CN106942477A - A kind of cattle diet using mushroom mushroom bran as raw material and its preparation method and application - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a beef cattle ration using shiitake mushroom chaff as a raw material, a preparation method and application thereof, and belongs to the technical field of beef cattle breeding. The beef cattle diet is proportioned according to the following parts by weight: 25-35 parts of fermented bacteria chaff, 20-25 parts of silage corn, 10-15 parts of crop straw and 30-40 parts of concentrate; the fermented bacteria chaff consists of mushroom chaff and corn flour After mixing according to the mass ratio of 100:4-5, it is obtained by sealing and fermenting the fermented compound bacterial liquid for 20-30 days, and the consumption of the fermented compound bacterial liquid is 1.5-2.5% of the weight of the fermentation raw material; Bacillus and Candida utilis are formulated according to the ratio of the number of colonies 2-4:4-5:3-4, adding 0.5-2wt% sucrose solution, and the total number of viable bacteria is ≥500 billion/L. The invention can realize the recycling of the shiitake chaff, turn waste into treasure, and the prepared chaff has a sour taste and good palatability, can reduce costs and increase benefits.

Description

A kind of beef cattle ration with shiitake mushroom chaff as raw material and its preparation method and application

technical field

The invention belongs to the technical field of beef cattle breeding, and in particular relates to a beef cattle ration using shiitake mushroom chaff as a raw material and a preparation method and application thereof.

Background technique

As the country pays more and more attention to environmental protection, clean production, harmless waste disposal and recycling have become the inevitable requirements for sustainable agricultural development. In terms of edible fungus production, a large amount of edible fungus cultivation waste is produced in my country every year. Except for a small amount of these fungus chaff resources that are further processed and utilized, most of them are still discarded and incinerated at will, which not only occupies land, wastes resources, but also brings mold pollution. and pests, causing serious pollution to the environment. At the same time, during the production of edible fungi, a large amount of lignin and cellulose are degraded, and the protein of the bacteria increases, which makes the fungus chaff rich in protein, polysaccharides and minerals, and has a high content of organic matter. After proper processing, it can be used as fertilizer, The resource utilization of feed and fuel is feasible, and it is also of great significance to the recycling of agricultural resources and the control of environmental pollution.

Because there is still a certain amount of wood fiber in the fungus chaff, the texture is rough, the palatability is poor, and it also contains nutrients such as mycelium and protein, which are easily spoiled and deteriorated. It is not suitable for direct use as feed raw materials and must be properly treated. The existing fungus chaff feed technology mainly includes physical method, chemical method and biological fermentation method, among which the physical method cannot eliminate the contamination of bacteria, and the processed fungus chaff has poor palatability and low digestibility; the chemical method also has poor palatability problems; biological fermentation can further degrade crude fiber, improve flavor and palatability, and increase nutritional value, which has a good application prospect.

In terms of the feed technology of shiitake mushroom chaff, there are few researches on the biological fermentation method, and there is a lack of technologies such as fermentation microorganism selection, fermentation process, and feed formulation. The produced feed has low nutritional value and poor palatability.

Contents of the invention

In order to solve the above problems, one of the purposes of the present invention is to provide a beef cattle ration using cheap shiitake mushroom chaff as a raw material, which can turn waste into treasure and reduce the consumption of silage corn, crops, etc. The amount of straw and concentrate can effectively reduce the feeding cost, and the beef cattle ration has good palatability. The second object of the present invention is to provide a method for preparing the aforementioned beef cattle ration, which has a simple process and is easy to popularize. The third object of the present invention is to provide the application of the aforementioned beef cattle ration. In this patent, according to the characteristics of shiitake mushroom chaff, the applicability of the ratio of the ingredients of the ration and the concentrate is adjusted; The amount of fermented bacterial chaff is relatively large, and the amount of fermented bacterial chaff is reduced in the later stage. Described technical scheme is as follows:

