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CN107035474A - 排气装置 - Google Patents

排气装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN107035474A
CN107035474A CN201611156394.5A CN201611156394A CN107035474A CN 107035474 A CN107035474 A CN 107035474A CN 201611156394 A CN201611156394 A CN 201611156394A CN 107035474 A CN107035474 A CN 107035474A
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Prior art keywords
waste gas
internal combustion
combustion engine
exhaust
valve
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Granted
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CN201611156394.5A
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CN107035474B (zh
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V·席米克
F·霍尔
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Audi AG
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Audi AG
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2053—By-passing catalytic reactors, e.g. to prevent overheating
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
    • B01D46/0027—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours with additional separating or treating functions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/9404—Removing only nitrogen compounds
    • B01D53/9409—Nitrogen oxides
    • B01D53/9413—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst
    • B01D53/9418—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst for removing nitrogen oxides by selective catalytic reduction [SCR] using a reducing agent in a lean exhaust gas
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/9404—Removing only nitrogen compounds
    • B01D53/9409—Nitrogen oxides
    • B01D53/9413—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst
    • B01D53/9422—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst for removing nitrogen oxides by NOx storage or reduction by cyclic switching between lean and rich exhaust gases (LNT, NSC, NSR)
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/9404—Removing only nitrogen compounds
    • B01D53/9409—Nitrogen oxides
    • B01D53/9431—Processes characterised by a specific device
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/9495—Controlling the catalytic process
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N11/00—Monitoring or diagnostic devices for exhaust-gas treatment apparatus, e.g. for catalytic activity
    • F01N11/002—Monitoring or diagnostic devices for exhaust-gas treatment apparatus, e.g. for catalytic activity the diagnostic devices measuring or estimating temperature or pressure in, or downstream of the exhaust apparatus
