CN106866114B - A kind of lead-zinc smelting fuming furnace slag-based building ceramsite and its preparation method - Google Patents
A kind of lead-zinc smelting fuming furnace slag-based building ceramsite and its preparation method Download PDFInfo
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- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 59
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 56
- JQJCSZOEVBFDKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead zinc Chemical compound [Zn].[Pb] JQJCSZOEVBFDKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 8
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004115 Sodium Silicate Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical group [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052911 sodium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000005453 pelletization Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 description 7
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Inorganic materials [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003912 environmental pollution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001385 heavy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ca+2] BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001868 cobalt Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000003298 dental enamel Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002386 leaching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002910 solid waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004071 soot Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B33/00—Clay-wares
- C04B33/02—Preparing or treating the raw materials individually or as batches
- C04B33/13—Compounding ingredients
- C04B33/132—Waste materials; Refuse; Residues
- C04B33/138—Waste materials; Refuse; Residues from metallurgical processes, e.g. slag, furnace dust, galvanic waste
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B18/00—Use of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone; Treatment of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse, specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone
- C04B18/02—Agglomerated materials, e.g. artificial aggregates
- C04B18/027—Lightweight materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
- C04B2235/30—Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous nature
- C04B2235/34—Non-metal oxides, non-metal mixed oxides, or salts thereof that form the non-metal oxides upon heating, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
- C04B2235/3427—Silicates other than clay, e.g. water glass
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/02—Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product
- C04B2235/50—Constituents or additives of the starting mixture chosen for their shape or used because of their shape or their physical appearance
- C04B2235/54—Particle size related information
- C04B2235/5418—Particle size related information expressed by the size of the particles or aggregates thereof
- C04B2235/5436—Particle size related information expressed by the size of the particles or aggregates thereof micrometer sized, i.e. from 1 to 100 micron
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/70—Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
- C04B2235/74—Physical characteristics
- C04B2235/77—Density
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2235/00—Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic products
- C04B2235/70—Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products
- C04B2235/96—Properties of ceramic products, e.g. mechanical properties such as strength, toughness, wear resistance
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P40/00—Technologies relating to the processing of minerals
- Y02P40/60—Production of ceramic materials or ceramic elements, e.g. substitution of clay or shale by alternative raw materials, e.g. ashes
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- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
Abstract
本发明公开了一种铅锌冶炼烟化炉渣基的建筑陶粒及其制备方法，涉及冶炼渣资源化利用及无害化处理技术领域。本发明制备陶粒所用的原料由铅锌冶炼烟化炉渣、钴冶炼渣、添加剂组成；陶粒的制备方法为：将铅锌冶炼烟化炉渣、钴冶炼渣、添加剂烘干磨碎成干粉；按配比称取铅锌冶炼烟化炉渣粉料、钴冶炼渣粉料及添加剂粉料，混合搅拌均匀送至成球制粒机中造粒成型，最后经烘干后煅烧制得陶粒成品。本发明的制备方法将铅锌冶炼烟化炉渣及钴冶炼渣资源化利用，具有良好的经济效益和社会效益。The invention discloses a lead-zinc smelting fuming furnace slag-based building ceramsite and a preparation method thereof, and relates to the technical field of resource utilization and harmless treatment of smelting slag. The raw materials used for preparing ceramsite in the present invention are composed of lead-zinc smelting fuming slag, cobalt smelting slag, and additives; the preparation method of ceramsite is: drying and grinding the lead-zinc smelting fuming slag, cobalt smelting slag, and additives into dry powder; Weigh lead-zinc smelting fuming furnace slag powder, cobalt smelting slag powder and additive powder according to the ratio, mix and stir evenly, send to the pelletizing machine for granulation and molding, and finally dry and calcinate to obtain the finished product of ceramsite. The preparation method of the invention utilizes lead-zinc smelting fuming furnace slag and cobalt smelting slag as resources, and has good economic and social benefits.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及冶炼渣资源化利用及无害化处理技术领域，具体而言涉及一种铅锌冶炼烟化炉渣基的建筑陶粒及其制备方法。The invention relates to the technical field of resource utilization and harmless treatment of smelting slag, in particular to building ceramsite based on lead-zinc smelting fuming furnace slag and a preparation method thereof.
