CN106687414A - 制造用于能量存储设备和能量应用的增强型β"‑氧化铝固体电解质的方法 - Google Patents
制造用于能量存储设备和能量应用的增强型β"‑氧化铝固体电解质的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN106687414A CN106687414A CN201580044922.5A CN201580044922A CN106687414A CN 106687414 A CN106687414 A CN 106687414A CN 201580044922 A CN201580044922 A CN 201580044922A CN 106687414 A CN106687414 A CN 106687414A
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- Prior art keywords
- solid electrolyte
- aluminum oxide
- precursor
- oxide
- yttrium
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- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 81
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 10
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title abstract description 4
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 119
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 65
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 79
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 49
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 49
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 35
- FAHBNUUHRFUEAI-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxidooxidoaluminium Chemical compound O[Al]=O FAHBNUUHRFUEAI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 29
- 229910001593 boehmite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Al+3] WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910021502 aluminium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- -1 pseudobochmite Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001680 bayerite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052594 sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910006587 β-Al2O3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 35
- 238000000280 densification Methods 0.000 abstract description 28
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 11
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Mn]=O NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 34
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 30
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 21
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 14
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 9
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nitrate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium nitrate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000007596 consolidation process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000012702 metal oxide precursor Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 5
- 159000000003 magnesium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000011812 mixed powder Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 241000283070 Equus zebra Species 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000002927 oxygen compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000011833 salt mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical class O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium Chemical compound [Na] KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BNOODXBBXFZASF-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Na].[S] Chemical compound [Na].[S] BNOODXBBXFZASF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 159000000013 aluminium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910000329 aluminium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001679 gibbsite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000008240 homogeneous mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001507 metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 2
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910009112 xH2O Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910003158 γ-Al2O3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium cation Chemical compound [Na+] FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000498 ball milling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- PYRZPBDTPRQYKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclopentene-1-carboxylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CCCC1 PYRZPBDTPRQYKG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005518 electrochemistry Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000021760 high fever Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001095 magnesium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000021 magnesium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000005324 oxide salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium carbonate Substances [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010345 tape casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- VXUYXOFXAQZZMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium(IV) isopropoxide Chemical compound CC(C)O[Ti](OC(C)C)(OC(C)C)OC(C)C VXUYXOFXAQZZMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0561—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
- H01M10/0562—Solid materials
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- C01G25/00—Compounds of zirconium
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- C01F7/00—Compounds of aluminium
- C01F7/02—Aluminium oxide; Aluminium hydroxide; Aluminates
- C01F7/028—Beta-aluminas
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C01F—COMPOUNDS OF THE METALS BERYLLIUM, MAGNESIUM, ALUMINIUM, CALCIUM, STRONTIUM, BARIUM, RADIUM, THORIUM, OR OF THE RARE-EARTH METALS
- C01F7/00—Compounds of aluminium
- C01F7/78—Compounds containing aluminium, with or without oxygen or hydrogen, and containing two or more other elements
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- C04B2235/32—Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种致密β"‑氧化铝/氧化锆复合固体电解质及其制造方法。该方法允许在1600℃或更低的温度下进行制造。固体电解质包括致密复合基体,该基体包含β"‑氧化铝,氧化锆,和一种或多种在烧结时有助于前体盐的转化和致密化的过渡金属氧化物。复合固体电解质可用于钠能量储存装置和电力网系统和用于能量应用的装置。
Description
本发明是在政府支持下按照美国能源部批准的合同DE-AC05-76RLO1830进行的。政府对本发明享有一定的权利。
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求在2014年8月21日提交的申请号为14/465,476的美国专利申请的优先权。
技术领域
本发明主要涉及β"-氧化铝固体电解质及其制造方法。更具体地,本发明涉及一种在更低温度下制造适合用于能量储存装置和能量应用的致密β"-氧化铝固体电解质的新方法。
背景技术
氧化铝相固体电解质是用于负载调平电池(load-leveling batteries)的良好固体电解质,因为它们在通过电解质的钠离子浓度很高的情况下也可以提供强离子电导率。优选仅由β双引号(β"或Beta")氧化铝相材料组成的固体电解质,因为钠离子是BASE材料的唯一导电离子。然而,β"-氧化铝相固体电解质(BASE)难以合成。常规的制造工艺包括双烧结步骤。首先,在1600℃的高温下烧结α-氧化铝相粉末,以形成包含α-氧化铝相材料的单一固结的单块结构。术语“固结”是指在烧结时起始粉末将所有粉末组合成单一块体结构。然后将含有α-氧化铝相材料的固结的块体结构填充在含Na氧化物/硝酸盐和/或含Li氧化物/硝酸盐粉末的床中,并在1400℃的温度下二次烧结,以将α-氧化铝相材料转化成β"-氧化铝相材料。本发明使用的术语“转化”是指从α-氧化铝相材料转变为β"-氧化铝相材料。粉末床中的含Na和含Li的氧化物和硝酸盐粉末在β"-氧化铝相材料形成时使其稳定。然而,在高温下烧结α-氧化铝相材料存在众所周知的问题。首先,稳定元素钠和锂的蒸发在固结所需的高烧结温度下很高。烧结过程中损失的钠降低了所得固体电解质的导电性。此外,由于高烧结温度,在固结结构中的晶粒经常生长得更大。生长得更大的晶粒显著降低了所得固体电解质的机械强度。此外,在粉末床中使用的粉末填料通常在烧结之后就被丢弃,这显著增加了该方法的成本。因此,需要新的方法来制作具有期望密度和细化晶粒微观结构的适合用于涉及能量应用的钠导电能量存储装置(例如ZEBRA和NaS电池)的纯且致密的β"-氧化铝相固体电解质。本发明满足了这些需要。
