CN106977271A - 一种高效防治害虫和增产增收的无公害叶面药肥及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种高效防治害虫和增产增收的无公害叶面药肥及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N65/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing material from algae, lichens, bryophyta, multi-cellular fungi or plants, or extracts thereof
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N65/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing material from algae, lichens, bryophyta, multi-cellular fungi or plants, or extracts thereof
- A01N65/08—Magnoliopsida [dicotyledons]
- A01N65/20—Fabaceae or Leguminosae [Pea or Legume family], e.g. pea, lentil, soybean, clover, acacia, honey locust, derris or millettia
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- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/60—Biocides or preservatives, e.g. disinfectants, pesticides or herbicides; Pest repellants or attractants
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
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Abstract
一种高效防治害虫和增产增收的无公害叶面药肥，其特征在于，首先采用超声提取与微波提取联用技术和三氯甲烷萃取来提取和分离苦参碱；再通过在苦参碱表面，环氧氯丙烷和淀粉原位交联得到包覆有苦参碱的淀粉缓释微球；最后将包覆有苦参碱的淀粉缓释微球与海藻酸钠、作物所需的大量元素及微量元素复配制备得到高效防治害虫和增产增收的无公害叶面药肥。本发明的高效防治害虫和增产增收的无公害叶面药肥，具有促进作物生长发育、增产增收、改善品质、提高养分利用率、防治害虫、无污染等多重功效，特别适用于无公害农产品生产。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于农业领域，具体涉及一种高效防治害虫和增产增收的无公害叶面药肥及其制备方法。
背景技术
在农业污染源中，农药污染是最严重的一个方面。大量使用剧毒、高残留的广谱性化学农药，不仅造成农田和农产品中农药含量严重超标，而且还经常造成人、畜中毒事件，威胁着人们的生命和健康。为了从根本上改变这种状况，必须使用高效、低毒或无毒、低残留或无残留的植物源农药。植物中的许多种类含有杀灭病虫害的成分，进过工业化萃取后，即可作为农药，即植物源农药。绝大多数植物农药低毒，不破坏生态环境，残留少，选择性强，不杀伤害虫天敌、害虫和病菌对植物农药难以产生抗药性，可使用寿命长，用量少，使用成本低。使用植物农药，对于促进农业可持续发展，具有极其重要的现实意义。苦参为豆科植物苦参（Sophora flavescens Ait）的根，具清热燥湿，杀虫，利尿等功效。苦参在医药、兽药、农药、环境卫生用药等方面应用范围很广，是很有发展前途的一种植物源农药资源。
田本志等人在《生物农药2%苦参水乳剂对菜青虫的防治效果》一文中试验研究表明，2%苦参水乳剂是一种用于防治十字花科蔬菜(白菜)害虫菜青虫的良好药剂。该药剂具有杀虫效果好、不伤害天敌、不污染环境等特点，对白菜生长安全，且持效期亦较长。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种高效防治害虫和增产增收的无公害叶面药肥及其制备方法。
为了实现上述目的，本发明采用了如下技术方案：
