CN106310293A - 在包括连续疏水相的载体中的脂质体在体内输送多核苷酸中的应用 - Google Patents
在包括连续疏水相的载体中的脂质体在体内输送多核苷酸中的应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
包含脂质体的组合物经常用于输送核酸到哺乳动物用于治疗性蛋白的外源表达,疾病引发蛋白质的表达抑制,或用于诱导针对疾病引发病原细胞或癌细胞的免疫应答。这些组合物的脂质体‑核酸复合物通常作为分散相悬浮在药学上可接受的含水载体中,所述含水载体构成连续相以形成水包油乳状液。通过使用疏水载体——而不是含水载体——的连续相来携带封装核酸的脂质体的分散相,产生了这样的组合物,其更有效地输送核酸到哺乳动物对象,除了被封装在脂质体外,核酸也可以作为油包水乳状液存在于疏水载体中。
Description
本申请是发明名称为”在包括连续疏水相的载体中的脂质体在体内输送多核苷酸中的应用”、申请号为“200880108975.9(PCT/CA2008/001678)”、申请日为2008年9月24日的申请的分案申请。
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2007年9月27日提交的美国临时专利申请号60/975,602和2008年6月13日提交的美国临时专利申请号61/061,303的权益和优先权,其中这两个申请通过引用全部并入本文。
发明领域
本申请涉及组合物在体内输送多核苷酸中的应用,所述组合物包含脂质体和作为载体的连续疏水相。
发明背景
对将核酸有效导入靶细胞和组织用于例如基因治疗已进行了很多研究。这种核酸可以是例如编码基因产物的序列或是短核苷酸序列,其对应特异基因或它们的产物的正义或反义序列,并且因此直接影响这些基因和/或它们的产物的表达。
在将核酸输送至正确的靶位点和足够数量的靶细胞方面仍然存在问题。核酸要经受核酸酶攻击并且通常不能穿过细胞膜。已提出大量的输送方法,包括显微注射、划痕负载(scrape loading)和受体介导的内吞作用。基于脂的载体系统,包括涉及使用脂质体的那些,经常用于包装治疗性核酸。但是,脂质体的使用可能引起问题,例如包装效力差和从循环中快速去除。还可能在包装足够的核酸而不增加脂质体大小到向靶组织的输送不受损的点方面存在问题。因此,存在对开发基于脂质体的输送系统用于将核酸靶向至正确的靶组织的需要。
发明概述
一方面,本发明提供组合物,其包含:包括连续相疏水物质的载体;脂质体和多核苷酸。
另一方面,本发明提供用于将多核苷酸输送给对象的方法,其包括将如上所述的组合物施用给对象。
在阅读本发明的具体实施方式的下列描述并结合附图后,本发明其它方面和特征对本领域普通技术人员将变得显而易见。
附图简述
在附图中,仅通过实例的方式图示了本发明的实施方式:
图1图示了在从注射后8天的淋巴结分离的细胞中的IL-12表达潜力。
图2图示了在从注射后8天的淋巴结分离的细胞中的IL-12表达潜力。将每组小鼠中检测的IL-12蛋白水平进行平均。
图3图示了在从注射后8天的淋巴结分离的细胞中的绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)表达潜力。组1(在PBS中的GFP)、组2(GFP/脂质体/疏水载体)、组3(GFP/疏水载体)和组4(GFP/脂质体)动物的淋巴结细胞含有可检测的GFP表达细胞,其高于水平线所代表的背景荧光。使用组5(脂质体/疏水载体,无GFP)和组6(未处理的小鼠)对照动物的淋巴结细胞荧光计数评价背景荧光。使用学生T检验(student T test)计算P值。
图4图示了在接种后8天显示GFP表达的CD11b/CD11c阳性淋巴结细胞。重新分析图1提供的数据以比较组1-6动物淋巴结中的CD11b/CD11c和GFP阳性细胞的数量(图1所述)。以总淋巴结细胞的百分比计算CD11b/CD11c阳性、GFP阳性细胞的数量。