发明概要
本发明包括制造适合用于例如用于能量应用的钠导电能量存储装置的致密β"-氧化铝/氧化锆或致密β"-氧化铝/钇稳定的氧化锆(YSZ)固体电解质的方法。该方法可包括在空气中在低于约1600℃的温度下将包含选定比率的氧化铝(包含一种或多种的任何氧化铝相)与氧化锆或YSZ的前体混合物(例如,粉末)烧结足够时间以形成致密β"-氧化铝/氧化锆或YSZ复合固体电解质,该复合固体电解质的密度大于约90%。本发明使用的术语“前体混合物”是指烧结前的混合物,该混合物包含任何相形式的氧化铝或氧化铝前体,金属稳定盐例如锂盐和/或镁盐或它们的前体,钠盐或它们的前体,这些物质在所得的固体电解质中产生选择的导电性,以及一种或多种过渡金属氧化物,包括例如氧化锆或YSZ,MnO2或它们的过渡金属氧化物前体。前体混合物组分可以在一个或多个批次中与相同或不同组分的组合或制备,以有助于处理。不存在限制。
本发明还包括致密的高性能复合固体电解质。固体电解质可以包括烧结复合材料,该烧结复合材料包含纯β"-氧化铝和氧化锆或YSZ作为相材料,还包含一种或多种过渡金属氧化物。本发明使用的术语“烧结”(“sintered”和“sintering)是指通常在低于1600℃的温度下加热同时含有选定量的氧化铝、氧化锆或YSZ,和一种或多种金属氧化物的前体混合物并且时间足以将前体混合物中的氧化铝同时转化成纯β"-氧化铝的工艺,其将前体混合物固结成致密的β"-氧化铝/氧化锆或YSZ复合固体电解质。致密复合固体电解质可用于钠导电能量存储装置,包括但不限于,例如ZEBRA电池,钠金属卤化物电池,液体钠电池,熔融钠电池,钠硫(Na/S)电池,和中间温度(<200℃)钠β电池。钠能量存储装置可以用作能量产生装置和系统中的部件,例如电力网系统,和作为在其它能量产生应用中使用的部件。
该方法将前体混合物中的所有氧化铝相同时转化成纯β"-氧化铝,并在单一转化/致密化步骤中进一步将前体混合物中的前体致密成致密的β"-氧化铝/氧化锆或致密的β"-氧化铝/钇稳定的氧化锆(YSZ)高性能复合固体电解质。该方法消除了对在常规制造方法中所需的在填充粉末床中的单独致密化和转化步骤的需要。前体混合物中的氧化铝可以包括α-Al2O3,β-Al2O3,γ-Al2O3,或者可以来自前体,如羟基氧化铝,氢氧化铝,其它氧化铝前体,或这些各种材料的组合。
羟基氧化铝(Aluminum oxyhydroxide)可以包括,但不限于,例如勃姆石和假勃姆石。氢氧化铝可以包括,但不限于,例如三羟铝石和三水铝石。
在一些应用中,氧化锆可以包括YSZ,其中YSZ掺杂有约10mol重量%或更低的钇。
在一些应用中,在烧结前的前体混合物中,氧化铝与氧化锆或YSZ的比率可以大于约50体积%。在一些应用中,氧化铝与氧化锆或YSZ的比率可以小于约50体积%。
在一些应用中,固体电解质可包括浓度平均为约10重量%或更低的一种或多种过渡金属氧化物,或平均在约5mol%至约10mol%之间。
在一些应用中,含有氧化铝和氧化锆或YSZ的前体混合物可包括选定量的金属氧化物TiO2或二氧化钛前体,其有助于在烧结时将前体混合物中的氧化铝或氧化铝前体转化成α-氧化铝。在一些应用中,含有氧化铝和氧化锆或YSZ的前体混合物可包括选定量的MnO2或MnO2前体,其帮助复合材料的烧结。
固体电解质可以是各种形状的。在一些应用中,固体电解质可以是盘状的。在一些应用中,固体电解质可以是管状的。
在一些应用中,含有氧化铝和氧化锆或YSZ的前体混合物可包括选定量的金属氧化物TiO2和MnO2或它们的前体,和/或其它过渡金属氧化物。在烧结前的前体混合物中,TiO2,MnO2,其它含钛氧化物,其它含锰氧化物,和这些各种氧化物的组合的量可以是约10mol%或更低。
该方法可包括在烧结之前将氧化铝,氧化锆或YSZ,和过渡金属氧化物的前体混合物浇铸或压制到带上。浇铸方法包括,但不限于,例如带浇铸(tape casting)。压制方法包括,但不限于,例如冷等静压(CIP)。
包含所选定前体的前体混合物的烧结可在基本上低于常规方法所需的温度下进行。在一些应用中,烧结温度可以在约1400℃至低于约1600℃之间。在一些应用中,烧结温度可以低于约1500℃。在一些应用中,烧结温度可以是约1400℃。在一些应用中,烧结温度可以低于约1200℃。在一些应用中,烧结温度可以是约900℃。在一些应用中,烧结温度可以在约900℃至约1200℃之间。在一些应用中,烧结温度可以在约1200℃至约1500℃或至约1600℃之间。在这些温度下的烧结显著提高了复合固体电解质的纯度和所得的性质。
在各种应用中,固体电解质可包括[1.67:10.67],或[3.34:10.67],或[4.18比10.67]的钠(Na)与铝(Al)比率。
在一些应用中,固体电解质可包括至少约300MPa的机械强度。在一些应用中,致密的固体电解质可具有至少约460MPa的机械强度。在一些应用中,致密的固体电解质可具有至少约500MPa的机械强度。
在一些应用中,致密的复合固体电解质可包括大于约90%的密度。在一些应用中,致密的复合固体电解质可包括在约90%至约95%之间的或更大的密度。
