CN107046979A - A kind of method for planting cassava ahead of time - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of plant cultivation, in particular to a method for planting cassava in advance. A method for planting cassava in advance, comprising: cassava seedlings are covered with film and arched film or cassava is planted indoors in the early stage, then transplanted, and at the same time, the seed stems are girdled to induce rooting at the seedling stage. Early planting will help cassava move northward to solve the problems of short cassava growth period, low yield and low starch content.

Description

A method of planting cassava early

technical field

The invention belongs to the technical field of plant cultivation, in particular to a method for planting cassava in advance.

Background technique

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), also known as sweet potato and cassava, belongs to the Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbiaceae) cassava (Manihot) shrubs. There are more than 100 species in the genus. Cassava is the only species suitable for economic cultivation, and the others are wild species. Its roots can be used to produce starch, further processed into modified starch, edible alcohol and fuel ethanol. Both the roots and leaves are edible, and the roots can also be used as fodder. Cassava stalks and cassava skins can also be used to cultivate black fungus, poplar mushrooms, edible fungi, etc.

There is a huge shortage of cassava in my country. According to statistics provided by the Customs Information Network (www.haiguan.info), from January to November 2016 alone, my country imported 6.274 million tons of cassava chips from Southeast Asia, with a value of 1.155 billion US dollars. Impacted by the price of dried cassava chips abroad, the comparative benefits of cassava planting for Chinese farmers are too low, and the planting area of cassava tends to decline. On the one hand, the planting area of cassava in southern China has declined, and on the other hand, there is a large demand for cassava in northern my country. For example, Jinan Ritai Biotechnology needs a large amount of cassava stalks as raw materials for biomass gas. They urgently need to promote a large amount of cassava through demonstration planting locally. Cassava; Xinjiang needs a lot of feed, and cassava is a good choice; in Yunnan, cassava is not only used as starch raw material, but also used as feed and cassava stems to cultivate fungi and has developed rapidly; in Hunan Yongzhou, Chenzhou, Xiangxi and other cities and states , Cassava has also been partially developed, and farmers have sporadically planted it; Fujian has a long history of cassava planting, and in 2008 it reached 270,000 mu (http://news.66163.com/2008-01-08/263934.shtml). And there are starch companies settled in and related industry associations established. The northward movement of cassava has been the research direction promoted by the national cassava industry system of the Ministry of Agriculture for many years, and it is also an important trend in the development of my country's cassava industry.

One of the limitations of the northward movement of cassava is that the frost-free period in the middle and high latitudes of my country is not long enough, and the time suitable for cassava growth is too short, resulting in low yield, insufficient accumulation of cassava starch, and low starch content. Therefore, need badly a kind of cultivation technique of planting cassava early, prolonging cassava growth period.

The information disclosed in this Background section is only for enhancing the understanding of the general background of the present invention and should not be taken as an acknowledgment or any form of suggestion that the information constitutes the prior art that is already known to those skilled in the art.

Contents of the invention

The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of method that urgently needs planting cassava early, thereby overcomes the problem that the growth period is too short in the process of moving north.

A method for planting cassava in advance, comprising the steps of:

(1) Seed stem girdling: It is required to select mature and excellent seed stems without diseases and insect pests. The length of cassava seed stems is 18-22cm, and there are ≥6 bud eyes.

(2) Growing seedlings in greenhouses: From February to March every year, when the highest temperature is below 8°C, use greenhouses to grow seedlings; plant the girdled cassava seed stems in greenhouses, which require good heat preservation and light transmittance during the day It should be more than 50%, and it needs to be kept warm at night. It is advisable to cover the whole greenhouse with quilts. After heating treatment, the temperature in the shed is required to be ≥15°C during the day, preferably controlled at 20°C, not lower than 10°C at night, and the temperature in the whole day is not higher than 30°C;

(3) Transplanting in the greenhouse: plant cassava in a container with a length of 40 cm, a width of 15 cm, and a height of 15 cm, fill the container with a seedling substrate, burial depth of 8 cm, and a planting density of 40 cm × 40 cm; when the outdoor minimum temperature is greater than 8 ° C , enter the next step of the method for planting; in the greenhouse, it is required to irradiate with supplementary light for 10h/day;