图5图示了在注射IL-12 siRNA后,在从淋巴结分离的细胞中,对质粒IL-12诱导的IL-12蛋白表达的抑制。将每组小鼠中检测的IL-12蛋白水平进行平均。淋巴结细胞来自组1(只有pORF-mIL-12质粒,无siRNA)、组2(pORF-mIL-12质粒,在PBS中的IL-12-siRNA)、组3(pORF-mIL-12质粒,在脂质体/疏水载体中的IL-12-siRNA)和组4(未处理的、首次进行实验的小鼠(mice))。使用学生T检验计算P值。
图6图示了在注射IL-12 siRNA后,在从淋巴结分离的细胞中,对卵清蛋白-诱导的IL-12蛋白表达的抑制。将每组小鼠中检测的IL-12蛋白水平进行平均。淋巴结细胞来自组1(第0天在CFA中的卵清蛋白,无siRNA)、组2(在CFA中的卵清蛋白,在PBS中的IL-12-siRNA,第负1天)、组3(在CFA中的卵清蛋白,在脂质体/疏水载体中的IL-12-siRNA,第负1天)、组4(在CFA中的卵清蛋白,在PBS中的IL-12-siRNA,第正1天)、组5(在CFA中的卵清蛋白,在脂质体/疏水载体中的IL-12-siRNA,第正1天)和组6(未处理的首次进行实验的小鼠)。使用学生T检验计算P值。
发明详述
本发明提供用于将多核苷酸输送至对象的组合物。
多核苷酸
如本文所述多核苷酸的使用具体是指这样的多核苷酸,其含有的序列很大程度上相对应于特异基因或它们的产物的正义或反义序列,并因此对这些基因和/或它们的产物的表达具有直接作用。例如,含有基因编码序列的多核苷酸的使用影响在吸收这些多核苷酸的细胞中感兴趣基因的转录和/或翻译。类似地,RNA干扰多核苷酸的使用通过直接影响在吸收这些核苷酸的细胞中mRNA的水平来影响感兴趣的特异基因的表达。这明显不同于其它基于多核苷酸的分子,例如CpG和polyIC佐剂,其不是通过基因特异序列的存在而发挥作用。而且,基于多核苷酸的佐剂被认为以非特异方式调节免疫反应,并且它们的作用在接种位点起始,在那里与胞外受体相互作用以非特异方式增强免疫细胞的活性。在一些情况中,基于多核苷酸的佐剂被内化,由此它们通过与胞内受体相互作用来发挥它们的作用,类似地引起下游通路的活化,并共同地导致免疫细胞活性的增强以辅助免疫反应的产生。这些佐剂不直接影响特定基因的表达,所述基因被多核苷酸构建体靶向,如本文所考虑的。这些佐剂不直接与靶向基因的表达产物相互作用,它们也不含有与靶向基因的正义或反义序列相对应的序列。
在一个实施方式中,组合物用于增强编码多肽的多核苷酸的体内表达。在其它实施方式中,多核苷酸可以不编码多肽,而可以是例如这样的多核苷酸,其包括或编码反义RNA或非多肽的其它分子。在一些实施方式中,组合物包含感兴趣的多核苷酸——任选可操作地连接至适合引导蛋白质由多核苷酸表达的调控序列(例如启动子)、脂质体和包括连续相疏水物质的载体。如通过ELISA测量,证明了在鼠类模型中,相对于悬浮在磷酸盐缓冲液中的质粒DNA,本发明的组合物可增加质粒DNA的多肽表达。如通过免疫荧光测量,还证明了在鼠类模型中,相对于悬浮在磷酸盐缓冲液、不完全弗氏佐剂(IFA)或在无油的脂质体中的质粒DNA,本发明的组合物增加质粒DNA的多肽表达。
如本文所用术语“多核苷酸”包括任意长度(例如9、12、18、24、30、60、150、300、600、1500或更多个核苷酸)或链数(例如单链或双链)的核苷酸链。多核苷酸可以是DNA(例如基因组DNA或eDNA)或RNA(例如mRNA)或其组合。它们可以是自然发生的或合成的(例如化学合成的)。可预期的是,多核苷酸可在核苷酸链中含有一个或更多个含氮碱基、戊糖或磷酸基的修饰。这些修饰是本领域已知的并可以用于例如提高多核苷酸稳定性的目的。
如本文所用,术语“多肽”或“蛋白质”意思是任何氨基酸链,而不管长度(例如4、6、8、10、20、50、100、200、500或更多个氨基酸)或翻译后修饰(例如糖基化或磷酸化)。两个术语可互换使用。
