CN106470784A - 用于生产高温使用组分的新粉末金属工艺 - Google Patents
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Abstract
提供了一种用于从粉末制造金属部件的方法,包括以下步骤:a)提供球形金属粉末,b)将该粉末与水胶体在水中混合以获得团聚的金属粉末,c)压制团聚的金属粉末以获得压制的团聚金属粉末的部件,其中该部件的结构是开放的,d)使该部件脱粘以去除水胶体,e)使用高速压制法(HVC)来将该部件压制到优选超过完全理论密度的95%的密度,f)使用热等静压制法(HIP)来进一步压制到优选超过完全理论密度的99%以获得制成的金属制品,其中在步骤c)之前向金属粉末中添加至少一种氧化物,该氧化物具有高于金属粉末熔点的熔点。
Description
技术领域
本发明一般涉及制造具有改善的高温性质的金属部件的方法。
背景
已知在许多情况中,由气体雾化的钢制成的完全致密的PM(金属粉末)产品在高要求环境中以及高温下显示出出色的性质。
还已知,由于所谓的“齐纳制动(Zener Brake)”现象(其为精细分散的颗粒例如氧化物的效果),由气体雾化的钢制成并且通过例如热等静压制法HIP固化的完全致密的PM部件显示出良好的蠕变性能,尤其是在与常规锻造钢相当的蠕变范围中的较低温度下。然而,在较高的蠕变温度下,它们通常显示出较差的性质。这是由于上述齐纳制动效应的影响,其向组件提供了良好的蠕变稳定性,但也通常提供更细的粒度。已知在较高的蠕变温度下,需要更大的粒度来提供组件的最优高蠕变破裂强度。
存在例如通过热等静压制或例如通过湿法研磨粉末与在固化前于在不同温度下预退火联合来控制上述PM钢的粒度的技术。所有这些技术是非常昂贵且耗时的。也显示高效控制最终粒度是极难的。
概述
本发明的目的是消除至少一些现有技术的缺陷并且提供制造金属部件的改进方法以及金属部件。
在第一方面,提供了一种用于从粉末制造金属部件的方法,包括以下步骤:a)提供球形金属粉末,b)将该粉末与水胶体在水中混合以获得团聚的金属粉末,c)压制团聚的金属粉末以获得压制的团聚金属粉末的部件,其中该部件的结构是开放的,d)使该部件脱粘以去除水胶体,e)使用高速压制法(HVC)来将该部件压制到优选超过完全理论密度的95%的密度,f)使用热等静压制法(HIP)来进一步压制到优选超过完全理论密度的99%以获得制成的金属制品,其中在步骤c)之前向金属粉末中添加至少一种氧化物,该氧化物的熔点高于金属粉末熔点。
在第二方面中,提供了包含氧化物的金属部件,并且其按照上述方法的任意实施方式制造。
在所附的权利要求中限定的其他方面和实施方式,其具体通过引用纳入本文。
还公开了可能将齐纳制动效应与小氧化物的受控添加相结合,并且这给出了从气体雾化的粉末制成PM产生的完全致密产品的新选择和应用。
描述了一种新的工艺,其中工艺与对进入的粉末尺寸的具体控制以及氧化物细粉末例如氧化铝(Al2O3)和/或氧化锆的添加相结合,并且其在最终组件中给出了精确的最终粒度。由于齐纳制动效应,该组件在例如焊接时也显示出针对颗粒生长的高抗性,但也有更好的腐蚀性质。
颗粒边界打断了位错(dislocation)在金属中的运动。位错传播受到阻碍,这是因为颗粒边界缺陷区域的应力场以及缺少穿过边界的滑移面和滑移方向和整体排列。因此,降低粒度是改善强度的通常方式,通常不需要牺牲任何韧性,因为较小的颗粒在滑移面的单位面积上产生更多障碍。由霍尔-佩奇关系给出了这种晶体尺寸-强度关系。
颗粒边界迁移在许多蠕变机制中起到重要作用。颗粒边界迁移发生在剪切应力作用于颗粒边界平面并且导致颗粒滑移时。这意味着细颗粒材料实际上相对于较粗颗粒的蠕变抗性更弱,特别是在高温下,因为更小的颗粒在颗粒边界位置上含有更多原子。颗粒边界也导致形变,其中它们是点缺陷的来源和汇点(sink)。材料中的空穴往往在颗粒边界中聚集,并且如果这正好达到临界程度,该材料会断裂。
在颗粒边界迁移期间,速率确定步骤取决于2个相邻颗粒之间的角度。在小角度位错边界中,迁移速率取决于位错之间的空隙扩散。在大角度位错边界中,这取决于单原子从收缩的颗粒跃至生长的颗粒的原子运输。
已知对于不锈钢而言,蠕变性质极大程度上取决于粒度。在低温下,细粒度给出改善的蠕变性质,而在较高温度下,需要更粗的粒度来给出最优蠕变性质。在许多情况中,材料在某些蠕变范围下使用的前提条件是具有特定的最小粒度。
说明了一种克服在控制PM完全致密钢和合金中粒度方面所具有的困难的方式,其通过使用其中金属粉末在水中与粘合剂团聚的工艺。
可通过使用在团聚期间加入的稳定氧化物的细颗粒来确定最终粒度。通过使用确定的起始粒度或组分尺寸,可获得非常确定的最终粒度。
由此,可产生更廉价的合金和钢用于高温应用。候选的是铁素体铬钢,其具有出色的抗氧化性,但在通常条件下抗蠕变性非常低。