(4) In the daily management of the greenhouse, attention should be paid to controlling the moisture. It is advisable to feel moist, and it should not be too wet continuously, otherwise the cassava may be damaged by waterlogging; after the cassava emerges, pour 0.5% urea aqueous solution twice;

(5) Transplanted to the field and planted with film: when the minimum temperature is ≥ 8°C, transplant the seedlings in the greenhouse to the field for planting; the plot requires ridges with a ridge width of 1.2m and a furrow of 0.6m, and the cassava planting position is At 15cm and 105cm of width, the row spacing is 90cm; or at 20cm and 100cm, the row spacing is 80cm; all the seedling substrates in the seedling container are placed in the dug soil pit without damage, and then covered with soil and watered;

Apply basal fertilizer when planting, apply 167-333kg/hm2 ^compound fertilizer, and apply in strips or holes according to conventional methods; but it is not suitable to directly contact with the substrate in the seedling container; after that, it is required to cover with an arch film, and the light transmittance of the film is required to be 50%. above. The height of the arch membrane should exceed the height of transplanted seedlings by 10cm, and a small amount of small holes should be left in the arch membrane for ventilation; when the minimum temperature is higher than 15°C, remove the arch membrane, and cassava can grow normally.

Preferably, the container described in the step (3) is a plastic box or a plastic bag with a hole at the bottom.

Preferably, the organic matter content of the seedling-raising substrate in step (3) is ≥ 40%, and the total amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 4-6%.

Preferably, the red and blue light of the fill light in step (3) is 630nm:460nm=7:2, the intensity is 2500-3000lux, and the irradiation time is 7:00-12:00, 13:00-18:00 every day.

As preferably, the mass ratio of seedling raising substrate and soil in step (3) is 1:4-3.

Preferably, the ratio of N:P ₂ O ₅ :K ₂ O in the compound fertilizer in step (5) is 15:15:15.

Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

(1) the advantage of the method of the present invention is: under controllable conditions, take cover film measure, can prolong cassava growth period 1-2 month, and cassava cultivation period can be advanced to 2-3 month from April in northern area, It can promote the growth of cassava stalks, increase the yield of fresh potatoes by more than 10%, and increase the content of cassava starch by 3-5%.

(2) In the method of the present invention, cassava seed stem girdling can increase the quantity of seedling root because of girdling mouth rooting, and can change the tuber root distribution state of cassava late stage, makes cassava more dispersed to seed stem both sides, increases French fries number and increase production.

(3) The method of the present invention adopts soil (matrix) to transplant and can guarantee the survival of cassava root system, therefore guarantees the stable growth of cassava. Arch film insulation can ensure that cassava is not damaged by freezing at night and grows slightly during the day. Transplanting can also ensure that the above-ground part has a growth advantage than non-transplanting (normal planting) during the whole growth period.

(4) the use of supplementary light in the method of the present invention can alleviate the situation that cassava in the greenhouse increases internode distance because of insufficient light, can guarantee the normal growth of cassava seedling stage, and cassava can be transplanted to In the field, the required height of the arch membrane is low, which can ensure the thermal insulation effect.

detailed description

Specific embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below, but it should be understood that the protection scope of the present invention is not limited by the specific embodiments.

Example 1:

A method for planting cassava in advance, comprising the steps of:

(1) Stem girdling: It is required to select mature and excellent seed stems free from diseases and insect pests. The length of the cassava seed stem is 20cm, and there are ≥6 bud eyes. All the phloem of the stem is girdled in the middle, with a width of 1cm;

(2) Growing seedlings in greenhouses: On February 1 of each year, when the highest temperature was below 8°C, adopt greenhouse seedlings; the cassava seed stems that were girdled were planted in greenhouses, and the light transmittance of greenhouses was more than 50%. Temperature treatment, the temperature in the shed is required to be ≥15°C during the day, preferably controlled at 20°C, not lower than 10°C at night, and the temperature in the whole day is not higher than 30°C;