致密的复合固体电解质可包括各种选定的形状。形状不受限制。在一些应用中,复合电解质的形状可以是盘状的,管状的或其它形状的。不存在限制。
固体电解质还表现出优异的电化学性能。特别地,固体电解质表现出降低电池极化的低电阻率(电阻率×厚度;或厚度÷电导率)。固体电解质的导电率为其在能量储存装置中提供了优异的电化学性能。
固体电解质可以是本发明所述的各种钠导电能量存储装置的一个成分。固体电解质还可以是电力网系统或装置的一个成分。
上述概要的目的是使得美国专利商标局和公众,特别是不熟悉专利或法律的术语或措辞的本领域科学家、工程师和从业者,能够快速地从粗略审阅中确定本申请的技术公开的性质和本质。上述概要既不旨在限定由权利要求决定保护范围的本申请的发明,也不旨在以任何方式限制本发明的范围。
附图的简要说明
图1展示了本发明的合成致密的β"-Al2O3/YSZ固体电解质的方法。
图2A-2C是XRD图,其比较了随温度变化而变化的β"-Al2O3相在由勃姆石和其它盐制备的固体电解质中的稳定性。
图3展示了烧结曲线,该烧结曲线表明了加入的盐随温度变化的而变化的对含有勃姆石的粉末前体混合物的致密化的影响。
图4A-4D展示了含有勃姆石和其它盐的结构在1400℃的温度下烧结和致密化后的密度。
图5A-5D展示了含有勃姆石和其它盐的结构在1600℃的温度下烧结和致密化后的密度。
详细说明
本发明公开了一种致密β"-氧化铝/氧化锆复合固体电解质及其制造方法。复合电解质是用于适合能量应用的钠导电能量存储装置的高性能电解质,具有优异的电化学性能,细化晶粒的显微结构,和高机械强度。在以下描述中,通过说明预期用于实施本发明的最佳模式的方式,展示和描述了本发明的实施方案。很明显,本发明可以包括各种修改和替代结构。应当理解,不应将本发明限制为所公开的具体形式,恰恰相反,本发明旨在覆盖落入由权利要求限定的本发明的精神和范围内的所有修改、替代构造和等同方式。因此,这里的描述应被视为是说明性的而不是限制性的。
图1展示了本发明的一个示例性的合成致密的高性能复合固体电解质的方法。该方法可包括在选定温度下烧结氧化铝前体混合物,该氧化铝前体混合物同时包含任何氧化铝相或选定的氧化铝前体,氧化锆或YSZ,以及一种或多种过渡金属氧化物或选定的金属氧化物前体,从而产生致密的β"-氧化铝/氧化锆或致密的β"-氧化铝/YSZ复合固体电解质。
在一个示例性步骤(102)中,可以将任何形式的氧化铝或选定的氧化铝前体与其它前体盐混合,所述前体盐包括用于导电的钠盐,稳定前体混合物和所得固体电解质基体的锂盐和/或镁盐,以及帮助各种氧化铝相转化成纯β"-Al2O3并在烧结期间辅助前体混合物致密化的一种或多种过渡金属氧化物或选定的金属氧化物前体盐,如本发明进一步详述。
在烧结前的前体混合物中的氧化铝可以包括α-Al2O3,β-Al2O3,和/或γ-Al2O3。氧化铝前体可以包括,但不限于,羟基氧化铝,氢氧化铝,以及这些各种材料的组合。羟基氧化铝可以包括,但不限于,例如勃姆石(碱性铝氧化物的结晶形式,化学式AlOOH)和假勃姆石。氢氧化铝可以包括,但不限于,例如三羟铝石和三水铝石。
起稳定作用的金属元素盐包括,但不限于,例如锂盐(例如LiNO3,Li2CO3等),和/或镁盐,如Mg(NO3)2,MgCO3和其它镁盐。
产生导电的前体盐包括,但不限于,例如钠盐,如NaNO3,Na2CO3和其它钠盐。
过渡金属氧化物盐可以包括,但不限于,例如TiO2,MnO2,其它过渡金属氧化物,也包括各种过渡金属氧化物的组合。
过渡金属氧化物前体包括,但不限于,例如异丙醇钛(Ti isoproxide),Mn(NO3)2,和其它含过渡金属的盐。
前体盐可以在选定的溶剂中混合以形成浆料或溶液。添加溶剂有助于各种前体盐的混合,这样有助于形成前体和固体的均匀混合物。溶剂可以包括,但不限于,例如正醇(例如甲醇,丙醇等),异丙醇(IPA),水,其它溶剂,以及各种溶剂的组合。溶剂体积不受限制。
在另一个示例性步骤(104)中,可以研磨(例如,球磨)含有前体盐的浆料足以形成均匀的前体混合物的时间。在一些实施方案中,前体混合物可以平均研磨或混合5小时的时间。然而,研磨和混合时间不受限制。然后可以干燥前体盐的均匀前体混合物以除去溶剂。干燥温度和干燥时间不受限制。
在另一个示例性步骤(106)中,均匀前体混合物可以在选定的温度下煅烧,以将各种氧化铝或氧化铝前体相转化成单一的α-氧化铝相材料。在一些应用中,煅烧温度可以在约800℃至约900℃之间选择。在一些应用中,煅烧温度可以在约600℃至约800℃之间选择。在一些应用中,煅烧温度可以在约400℃至约600℃之间选择。实现煅烧的时间不受限制。
金属氧化物前体,例如Ti前体,也可以转化成过渡金属氧化物(例如TiO2)。在前体混合物中存在的TiO2有助于在烧结时形成β"-氧化铝相材料,如本发明进一步讨论的。
在一些实施方案中,前体混合物中的TiO2浓度可以是约10mol%或更低。在一些实施方案中,前体混合物中的TiO2浓度平均可以在约5mol%至约10mol%之间。在一些实施方案中,前体混合物中的TiO2浓度平均可以在约2mol%至约5mol%之间。在使用时,TiO2前体可以包括在所得固体电解质中产生所选定的或所需的TiO2浓度的浓度。不存在限制。