On the one hand, the embodiment of the present invention provides a beef cattle ration with shiitake mushroom chaff as raw material. The beef cattle diet is calculated in dry matter and proportioned according to the following parts by weight: 25-35 parts of fermented fungus chaff, 20 parts of silage corn -25 parts, 10-15 parts of crop straw and 30-40 parts of concentrate. Among them, the fermented bacterial chaff is obtained by mixing the champignon mushroom chaff and corn flour at a mass ratio of 100:4-5, and then sealing and fermenting the fermented compound bacterial liquid for 20-30 days, and the amount of the fermented compound bacterial liquid is 1.5-2.5% of the weight of the fermentation raw material ; Fermentation compound bacteria solution is prepared by adding 0.5-2wt% sucrose solution to Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus plantarum and Candida utilis according to the ratio of colony number 2-4:4-5:3-4, the total bacteria Number ≥ 500 billion/L.

Among them, shiitake mushroom chaff is solid waste produced by shiitake mushroom cultivation, but it is rich in organic matter and various mineral elements, and its main components include lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, as well as crude protein, fat, vitamins and other nutrients substances; and when producing shiitake mushrooms, shiitake mushrooms will secrete active enzymes and other biologically active substances (including cellulase, amylase, protease, etc.) into the matrix to accelerate the decomposition of the matrix, resulting in complex flora and components in the chaff . Among them, Bacillus subtilis and Candida utilis are aerobic bacteria, which quickly consume oxygen after multiplication to form an anaerobic environment, which is conducive to the proliferation and fermentation of anaerobic Lactobacillus plantarum; the above three kinds of bacteria are probiotics, Bacillus subtilis During the growth of bacteria, it can produce subtilisin, polymyxin, nystatin and other active substances. Candida utilis is rich in B vitamins, proteins and active enzymes. Lactobacillus plantarum can produce unique Lactobacillus can inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria when entering the body, regulate the intestinal micro-ecological balance, improve feed digestibility, improve disease resistance, and benefit the growth and development of beef cattle. The Ministry of Agriculture of my country stipulated in the "Catalogue of Feed Additives" in 2008 that 12 species of bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus plantarum and Candida utilis can be directly added to animal diets without having to conduct safety and stability checks. technical review. The sucrose solution is beneficial to the fermentation of the flora, and the concentration is determined according to the characteristics of the flora, and has nothing to do with the total number of bacteria.

Wherein, in this embodiment, when selecting fungus chaff, fresh fungus chaff with strong mycelium growth, no contamination by bacteria, and no moldy rot is selected, and sundries such as packaging bags are removed, and the mushroom chaff is crushed manually or by a pulverizer before use. No pesticides are used.

Wherein, the culture substrate of the mushroom chaff of the mushroom in this embodiment is mainly wood chips and bran, and the mass ratio of wood chips and bran is 68-72:28-32.

Wherein, the crop stalks in this embodiment are selected from peanut stalks, corn stalks or wheat stalks; preferably peanut stalks, followed by corn stalks or wheat stalks.

Wherein, the concentrate in this embodiment is proportioned according to the following parts by weight: 60-70 parts of corn flour, 15-20 parts of soybean meal, 5-10 parts of wheat bran, 3-5 parts of stone powder, 2-3 parts of calcium hydrogen phosphate , 2-3 parts of sodium bicarbonate and 1 part of table salt. The raw materials for the composition of the concentrate are conventional concentrate raw materials, and the ratio is specially formulated according to the characteristics of the fermented bacteria chaff and the feeding stage of the beef cattle.

On the other hand, the present invention also provides the aforementioned method for preparing beef cattle rations using shiitake mushroom chaff as raw material, the method comprising the following steps:

(1) Preparation of fermented raw material: mix the shiitake mushroom chaff after pulverizing with corn flour in a mass ratio of 100:4-5 to obtain the fermented raw material, the culture substrate of the shiitake mushroom chaff is wood chips and bran, and the mass ratio of wood chips and bran is 68-72:28-32.

(2) Preparation of fermentation compound bacteria liquid: add Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus plantarum and Candida utilis to 0.5-2wt% (preferably 1wt%) according to the ratio of colony number 2-4:4-5:3-4 The sucrose solution is prepared to obtain a fermented composite bacterial liquid with a total bacterial count ≥ 500 billion/L.