本发明的组合物可用于在体内将各种多核苷酸输送至对象。在一些实施方式中,多核苷酸在对象中不被表达为蛋白质,而是编码例如反义RNA、干扰RNA、催化RNA或核酶。在一些实施方式中,多核苷酸编码在对象中体内表达的多肽。本发明不限于任何特定类型的多肽的表达。多肽可以是——仅通过说明性实例——抗原、抗体或抗体片段、酶、细胞因子、治疗蛋白、趋化因子、调控蛋白、结构蛋白、嵌合蛋白、核蛋白、转录因子、病毒蛋白、TLR蛋白、干扰素调控因子、血管生成抑制蛋白(angiostatic)或血管生成蛋白、凋亡蛋白、Fcγ受体、造血蛋白、肿瘤抑制蛋白、细胞因子受体、或趋化因子受体。
代表性抗原包括但不限于:源自霍乱毒素、破伤风毒素、白喉毒素、乙型肝炎表面抗原、血细胞凝集素、神经氨酸酶、流感M蛋白、PfHRP2、pLDH、醛缩酶、MSP1、MSP2、AMA1、Der-p-1、Der-f-1、Adipophilin、AFP、AIM-2、ART-4、BAGE、甲胎蛋白、BCL-2、Bcr-Abl、BING-4、CEA、CPSF、CT、细胞周期蛋白D1Ep-CAM、EphA2、EphA3、ELF-2、FGF-5、G250、促性腺激素释放激素、HER-2、肠羧基酯酶(iCE)、IL13Ra2、MAGE-1、MAGE-2、MAGE-3、MART-1、MART-2、M-CSF、MDM-2、MMP-2、MUC-1、NY-EOS-1、MUM-1、MUM-2、MUM-3、p53、PBF、PRAME、PSA、PSMA、RAGE-1、RNF43、RU1、RU2AS、SART-1、SART-2、SART-3、SAGE-1、SCRN 1、SOX2、SOX10、STEAP1、存活素(surviving)、端粒酶、TGFβRII、TRAG-3、TRP-1、TRP-2、TERT或WT1的那些抗原;源自病毒,诸如牛痘病毒、痘苗病毒、假牛痘病毒、1型人疱疹病毒、2型人疱疹病毒、巨细胞病毒、A-F型人腺病毒、多瘤病毒、人乳头状瘤病毒、细小病毒、甲型肝炎病毒、乙型肝炎病毒、丙型肝炎病毒、人类免疫缺陷病毒、正呼肠孤病毒(Orthoreovirus)、轮状病毒、埃博拉病毒、副流感病毒、甲型流感病毒、乙型流感病毒、丙型流感病毒、麻疹病毒、腮腺炎病毒、风疹病毒、肺病毒、人类呼吸道合胞病毒、狂犬病病毒、加利福尼亚脑炎病毒、日本脑炎病毒、汉坦病毒、淋巴细胞性脉络丛脑膜炎病毒、冠状病毒、肠道病毒、鼻病毒、脊髓灰质炎病毒、诺沃克病毒(Norovirus)、黄病毒、登革热病毒、西尼罗河病毒、黄热病病毒和水痘的那些抗原;源自细菌,例如炭疽、布鲁氏菌、念珠菌、肺炎衣原体(Chlamydia pneumoniae)、鹦鹉热衣原体(Chlamydia psittaci)、霍乱、肉毒杆菌(Clostridium botulinum)、粗球孢子菌(Coccidioides immitis)、隐球菌(Cryptococcus)、白喉、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)O157:H7、肠出血性大肠杆菌(Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli)、肠毒素大肠杆菌(Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli)、流感嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus influenzae)、幽门螺旋杆菌(Helicobacter pylori)、军团菌(Legionella)、钩端螺旋体(Leptospira)、李斯特菌(Listeria)、脑膜炎双球菌(Meningococcus)、肺炎支原体(Mycoplasma pneumoniae)、分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium)、百日咳(Pertussis)、肺炎(Pneumonia)、沙门氏菌(Salmonella)、志贺氏菌(Shigella)、葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus)、肺炎链球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae)和小肠结肠耶尔森氏菌(Yersinia enterocolitica)的那些抗原;或源自原生动物、例如恶性疟原虫(Plasmodium falciparum)的那些抗原。