在另一个示例性步骤(108)中,MnO2或前体盐,例如Mn(NO3)2,可以溶解在水或另一种合适的溶剂中,并与氧化锆或YSZ混合以形成浆料。溶剂的量不受限制。在一些实施方案中,MnO2(或其它金属氧化物)的浓度可以是约10mol%或更低。在一些实施方案中,前体混合物中的MnO2浓度平均可以在约5mol%至约10mol%之间。在一些实施方案中,前体混合物中的MnO2浓度平均可以在约2mol%至约5mol%之间。在使用时,前体混合物中的金属氧化物前体盐可以包括在所得固体电解质中产生所选定的或所需的MnO2浓度的浓度。不存在限制。
在另一个示例性步骤(110)中,可以混合或研磨含有含锰过渡金属氧化物或含锰前体和氧化锆或YSZ的浆料足以形成均匀前体混合物的时间。在一些实施方案中,前体混合物可以平均研磨或混合5小时的时间。然而,研磨和混合时间不受限制。然后,可以干燥含有混合盐和前体的浆料以除去任何溶剂,产生均匀的前体混合物。干燥温度和干燥时间不受限制。
在另一个示例性步骤(112)中,含有氧化锆或YSZ和含Mn盐的均匀前体混合物可以一起煅烧足够的时间以形成均匀分布或分散在前体混合物中的过渡金属氧化物MnO2。在一些实施方案中,煅烧温度可以在约800℃至约900℃之间选择。在一些实施方案中,煅烧温度可以在约600℃至约800℃之间选择。在一些实施方案中,煅烧温度可以在约400℃至约600℃之间选择。实现煅烧的时间不受限制。在前体混合物中存在的MnO2有助于在烧结时形成β"-氧化铝相材料。氧化锆或YSZ的存在有助于固体电解质在烧结时的致密化。
在另一个示例性步骤(114)中,可以将选定的比率的含有TiO2或另一种金属氧化物的α-氧化铝相材料与含有MnO2或另一种金属氧化物的氧化锆或YSZ一起混合以形成所有组分的均匀混合物。
在一些实施方案中,α-氧化铝与氧化锆或YSZ在混合粉末中的重量比是约7:3[氧化铝:氧化锆或YSZ]。
在一些实施方案中,混合粉末中的α-氧化铝与氧化锆或YSZ的体积比平均可以大于约50%。
在一些实施方案中,混合粉末中的α-氧化铝与氧化锆或YSZ的体积比平均可以小于约50%。
在该图中,氧化铝盐或前体盐可以与氧化锆或YSZ分开混合。然而,本发明不限于此。例如,在一些实施方案中,氧化铝盐或氧化铝前体盐,氧化锆或YSZ,产生导电性的金属盐,起稳定作用的金属盐,和一种或多种过渡金属氧化物或金属氧化物前体可以在选定的溶剂中一起混合,再干燥除去溶剂,然后一起煅烧,产生均匀的盐前体混合物。在一些实施方案中,以较小的批次混合较少量的前体有利于混合和处理大量的盐和前体盐。因此,没有限制。
在另一个示例性步骤(116)中,可以将包含α-氧化铝,氧化锆或YSZ,和相应金属氧化物的混合物浇铸或压制成包括选定的成形结构的浇铸体或压制体。浇铸方法可以包括,但不限于,例如带铸造。压制方法可以包括,但不限于,例如冷等静压(CIP)。形状不受限制。在一些实施例中,形状可以是盘状的或管状的。
在另一个示例性步骤(118)中,压制的、浇铸的或成形的结构可以在低于约1600℃的温度下烧结,以同时转化和致密化在浇铸的或压制的结构中的盐,以产生致密的β"-氧化铝/氧化锆或致密的β"-氧化铝/YSZ复合固体电解质。
在一些实施例中,烧结温度可以在约1200℃至低于约1600℃之间选择。在一些实施例中,烧结温度可以在约1200℃至低于约1600℃之间选择。在一些实施例中,烧结温度可以在约1200℃至约1500℃之间选择。在一些实施例中,烧结温度可以选择低于约1200℃。因此,没有限制。如本领域普通技术人员可以理解的,上述的工艺步骤仅是示例性的。应当理解,步骤可以同时,连续,以不同的顺序,任选地或独立地执行。例如,如本发明所述,氧化铝,氧化锆或YSZ,和所有选定的金属氧化物或前体,可以在烧结之前一起混合和研磨。使用较小的批次可以有利于处理大量的不同盐。因此,对示例性方法的描述不应被认为是限制性的。
本发明的优势在于,该方法在比常规高温方法最多低200℃的烧结温度下制造致密的β"-Al2O3/氧化锆或YSZ复合固体电解质。特别地,对于勃姆石原料,纯β"-Al2O3相材料可以在低至900℃的温度下形成。低温方法在较低的温度下更有效率且更具成本效益。低温方法还允许使用包括炉子在内的低温设备。与常规制造中所需的分开的致密化和转化步骤相比,该方法还在单一烧结步骤中实现了致密化和转化。
图2A比较了勃姆石和TiO2(2mol%)的烧结的前体混合物的XRD图,该前体混合物在1200℃和1600℃的温度下烧结。结果表明,烧结的前体混合物在TiO2的存在下在1200℃至低于1600℃之间的温度下成功地转化成了纯β"-Al2O3,然而,在1600℃时,烧结的前体混合物的相发生了分离,形成了一定量的β'-氧化铝相。温度的选择应该有助于选定的前体的转化,但又能保持住期望的β"-氧化铝相。
图2B比较了烧结的勃姆石和MnO2(2mol%)的前体混合物的XRD衍射图,该前体混合物在1200℃和1600℃之间的温度下烧结。结果表明,烧结的前体混合物在MnO2的存在下在1200℃至1600℃之间的温度下成功地转化成了纯β"-Al2O3。
图2C比较了烧结的勃姆石、TiO2(2mol%)、YSZ和MnO2(2mol%)的前体混合物的XRD衍射图,该前体混合物在1200℃和1600℃之间的温度下烧结。结果表明,烧结的前体混合物在MnO2的存在下在1200℃至低于1500℃之间的温度下成功地转化成了纯β"-Al2O3。高于1500℃的结果归因于组分YSZ和MnO2之间起到在氧化铝转化成β"-Al2O3中作为烧结助剂的作用的竞争性质,以及有助于混合组分的致密化的TiO2。