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/011—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more purifying devices arranged in parallel
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F01N3/033—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices
    • F01N3/035—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices with catalytic reactors, e.g. catalysed diesel particulate filters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
    • F01N3/0814—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents combined with catalytic converters, e.g. NOx absorption/storage reduction catalysts
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
    • F01N3/0828—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents characterised by the absorbed or adsorbed substances
    • F01N3/0842—Nitrogen oxides
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/0807—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by using absorbents or adsorbents
    • F01N3/0871—Regulation of absorbents or adsorbents, e.g. purging
    • F01N3/0878—Bypassing absorbents or adsorbents
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
    • F01N3/208—Control of selective catalytic reduction [SCR], e.g. dosing of reducing agent
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B37/00—Engines characterised by provision of pumps driven at least for part of the time by exhaust
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2275/00—Filter media structures for filters specially adapted for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
    • B01D2275/10—Multiple layers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2279/00—Filters adapted for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours specially modified for specific uses
    • B01D2279/30—Filters adapted for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours specially modified for specific uses for treatment of exhaust gases from IC Engines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2250/00—Combinations of different methods of purification
    • F01N2250/02—Combinations of different methods of purification filtering and catalytic conversion
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F01N2410/00—By-passing, at least partially, exhaust from inlet to outlet of apparatus, to atmosphere or to other device