RNA干扰(RNAi)是序列特异的转录后基因沉默机制,其通过双链RNA例如小的(或短的)干扰RNA(siRNA)和单链细胞内RNA例如微小RNA(miRNA,miRNA)引发,二者均可引起与siRNA或miRNA在序列上同源的mRNA的降解(Fire等,1998,Nature,391:806-811;Montgomery等,1998,PNAS,95:15502-15507;Elbashir等,2001,Nature,411:494-498)。RNAi是植物和哺乳动物共有的保守通路,其抑制具有互补序列的基因的表达(Hannon和Rossi,2004,Nature,431:371-378;Meister和Tuschl,2004,Nature,431,343-349)。RNAi首先在低等生物中发现,例如植物或线虫。在这些系统中,长dsRNA发挥RNAi有效引发剂的作用。长dsRNA不是实际的引发剂,而是被内切核糖核酸酶Dicer降解为小的效应子分子,称为siRNA。在哺乳动物中,Dicer加工作为与RNA-结合蛋白TRBP的复合体发生。新生的siRNA与Dicer、TRBP和Ago2结合以形成RNA-诱导的沉默复合体(RISC),其介导基因沉默(Chendrimada等,2005,Nature,436:740-744)。一旦在RISC中,siRNA的一条链(过客链)被降解或弃除,而另一条链(引导链)保持以引导沉默复合体的序列特异性。RISC的Ago2组分是核糖核酸酶,其在引导链的引导下切割靶RNA。
尽管在线虫(C.elegans)或果蝇(D.melanogaster)中通常采用长dsRNA(几百bp)以引发RNAi,但是这些分子在高等动物中将激活先天免疫系统并引发干扰素(IFN)应答。RNAi可在哺乳动物细胞中使用通常不诱导IFN应答的短RNA进行。今天,许多研究者采用合成的21聚体RNA双螺旋作为它们的RNAi反应物,其模拟由长底物RNA的Dicer加工产生的天然siRNA。可选的方法是使用长度大于21聚体的合成的RNA双螺旋,其是Dicer的底物(Tuschl,T.2002,Nature Biotechnology,20:446)。
最近发展的Dicer-底物RNA(DsiRNA)是化学合成的RNA双螺旋,其具有在RNA干扰方面增加的能力(Kim等,2005,Nat Biotechnol,23:222-226)。DsiRNA被Dicer加工为21聚体siRNA并被设计成使切割产生单个的所期望的产物。这可通过使用新的不对称设计来获得,其中RNA双螺旋在AS链上具有单个的2-碱基3′-突出,以及在另一端是平的;平端用DNA碱基修饰。这种设计为Dicer提供了单个有利的PAZ结合位点,其帮助引导切割反应。通过该加工事件引入功能性极性,其有助于将AS链装载入RISC,并且这些反应物的增加的效力被认为与Dicer加工和RISC装载之间的连锁相关(Rose等,2005,Nucleic Acids Res,33:4140-4156)。Dicer-底物方法可产生在相同位点效力高于传统21聚体siRNA十倍的反应物。
miRNA——首先描述在1993(Lee等,1993,Cell 75:843-854)——是长度为约21-23个核苷酸的单链RNA分子,其调控基因表达。miRNA由从DNA转录但不翻译成蛋白质的基因(非编码RNA)编码;而它们从称为pri-miRNA的初级转录体被加工为称为pre-miRNA的短茎环结构,最后加工为功能性miRNA。成熟的miRNA分子与一个或更多信使RNA(mRNA)分子部分互补,它们的主要功能是下调基因表达。尽管miRNA在细胞中产生并且是高度保守的,但是它很少能与mRNA序列具有完全的互补性。但是,miRNA可影响蛋白翻译和mRNA衰变,其通过结合至它不完全匹配的mRNA 3′UTR区上的靶位点,其也需要Ago蛋白(不像在siRNA中所见必需是Ago2)。将siRNA与miRNA比较和对比表明,如果siRNA命中3UTR上的不完全互补目标,它具有与微小RNA相似的行为,如果miRNA命中mRNA上的完全匹配的目标,它具有类似siRNA的行为。因此,尽管结构不同,siRNA和miRNA可能在宿主动物细胞中具有相似的生物学功能,在作用机制上具有一些差异。