如上所述添加氧化物可导致以下方面的改善:
·在高温下同样受限的颗粒生长。
·在高温下使用组件时,尤其是经受应力时改善的蠕变性质。
·在操作中更好的耐腐蚀性,例如,在滑动接触中或当含有侵袭性(aggressive)颗粒的流体或气体接触组件时,尤其是在较高温度下。
附图的简要说明
现将参照附图以示例的方式描述本发明,附图中:
图1显示了不同材料的粒度对比温度,
图2显示了从粉末获得金属部件的不同途径,
图3显示了样品的结构,并且
图4显示了样品的蠕变测试结果。
详细描述
在公开和描述本发明之前,应该理解,本发明不局限于本文公开的具体化合物、构造、方法步骤、基材和材料,因为这些、化合物、构造、方法步骤、基材和材料可以在一定程度上变化。还应理解,本文所用术语的目的仅是描述具体实施方式,不用来构成限制,因为本发明的范围仅受所附权利要求书及其等价形式的限制。
必须注意,除非上下文另外明确说明,否则在本说明书和所附权利要求中使用的单数形式的“一个”、“一种”和“所述”包括复数指代物。
如果没有另外定义,本文使用的任意术语和科学术语旨在具有与本发明所属领域的技术人员通常所理解的相同含义。
在第一方面,提供了一种用于从粉末制造金属部件的方法,包括以下步骤:a)提供球形金属粉末,b)将该粉末与水胶体在水中混合以获得团聚的金属粉末,c)压制团聚的金属粉末以获得压制的团聚金属粉末的部件,其中该部件的结构是开放的,d)使该部件脱粘以去除水胶体,e)使用高速压制法(HVC)来将该部件压制到优选超过完全理论密度的95%的密度,f)使用热等静压制法(HIP)来进一步压制到优选超过完全理论密度的99%以获得制成的金属制品,其中在步骤c)之前向金属粉末中添加至少一种氧化物,该氧化物的熔点具有高于金属粉末的熔点。
球形金属粉末表示粉末中的几乎所有金属颗粒基本是球形。虽然该工艺也可用非球形金属粉末进行,但是用球形金属粉末得到更好的结果。
在一个实施方式中,氧化物的熔点比金属粉末高至少100℃。在一个实施方式中,氧化物的熔点比金属粉末高至少200℃。在一个实施方式中,氧化物的熔点比金属粉末高至少300℃。
在一个实施方式中,金属是钢。在一个实施方式中,金属是不锈钢。
在一个实施方式中,氧化物是金属氧化物。在一个实施方式中,氧化物选自氧化铝和氧化锆中的至少一种。
在一个实施方式中,氧化物的形式是具有小于0.2μm的平均粒度的粉末。在一个实施方式中,氧化物的形式是具有小于0.3μm的平均粒度的粉末。在一个实施方式中,氧化物的形式是具有小于0.5μm的平均粒度的粉末。在一个实施方式中,氧化物的形式是具有小于0.7μm的平均粒度的粉末。在一个实施方式中,氧化物的形式是具有小于1.0μm的平均粒度的粉末。粒度测量为随机形状的颗粒的任何维度上的最大尺寸。平均尺寸计算为所有颗粒的平均数。因此,在具有小于0.3μm的平均粒度的一个实施方式中,一些颗粒可能具有超过0.3μm的粒度而其余颗粒具有低于0.3μm的粒度,使得平均低于0.3μm。
在一个实施方式中,在步骤b)中氧化物在水中与粉末和水胶体混合在一起以得到团聚的金属粉末。
在步骤c)中,可通过提供开放结构的任意方法来进行首次压制,使得可在后续的脱粘/脱润滑步骤中去除粘合剂。在该首次压制步骤之后,密度应该通常低于完全理论密度的90%以得到允许水胶体在部件加热时离开部件的开放结构。
在一个实施方式中,在步骤f)之后,制成的金属不含获得超过完全理论密度的99.5%的密度。在一个实施方式中,在步骤f)之后,制成的金属不含获得超过完全理论密度的99.0%的密度。步骤f)中的HIP法在一个实施方式中不用任何包囊进行,并且在另一个实施方式中用包囊进行。
在一个实施方式中,在步骤e)和f)之间的至少一个步骤中处理部件,这种处理的示例包括但不限于加热、烧结、和用HVC法再冲制。在一个实施方式中,处理是加热。
多晶材料是由许多不同尺寸和定向的晶粒组成的固体。晶粒也称为颗粒。它们是小或均匀的微晶体并且在材料冷却期间形成。在一个实施方式中,选择在步骤a)中提供的球形金属粉末的粒度以控制制成的产品的粒度。例如,可通过用粗粒度球形金属粉末开始来在制成产品中获得所需的粗粒度。这对于待用于高温的材料而言特别需要。
在第二方面中,提供了包含氧化物的金属部件,并且其按照上述方法的任意实施方式制造。
工艺中的必需步骤是使用HVC法压制步骤以达到足够高以允许用于最终固化的无包囊HIP的密度。还清楚的是,由于细添加颗粒在球形颗粒上的精细分布,该结构有足够延展性以能够在HVC法步骤中经受形变。
一般而言,对于不锈钢,已知在蠕变范围的较低温度下,用较细粒度改善蠕变性质,同时在较高蠕变温度下,更粗的粒度给出了比细粒度更好的蠕变性质。
选择的测试材料是不锈钢316L。该合金也在蠕变应用中使用,并且通常需要材料具有显示最佳蠕变性质的最小粒度。