(3) Transplanting in the greenhouse: plant cassava in a container with a length of 40 cm, a width of 15 cm, and a height of 15 cm, fill the container with a seedling substrate, burial depth of 5 cm, and a planting density of 40 cm × 40 cm; when the outdoor minimum temperature is greater than 8 ° C When entering the next step planting of the method; in the greenhouse, it is required to irradiate with a supplementary light for 10h/day; the container is a plastic box or a plastic bag with holes at the bottom; The total amount is 4%; the red and blue light of the fill light is 630nm: 460nm = 7:2, the intensity is 2500lux, and the irradiation time is 7:00-12:00, 13:00-18:00 every day; the quality of the seedling substrate and soil The ratio is 1:4;

(4) In the daily management of the greenhouse, attention should be paid to controlling the moisture. It is advisable to feel moist, and it should not be too wet continuously, otherwise the cassava may be damaged by waterlogging; after the cassava emerges, pour 0.5% urea aqueous solution twice;

(5) Transplant to field planting: when the minimum temperature ≥ 8°C, transplant the seedlings in the greenhouse to field planting; the plot requires ridges with a ridge width of 120 cm and a furrow of 60 cm. At 105cm, the row spacing is 90cm; place all the seedling substrates in the seedling container in the dug soil pit without damage, and then cover with soil and water; the ratio of N:P ₂ O ₅ :K ₂ O in the compound fertilizer is 15:15:15 ;

Apply base fertilizer when planting, apply 167kg/hm ² compound fertilizer, and apply in strips or holes according to conventional methods; but it is not suitable to directly contact with the substrate in the seedling container; after that, it is required to cover the arch film, and the height of the arch film should exceed the height of transplanted seedlings 10cm, the arch membrane needs to leave a small amount of small holes for ventilation; when the lowest temperature is higher than 15°C, remove the arch membrane, and cassava can grow normally.

In 2015, transplanting and girdling experiments were carried out in the cassava experimental base of the Subtropical Crops Research Institute of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (N22°54′01.02″, E108°20′04.79″). There were 4 treatments in the experiment: transplanting & no girdling; no transplanting &girdling; transplanting & girdling of stems; no transplanting & no girdling. 4 repetitions, arranged in random blocks. The tested variety is Huanan 205.

The test stem is about 20cm long, and the girdling treatment will peel off the phloem in the middle of the stem in a circular manner with a width of 1cm, and if there are bud eyes, also peel off.

The transplanted seedlings of transplanting treatment were planted in the greenhouse (the bottom has drain hole) with the plastic box of 40cm * 15cm * 15cm on February 13, 2015. Heating wires are used to increase the temperature in the greenhouse. The power of each heating wire is 1500W/120m (380V), and a temperature controller is used to set the opening and closing temperatures of the heating wires to be lower than 15°C and higher than 20°C respectively. ℃. The heating lines are distributed in the gaps of the cassava planting containers, one for each gap.

On March 20, the transplanted seedlings in the greenhouse were taken out together with the plastic box and planted in the field. When planting, first dig a soil pit slightly larger than the plastic box in the field, and then cut the plastic box to ensure that the soil and root system in the box are not disturbed and covered with soil. The cassava roots treated with girdling during transplanting had roots growing at the girdling mouth, and the overall number of cassava roots increased. After the transplanted seedlings are planted in the field, water the fixed roots, and then water once every 2 days within a week. The non-transplanting treatment was also planted in the field on the same day. The planting density in the field is 90cm×90cm.

On December 25, 2015, the average yield of the transplanting treatment was 39.0t/hm ² , which was 15.8% higher than that of the non-transplanting treatment. The average yield of girdling treatment was 33.7t/hm ² , which was 5.3% higher than that of non-girdling treatment. However, there was no significant difference in the starch content among the treatments.