(3) Preparation of fermented bacteria chaff: 1.5-2.5% (preferably 2%) of the weight of the fermentation raw materials (lentinus edodes and corn flour) obtained in step (1) is sprayed with the fermented composite bacterial liquid obtained in step (2), and stirred evenly , into silage cellars or plastic bags, press and seal to ferment for 20-30 days; the fermentation time depends on the ambient temperature, the fermentation time is short when the temperature is high, and the fermentation time is long when the temperature is low.

(4) Configure the concentrate: Proportion according to the following parts by weight: 60-70 parts of corn flour, 15-20 parts of soybean meal, 5-10 parts of wheat bran, 3-5 parts of stone powder, 2-3 parts of calcium hydrogen phosphate, carbonic acid 2-3 parts of sodium hydrogen and 1 part of table salt;

(5) Preparation of beef cattle rations: on a dry matter basis, the ratio is as follows: 25-35 parts of fermented bacterial chaff (obtained in step (3)), 20-25 parts of silage corn, 10-15 parts of crop straw and Concentrated material (obtained in step (4)) 30-40 parts, crop straw selected from peanut straw, corn straw or wheat straw.

On the other hand, the present invention also provides the application method of the aforementioned beef cattle ration using shiitake mushroom chaff as raw material, the feeding method is the same as the conventional method, the difference is that the present invention increases the Ferment the chaff and adjust the amount of fermented chaff and concentrate. Specifically, when it is used for beef cattle in the early stage of fattening, the ratio of beef cattle diet is as follows: 30-35 parts of fermented bacterial chaff, 20-25 parts of silage corn, 10-15 parts of crop straw and 30-35 parts of concentrate; When it is used for beef cattle in the late stage of fattening, the ratio of the beef cattle diet is as follows: 25-30 parts of fermented bacteria chaff, 20-25 parts of silage corn, 10-15 parts of crop straw and 35-40 parts of concentrate.

The specific feeding method is: twice a day, once in the morning and evening (for example, once at 7:00 in the morning and once at 17:00 in the evening), free drinking water should be taken according to the amount of each meal, and the plastic film should be covered immediately after taking , Keep the seal well; when feeding the ration for the first time, the feeding amount should be gradually adjusted from less to more, so that the cattle can adapt. Clean the trough once in the morning, appropriately increase the feeding amount when there is no leftover material for 2 consecutive days, and appropriately reduce the feeding amount when there is a lot of leftover material for 2 consecutive days.

Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

(1) Realize the recycling of mushroom chaff, turn waste into treasure, reduce environmental pollution caused by improper treatment, have high environmental protection value and economic value, and the production process is simple, which is convenient for popularization and application.

(2) The prepared fungus chaff has a sour taste and good palatability, and can inhibit the growth of miscellaneous bacteria at the same time. It can partially replace other feed materials to raise beef cattle, reduce costs and increase benefits.

detailed description

The above-mentioned content of the present invention will be described in further detail below through the embodiment form, but this should not be interpreted as the scope of the above-mentioned theme of the present invention is limited to the following embodiments, all technologies realized based on the above-mentioned content of the present invention belong to this invention the scope of the invention.

Example 1

Embodiment 1 provides a kind of beef cattle ration and preparation method thereof with shiitake mushroom chaff as raw material, and its method comprises the following steps:

(1) Select 10 tons of fresh shiitake mushroom chaff with wood chips and bran as the main culture substrate, vigorous mycelium growth, no bacterial contamination, and no moldy rot, remove packaging bags and other sundries, crush them with a pulverizer, and add 0.5 tons of corn flour. Ton.

(2) Dissolve 2 kg of sucrose in 200 kg of water, add 1.5 kg of Bacillus subtilis with a live bacteria content of ≥20 billion/g, 4.0 kg of Lactobacillus plantarum with a live bacteria content of ≥10 billion/g, and 0.6 kg of Candida utilis ≥ 50 billion/g, mixed evenly to obtain a fermented composite bacterial liquid.

