^-2 .

The pig manure organic fertilizer is: moisture content, 23.8%, N, 1.34%, P ₂ O ₅ , 1.21%, K ₂ O, 1.96%; the compound fertilizer is: potassium sulfate type, N, 15%, P ₂ O ₅ , 15%, K ₂ O, 15%; wheat straw biochar: pH, 9.18, N, 0.50%, P ₂ O ₅ , 0.06%, K ₂ O, 2.60%, organic carbon, 46.70%.

Top dressing was applied once during the period of vegetable commercial organ formation, in the form of N≥46% urea.

After the vegetable field is fertilized, a "well" type drainage ditch is opened to facilitate drainage during rainfall. A drainage ditch is opened at an interval of 1.5-2.0m in the field. The width of the drainage ditch is 20cm and the depth is 15cm to prevent water accumulation in the vegetable field.

The vegetable variety adopts the mid-ripening flat-headed spring cabbage "Chunmian".

In the process of vegetable production, conventional field management, field operations such as soil preparation, fertilization, ditching, watering and cultivation, and plant protection are consistent with farmers' customary production methods, which are conventional methods.

Beneficial effect:

1. The present invention achieves the effects of reducing nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient discharge from soil runoff in vegetable fields, maintaining stable vegetable yields, and improving vegetable commodity traits through reduced fertilization during the entire growth period of vegetables and combined application of appropriate amounts of wheat straw biochar with organic fertilizers. The operation is simple and the effect is remarkable.

2. Using reduced fertilization during the entire growth period of vegetables and applying appropriate amount of wheat straw biochar technology with organic fertilizers can significantly reduce the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in vegetable runoff water by 13.95%-23.68% and 34.81%-52.44%, and significantly reduce the vegetable growth period. The runoff losses of nitrogen and phosphorus reached 13.95%-23.68% and 34.81%-52.44% respectively. At the same time, adopting this technology significantly reduces the balance surplus of nitrogen and phosphorus in vegetable fields to 45.94-62.99 and 54.40-54.50 kg·hm ^-2 , respectively, and the reduction rate reaches 29.03%-39.81% and 29.80%-29.85%, which significantly reduces vegetable field nitrogen. , Phosphorus runoff loss risk. Further, adopting this technology can maintain the stable yield of vegetables, the nitrogen partial productivity of cabbage can be significantly increased by 24.39%-28.98%, the leaf spherical index of cabbage can be significantly increased by 6.17%-7.41%, and the commercial properties of vegetables can be significantly improved.

detailed description:

Take the vegetable production example of Baima Town Test Base in Lishui District, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province as an example:

The test site is located in the Plant Science Base of Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences (31°36′N, 119°11′E), Baima Town, Lishui County, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province. It is located in the southeast of Lishui County, Nanjing City, and belongs to the transition from the northern subtropical zone to the middle subtropical zone. In this area, the annual average temperature is about 15.5℃, the annual average sunshine is 2145.8h, the annual average rainfall is 1036.9mm, and the annual frost-free period is 237d. The soil in the test field is white pulp soil, and the basic physical and chemical properties of the soil in the 0-20cm soil layer are: pH (H ₂ O,1:5) 6.21, organic matter (g·kg ^-1 ) 16.62, total N (g·kg ^-1 ) 0.87 , total P (g·kg ^-1 ) 0.24, available nitrogen (mg·kg ^-1 ) 35.16, available phosphorus (mg·kg ^-1 ) 11.84, available potassium (mg·kg ^-1 ) 89.23. The test period was from October 2014 to May 2015 during the vegetable growing season. The vegetable variety was medium-ripening flat-headed spring cabbage "Spring Sleep". The conventional seedlings were transplanted and the seedlings were full-term. The planting size was 40cm×30cm, and each hole had 1 strain. The area of each experimental field is at least 200m ² , and the farmers' habitual production (habitual fertilization) is used as the control. The experimental setup was repeated three times.