因此,RNAi分子、siRNA和/或miRNA提供有效工具用于抑制内源基因表达,并因此可提供有效地调节生物反应的方法。研究已表明,RNAi可在抗原呈递树突细胞(DC)中被诱导以极化免疫反应。通过用对细胞因子IL-12p35亚基具有特异性的合成的siRNA转染DC,可能抑制生物活性IL-12,其随后导致Th2极化(Hill等,J Immunology,2003,171:691)。类似地,用siRNA在体内修饰专职抗原呈递细胞已用于增强癌症疫苗效力(Kim等,CancerResearch,2005,65:309-316)。在该研究中,将编码人类乳头瘤病毒16型E7的DNA疫苗与靶向关键前-凋亡蛋白Bac和Bax的siRNA的共施用显示延长了在淋巴结中表达抗原的DC的寿命,增强抗原-特异性CD8T细胞反应,其在被接种的小鼠中具有针对表达E7的肿瘤模型的有效抗肿瘤作用。因此,在针对传染性/自身免疫疾病、癌症的有效接种过程中以及在移植过程中,使用siRNA用于沉默特异性的不期望的反应具有良好的前景。将siRNA有效输送至感兴趣细胞的细胞内区室对于这些方法的成功是至关重要的,其需要使用增强的输送制剂。
siRNA可以是具有变化长度的自然发生的或合成的双链核苷酸(RNA)链。siRNA可以是双螺旋,通常但总不限于20至25-nt长,其具有19个碱基对中央双链结构域,带有末端2-碱基3’突出。siRNA可以进一步被化学修饰以增强它的体内效力,诱导核酸酶-抗性以防止降解并增强稳定性。在这点上,反义链可具有游离的5’-OH或5’-磷酸末端,后者产生天然Dicer加工并代表分子的活性形式。siRNA可具有核苷间连接的硫代磷酸或硼磷酸修饰,以便当暴露于血清或其它核酸酶来源时,提高核酸酶稳定性并延长双螺旋寿命。siRNA可具有在2’位的修饰,例如,与未修饰的RNA相比,2’-O-甲基RNA残基引入以保持全部的效力,从而保持在血清中的稳定性并显著降低细胞中潜在IFN反应的风险。siRNA还可具有2’-氟修饰,其通常选择性引入在嘧啶碱基处以提高稳定性和效力。
在但不限于各种传染性疾病、自身免疫/过敏疾病、心脏病、代谢紊乱、实体瘤/癌症、血液疾病/癌症中,用作RNAi介体的siRNA和miRNA可以用作靶标。
在本发明的实施方式中,组合物中的多核苷酸可以是用于RNAi的多核苷酸,包括,不限于siRNA、miRNA、用于被Dicer切割的长dsRNA、或DsiRNA,全部如上所述。
在本发明中已证明,当在脂质体/连续疏水载体中配制时,体内注射IL-12 siRNA核苷酸序列比在PBS载体中配制的IL-12 siRNA产生对IL-12质粒诱导的IL-12蛋白表达的更好抑制。在关于注射IL-12 siRNA后,在从淋巴结分离的细胞中抑制卵清蛋白-诱导的IL-12蛋白表达实验中,获得类似结果。此外,在脂质体/连续疏水载体中配制的IL-12 siRNA比在PBS载体中配制的IL-12 siRNA产生更好的效果。
对象可以是期望输送多核苷酸的任何对象。对象优选地是脊椎动物,例如鸟、鱼或哺乳动物,优选地是人类。
多核苷酸可以各种形式输送。在一些实施方式中,可以使用裸多核苷酸,以线性形式或插入至质粒,例如表达质粒。在其它实施方式中,可以使用活载体,例如病毒或细菌载体。
取决于多核苷酸的性质和预期的用途,可以存在辅助DNA转录为RNA和/或RNA翻译为多肽的一个或更多个调控序列。例如,如果意图是或不需要多核苷酸被转录或翻译,可以不存在这些调控序列。在一些情况下,例如在多核苷酸是信使RNA(mRNA)分子的情况下,与转录过程相关的调控序列(例如启动子)不是必需的,并且在缺乏启动子的情况下可以实现蛋白表达。本领域普通技术人员可包含环境所需的合适的调控序列。