(3) In the bacterial chaff obtained in the step (1), spray the fermented composite bacterial liquid obtained in the step (2), and stir evenly, put it into the silage cellar, cover it with a plastic film, press and seal it and ferment for 30 day, the amount of fermented compound bacteria liquid is 2% of the weight of fermented raw materials.

(4) According to the proportion of corn flour 62wt%, soybean meal 20wt%, wheat bran 7wt%, stone powder 5wt%, calcium hydrogen phosphate 3wt%, sodium bicarbonate 2wt%, salt 1wt%, prepare the mixed concentrate.

(5) Take 400 kg of fermented bacteria chaff (about 55% water content) obtained in step (3), 320 kg of silage corn (about 65% water content), 80 kg of peanut straw (about 15% water content), and step ( 4) 200 kg of concentrate (with a water content of about 12%) obtained in 4), and after stirring evenly, 1 ton of mixed diet is obtained, which is used to raise beef cattle in the early stage of fattening; The proportions of straw and concentrate in the mixed ration were 34, 21, 13 and 33 parts respectively.

Example 2

(1) The selection and pretreatment of bacteria chaff are the same as the step (1) of Example 1.

(2) The preparation of the fermented composite bacterial liquid is the same as the step (2) of Example 1.

(3) Inoculation and fermentation are the same as step (3) of Example 1.

(4) The step (4) of preparing concentrate is the same as embodiment 1.

(5) get 410 kilograms of fermented bacterium bran of gained in step (3), 340 kilograms of silage corns, 70 kilograms of peanut stalks and 180 kilograms of concentrates gained in step (4), obtain 1 ton of mixed diet after stirring, use In the feeding of beef cattle in the early stage of fattening; the proportions of the above-mentioned fermented bacterial chaff, silage corn, peanut straw and concentrate in the dry matter of the mixed ration were 35 parts, 23 parts, 11 parts and 30 parts respectively.

Example Verification

The diets of the above-mentioned examples 1-2 were implemented and verified in the beef cattle breeding base of Hanjiang Cattle Industry Development Co., Ltd.

Raw material acquisition: From a shiitake mushroom planting base about 4 kilometers away from the breeding base, 20 tons of fresh shiitake mushroom chaff was obtained. The main culture substrate was 70wt% sawdust and 30wt% bran, which solved the problem of mushroom chaff stacking site occupation and moldy pollution for the base To deal with problems such as pest breeding and other problems, the fungus chaff is free, and only 1,200 yuan is paid for shipping and loading.

Bacteria chaff fermentation: Remove the fungus chaff packaging bag, crush it with a grinder, add 1 ton of corn flour, spray the prepared fermentation compound bacteria solution while loading the cellar, and finally cover it with plastic film, press it tightly, and the total fermentation cost is 2,600 yuan.

Quality appraisal: Sampling after 30 days of fermentation, sensory evaluation results: the color is yellowish brown, the taste is sour, the hand is loose, not sticky, and there is no phenomenon of mold and deterioration.

Feeding experiment: Select 45 healthy and disease-free western miscellaneous cattle with a weight of about 300 kg, and divide them into 3 groups at random, with 15 cattle in each group. After weighing, adjust them individually to make the weights of the groups close to each other. The concentrate formula is 62wt% of corn flour, 20wt% of soybean meal, 7wt% of wheat bran, 5% of stone powder, 3wt% of calcium hydrogen phosphate, 2wt% of sodium bicarbonate, and 1% of salt. The unit price of mixed concentrate is 2025 yuan/ton; according to Table 1 According to the formula, the total mixed ration was prepared, and the unit prices of silage corn and peanut straw were 400 yuan/ton and 800 yuan/ton respectively. Feed once at 7:00 in the morning and 17:00 in the evening, and drink water freely. Clean the trough once in the morning, appropriately increase the feeding amount when there is no leftover material for 2 consecutive days, and appropriately reduce the feeding amount when there is a lot of leftover material for 2 consecutive days. The pre-test period was 7 days, and the main test period was 60 days. Body weight was measured throughout the main test period, daily feed consumption was recorded, and the results of weight gain, feed consumption, and economic benefits of each group were analyzed.