The habitual production method of farmers is to apply pig manure organic fertilizer and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer as base fertilizer on the day of vegetable field preparation, and the amount of organic fertilizer and compound fertilizer is 1.50×10 ⁴ and 750kg·hm ^-2 respectively. In the vegetable production process, fertilization is generally applied twice, nitrogen fertilizer (pure N) is about 403.65 kg·hm ^-2 and phosphorus fertilizer (calculated as P ₂ O ₅ ) is 250.54 kg·hm ^-2 , and the nitrogen application amount of base fertilizer accounts for 65.81% of the annual application amount. %, all base application of phosphate fertilizer. The base fertilizer was pig manure organic fertilizer (produced by Jiangsu Tomorrow Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd., moisture content, 23.8%; N, 1.34%; P ₂ O ₅ , 1.21%; K ₂ O, 1.96%), compound fertilizer (Anhui Sier Produced by Special Fertilizer Industry Co., Ltd., potassium sulfate type, N, 15%; P ₂ O ₅ , 15%; K ₂ O, 15%) and other forms are applied to the vegetable field, and the soil of the vegetable field (0-20cm) is fully Mix and apply topdressing fertilizer in the form of urea (Henan Xinlianxin Fertilizer Co., Ltd., "Xinlianxin" brand urea, N≥46%) during the formation of commercial cabbage organs (leaf balls). After fertilization in the vegetable season, according to the size of the production area, a "well" type drainage ditch is opened in the vegetable field to facilitate drainage during rainfall and prevent water accumulation in the vegetable field, which will affect the normal growth and development of vegetables. Generally, a ditch is opened every 1.5-2.0m in the field, and the width of the drainage ditch is about 20cm, and the depth is about 15cm.

In the present invention, on the day when the vegetable field is prepared and the base fertilizer is applied, pig manure organic fertilizer is fully mixed with an appropriate amount of wheat straw biochar and then applied to the vegetable field, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer is used as the base fertilizer at the same time. Production decreased by 25%, respectively 1.13×10 ⁴ kg·hm ^-2 and 525kg·hm ^-2 , and the application amount of wheat straw biochar was 20% of that of organic fertilizer, namely 2.25×10 ³ kg·hm ^-2 .

In the process of vegetable production, fertilization is generally applied twice per crop, nitrogen fertilizer (pure N) is about 262.65kg·hm ^-2 and phosphorus fertilizer (calculated as P ₂ O ₅ ) is 182.55kg·hm ^-2 , and the nitrogen application amount of base fertilizer accounts for the annual application amount 73.73% of all phosphate fertilizers were applied in the base.

The base fertilizer was pig manure organic fertilizer (produced by Jiangsu Tomorrow Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Co., Ltd., moisture content, 23.8%; N, 1.34%; P ₂ O ₅ , 1.21%; K ₂ O, 1.96%), compound fertilizer (Anhui Sier Produced by Special Fertilizer Industry Co., Ltd., potassium sulfate type, N, 15%; P ₂ O ₅ , 15%; K ₂ O, 15%), wheat straw biochar (produced by Henan Sanli New Energy Company, pH, 9.18; N, 0.50%; P ₂ O ₅ , 0.06%; K ₂ O, 2.60%; organic carbon, 46.70%) and other forms into the vegetable field, fully mixed with the soil of the vegetable field plow layer (0-20cm), and expand in the cabbage leaf bulb Regular surface topdressing in the form of urea (Henan Xinlianxin Fertilizer Co., Ltd., "Xinlianxin" brand urea, N≥46%).

After fertilization, according to the size of the production area, "well" type drainage ditches are opened in the vegetable field to facilitate drainage during rainfall and prevent water accumulation in the vegetable field, which in turn affects the normal growth and development of vegetables. Generally, a ditch is opened every 1.5-2.0m in the field, and the width of the drainage ditch is about 20cm, and the depth is about 15cm.