Embodiment 2 :

A method for planting cassava in advance, comprising the steps of:

(1) Stem girdling: It is required to select mature and excellent seed stems free from diseases and insect pests. The length of the cassava seed stem is 22cm, and there are ≥6 bud eyes. All the phloem of the stem is girdled in the middle, and the girdling width is 1cm;

(2) Growing seedlings in greenhouses: In the first ten days of February every year, when the highest temperature is below 8°C, adopt greenhouse seedlings; plant cassava seed stems that have been girdled in greenhouses, and the light transmittance of greenhouses is above 50%. For treatment, the temperature in the shed is required to be ≥15°C during the day, preferably controlled at 20°C, not lower than 10°C at night, and the temperature in the whole day is not higher than 30°C;

(3) Transplanting in the greenhouse: plant cassava in a plastic container with a length of 40 cm, a width of 15 cm, and a height of 15 cm, fill the container with a seedling substrate, burial depth of 5 cm, and a planting density of 40 cm × 40 cm; when the outdoor minimum temperature is greater than 8 ℃, enter the next step of the method for planting; the greenhouse is required to be irradiated with a supplementary light for 10h/day; the container is a plastic box or a plastic bag with holes at the bottom; the organic matter content of the seedling raising substrate is ≥ 46%, nitrogen and phosphorus The total amount of potassium is 4%; the red and blue light of the fill light is 630nm:460nm=7:2, the intensity is 3000lux, and the irradiation time is 7:00-12:00, 13:00-18:00 every day; The mass ratio is 1:3;

(4) In the daily management of the greenhouse, attention should be paid to controlling the moisture. It is advisable to feel moist, and it should not be too wet continuously, otherwise the cassava may be damaged by waterlogging; after the cassava emerges, pour 0.5% urea aqueous solution twice;

(5) Transplanted to the field and planted with film: when the minimum temperature is ≥ 8°C, transplant the seedlings in the greenhouse to the field for planting; the plot requires ridges with a ridge width of 1.2m and a furrow of 0.6m, and the cassava planting position is At the 15cm and 105cm widths, the row spacing is 90cm, and the plant spacing is also 90cm; place all the seedling substrates in the seedling container in the dug soil pit without damage, and then cover with soil and water; in the compound fertilizer, N: P ₂ O ₅ : K ₂ O is 15:15:15;

Apply basal fertilizer when planting, apply 333kg/hm2 ^compound fertilizer (15:15:15), and apply in conventional holes; but it should not be in direct contact with the substrate in the seedling container; after that, it is required to cover the arch film, and the height of the arch film should exceed the height of the transplanted The height of planting seedlings is 10cm, and the arch film needs to leave a small amount of small holes for ventilation; when the minimum temperature is higher than 15°C, remove the arch film, and cassava can grow normally.

In 2015, a cassava variety Huanan No. 9 was planted in Changsha, Hunan Province by transplanting and girdling methods. The transplanted seedlings were planted in the greenhouse on February 10, and the temperature was increased by heating wires. The power of each heating wire was 1500W/120m (380V), and the temperature controller was used to set the opening and closing of the heating wires. The temperatures are below 15°C and above 20°C, respectively. The heating lines are distributed in the gaps of the cassava planting containers, with 2 lines in each gap.

On March 10, the transplanted seedlings in the greenhouse were taken out together with the plastic box and planted in the field. When planting, first dig a soil pit slightly larger than the plastic box in the field, and then cut the plastic box to ensure that the soil and root system in the box are not disturbed and covered with soil. Plant on the same day without transplanting, and water the roots after planting. It is treated with arch film, and the arch height is 60cm. The arch membrane was uncovered on April 8, and the cassava grew normally.

The result is: the plant height of the transplanting treatment is 225-236cm, which is significantly higher than that of the direct seeding (not transplanting) treatment (183.9-194.6cm). And transplanting and girdling can increase the yield of cassava by 15.2-40.9%. Among them, the direct seeding plus seed stem girdling treatment increases the yield by 15.2% compared with normal planting, the transplanting + seed stem without girdling increases the yield by 28.6%, and the transplanting + girdling increases the yield. 47.5%. In the experiment, the yield of the control direct seeding + seed stem without girdling was 23.01t/hm ² . The average starch content of transplanting treatment was 24.0%, and the average starch content of non-transplanting treatment was 20.6%. Transplanting + girdling treatment increased the fresh potato starch content by 3.48% (absolute value).