    • F01N2410/02—By-passing, at least partially, exhaust from inlet to outlet of apparatus, to atmosphere or to other device in case of high temperature, e.g. overheating of catalytic reactor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2410/00—By-passing, at least partially, exhaust from inlet to outlet of apparatus, to atmosphere or to other device
    • F01N2410/03—By-passing, at least partially, exhaust from inlet to outlet of apparatus, to atmosphere or to other device in case of low temperature
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F01N2510/00—Surface coverings
    • F01N2510/06—Surface coverings for exhaust purification, e.g. catalytic reaction
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    • F01N2570/00—Exhaust treating apparatus eliminating, absorbing or adsorbing specific elements or compounds
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    • F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
    • F01N2610/02—Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance being ammonia or urea
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    • F01N2900/00—Details of electrical control or of the monitoring of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • F01N2900/06—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing
    • F01N2900/08—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing said parameters being related to the engine
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    • F01N2900/00—Details of electrical control or of the monitoring of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • F01N2900/06—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing
    • F01N2900/14—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing said parameters being related to the exhaust gas
    • F01N2900/1404—Exhaust gas temperature
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
    • Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)

Abstract

用于内燃机的排气装置，所述排气装置具有两个催化器，所述催化器沿废气的流动方向连接在所述内燃机下游，第一催化器构造成NOx‑储存催化器，第二催化器构造成柴油机催化器，在所述内燃机和所述第一催化器之间在第一排气管上布置有第一阀，在所述内燃机和所述第二催化器之间在第二排气管上布置有第二阀，所述两个排气管彼此并联布置，对于所述内燃机的废气的温度小于或等于极限值的情况，至少打开所述第一阀并且引导所述内燃机的废气流过所述第一催化器，对于废气的温度大于所述极限值的情况，关闭所述第一阀并且打开所述第二阀，其中，引导所述内燃机的废气流过所述第二催化器。

Description

排气装置
技术领域
本发明涉及一种排气装置和一种用于处理内燃机的废气的方法。
背景技术
在机动车的内燃机下游连接着排气装置，该排气装置通常包括催化器，利用该催化器可以在排气装置中净化废气。
在文献DE 101 042 804 A1中描述了一种用于内燃发动机的具有废气后处理单元的废气净化装置。在文献DE 43 42 062 A1中描述了一种用于内燃机的废气净化装置，其中，在此使用NOx吸收剂。此外，从文献DE 10 2007 052 153 A1中已知一种用于几乎无有害物质排放地运行内燃机的方法。
发明内容
在这个背景下提供一种具有独立权利要求的特征的排气装置和方法。所述排气装置和所述方法的设计方案由从属权利要求和说明书中得出。