背景技术Background technique
有色金属火法冶炼烟灰中常含有铅锌等低沸点金属成分，工业上一般采用烟化炉回收，该工艺会产生大量的烟化炉渣。目前产出的烟化炉渣多以填埋或堆存为主，一方面占用大量场地，另一方面由于铅锌冶炼烟化炉渣中含有活性重金属成分，如管理不善，极易造成环境污染。铅锌冶炼烟化炉渣主要构成为二氧化硅、铁氧化物和氧化钙等成分，目前对铅锌冶炼烟化炉渣的处理主要是堆存或填埋，大量铅锌冶炼烟化炉渣堆埋的占地问题及其渗滤液产生的环境污染问题并未得到有效解决。Non-ferrous metal pyro-smelting soot often contains lead and zinc and other low-boiling-point metal components. In industry, fuming furnaces are generally used for recovery, and this process will produce a large amount of fuming slag. At present, most of the fuming slag produced is landfilled or stockpiled. On the one hand, it takes up a lot of space. On the other hand, because the fuming slag of lead-zinc smelting contains active heavy metal components, if it is not properly managed, it will easily cause environmental pollution. Lead-zinc smelting fuming slag is mainly composed of silicon dioxide, iron oxide and calcium oxide. Currently, the treatment of lead-zinc smelting fuming slag is mainly storage or landfill. A large amount of lead-zinc smelting fuming slag is buried The problem of land occupation and the environmental pollution caused by leachate have not been effectively resolved.
陶粒为一种外壳呈陶质或釉质的球形颗粒材料，具有质轻高强的特点以及隔水保气的作用，主要用于建筑上对混凝土中碎石的替代。传统陶粒一般是以黏土和页岩烧结而成，大量开采黏土和页岩会破坏耕地及自然环境，因此采用固体废物替代黏土制备陶粒是陶粒生产的发展方向之一。Ceramsite is a spherical granular material with a pottery or enamel shell. It has the characteristics of light weight, high strength and the function of water and air retention. It is mainly used in construction to replace gravel in concrete. Traditional ceramsite is generally made of sintered clay and shale. Extensive mining of clay and shale will damage cultivated land and the natural environment. Therefore, using solid waste instead of clay to prepare ceramsite is one of the development directions of ceramsite production.
将铅锌冶炼烟化炉渣作为主要成分制备建筑陶粒，可以通过高温反应固化其中的活性重金属成分等污染物质，并使铅锌冶炼烟化炉渣得以资源化利用。The lead-zinc smelting fuming slag is used as the main component to prepare building ceramsite, which can solidify the active heavy metal components and other pollutants through high temperature reaction, and make the lead-zinc smelting fuming slag resource utilization.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明提供了一种铅锌冶炼烟化炉渣基的建筑陶粒及其制备方法，主要解决铅锌冶炼烟化炉渣的无害化处理及资源化利用问题。The invention provides a lead-zinc smelting fuming slag-based building ceramsite and a preparation method thereof, which mainly solve the problems of harmless treatment and resource utilization of the lead-zinc smelting fuming slag.
本发明所述的建筑陶粒，由以下质量百分比的原料制备而成：50-80 wt.%铅锌冶炼烟化炉渣、15-45 wt.%钴冶炼渣、5-15 wt.%添加剂。The building ceramsite of the present invention is prepared from the following raw materials in mass percentage: 50-80 wt.% lead-zinc smelting fuming slag, 15-45 wt.% cobalt smelting slag, and 5-15 wt.% additives.
本发明所处理的铅锌冶炼烟化炉渣是指烟化炉冶炼铅锌过程中形成的废弃渣，主要成分如下。The lead-zinc smelting fuming furnace slag treated in the present invention refers to the waste slag formed in the process of fuming lead-zinc smelting furnace, and its main components are as follows.