Embodiment 3 :

A method for planting cassava in advance, comprising the steps of:

(1) Stem girdling: It is required to select mature and excellent seed stems free from diseases and insect pests. The length of the cassava seed stem is 20cm, and there are ≥6 bud eyes. All the phloem of the stem is girdled in the middle, with a width of 1cm;

(2) Greenhouse seedling cultivation: In mid-February every year, when the highest temperature is below 8°C, adopt greenhouse seedling cultivation; the cassava seed stems that have been girdled are planted in a greenhouse, and the light transmittance of the greenhouse is above 50%, after heating For treatment, the temperature in the shed is required to be ≥15°C during the day, preferably controlled at 20°C, not lower than 10°C at night, and the temperature in the whole day is not higher than 30°C;

(3) Transplanting in the greenhouse: plant cassava in a container with a length of 40 cm, a width of 15 cm, and a height of 15 cm, fill the container with a seedling substrate, burial depth of 5 cm, and a planting density of 40 cm × 40 cm; when the outdoor minimum temperature is greater than 8 ° C When entering the next step planting of the method; in the greenhouse, it is required to irradiate with a supplementary light for 10h/day; the container is a plastic box or a plastic bag with holes at the bottom; The total amount is 5%; the red and blue light of the fill light is 630nm: 460nm = 7:2, the intensity is 2800lux, and the irradiation time is 7:00-12:00, 13:00-18:00 every day; the quality of the seedling substrate and soil The ratio is 1:3.5;

(4) In the daily management of the greenhouse, attention should be paid to controlling the moisture. It is advisable to feel moist, and it should not be too wet continuously, otherwise the cassava may be damaged by waterlogging; after the cassava emerges, pour 0.5% urea aqueous solution twice;

(5) Transplanted to the field and planted with film: when the minimum temperature is ≥ 8°C, transplant the seedlings in the greenhouse to the field for planting; the plot requires ridges with a ridge width of 1.2m and a furrow of 0.6m, and the cassava planting position is At the 15cm and 105cm width, the row spacing is 90cm; or at the 20cm and 100cm, the row spacing is 80cm; put all the seedling substrates in the seedling raising container in the dug soil pit without damage, and then cover with soil and water; N in the compound fertilizer: P ₂ O ₅ : K ₂ O is 15:15:15;

Apply basal fertilizer when planting, apply 167-333kg/hm ² compound fertilizer, and apply in strips or holes according to conventional methods; but it is not suitable to directly contact with the substrate in the seedling container; after that, it is required to cover the arch film, and the height of the arch film should exceed the transplanted seedlings If the height of the cassava is 10cm, the arch membrane needs to leave a small amount of small holes for ventilation; when the minimum temperature is higher than 15°C, remove the arch membrane and the cassava can grow normally.

This method was implemented in Ju County, Rizhao City, Shandong Province in 2016. The transplanted seedlings were raised in greenhouses on February 15th, and the temperature was raised by heating lines. The power of each heating line was 1500W/120m (380V), and the temperature controller was used to set the opening and closing temperature of the heating line They are below 15°C and above 20°C respectively. The heating lines are distributed in the gaps of the cassava planting containers, with 2 lines in each gap. During the day, it is treated with supplementary light, and at night, the quilt is kept warm for the greenhouse.

Place the seedlings in the field after 40 days of cultivation, and use the method of covering the arch film in the field, and the arch height is 60cm. The normal planting is in the middle and late April, so using this method prolongs the cassava growth period by 50-60 days. The average yield of cassava treated according to this method is 31.68t/hm ² and the starch content is 23.55%; the average yield of normal planting is 26.37t/hm ² and the starch content is 19.20%. Yield increased by 20.1%, and starch increased by 4.35% (absolute value).