根据本发明的用于作为燃料可以燃烧柴油的内燃机的排气装置具有两个催化器，所述催化器沿废气的流动方向连接在内燃机下游。在此，第一催化器构造成NOx-储存催化器。第二催化器构造成柴油机催化器。在内燃机和第一催化器之间布置有第一阀。在内燃机和第二催化器之间布置有第二阀。如果内燃机的废气的温度小于或等于极限值，则应至少打开第一阀并且引导内燃机的废气流过第一催化器。如果废气的温度大于极限值，则应关闭第一阀并且打开第二阀，其中，应引导内燃机的废气流过第二催化器。
沿废气的流动方向在两个催化器下游连接着用于还原剂的输送装置，所述输送装置被构造用于将还原剂输送给废气。这个输送装置连接在两个催化器下游，其中，输送装置直接连接在至少一个催化器下游，例如仅在第二催化器下游。
此外，沿废气的流动方向至少在第一催化器下游、在设计方案中仅在第一催化器或两个催化器下游直接连接着废气涡轮增压器。此外，沿废气的流动方向在两个催化器下游连接着柴油机微粒过滤器，所述柴油机微粒过滤器在设计方案中直接连接在第二催化器下游。
在第一实施形式中，两个催化器沿废气的流动方向彼此并联布置在两个彼此并联布置的排气管上。
在这种情况下，第二催化器沿废气的流动方向布置在废气涡轮增压器上游，其中，输送装置沿废气的流动方向布置在两个催化器和废气涡轮增压器之间，其中，柴油机微粒过滤器沿废气的流动方向连接在废气涡轮增压器的涡轮机下游。
作为补充，输送装置沿废气的流动方向布置在两个催化器和废气涡轮增压器之间。同样可行的是，柴油机微粒过滤器沿废气的流动方向连接在废气涡轮增压器的涡轮机下游。
在作为替换方案的第二实施形式中，第二催化器沿废气的流动方向布置在第一催化器下游。
在这种情况下，第二催化器沿流动方向布置在废气涡轮增压器的涡轮机下游，其中，沿废气的流动方向在第二催化器下游连接着输送装置和柴油机微粒过滤器。
排气装置通常具有温度传感器或温度计，所述温度传感器或温度计被构造用于测量从内燃机流动到两个阀的废气的温度。
根据本发明的方法用于运行用于内燃机的排气装置，该排气装置具有两个催化器，所述催化器沿废气的流动方向连接在内燃机下游。第一催化器可构造成NOx-储存催化器，第二催化器可构造成柴油机催化器。在此，在内燃机和第一催化器之间布置有第一阀。在内燃机和第二催化器之间布置有第二阀。如果内燃机的废气的温度小于或等于极限值，则至少打开第一阀并且引导内燃机的废气流过第一催化器。如果废气的温度大于极限值，则关闭第一阀并且打开第二阀，其中，引导内燃机的废气流过第二催化器。
在设计方案中，当废气的温度小于或等于所列举的极限值或第一极限值时，关闭第二阀。所以总是两个阀中的仅一个阀关闭，而另一阀打开。由此，仅当废气的温度最大相当于极限值时，废气才流过第一催化器。通常仅在最大与极限值一样大的温度下才应使用第一催化器或者说NOx-储存催化器。
此外也可考虑，在温度的第二极限值下已经打开第二阀，该第二极限值小于所列举的第一极限值，从该第一极限值起关闭第一阀。在这种情况下，两个阀在温度位于第一极限值和第二极限值之间的范围中时同时打开，并且两个催化器同时用于净化废气。
在所述方法的第一实施形式中，废气仅流过两个催化器之一。在所述方法的第二实施形式中，废气根据其温度流过第一催化器或在旁边流过与所述第一催化器并联布置的排气管。在第二实施形式中与此无关地，可能情况下部分净化的废气总是流过第二催化器。
在废气流过两个催化器至少之一之后，由输送装置将包含液态的尿素和/或氨的还原剂输送给所述废气。根据内燃机的至少一个运行参数、例如内燃机的氮氧化物排放量和/或根据废气的温度计量还原剂的量。
在废气流过两个催化器至少之一之后，通过具有用于执行选择性催化还原(SCR)的涂层或SCR催化器的柴油机微粒过滤器与废气执行选择性催化还原。
在此提出，废气首先流过两个催化器至少之一。然后给废气输送还原剂。随后废气经受选择性催化还原。
利用提供的排气装置，从现在起可以直接在内燃机下游从废气中去除氮氧化物，其中，使用可以转换的NOx-储存催化器作为第一催化器。利用该第一NOx-储存催化器执行氮氧化物(NOx)的催化储存。作为补充，在利用尿素水溶液作为还原剂的情况下可以实现选择性催化还原。因此利用提供的排气装置通过设置不同的互补措施可以对废气进行组合式净化。
在废气具有高温的机动车行驶状态中，例如在全负荷的情况下，在柴油机微粒过滤器再生的情况下，或如果废气达到用于执行选择性催化还原的温度，则通过包括至少一个排气活瓣、即一个排气活瓣或多个排气活瓣的第一阀关闭第一催化器，并将第一催化器从废气的流中除去。取而代之，打开同样包括至少一个排气活瓣的第二阀，并引导具有高于极限值的温度的废气替代性地流过第二催化器并且由此流过柴油机催化器或柴油机氧化催化器。
由此得到，第一催化器在废气温度高于极限值的情况下得到保护，由此延缓了所述第一催化器的老化。由此得到，对于确定的物质以及由此对于催化器可以过滤出所述物质开始的温度，第一催化器的所谓起燃是微弱的。在此例如过滤由一氧化碳和烃形成的混合物(CO/HC)以及氮氧化物(NOx)。通过第一催化器在所提供的排气装置中的运行方式提供了预调控的NOx-储存催化器，该NOx-储存催化器可以在低温、例如在内燃机冷启动或重启动的情况下已经可从废气中去除所列举的物质。
在第一实施形式中两个彼此并联连接的催化器在此沿废气的流动方向布置在废气涡轮增压器上游。第一催化器(PTN，涡轮机前端NOx-储存催化器)是氮氧化物储存催化器，该氮氧化物储存催化器布置在废气涡轮增压器的涡轮机上游。利用所述第一催化器在低温下已经可以对一氧化碳和氢进行良好地氧化。此外利用第一催化器可以实现氮氧化物的低温降低。在此，第一催化器通常比第二催化器具有更低的热稳定性。用于温度的极限值可以调整到如下值，在该值的情况下在选择性催化还原中可以实现高的NOx转化率。