分析显示越125PPM的氧含量。甚至在这种低水平的具有高熔点的氧化物(大部分是锰、铝和其他合金)下,水平和形态足够强烈影响高温下的颗粒生长。正常加工的普通锻造钢的氧含量据称为30-70PPM。在本发明的工艺中,氧含量优选降低(如果使用正确的低露点)并且关于氧含量的差异着实微小。
我们使一片按照本发明制造的316L和常规锻造钢部件由相同的分析经过热处理,参见图1。观察到明显差异。本发明的材料在1300℃下仍然有ASTM4-5左右的粒度同时常规部件显示强的颗粒生长。常规材料的氧含量为45PPM。
这种差异的原因在于氧化物的数量和不同尺寸。齐纳制动公式提出,氧化物越细,齐纳制动结构越稳定。在以下公式中f=部件数量,即组分尺寸(fraction size)。
如果你比较氧化物,PM氧化物(即,已经存在于金属粉末中的氧化物)是非常小的,一般尺寸低于1微米。根据该公式,鉴于它们在相同氧含量下数量更多,同样获得这种效果。
316L的正常途径示于图2。观察到我们述及团聚球形粉末的“正常粒度”时,一般150-300μm的初始粒度与粒度通常为约22μm的MIM工艺相比。关键要素是压制步骤HVC法,其中,使最终致密化之前的密度到达最小95%的T.D.,通常对于316L而言高达97%T.D.。通常在纯氢中在1360-1385℃下进行氢氛围中的最终烧结。然后,密度刚好超过99%的T.D.。作为最终烧结的替代,可在据说1150℃下进行无包囊HIP法,产生原理上的完全密度。
已经在600℃下测试了本发明的316L材料的蠕变性质,其为蠕变范围的下限。在此,蠕变性质通常好于常规材料,可能是由于细粒度和细氧化物分散效果的组合效果。然而,在较高的蠕变温度下,常规316L有较高的蠕变性质,因为其相对易于得到更大的粒度,这种粒度给出了这种效果。本发明的材料如图1所示。如果设法增加粒度,可能是非常不均匀且不可预测的。
本发明改善高温性质的方式是添加高温稳定的氧化物的细氧化物颗粒,如氧化铝和/或氧化锆。
决定添加粒度<0.3μm的细Al2O3粉末。使用水溶性粘合剂的本发明的工艺在与这些细氧化物混合时是理想的。
以下的粒度用于金属粉末:
·0-150μm
·0-22μm
·0-75μm
·150-250μm
·250-500μm。
在金属粉末团聚之前测量粒度。
对于各自这些粒度,在团聚期间添加细Al2O3粉末(<0.3μm)。添加两个量的氧化铝,各粒度为0.5重量%和1重量%。由于在团聚时的技术,本发明的团聚技术允许更容易添加这种类型的细颗粒。由于氧化物的细度,细颗粒润湿了粉末颗粒的表面,即使是最细的也是如此。
按照图2产生了各混合设置的压制体。用在高温1385℃下烧结来进行最终的致密化。通常,会得到从高速压制法HVC后约96%的密度到通过在该高温下烧结的+99,5%T.D.的316L的完全致密化。
然而,在这种情况中,没有检测到烧结的效果。尽管采用高烧结温度,组件事实上没有变化。这种效果当然是细氧化物颗粒阻隔效果的结果。由于颗粒在原始粉末颗粒的表面上均匀分布,原理上,观察到并可检测到原始粉末颗粒。
因此,决定进行新的方法。在各步骤中,优化参数,其中在最终HVC法压制步骤时,部件预热至200℃。HVC后所得部件测量为97.2%T.D.。
在该密度水平下,组分显示封闭的孔隙。然而,首次烧结在1385℃下进行以确保结构的完全封闭。
在这之后,部件经过在1150℃下的无包囊HIP法循环。通过阿基米德原理和显微镜测量,在这操作之后的密度原则上是100%密度。
当测量粒度和结构时,发现对于各上述组分尺寸,粒度尺寸反应了原始粉末组分的起始尺寸,参见下表。
在本发明的工艺之后的组分a)的结果示于图3。
上述组件经过1385℃下的退火测试。原则上,结构的粒度不变。同时相同处理的常规材料显示过度的颗粒生长,测量粒度为ASTM0,甚至ASTM 00。
看似明显的是,通过添加稳定氧化物如氧化铝和/或氧化锆,可用上述工艺非常精细地控制最终粒度。
如果在相同粒度下比较本发明的316L和常规产生的316L,可以测量到高蠕变温度下本发明组件的更好性能,参见图4。这是由于已有的氧化物正常体积的影响,其与常规材料不同,通常以小尺寸存在,许多直径低于1μm。换而言之,齐纳制动也给出了上述这种影响。由于这种影响,也难以受控的方式将这种类型的材料退火至在高蠕变温度下需要的更粗的粒度。
水胶体定义为胶体系统,其中胶体颗粒是在水中分散的亲水性聚合物。在一个实施方式中,胶体是热可逆水胶体。本发明的亲水性聚合物的示例包括但不限于明胶。在一个实施方式中,团聚金属粉末中粘合剂的量不超过1.5重量%。
在阅读说明书和实施例之后,本发明的其他特征和用途及其相关优势对于本领域技术人员而言将是显而易见的。
应理解本发明并不限于本文所示的具体实施方式。提供实施方式用于说明的目的而不旨在限制本发明的范围,因为本发明的范围仅受所附权利要求书及其等价形式的限制。
Claims (11)
1.一种从球形金属粉末制造金属部件的方法,包括以下步骤:
a.提供球形金属粉末,
b.在水中将球形粉末与水胶体混合以获得团聚的球形金属粉末,
c.压制所述团聚的球形金属以获得压制的团聚的金属粉末的部件,其中所述部件的结构是开放的,
d.使所述部件脱粘以除去所述水胶体,
e.使用高速压制法(HVC)压制所述部件优选至超过95%的完全理论密度的密度,
f.使用HIP法进一步压制所述部件,优选至超过99%的完全理论密度以获得制成的金属部件,
其特征在于,在步骤c)之前向所述金属粉末加入至少一种氧化物,所述氧化物的熔点高于所述金属粉末的熔点。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述氧化物具有比所述金属粉末高至少100℃的熔点,其中所述氧化物在所述金属粉末的熔点下稳定,并且其中所述氧化物在所述金属粉末的熔点下并不与所述金属粉末反应。
3.如权利要求1-2中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,所述金属是钢。
4.如权利要求1-3中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,所述金属是不锈钢。
5.如权利要求1-4中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,所述氧化物是金属氧化物。
6.如权利要求1-5中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,所述氧化物选自氧化铝和氧化锆中的至少一种。
7.如权利要求1-6中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,所述氧化物的形式是平均粒度小于1μm的粉末。
8.如权利要求1-7中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,在步骤b)中所述氧化物在水中与所述粉末和所述水胶体混合在一起以得到团聚的金属粉末。
9.如权利要求1-8中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,在步骤e)和f)之间的至少一个额外步骤中处理所述部件。
10.如权利要求1-9中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,选择在步骤a)中提供的球形金属粉末的粒度以控制制成的产品的粒度。
11.一种包含氧化物的金属部件,并且其按照权利要求1-10中任一项所述制造。
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2015
- 2015-05-13 EP EP15793056.1A patent/EP3142815A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2015-05-13 US US15/310,825 patent/US20170120339A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2015-05-13 CA CA2948141A patent/CA2948141A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2015-05-13 WO PCT/SE2015/050541 patent/WO2015174915A1/en active Application Filing
- 2015-05-13 JP JP2016567534A patent/JP2017515977A/ja active Pending
- 2015-05-13 CN CN201580024565.6A patent/CN106470784A/zh active Pending
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Also Published As
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JP2017515977A (ja) | 2017-06-15 |
EP3142815A1 (en) | 2017-03-22 |
US20170120339A1 (en) | 2017-05-04 |
EP3142815A4 (en) | 2017-12-20 |
CA2948141A1 (en) | 2015-11-19 |
WO2015174915A1 (en) | 2015-11-19 |
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