在一些实施方式中,多核苷酸存在于表达盒中,其中它被可操作地连接至调控序列,所述调控序列使得多核苷酸在被施用本发明组合物的对象中表达。表达盒的选择取决于被施用组合物的对象以及表达的多肽所期望的特征。
通常地,表达盒包含启动子,其在对象中具有功能并且可以是组成型或诱导型启动子;核糖体结合位点;起始密码子(ATG),如果必要;编码感兴趣的多肽的多核苷酸;终止密码子;以及任选地3′末端区(翻译和/或转录终止子)。可以包含另外的序列例如编码信号肽的区域。编码感兴趣的多肽的多核苷酸可以是与表达盒中任意另一调控序列同源或异源的。与感兴趣的多肽一起表达的序列,例如信号肽编码区,通常定位于编码将表达的蛋白质的多核苷酸附近并位于正确的阅读框中。开放阅读框——由编码将被表达的蛋白质的多核苷酸单独组成或与任何其它将被表达的序列(例如信号肽)一起组成——定位在启动子的控制下,以使在被施用组合物的对象中发生转录和翻译。
适合于多核苷酸在广泛的宿主系统中表达的启动子是本领域已知的。适合于多核苷酸在哺乳动物中表达的启动子包括以组成型、遍在性或组织-特异性发挥功能的那些。非组织特异性启动子的实例包括病毒来源启动子。病毒启动子的实例包括小鼠乳腺瘤病毒(MMTV)启动子、人类免疫缺陷病毒长末端重复(HIV LTR)启动子、莫洛尼病毒、禽类白血病病毒(ALV)、巨细胞病毒(CMV)即时早期启动子/增强子、罗斯肉瘤病毒(RSV)、腺相关病毒(AAV)启动子;腺病毒启动子和埃博拉病毒(EBV)启动子。病毒启动子与某些多肽的相容性是考虑因素,原因在于它们的组合可能影响表达水平。使用合成的启动子/增强子来优化表达是可能的(参见例如美国专利公开2004/0171573)。
组织-特异性启动子的实例是结蛋白启动子,其启动肌细胞中的表达(Li等.1989,Gene 78:243;Li&Paulin 1991,J.Biol.Chem.266:6562以及Li&Paulin 1993,J.Biol.Chem.268:10403)。其它实例包括人工启动子例如合成的肌肉特异性启动子以及嵌合肌肉-特异性/CMV启动子(Li等.1999,Nat.Biotechnol.17:241-245;Hagstrom等.2000,Blood 95:2536-2542)。
有用的载体在许多公开中描述,特别是在WO 94/21797和Hartikka等.1996,HumanGene Therapy 7:1205中。
如上所述,感兴趣的多核苷酸,与任何必要的调控序列一起,可以被裸露的输送,例如或单独或作为质粒的部分,或可以是在病毒或细菌或细菌载体中输送。
无论是否使用质粒型载体、或细菌或病毒载体,可期望的是载体不能在对象中实质地复制或整合。这些载体包含其序列中没有与对象的基因组实质相同的区域的那些,以将宿主-载体重组的风险最小化。实现它的一个方法是使用不源自接受者基因组的启动子来驱动感兴趣多肽的表达。例如,如果接受者是哺乳动物,启动子优选地是源自非哺乳动物的,但它能够在哺乳动物细胞中发挥功能,例如病毒启动子。
可用于输送多核苷酸的病毒载体包括例如腺病毒和痘病毒。有用的细菌载体包括例如志贺氏菌、沙门氏菌、霍乱弧菌(Vibrio cholerae)、乳酸杆菌(Lactobacillus)、卡介苗(BCG)和链球菌(Streptococcus)。
腺病毒载体的实例,以及用于构建能够表达多核苷酸的腺病毒载体的方法在美国专利号4,920,209中描述。痘病毒载体包括痘苗和金丝雀痘病毒(canary pox virus),分别在美国专利号4,722,848和美国专利号5,364,773中描述。还参见例如Tartaglia等.1992,Virology 188:217,其描述了痘苗病毒载体,而对于金丝雀痘病毒的参考,参见Taylor等.1995,Vaccine 13:539。能够表达感兴趣的多核苷酸的痘病毒载体可以通过如Kieny等.1984,Nature 312:163中所述的同源重组获得,以使多核苷酸在哺乳动物细胞中表达的合适条件下被插入病毒基因组。