第二催化器构造成柴油机催化器，并且与第一催化器并联布置，作为涡轮机前端催化器(PTC)布置在废气涡轮增压器的涡轮机上游，或者布置在第一催化器和废气涡轮增压器的涡轮机下游，并构造成DOC(柴油机催化器)或NOC(NOx-氧化催化器)。可以使用NSC(NOx-储存催化器)代替NOC，该NSC满足相同的功能，并具有相同的涂层，只是名称不同。利用第二催化器同样可以对一氧化碳和氢化合物进行氧化。这个第二催化器比第一催化器更加热稳定。此外，第二催化器具有良好的二氧化氮活性或NO2活性。
柴油机微粒过滤器具有用于选择性催化还原的涂层或具有用于执行选择性催化还原的催化器(SCR)并沿流动方向布置在废气涡轮增压器的涡轮机下游，利用该柴油机微粒过滤器在典型地用于选择性催化还原的温度范围中可以实现氮氧化物的降低。
通过交替地应用两个不同的催化器——这两个催化器可根据相应的温度接通或断开，第一催化器基本上得到保护，并且保持所述第一催化器的用于执行氮氧化物的催化的功效，这是因为所述第一催化器现在不再遭受过高的温度。在此，当在例如小于200℃的温度下还未激活选择性催化还原时，第一催化器在冷的内燃机和冷的排气装置的情况下也可以使用。但在低温情况下仍然可以利用第一催化器储存氮氧化物(NOx)。此外，根据温度减小第一催化器的运行时间，由此也减小了硫的污染。
本发明的其它优点和设计方案从说明书和附图中得到。
不言而喻的是，上文提到的和下文还要描述的特征不仅分别以给出的组合形式，还能以其它的组合形式或单独地使用，而没有偏离本发明的范围。
附图说明
本发明根据实施形式在附图中示意性示出并参照附图示意性以及详细说明。
图1在示意性剖面图中示出根据本发明的排气装置的第一实施形式。
图2在示意性剖面图中示出根据本发明的排气装置的第二实施形式。
图3在示意性剖面图中示出根据本发明的排气装置的第三实施形式。
具体实施方式
相互关联和全面地描述附图，相同的部件配置有相同的附图标记。
图1、图2和图3在示意图中分别示出内燃机2的示例，该内燃机在此包括气缸体4。在此，该内燃机2在图1中配置有根据本发明的排气装置6的第一实施形式，在图2中配置有根据本发明的排气装置36的第二实施形式以及在图3中配置有根据本发明的排气装置46的第三实施形式。
在图1中示意性示出的根据本发明的排气装置6的第一实施形式包括第一催化器8(PTN)和第二催化器10(PTC)，所述第一催化器和所述第二催化器与内燃机2通过排气管12a连接，并且连接在该排气管下游。此外，催化器8、10彼此并联布置在彼此并联布置的排气管12b、12c上。在此，柴油作为燃料通过内燃机2燃烧。
在内燃机2和第一催化器8之间连接着第一阀14。在此，当第一阀14如在图1中所示是打开的，则废气从内燃机2流动到第一催化器8。如果第一阀14闭合，则第一催化器8、在此为NOx-储存催化器与内燃机2分开。在内燃机2和第二催化器10之间连接着第二阀16。在此，当第二阀16打开，则废气从内燃机2流动到第二催化器10。如果第二阀16如在图1中所示是闭合的，则第二催化器10与内燃机2分开。在这两个阀14、16上游，温度传感器28布置在排气管12a上和/中，该温度传感器被构造用于测量直接从内燃机2朝阀14、16和/或催化器8、10的方向流动的废气的温度。
在两个催化器8、10下游连接着作为还原剂的尿素的输送装置18。在这个输送装置18下游连接着废气涡轮增压器24的涡轮机20和压缩机24，其中，废气从涡轮机20通过排气管12d被输送给连接在涡轮机20下游的用于执行选择性催化还原的柴油机微粒过滤器26。废气从压缩机22经过排气管12e重新返回到内燃机2。此外，在压缩机22下游连接着另一排气管12f，该排气管具有空气质量流量传感器29、此处为热膜式空气流量计(HFM)和空气过滤器30。
利用在此提供的排气装置6的第一实施形式也可以实施根据本发明的方法的第一实施形式。在此在内燃机中燃烧燃料时产生废气，该废气通过排气管12a向着两个催化器8、10的方向流动。在此由温度传感器28测量废气的温度。如果废气的温度最大相当于极限值，则打开第一阀14，其中，废气从现在起流过第一阀14、排气管12b和第一催化器8，其中，从废气中过滤氮氧化物、一氧化碳和碳氢化合物。但如果废气的温度高于极限值，则关闭第一阀14并取而代之打开第二阀16。在这种情况下，第一催化器8与内燃机2的废气分开。该废气这时流过第二催化器10，替代第一催化器8通过该第二催化器净化废气。
与废气首先流过催化器8、10中的两个中的哪个催化器无关，接着通过输送装置18作为还原剂将尿素并且由此将氨化合物输送给所述废气，其中，根据作为内燃机2的运行参数的氮氧化物排放量来计量尿素的量。另外，废气流过废气涡轮增压器24的涡轮机20，接着通过柴油机微粒过滤器26经受选择性催化还原。
在图2中示意性示出的根据本发明的排气装置36的第二实施形式与图1中的第一实施形式的区别是，与第一排气管12b中的第一催化器8仅并联连接着第二排气管12c。第二催化器11在此同样构造成柴油机催化器，并布置在涡轮机20下游的排气管12d上。在第二催化器11下游直接连接着用于还原剂的输送装置18，在该输送装置下游又连接着柴油机微粒过滤器26。
在图3中的排气装置46的第三实施形式中与图2中的第二实施形式相比提出，在柴油机微粒过滤器26下游附加地连接着用于执行选择性催化还原的模块32。
在排气装置36、46的第二实施形式和第三实施形式中，在内燃机2和第一催化器8之间连接着第一阀14。在此，如果第一阀14如在图2和图3中所示是打开的，则废气从内燃机2流动到第一催化器8。如果第一阀14闭合，则第一催化器8与内燃机2分开。在内燃机2和第二催化器11之间在排气管12c上连接着第二阀16。在此，如果第二阀16打开，则废气从内燃机2流过排气管12c。如果第二阀16如图1中所示是关闭的，则排气管12c与内燃机2分开。因此废气可以替代性地流过排气管12c，而不是流过第一催化器8。在两阀14、16上游在管12a上和/或中布置有温度传感器28，该温度传感器被构造用于测量废气的温度。因为第二催化器11布置在废气涡轮增压器24的涡轮机20下游，所以废气与所述废气先前是否流过第一催化器8无关地流过所述第二催化器。