在一些实施方案中,TiO2和MnO2(或它们的前体)可以以低于约10mol%的浓度加入到氧化铝或氧化铝前体盐和/或氧化锆或YSZ的前体混合物中。
在一些实施方案中,TiO2和MnO2可以以在约5mol%至约10mol%之间的浓度加入到氧化铝或氧化铝前体盐和/或氧化锆或YSZ的前体混合物中。
在一些实施方案中,TiO2和MnO2可以以低于约5mol%的浓度加入到氧化铝或氧化铝前体盐和/或氧化锆或YSZ的前体混合物中。
在一些实施方案中,TiO2和MnO2可以以在约2mol%至约5mol%之间的浓度加入到氧化铝或氧化铝前体盐和/或氧化锆或YSZ的前体混合物中。
TiO2和MnO2的加入有助于氧化铝和/或氧化铝前体的转化,也有助于在前体混合物中的盐在选定的温度下的致密化,从而产生致密的β"-氧化铝/氧化锆或致密的β"-氧化铝/YSZ固体电解质。
图3展示了烧结曲线,该烧结曲线表明了加入的盐随着温度变化对勃姆石和其它加入的盐的前体混合物的致密化的影响。在该图中,在约1200℃至约1600℃之间的温度下烧结时,包含勃姆石,TiO2,氧化锆或YSZ和MnO2的前体混合物的致密化是最显著的。
图4A展示了在1400℃下烧结时仅含勃姆石的前体混合物产生仅约38%的密度。图4B展示了在1400℃下烧结时包含勃姆石和TiO2的前体混合物产生仅约60%的密度。图4C展示了在1400℃下烧结时包含勃姆石,TiO2和氧化锆或YSZ的前体混合物产生83%的密度。图4D展示了在1400℃下烧结时包含勃姆石,TiO2,氧化锆或YSZ,和MnO2的前体混合物产生98%的密度。结果清楚地表明,金属氧化物TiO2和MnO2的存在分别促进了在形成固体电解质时的氧化铝转化和前体混合物致密化。
图5A展示了在1500℃下烧结时仅含有勃姆石的前体混合物产生仅约40%的密度。在图5B中,在1500℃下烧结时包含勃姆石和TiO2的前体混合物产生仅约60%的密度。在图5C中,在1500℃下烧结时包含勃姆石,TiO2,和氧化锆或YSZ的前体混合物产生高于80%至约86%的密度。在图5D中,在1500℃下烧结时包含勃姆石,TiO2,氧化锆或YSZ,和MnO2的前体混合物产生约99%的密度。结果清楚地表明,金属氧化物TiO2和MnO2的存在分别促进了在形成电解质时的氧化铝转化和前体混合物致密化。较高密度的结果可归因于在较高温度下的烧结。
在一些实施例中,复合固体电解质的密度大于或等于约90%。在一些实施例中,复合固体电解质的密度大于或等于约97%。在一些实施例中,复合固体电解质的密度大于或等于约98%。
[电阻率和电导率]
表1比较了在约1400℃至约1500℃之间的选定的烧结温度下制备的本发明的代表性的致密β"-Al2O3/YSZ复合固体电解质的电阻率值[以欧姆(Ω)计]。
表1.比较本发明的β"-Al2O3/YSZ复合固体电解质的电阻率值**,在100℃至300℃的操作温度下测量。
**单位是(Ω·cm)
在一些实施方案中,β"-Al2O3/YSZ复合固体电解质可包括1X比率的金属钠(Na)与金属铝(Al)。符号“1X”是指在所得的固体电解质中,钠(Na)与铝(Al)的金属比率是[1.67Na:10.67Al]。在一些实施方案中,Na与Al的比率可以是1.5X,在一些实施方案中,Na与Al的比率可以是2X。符号“2X”是指Na与Al的比率是1X状态下的2倍,即[3.34Na:10.67Al]。电导率与离子电导率(1/Ωm,或1/ρ,或σ)成反比。离子电导率测量电流流动通过β"-Al2O3/氧化锆或YSZ复合固体电解质的的容易程度。
本发明的致密β"-Al2O3/氧化锆或YSZ复合固体电解质适合作为钠能量储存装置的部件,包括但不限于,例如钠导电[例如β"-氧化铝固体电解质(BASE)]电池,ZEBRA电池,钠金属卤化物电池,液体钠电池,熔融钠电池,钠硫(Na/S)电池,和中温(<200℃)钠β电池。钠能量存储装置可以用作能量产生装置和系统例如电力网系统和在其它能量产生应用中的部件。
实施例
以下实施例用于提供对本发明各个方面的进一步理解。
实施例1
[具有组合的致密化和转化烧结的高性能复合固体电解质的制造(1)]
制造了由β"-Al2O3和YSZ组成的复合固体电解质。以勃姆石(AlOOH),99.9%的NaNO3(Sigma-Aldrich,St.Louis,MO,USA),99.99%的LiNO3(Sigma-Aldrich),97%的Ti{OCH(CH3)2}4(Alfa Aesar,Ward Hill,MA,USA),YSZ(例如5YSZ,UCM Advanced CeramicsGmbH,Laufenburg,Germany),和99.98%的Mn(NO3)·xH2O(Alfa Aesar)作为原料。在第一批次混合物中,将勃姆石,NaNO3和LiNO3的前体粉末按化学式Na1.67Al10.67Li0.33O17的选定摩尔比混合,即Na/Al钠的比率是“1X”。将一定量的Ti{OCH(CH3)2}4作为氧化钛前体加入到勃姆石粉末中,以氧化锆球作为混合介质,在异丙醇溶剂中充分混合前体12小时,然后干燥,然后在900℃下在空气中煅烧10h以形成TiO2,TiO2的比率是混合物的2mol%。然后在第二批次混合物中,将Mn(NO3)·xH2O的前体粉末与YSZ在异丙醇中充分混合,干燥,并在900℃下在空气中煅烧10h以形成MnO2,MnO2的比率是盐混合物的5mol%。将两批次的混合物按选定的比率混合在一起以产生Al2O3:YSZ是7:3的重量比(即7Al2O3:3YSZ),或氧化铝的体积大于约50体积%。然后将混合粉末磨细,等静压压制或带浇铸(tape-cast),然后在约1400℃至约1500℃之间的选定温度下在空气中烧结5小时,以获得致密的β"-Al2O3/YSZ复合固体电解质。电解质被制成盘状的。