Table 1 Dietary composition of beef cattle in the early stage of fattening

Example 1 Example 2 control group fermented bacteria chaff 60 kg 61.5 kg silage corn 48 kg 51 kg 97.5 kg peanut straw 12 kg 10.5 kg 22.5 kg concentrate 30 kg 27 kg 30 kg Fresh total 150 kg 150 kg 150 kg ration cost 673 yuan / ton 634 yuan / ton 785 yuan / ton water content 46.4% 47.9% 46.9% Fine-to-rough ratio 33:67 30:70 33:67

Result analysis: the total mixed ration of embodiment 1 and embodiment 2, beef cattle can eat normally. The difference between the average daily gain of Example 1 and the control group is not significant, feed consumption and feed cost are lower than the control group, the live weight of local beef cattle is 26 yuan/kg, and the daily average comprehensive income is higher than the control group 2.14 yuan/head; embodiment 2 Although the average daily gain was lower than that of the control group, and the feed consumption was higher than that of the control group, the feed cost was lower than that of the control group, and the average daily comprehensive income was 1.16 yuan/head higher than that of the control group. See Table 2 for details. Conclusion: Using cheap shiitake mushroom chaff to partially replace silage corn, straw, concentrate and other dietary raw materials for beef cattle in the early stage of fattening can maintain the weight gain of beef cattle, reduce feeding costs, and increase comprehensive income.

Table 2 Weight gain and material consumption

Example 3

(1) The selection and pretreatment of bacteria chaff are the same as the step (1) of Example 1.

(2) The preparation of the fermented composite bacterial liquid is the same as the step (2) of Example 1.

(3) Inoculation and fermentation are the same as step (3) of Example 1.

(4) According to the proportion of corn flour 70wt%, soybean meal 16wt%, wheat bran 5wt%, stone powder 3wt%, calcium hydrogen phosphate 2wt%, sodium bicarbonate 3wt%, salt 1wt%, prepare the mixed concentrate.

(5) Get 310 kilograms of fermented bacterium chaff, 360 kilograms of silage corn, 80 kilograms of peanut stalks, 250 kilograms of concentrates gained in step (4) in step (3), and stir to obtain 1 ton of mixed ration after stirring. In feeding beef cattle in the late stage of fattening; the proportions of the above-mentioned fermented bacterial chaff, silage corn, peanut straw and concentrate in the dry matter of the mixed ration were 25 parts, 23 parts, 12 parts and 40 parts respectively.

Example Verification

The above-mentioned embodiment 3 was implemented and verified in the beef cattle breeding base of Hanjiang Cattle Industry Development Co., Ltd.

Select 24 healthy and disease-free Western miscellaneous cattle with a weight of about 500 kg, and randomly divide them into 2 groups of 12 cattle, and adjust them individually after weighing to make the weights between groups close. The concentrate formula is 70wt% of corn flour, 16wt% of soybean meal, 5wt% of wheat bran, 3wt% of stone powder, 2wt% of calcium hydrogen phosphate, 3wt% of sodium bicarbonate and 1wt% of salt. The unit price of mixed concentrate is 2028 yuan/ton; according to Table 3 The formula, the preparation of a total mixed diet.

Table 3 Dietary composition of beef cattle in the late fattening period

Example 3 control group fermented bacteria chaff 310 kg silage corn 360 kg 590 kg peanut straw 80 kg 90 kg concentrate 250 kg 320 kg Fresh total 1 ton 1 ton ration cost 774 yuan / ton 957 yuan / ton water content 45.6% 44.5% Fine-to-rough ratio 40:60 50:50

Result analysis: with the total mixed ration in Example 3, the beef cattle can eat normally. The average daily gain of Example 3 is 0.127 kg lower than that of the control group; although the feed consumption is higher than that of the control group, the unit price of rations is low, the average feed cost per head is 4.72 yuan lower than that of the control group, and the daily average comprehensive income is lower than that of the control group. The group price is 1.72 yuan/head, see Table 4 for details. When the unit price of beef cattle rises from the current 26 yuan/kg to 37.2 yuan/kg, or the cost of fungus chaff rises from the current 190 yuan/ton to 350 yuan/ton, the average daily income of the two will be the same. Conclusion: Using cheap shiitake mushroom chaff to partially replace silage corn, straw, concentrate and other dietary raw materials for beef cattle in the late fattening period can reduce feeding costs and increase comprehensive income.