铅锌冶炼烟化炉渣具有较高的强度，可作为陶粒成分中的骨料，且其中的铁氧化物在陶粒烧结过程中具有助烧作用，可降低陶粒烧结温度。The fuming furnace slag of lead-zinc smelting has high strength and can be used as the aggregate in the ceramsite composition, and the iron oxide in it has a sintering effect in the ceramsite sintering process, which can reduce the ceramsite sintering temperature.
本发明陶粒配方中钴冶炼渣是为采取酸浸工艺处理水钴矿生产钴盐产品过程中形成的废弃渣，成分主要含SiO2 45-65 wt.%、Al2O3 5-9 wt.%、Fe 2-6 wt.%、CaO 4-12wt.%。钴冶炼渣具有较高的粘性，塑性指数超过15，在陶粒制备过程中可以起粘结及辅助成型的作用。The cobalt smelting slag in the ceramsite formula of the present invention is the waste slag formed in the process of producing cobalt salt products by adopting the acid leaching process to treat water cobalt ore, and the composition mainly contains SiO 2 45-65 wt.%, Al 2 O 3 5-9 wt .%, Fe 2-6 wt.%, CaO 4-12wt.%. Cobalt smelting slag has high viscosity and a plasticity index of over 15, which can play the role of bonding and auxiliary molding in the process of ceramsite preparation.
本发明陶粒配方中添加剂为硅酸钠。The additive in the ceramsite formula of the present invention is sodium silicate.
本发明所述的利用铅锌冶炼烟化炉渣制备建筑陶粒的方法，具体包括以下步骤。The method for preparing building ceramsite by using fuming slag of lead-zinc smelting in the present invention specifically includes the following steps.
（1）将铅锌冶炼烟化炉渣、钴冶炼渣和添加剂分别烘干后磨碎成干粉，粒度要求小于75微米。(1) Dry the lead-zinc smelting fuming slag, cobalt smelting slag and additives separately and grind them into dry powder with a particle size requirement of less than 75 microns.
（2）按50-80 wt.%铅锌冶炼烟化炉渣、15-45 wt.%钴冶炼渣、5-15 wt.%添加剂的原料配比分别称取上述粉料，混合搅拌均匀，制得陶粒粉料。(2) Weigh the above powders according to the raw material ratio of 50-80 wt.% lead-zinc smelting fuming slag, 15-45 wt.% cobalt smelting slag, and 5-15 wt.% additives, mix and stir evenly, and prepare Get ceramsite powder.
（3）将陶粒粉料送至成球制粒机中造粒成型，制得陶粒坯料。 (3) Send the ceramsite powder to the ball granulator for granulation and molding to obtain the ceramsite blank.
（4）将陶粒坯料在105℃下烘干2-5小时。(4) Dry the ceramsite blank at 105°C for 2-5 hours.
（5）将烘干后的陶粒坯入烧结炉，至850-980℃保温1-2小时，随炉冷却，出炉得陶粒成品。(5) Put the dried ceramsite billet into the sintering furnace, heat it at 850-980°C for 1-2 hours, cool down with the furnace, and get the finished ceramsite product out of the furnace.
本发明所述的制备方法简单易行、成本低，实现了铅锌冶炼烟化炉渣和钴冶炼渣的无害化处理及资源化利用，具有良好的经济效益和社会效益。The preparation method of the present invention is simple and easy to implement and low in cost, realizes harmless treatment and resource utilization of lead-zinc smelting fuming furnace slag and cobalt smelting slag, and has good economic and social benefits.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
实施例一。Embodiment one.
某公司铅锌冶炼烟化炉渣，主要成分如下。The main components of fuming slag from a lead-zinc smelting company are as follows.
将铅锌冶炼烟化炉渣烘干磨碎成干粉，粒度小于75微米。Drying and grinding the lead-zinc smelting fuming furnace slag into dry powder with a particle size of less than 75 microns.