实施例2
[具有组合的致密化和转化烧结的高性能复合固体电解质的制造(2)]
在替代实施方案中,将期望量的勃姆石,NaNO3,LiNO3,Ti{OCH(CH3)2}4,YSZ,和Mn(NO3)·xH2O一起混合,并在900℃下煅烧以在盐混合物中形成2mol%的TiO2和5mol%的MnO2。然后将混合的前体盐磨碎,等静压压制或带浇铸,并在约1400℃至约1500℃之间的温度下在空气中烧结5小时,以获得致密的β"-Al2O3/YSZ复合固体电解质。电解质被制成如上面实施例1所述的盘状。
虽然上面已经展示和描述了本发明的示例性实施方案,但是对于本领域技术人员而言显而易见的是,在不脱离本发明的真实范围和更广泛方面的情况下,对本发明的技术方案可以做出许多改变和修改。因此,本发明所附的权利要求书旨在覆盖落入本发明范围内的所有这种改变和修改。
Claims (20)
1.一种制造方法,包括以下步骤:
在1600℃或更低的温度下在空气中以选定的时间烧结一种混合物以形成固体电解质,该混合物包含选定比率的氧化铝或其前体和氧化锆或钇稳定的氧化锆以及一种或多种选定的过渡金属氧化物或其前体,所述固体电解质包含β"-氧化铝和氧化锆或β"-氧化铝和钇稳定的氧化锆,还具有大于约90%的密度。
2.如权利要求1的方法,其中该混合物中的氧化铝和前体选自α-Al2O3,β-Al2O3,γ-Al2O3,羟基氧化铝,勃姆石,假勃姆石,氢氧化铝,三羟铝石,三水铝矿,及其组合。
3.如权利要求1的方法,其中钇稳定的氧化锆掺杂有10mol重量%或更低的钇。
4.如权利要求1的方法,其中在烧结之前该混合物中的氧化铝与氧化锆的比率,或氧化铝与钇稳定的氧化锆的比率是50体积%或更高。
5.如权利要求1的方法,其中在烧结之前该混合物中的氧化铝与氧化锆的比率,或氧化铝与钇稳定的氧化锆的比率是50体积%或更低。
6.如权利要求1的方法,其中所述固体电解质包括浓度平均是约10重量%或更低的一种或多种过渡金属氧化物。
7.如权利要求1的方法,其中烧结在900℃至1200℃之间的温度下进行。
8.如权利要求1的方法,其中烧结在1200℃至1500℃之间的温度下进行。
9.如权利要求1的方法,其中所述固体电解质具有至少300MPa的机械强度。
10.如权利要求1的方法,其中所述固体电解质具有在90%至95%之间的或更高的密度。
11.如权利要求1的方法,其中所述固体电解质包括比率是[1.67:10.67]Na与Al。
12.一种致密的复合固体电解质,包括:
烧结复合物,该烧结复合物包含β"-氧化铝和氧化锆或β"-氧化铝和钇稳定的氧化锆,还包含选定浓度的一种或多种过渡金属氧化物,其中所述固体电解质具有大于90%的密度。
13.如权利要求12的固体电解质,其中Na与Al的比率是[1.67:10.67]。
14.如权利要求12的固体电解质,其中密度是在90%至95%之间或更高。
15.如权利要求12的固体电解质,其中所述固体电解质具有至少300MPa的机械强度。
16.如权利要求12的固体电解质,其中氧化铝与氧化锆的比率或氧化铝与钇稳定的氧化锆的比率是50体积%或更低。
17.如权利要求12的固体电解质,其中氧化铝与氧化锆的比率或氧化铝与钇稳定的氧化锆的比率是50体积%或更高。
18.如权利要求12的固体电解质,其中一种或多种过渡金属氧化物的浓度平均是10%或更低。
19.如权利要求12的固体电解质,其中钇稳定的氧化锆掺杂有10mol重量%或更低量的钇。
20.如权利要求12的固体电解质,其中所述固体电解质是钠导电能量存储装置或电力网系统或装置的部件。
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PCT/US2015/032228 WO2016028348A1 (en) | 2014-08-21 | 2015-05-22 | PROCESS FOR FABRICATION OF ENHANCED β"-ALUMINA SOLID ELECTROLYTES FOR ENERGY STORAGE DEVICES AND ENERGY APPLICATIONS |
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KR102562329B1 (ko) * | 2017-09-13 | 2023-08-02 | 건국대학교 산학협력단 | 고체전해질의 제조방법 및 이로부터 제조되는 고체전해질 |
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