一种高效防治害虫和增产增收的无公害叶面药肥，其特征在于，首先采用超声提取与微波提取联用技术和三氯甲烷萃取来提取和分离苦参碱；再通过在苦参碱表面，环氧氯丙烷和小麦淀粉原位交联得到包覆有苦参碱的淀粉缓释微球；最后将包覆有苦参碱的淀粉缓释微球与海藻酸钠、作物所需的大量元素及微量元素复配制备得到高效防治害虫和增产增收的无公害叶面药肥。
所述的高效防治害虫和增产增收的无公害叶面药肥，其特征在于，其由如下重量份的原料制备而成：苦参25-30份、八角6-8份、桂叶5-6份、小麦淀粉25-30份、环氧氯丙烷10-12份、三聚磷酸钠3-4份、羧甲基纤维素钠4-5份、环己烷30-40份、丙酮150-160份、海藻酸钠20-25份、氯化钙6-8份、尿素30-40份、硅酸钠4-6份、硅酸钾3-4份、磷酸二氢钾15-20份、硼酸6-8份、腐殖酸钠2-3份、聚乙烯醇8-10份、脱水山梨酸脂肪酸酯4-5份、70-75%的乙醇水溶液适量、盐酸水溶液适量、三氯甲烷适量、氢氧化钠水溶液适量、去离子水适量。
所述的高效防治害虫和增产增收的无公害叶面药肥，其特征在于，其由如下的步骤制备而成：
（1）将苦参、八角、桂叶用去离子水清洗2-3次，自然风干；粉碎研磨50-60min，过80-100目筛，得到颗粒混合物；颗粒混合物采用70-75%的乙醇水溶液超声提取2-3次，每次超声提取的条件为：料液比为7-8，超声提取温度为50-60℃，超声波功率为300-400W，超声提取时间30-40min；过滤，收集滤液，合并滤液，将滤液经过65-70℃减压蒸馏回收乙醇，蒸馏物待用；
（2）将滤饼采用盐酸水溶液微波萃取3-4次，每次微波萃取的条件为：PH为3-4，料液比为10-11，微波功率为500-550w，辐射时间为20-25min，过滤，收集滤液，将滤液与步骤（1）的蒸馏物合并，减压浓缩至液体体积减少2/3；调节PH为10-11，采用三氯甲烷萃取2-3次，每次萃取的条件为：水相与有机相的体积比为3-4：1，合并有机相，经过50-60℃减压蒸馏回收三氯甲烷，得到苦参碱原油；
（3）将小麦淀粉溶解于相当于淀粉重量份8-10倍的氢氧化钠水溶液中，搅拌均匀后，加入环氧氯丙烷，加热至50-60℃，磁力搅拌反应6-8h；加入步骤（2）的产物、三聚磷酸钠、羧甲基纤维素钠和环己烷所配置的混合液，升高温度至65-75℃，继续恒温搅拌8-10h，静置，过滤，丙酮洗涤2-3次；
（4）将海藻酸钠、氯化钙加入到相当于海藻酸钠重量份80-100倍的去离子水中，50-60℃混合搅拌50-60min，冷却至室温，加入步骤（3）的产物、尿素、硅酸钠、硅酸钾和磷酸二氢钾，超声分散30-40min，再加入硼酸、腐殖酸钠、聚乙烯醇和脱水山梨酸脂肪酸酯，继续混合搅拌2-3h，得到一种高效防治害虫和增产增收的无公害叶面药肥。
所述的高效防治害虫和增产增收的无公害叶面药肥，其特征在于，所述的盐酸水溶液的浓度为2-3mol/L，所述的氢氧化钠水溶液的浓度为0.2-0.4mol/L。
采用上述的技术方案，本发明的有益效果为：
本发明先将苦参粉碎，再采用超声振荡器超声提取，利用超声的空化效应、热效应和机械效作用，当大能量的超声波作用于苦参时，在较大的压力下使苦参细胞壁以及生物体在瞬间破裂，大大缩短了苦参碱的提取时间，超声波的振动作用加强了细胞内苦参碱的释放，从而提高了苦参碱的提取率。本发明再将超声提取后得到的滤饼通过微波萃取，微波具有穿透性，使极性分子和基团随微波高频震荡产生热量，可以在反应物内外部分同时迅速、均匀地加热；将滤饼中剩余的苦参碱提取出来，进一步提高了苦参碱的提取率。本发明还加入了八角和桂叶，八角精油和桂叶精油对害虫有拒食活性，进一步增加了苦参碱的杀虫活性。本发明在苦参碱表面，环氧氯丙烷和小麦淀粉原位交联得到包覆有苦参碱的淀粉缓释微球，具有缓慢释放作用，延长了作用时间，并且可以显著降低其在贮存中分解率。本发明以海藻酸钠为叶面药肥的主剂，能够刺激作物生长，提高光合作用和酶活力，促进叶绿素的形成，拥有很好的螯合能力，促进植物对养分的吸收，提高作物的抗病、抗逆性，改善品质，增加产量。本发明的高效防治害虫和增产增收的无公害叶面药肥，具有促进作物生长发育、增产增收、改善品质、提高养分利用率、防治害虫、无污染等多重功效，特别适用于无公害农产品生产。
具体实施方式
本实施例的高效防治害虫和增产增收的无公害叶面药肥，其由如下重量份的原料制备而成：苦参25份、八角8份、桂叶6份、小麦淀粉30份、环氧氯丙烷12份、三聚磷酸钠4份、羧甲基纤维素钠5份、环己烷40份、丙酮160份、海藻酸钠25份、氯化钙8份、尿素40份、硅酸钠6份、硅酸钾4份、磷酸二氢钾20份、硼酸8份、腐殖酸钠3份、聚乙烯醇10份、脱水山梨酸脂肪酸酯5份、75%的乙醇水溶液适量、盐酸水溶液适量、三氯甲烷适量、氢氧化钠水溶液适量、去离子水适量。
本实施例的高效防治害虫和增产增收的无公害叶面药肥，其由如下的步骤制备而成：