在第二催化器11下游连接着作为还原剂的尿素的输送装置18。在这个输送装置18下游连接着用于执行选择性催化还原的柴油机微粒过滤器26并且可能情况下连接着附加模块32。
利用参照图2和图3提出的排气装置36、46的实施形式可以执行根据本发明的方法的其它实施形式。在此在内燃机2中燃烧燃料时产生废气，该废气通过排气管12a向着两个阀14、16的方向流动。在此由温度传感器28测量废气的温度。如果废气的温度最大相当于极限值，则打开第一阀14，其中，废气从现在起流过第一阀14、排气管12b和第一催化器8，其中，从废气中过滤氮氧化物、一氧化碳和碳氢化合物。然后废气通过涡轮机20流动到第二催化器11。但如果废气的温度高于极限值，则关闭第一阀14并取而代之打开第二阀16。在这种情况下，第一催化器8与内燃机2的废气分开。该废气这时通过排气管12c流动到涡轮机20并且接着流动到第二催化器11。

Claims (13)

1.一种用于内燃机(2)的排气装置，其中，所述排气装置(6)具有两个催化器(8，10，11)，所述催化器沿废气的流动方向连接在所述内燃机(2)下游，其中，第一催化器(8)构造成NOx-储存催化器，第二催化器(10，11)构造成柴油机催化器，其中，在所述内燃机(2)和所述第一催化器(8)之间在第一排气管(12b)上布置有第一阀(14)，其中，在所述内燃机(2)和所述第二催化器(10，11)之间在第二排气管(12c)上布置有第二阀(16)，其中，所述两个排气管(12b，12c)彼此并联布置，其中，对于所述内燃机(2)的废气的温度小于或等于极限值的情况，至少打开所述第一阀(14)并且引导所述内燃机(2)的废气流过所述第一催化器(8)，其中，对于废气的温度大于所述极限值的情况，关闭所述第一阀(14)并且打开所述第二阀(16)，其中，引导所述内燃机(2)的废气流过所述第二催化器(10，11)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的排气装置，其中，沿废气的流动方向在所述两个催化器(8，10，11)下游连接着用于还原剂的输送装置(18)，所述输送装置被构造用于将所述还原剂输送给废气。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的排气装置，其中，沿废气的流动方向在所述两个催化器(8，10，11)下游连接着柴油机微粒过滤器(26)。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的排气装置，其中，沿废气的流动方向至少在所述第一催化器(8，10，11)下游连接着废气涡轮增压器(24)。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的排气装置，其中，所述两个催化器(8，10)沿废气的流动方向彼此并联布置在两个彼此并联布置的排气管(12b，12c)上。
6.根据权利要求5所述的排气装置，其中，所述第一催化器和所述第二催化器沿废气的流动方向布置在所述废气涡轮增压器(24)的涡轮机(20)上游，其中，所述输送装置(18)沿废气的流动方向布置在所述两个催化器(8，10)和所述废气涡轮增压器(24)的涡轮机(20)之间，其中，所述柴油机微粒过滤器(26)沿废气的流动方向连接在所述废气涡轮增压器(24)的涡轮机(20)下游。
7.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的排气装置，其中，所述第二催化器(11)沿废气的流动方向布置在所述第一催化器(8)下游。
8.根据权利要求7所述的排气装置，其中，所述第二催化器(11)沿废气的流动方向布置在所述废气涡轮增压器(24)的涡轮机(20)下游，其中，沿废气的流动方向在所述第二催化器(11)下游连接着所述输送装置(18)和所述柴油机微粒过滤器(26)。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的排气装置，所述排气装置具有温度传感器(28)，所述温度传感器被构造用于测量从所述内燃机(2)流动到所述两个阀(14，16)的废气的温度。
10.一种用于运行用于内燃机(2)的排气装置(6)的方法，所述排气装置具有两个催化器(8，10，11)，所述催化器沿废气的流动方向连接在所述内燃机(2)下游，其中，第一催化器(8)构造成NOx-储存催化器，第二催化器(10，11)构造成柴油机催化器，其中，在所述内燃机(2)和所述第一催化器(8)之间在第一排气管(12b)上布置有第一阀(14)，其中，在所述内燃机(2)和所述第二催化器(10，11)之间在第二排气管(12c)上布置有第二阀(16)，其中，所述两个排气管(12b，12c)彼此并联布置，其中，对于所述内燃机(2)的废气的温度小于或等于极限值的情况，至少打开所述第一阀(14)并且引导所述内燃机(2)的废气流过所述第一催化器(8)，其中，对于废气的温度大于所述极限值的情况，关闭所述第一阀(14)并且打开所述第二阀(16)，其中，引导所述内燃机(2)的废气流过所述第二催化器(10，11)。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法，其中，如果废气的温度小于或等于所述极限值，则关闭所述第二阀(16)。
12.根据权利要求10或11所述的方法，其中，在废气流过所述两个催化器(8，10，11)至少之一之后，由输送装置(18)将还原剂输送给所述废气，其中，根据所述内燃机(2)的至少一个运行参数和/或根据废气的温度计量还原剂的量。
13.根据权利要求10至12中任一项所述的方法，其中，在废气流过所述两个催化器(8，10，11)至少之一之后，利用柴油机微粒过滤器(26)与所述废气执行选择性催化还原。
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