Table 4 Weight gain and material consumption

The above descriptions are only preferred embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent replacements, improvements, etc. made within the spirit and principles of the present invention shall be included in the protection of the present invention. within range.

Claims (6)

1. A beef cattle ration with mushroom chaff as raw material, characterized in that, in terms of dry matter, the proportioning is carried out in the following parts by weight: 25-35 parts of fermented chaff, 20-25 parts of silage corn, 10 parts of crop straw -15 parts and concentrate 30-40 parts; The fermented bacteria chaff is obtained by mixing the champignon mushroom chaff and corn flour in a mass ratio of 100:4-5 and sealing and fermenting the fermented composite bacterial liquid for 20-30 days. 2.5%; The fermented composite bacterial liquid is prepared by adding 0.5-2wt% sucrose solution to Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus plantarum and Candida utilis according to the ratio of colony number 2-4:4-5:3-4. The number of viable bacteria ≥ 500 billion/L. 2. the beef cattle ration taking mushroom chaff as raw material according to claim 1, is characterized in that, the culture substrate of described champignon chaff is wood chips and bran, and the mass ratio of described wood chips and bran is 68- 72:28-32. 3. The beef cattle ration with mushroom chaff as raw material according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the crop straw is selected from peanut straw, corn straw or wheat straw. 4. The beef cattle ration with shiitake mushroom chaff as raw material according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the concentrate is proportioned according to the following parts by weight: 60-70 parts of corn flour, 15-20 parts of soybean meal , 5-10 parts of wheat bran, 3-5 parts of stone powder, 2-3 parts of calcium hydrogen phosphate, 2-3 parts of sodium bicarbonate and 1 part of table salt. 5. a kind of preparation method of the beef cattle ration taking shiitake mushroom chaff as raw material, it is characterized in that, described method comprises the steps: (1) Preparation of fermented raw material: mixing champignon chaff and corn flour in a mass ratio of 100:4-5 to obtain fermented raw material, the culture substrate of champignon champignon is sawdust and bran; (2) Preparation of fermented composite bacteria solution: Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus plantarum and Candida utilis were added to 0.5-2wt% sucrose solution according to the ratio of colony number 2-4:4-5:3-4 to prepare Fermentation composite bacterial liquid with a total number of viable bacteria ≥ 500 billion/L; (3) Preparation of fermented bacterium chaff: spray the fermented composite bacterial liquid according to 1.5-2.5% of the weight of the fermented raw materials, stir evenly, put into silage cellar or plastic bag, compress and seal and ferment for 20-30 days; (4) Configure the concentrate: Proportion according to the following parts by weight: 60-70 parts of corn flour, 15-20 parts of soybean meal, 5-10 parts of wheat bran, 3-5 parts of stone powder, 2-3 parts of calcium hydrogen phosphate, carbonic acid 2-3 parts of sodium hydrogen and 1 part of table salt; (5) Preparation of rations for beef cattle: in terms of dry matter, the proportioning is carried out according to the following parts by weight: 25-35 parts of fermented bacterial chaff, 20-25 parts of silage corn, 10-15 parts of crop straw and 30-40 parts of concentrate. 6. the application of the beef cattle ration as described in any one of claim 1-4 with the shiitake mushroom chaff as raw material, it is characterized in that, when being used for the beef cattle in the early stage of fattening, the beef cattle ration ratio is carried out by the following parts by weight: 30-35 parts of fermented bacteria bran, 20-25 parts of silage corn, 10-15 parts of crop straw and 30-35 parts of concentrate; when used for beef cattle in the late fattening period, the ratio of beef cattle diet is as follows: Fermented bacteria chaff 25-30 parts, 20-25 parts of silage corn, 10-15 parts of crop straw and 35-40 parts of concentrate.