（1）将苦参、八角、桂叶用去离子水清洗3次，自然风干；粉碎研磨60min，过100目筛，得到颗粒混合物；颗粒混合物采用75%的乙醇水溶液超声提取2-3次，每次超声提取的条件为：料液比为7，超声提取温度为60℃，超声波功率为400W，超声提取时间30min；过滤，收集滤液，合并滤液，将滤液经过70℃减压蒸馏回收乙醇，蒸馏物待用；
（2）将滤饼采用盐酸水溶液微波萃取4次，每次微波萃取的条件为：PH为3，料液比为10，微波功率为550w，辐射时间为25min，过滤，收集滤液，将滤液与步骤（1）的蒸馏物合并，减压浓缩至液体体积减少2/3；调节PH为11，采用三氯甲烷萃取3次，每次萃取的条件为：水相与有机相的体积比为4：1，合并有机相，经过60℃减压蒸馏回收三氯甲烷，得到苦参碱原油；
（3）将小麦淀粉溶解于相当于淀粉重量份10倍的氢氧化钠水溶液中，搅拌均匀后，加入环氧氯丙烷，加热至60℃，磁力搅拌反应8h；加入步骤（2）的产物、三聚磷酸钠、羧甲基纤维素钠和环己烷所配置的混合液，升高温度至75℃，继续恒温搅拌10h，静置，过滤，丙酮洗涤3次；
（4）将海藻酸钠、氯化钙加入到相当于海藻酸钠重量份100倍的去离子水中，60℃混合搅拌60min，冷却至室温，加入步骤（3）的产物、尿素、硅酸钠、硅酸钾和磷酸二氢钾，超声分散40min，再加入硼酸、腐殖酸钠、聚乙烯醇和脱水山梨酸脂肪酸酯，继续混合搅拌3h，得到一种高效防治害虫和增产增收的无公害叶面药肥。
本实施例的盐酸水溶液的浓度为3mol/L，氢氧化钠水溶液的浓度为0.2mol/L。
Claims (4)
1.一种高效防治害虫和增产增收的无公害叶面药肥，其特征在于，首先采用超声提取与微波提取联用技术和三氯甲烷萃取来提取和分离苦参碱；再通过在苦参碱表面，环氧氯丙烷和小麦淀粉原位交联得到包覆有苦参碱的淀粉缓释微球；最后将包覆有苦参碱的淀粉缓释微球与海藻酸钠、作物所需的大量元素及微量元素复配制备得到高效防治害虫和增产增收的无公害叶面药肥。
2.根据权利要求书1所述的高效防治害虫和增产增收的无公害叶面药肥，其特征在于，其由如下重量份的原料制备而成：苦参25-30份、八角6-8份、桂叶5-6份、小麦淀粉25-30份、环氧氯丙烷10-12份、三聚磷酸钠3-4份、羧甲基纤维素钠4-5份、环己烷30-40份、丙酮150-160份、海藻酸钠20-25份、氯化钙6-8份、尿素30-40份、硅酸钠4-6份、硅酸钾3-4份、磷酸二氢钾15-20份、硼酸6-8份、腐殖酸钠2-3份、聚乙烯醇8-10份、脱水山梨酸脂肪酸酯4-5份、70-75%的乙醇水溶液适量、盐酸水溶液适量、三氯甲烷适量、氢氧化钠水溶液适量、去离子水适量。
3.根据权利要求书1所述的高效防治害虫和增产增收的无公害叶面药肥，其特征在于，其由如下的步骤制备而成：
（1）将苦参、八角、桂叶用去离子水清洗2-3次，自然风干；粉碎研磨50-60min，过80-100目筛，得到颗粒混合物；颗粒混合物采用70-75%的乙醇水溶液超声提取2-3次，每次超声提取的条件为：料液比为7-8，超声提取温度为50-60℃，超声波功率为300-400W，超声提取时间30-40min；过滤，收集滤液，合并滤液，将滤液经过65-70℃减压蒸馏回收乙醇，蒸馏物待用；
（2）将滤饼采用盐酸水溶液微波萃取3-4次，每次微波萃取的条件为：PH为3-4，料液比为10-11，微波功率为500-550w，辐射时间为20-25min，过滤，收集滤液，将滤液与步骤（1）的蒸馏物合并，减压浓缩至液体体积减少2/3；调节PH为10-11，采用三氯甲烷萃取2-3次，每次萃取的条件为：水相与有机相的体积比为3-4：1，合并有机相，经过50-60℃减压蒸馏回收三氯甲烷，得到苦参碱原油；
（3）将小麦淀粉溶解于相当于淀粉重量份8-10倍的氢氧化钠水溶液中，搅拌均匀后，加入环氧氯丙烷，加热至50-60℃，磁力搅拌反应6-8h；加入步骤（2）的产物、三聚磷酸钠、羧甲基纤维素钠和环己烷所配置的混合液，升高温度至65-75℃，继续恒温搅拌8-10h，静置，过滤，丙酮洗涤2-3次；
（4）将海藻酸钠、氯化钙加入到相当于海藻酸钠重量份80-100倍的去离子水中，50-60℃混合搅拌50-60min，冷却至室温，加入步骤（3）的产物、尿素、硅酸钠、硅酸钾和磷酸二氢钾，超声分散30-40min，再加入硼酸、腐殖酸钠、聚乙烯醇和脱水山梨酸脂肪酸酯，继续混合搅拌2-3h，得到一种高效防治害虫和增产增收的无公害叶面药肥。
4.根据权利要求书2、3所述的高效防治害虫和增产增收的无公害叶面药肥，其特征在于，所述的盐酸水溶液的浓度为2-3mol/L，所述的氢氧化钠水溶液的浓度为0.2-0.4mol/L。
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