In the process of vegetable production, field operations such as soil preparation, fertilization, ditching, watering and cultivation, and plant protection are consistent with farmers' customary production methods, which are routine methods.

The specific test results of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient discharge reduction effects, yield effects, and improvement of commodity traits in vegetable farmland soil runoff are illustrated with the following examples:

Example 1: Emission reduction effect of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients from soil runoff in vegetable fields

Take the production test from 2014 to 2015 as an example:

Under the conditions of farmers' habitual production management (habitual fertilization and conventional field management), the nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, nitrogen and phosphorus runoff losses of vegetable land runoff, and the balance surplus of nitrogen and phosphorus in vegetable land were 27.56 mg·L ^-1 , 0.38 mg·L ^-1 , 47.66 kg·hm ^-2 , 0.66 kg·hm ^-2 , 158.24 kg·hm ^-2 and 182.56 kg·hm ^-2 . The reduction of fertilization during the whole growth period of vegetables and the application of appropriate amount of wheat straw biochar with organic fertilizer can significantly reduce the nitrogen and phosphorus runoff loss of vegetable fields (Table 1). Nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient concentrations in runoff water are the main constituent factors of soil nitrogen and phosphorus runoff losses in farmland. The use of reduced fertilization throughout the growth period and the combination of organic fertilizer and appropriate amount of wheat straw biochar technology can significantly reduce the nitrogen concentration of runoff water in vegetable fields (full growth period The weighted average of runoff water nitrogen concentration during multiple runoffs) reached 13.95% and 23.68%, significantly reducing the phosphorus concentration of vegetable field runoff (the weighted average of runoff water phosphorus concentration during multiple runoffs in the whole growth period) reached 34.81% and 52.44%; the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in runoff is the key indicator to characterize the output of soil nitrogen and phosphorus runoff in vegetable fields, and the technology of reducing fertilization during the whole growth period and applying appropriate amount of wheat straw biochar with organic fertilizer can significantly reduce the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus in the whole growth period of vegetables Nitrogen runoff loss amounted to 13.95% and 23.68%, and phosphorus runoff loss during the whole growth period of vegetables was significantly reduced by 34.81% and 52.44%. Furthermore, the balance surplus of nitrogen and phosphorus is one of the main indicators used to characterize the risk of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient loss in farmland soil. The use of reduced fertilization throughout the growth period and the combination of organic fertilizer and appropriate amount of wheat straw biochar technology can significantly reduce the nitrogen content of vegetable fields. The balance surplus amounts to 39.81% and 29.03%, significantly reducing the vegetable phosphorus balance surplus amounts to 29.80% and 29.85%.

Table 1 Emission reduction effects of vegetable soil nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients under the conditions of reduced fertilization and organic fertilizer combined with appropriate amount of wheat straw biochar during the whole growth period of vegetables

Example 2: Vegetable Yield Effect and Commodity Character Improvement Effect

Take the production test from 2014 to 2015 as an example:

Under the conditions of farmers' habitual production management (habitual fertilization and conventional field management), the yield, water content, dry matter of leaf bulbs, nitrogen partial productivity, and spherical index of vegetables (cabbage bulbs) were 13.03×10 ⁴ kg·hm ^{- 2} , 92.63%, 9.60×10 ³ kg·hm ^-2 , 322.68 kg·kg ^-1 , 0.81. Although the reduction of fertilization during the whole growth period of vegetables and the application of appropriate amount of wheat straw biochar with organic fertilizers reduced the cabbage bulbs by 16.12%-19.11%, the vegetable yield remained basically stable, exceeding 10.50×10 ⁴ kg·hm ^-2 (Table 2). Vegetable nitrogen partial productivity is one of the indicators reflecting vegetable nitrogen use efficiency, which is closely related to vegetable yield. Using reduced fertilization during the whole growth period of vegetables and applying appropriate amount of wheat straw biochar technology with organic fertilizer can significantly increase the nitrogen partial productivity of cabbage leaf bulbs by 24.39% and 28.98%. At the same time, the sphericity index is one of the key indicators reflecting the commodity traits of cabbage leaf bulbs. The technology of reducing fertilization during the whole growth period of vegetables and applying appropriate amount of wheat straw biochar with organic fertilizer can significantly improve the sphericity index of cabbage leaf bulbs by 6.17% and 7.14%, respectively. Significantly improve the commercial properties of cabbage.