某地钴冶炼渣，主要成分如下。The main components of cobalt smelting slag in a certain place are as follows.
将钴冶炼渣烘干磨碎成干粉，粒度小于75微米。The cobalt smelting slag is dried and ground into dry powder with a particle size of less than 75 microns.
采用硅酸钠作为添加剂，烘干磨碎成干粉，粒度小于75微米。Sodium silicate is used as an additive, dried and ground into a dry powder with a particle size of less than 75 microns.
按65%铅锌冶炼烟化炉渣、28%钴冶炼渣、7%硅酸钠的原料配比分别称取上述粉料，混合搅拌均匀，制得陶粒粉料。According to the raw material ratio of 65% lead-zinc smelting fuming furnace slag, 28% cobalt smelting slag, and 7% sodium silicate, the above-mentioned powders were weighed, mixed and stirred evenly, and ceramsite powder was obtained.
将陶粒粉料送至成球制粒机中造粒成型，制得陶粒坯料。The ceramsite powder is sent to a ball granulator for granulation and molding to obtain a ceramsite blank.
将陶粒坯料在105℃下烘干4小时。Dry the ceramsite blank at 105°C for 4 hours.
将烘干后的陶粒坯入烧结炉，升温速度15℃/min，至950℃保温1.5小时，随炉冷却，出炉得陶粒成品。Put the dried ceramsite billet into the sintering furnace with a heating rate of 15°C/min, keep it at 950°C for 1.5 hours, cool down with the furnace, and get the finished ceramsite product out of the furnace.
所制得陶粒产品的主要性能（见下表）符合GB_T 17431.1-2010对人造轻集料的性能标准要求。The main properties of the prepared ceramsite products (see the table below) meet the performance standard requirements of GB_T 17431.1-2010 for artificial lightweight aggregates.
实施例二。Embodiment two.
某公司铅锌冶炼烟化炉渣，主要成分如下。The main components of fuming slag from a lead-zinc smelting company are as follows.
将铅锌冶炼烟化炉渣烘干磨碎成干粉，粒度小于75微米。Drying and grinding the lead-zinc smelting fuming furnace slag into dry powder with a particle size of less than 75 microns.
某地钴冶炼渣，主要成分如下。The main components of cobalt smelting slag in a certain place are as follows.
钴冶炼渣烘干磨碎成干粉，粒度小于75微米。Cobalt smelting slag is dried and ground into dry powder with a particle size of less than 75 microns.
采用硅酸钠作为添加剂，烘干磨碎成干粉，粒度小于75微米。Sodium silicate is used as an additive, dried and ground into a dry powder with a particle size of less than 75 microns.
按70%铅锌冶炼烟化炉渣、24%钴冶炼渣、6%硅酸钠的原料配比分别称取上述粉料，混合搅拌均匀，制得陶粒粉料。According to the raw material ratio of 70% lead-zinc smelting fuming furnace slag, 24% cobalt smelting slag, and 6% sodium silicate, the above-mentioned powders were weighed, mixed and stirred evenly, and ceramsite powder was obtained.
将陶粒粉料送至成球制粒机中造粒成型，制得陶粒坯料。The ceramsite powder is sent to a ball granulator for granulation and molding to obtain a ceramsite blank.
将陶粒坯料在105℃下烘干4小时。Dry the ceramsite blank at 105°C for 4 hours.
将烘干后的陶粒坯入烧结炉，升温速度15℃/min，至950℃保温1.5小时，随炉冷却，出炉得陶粒成品。Put the dried ceramsite billet into the sintering furnace with a heating rate of 15°C/min, keep it at 950°C for 1.5 hours, cool down with the furnace, and get the finished ceramsite product out of the furnace.
所制得陶粒产品的主要性能（见上表）符合GB_T 17431.1-2010对人造轻集料的性能标准要求。The main properties of the prepared ceramsite products (see the table above) meet the performance standard requirements of GB_T 17431.1-2010 for artificial lightweight aggregates.
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