Measure yield by cassava in the above-mentioned embodiment 1-3, method of the present invention can advance cassava planting period 1-2 months; Prolongation of cassava growth period can make harvest period fresh potato output improve 15.2-44.7%, starch content improves 0 -4.35%.

In summary, the method of the present invention has the advantage of prolonging the growth period of cassava, so that higher yield and starch content can be obtained in the cassava harvest period.

The foregoing descriptions of specific exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. These descriptions are not intended to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The exemplary embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain the specific principles of the invention and its practical application, thereby enabling others skilled in the art to make and use various exemplary embodiments of the invention, as well as various Choose and change. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims and their equivalents.

Claims (6)

1. a kind of method for planting cassava ahead of time, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps：

(1) seedling stem band girdle：It is required that the excellent seedling stem of the aging no disease and pests harm of selection, the long 18-22cm of cassava seed stems, eye >=6, The whole band girdles of seedling stem bast, band girdle width are 1cm by centre；

(2) seedling in greenhouse：In annual -10 days on the 1st 2 months, when the highest temperature is below 8 DEG C, using seedling in greenhouse；By band girdle mistake Cassava seed stems plant in greenhouse, greenhouse light transmittance is more than 50%, by heat treatment, it is desirable to which temperature of shed is in the daytime >=15 DEG C, it is therefore desirable to control is to 20 DEG C, and night is not less than 10 DEG C, and whole day temperature is not higher than 30 DEG C；

(3) transplanted in greenhouse：Cassava is planted in long 40cm, wide 15cm, high 15cm container, nursery base will be inserted in container Matter, buried depth 5cm, planting density is 40cm × 40cm；When the outdoor lowest temperature is more than 8 DEG C, into the next step kind of this method Plant；Requirement is irradiated 10h/ days with light compensating lamp in greenhouse；

(4) daily management should be noted that control moisture in greenhouse, is advisable with feel moistening, unsuitable continuous overly moist, and otherwise cassava may By damage or crop failure caused by waterlogging；After cassava emerges, 2 0.5% aqueous solution of urea are poured；

(5) it is transplanted to crop field epiphragma plantation：When the lowest temperature >=8 DEG C, field planting is transplanted in the nursery in greenhouse；Plot It is required that ridging, row spacing is determined according to line-spacing, the ridge of two row one, cassava planting location is determined according to row spacing and line-spacing, to ensure line-spacing Correctly, and positioned at the centre on ridge, and cassava plantation direction is, along the direction of ridge length, to dig and be more than in cassava planting location The heatable adobe sleeping platform of container for plant growth, and interior excavation should be faced on ridge, it is to avoid destruction ridge side, the seedling medium in container for plant growth is all lossless Ground is placed in the heatable adobe sleeping platform dug, afterwards earthing 3-8cm, is watered；

Base manure is applied during plantation, using 167-333kg/hm²Composite fertilizer, routinely row replacement or spread manuer in holes；But unsuitable and container for plant growth Interior matrix is directly contacted；Require to cover arch membrane afterwards, arch membrane height should exceed the height 10cm of transplanted seedling, and arch membrane need to be stayed on a small quantity Aperture is breathed freely；When the lowest temperature is higher than 15 DEG C, arch membrane is removed, cassava can normal growth.

2. the method according to claim 1 for planting cassava ahead of time, it is characterised in that the container described in step (3) is Plastic casing or polybag, bottom opening.

3. the method according to claim 1 for planting cassava ahead of time, it is characterised in that seedling medium in step (3) The content of organic matter >=46%, N P and K total amount is in 4-6%.

4. the method according to claim 1 for planting cassava ahead of time, it is characterised in that light compensating lamp in step (3) it is red Blue light 630nm：460nm=7：2, intensity is in 2500-3000lux, and irradiation time is daily 7:00-12:00,13:00-18:00.

5. the method according to claim 1 for planting cassava ahead of time, it is characterised in that seedling medium and soil in step (3) The mass ratio of earth is 1:4-3.

6. the method according to claim 1 for planting cassava ahead of time, it is characterised in that N in composite fertilizer in step (5)： P₂O₅：K₂O is 15:15:15.