Table 2 Effects of vegetable yield and improvement of commodity traits under the conditions of reduced fertilization during the whole growth period and organic fertilizer combined with appropriate amount of wheat straw biochar

Claims (9)

1. a kind of vegetable plot nutrient emission reduction and the method for improving vegetables commodity property, it is characterised in that：In vegetables production process, every batch Fertilising 2 times, nitrogen fertilizer application 262.65kghm in terms of pure N^-2With phosphate fertilizer with P₂O₅Count 182.55kghm^-2, base manure nitrogen amount of application accounts for Anniversary amount of application 73.73%, phosphate fertilizer whole bases apply；In vegetable field site preparation and apply base manure on the day of, base manure with Swine manure, Composite fertilizer and wheat straw charcoal form apply vegetable plot, are sufficiently mixed with vegetable plot arable layer 0-20cm soil, organic fertilizer and composite fertilizer Consumption is respectively 1.13 × 10⁴kg·hm^-2And 525kghm^-2, wheat straw charcoal amount of application is the 20% of Rate of Organic Fertilizer, i.e., 2.25×10³kg·hm^-2。

2. according to claim 1 a kind of vegetable plot nutrient emission reduction and improve vegetables commodity property method, it is characterised in that：Institute Stating Swine manure is:Moisture content, 23.8%, N, 1.34%, P₂O₅, 1.21%, K₂O, 1.96%；Composite fertilizer is:Potassium sulfate Type, N, 15%, P₂O₅, 15%, K₂O, 15%；Wheat straw charcoal is:PH, 9.18, N, 0.50%, P₂O₅, 0.06%, K₂O, 2.60%th, organic carbon, 46.70%.

3. a kind of vegetable plot nutrient emission reduction according to claim 1 or claim 2 and the method for improving vegetables commodity property, its feature exist In：The surface drilling 1 time during vegetables commodity orga- nogenesis, is applied with the form of urea of N >=46%.

4. a kind of vegetable plot nutrient emission reduction according to claim 1 or claim 2 and the method for improving vegetables commodity property, its feature exist In：A gutter is issued in draining during opening " well " type gutter after the fertilising of vegetable plot so as to rainfall, field at interval of 1.5-2.0m, Draining furrow width 20cm, deep 15cm, prevent vegetable plot ponding.

5. according to claim 3 a kind of vegetable plot nutrient emission reduction and improve vegetables commodity property method, it is characterised in that：Dish Draining during opening " well " type gutter after ground fertilising so as to rainfall, a gutter, draining are issued in field at interval of 1.5-2.0m Furrow width 20cm, deep 15cm, prevent vegetable plot ponding.

6. a kind of vegetable plot nutrient emission reduction according to claim 1 or claim 2 and the method for improving vegetables commodity property, its feature exist In：Ripe forward type spring wild cabbage " spring dormancy " during vegetable variety is used.

7. according to claim 3 a kind of vegetable plot nutrient emission reduction and improve vegetables commodity property method, it is characterised in that：Vegetable Ripe forward type spring wild cabbage " spring dormancy " during vegetable kind is used.

8. according to claim 4 a kind of vegetable plot nutrient emission reduction and improve vegetables commodity property method, it is characterised in that：Vegetable Ripe forward type spring wild cabbage " spring dormancy " during vegetable kind is used.

9. according to claim 5 a kind of vegetable plot nutrient emission reduction and improve vegetables commodity property method, it is characterised in that：Vegetable Ripe forward type spring wild cabbage " spring dormancy " during vegetable kind is used.