关于细菌载体,用于在宿主中表达外来多核苷酸的不产毒的霍乱弧菌突变体菌株是已知的。Mekalanos等.1983,Nature 306:551和美国专利号4,882,278描述了这样的菌株,其具有检测的两个ctxA等位基因中的每一个实质量的编码序列,以便产生无功能性的霍乱毒素。WO 92/11354描述了这样的菌株,其中通过突变irgA座位被失活;该突变可以在单个菌株中与ctxA突变组合。WO 94/01533描述了缺乏功能性ctxA和attRSl DNA序列的缺失突变体。这些突变体菌株被遗传工程改造以表达异源蛋白,如WO 94/19482中所述。
弱化的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium)菌株,被遗传工程改造用于异源蛋白的重组表达,如在Nakayama等.1988,Bio/Technology 6:693和WO 92/11361中描述。
可以用作载体以在对象中表达外来蛋白的其它细菌菌株被描述:High等.1992,EMBO 11:1991和Sizemore等.1995,Science 270:299中描述了弗氏志贺菌(Shigellaflexneri);Medaglini等.1995,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA.92:6868中描述了格氏链球菌(Streptococcus gordonii);以及Flynn 1994,Cell.Mol.Biol.40(suppl.I):31,WO 88/06626、WO 90/00594、WO 91/13157、WO 92/01796和WO 92/21376中描述了卡介苗(BacilleCalmette Guerin)。
在细菌载体中,感兴趣的多核苷酸可以插入至细菌基因组或作为质粒的一部分以游离状态保留。
脂质体
脂质体是完全封闭的脂双层膜,其含有截留的水体积。脂质体可以是单层囊(具有单个双层膜)或以多膜双层为特征的多层囊,每个双层可通过水层与下一层分离或可以不通过水层与下一层分离。脂质体的一般性讨论可见于Gregoriadis G.Immunol.Today,11:89-97,1990;以及Frezard,F.,Braz.J.Med.Bio.Res.,32:181-189,1999。如本文和权利要求书中所用,术语“脂质体”意图包括所有这种如上所述的囊状结构,包括,但不限于在本领域中描述的“非离子表面活性剂泡囊(niosomes)”、“传递体(transfersomes)”和“病毒体(virosomes)”。
任何脂质体可以用于本发明中,其包括从古细菌脂类制备的脂质体。可以使用任何具有至少一个脂肪酸链的两性脂,所述脂肪酸链长度为含有至少4个碳,通常约4至28个碳。脂肪酸链可含有任意数量的饱和和/或不饱和键。考虑的两性脂类可以是磷脂、鞘脂、鞘磷脂、脑苷脂、神经节苷脂。特别有用的脂质体在脂质体制剂使用磷脂和未酯化的胆固醇。胆固醇用于稳定脂质体,并且稳定脂质体的任何其它化合物可替代胆固醇。稳定化合物的其它脂质体是本领域普通技术人员所知的。例如,饱和磷脂产生具有更高转变温度的脂质体,其表示增加的稳定性。
优选地用于脂质体制备的磷脂是具有至少一个头部基团选自磷酸甘油、磷酸乙醇胺、磷酸丝氨酸、磷酯酰胆碱和磷酯酰肌醇的磷脂。更优选的是脂质体包括约94-100%卵磷脂的脂类。这些脂类可以卵磷脂90 G(Phospholipid GmBH,Germany)或卵磷脂S100(Lipoid GmBH,Germany)购得。其它优选的磷脂包括阳离子脂类,例如1,2-二油酰-3-三甲基铵-丙烷(DOTAP)和1-[2-(油酰氧)乙基]-2-油酰-3-(2-羟乙基)咪唑啉氯(DOTIM)。
当未酯化的胆固醇也被用于脂质体制剂时,胆固醇通常以相当于磷脂的约10%的量使用。如果其它化合物而不是胆固醇用于稳定脂质体,本领域普通技术人员可容易确定组合物中所需的量。
脂质体组合物可以获得,例如,通过使用天然脂类、合成脂类、鞘脂、醚脂、类固醇、心磷脂、阳离子脂类和用聚(乙二醇)或其它聚合物修饰的脂类。合成脂类可包含下列脂肪酸组分:月桂酰、豆蔻酰、棕榈酰、硬脂酰、花生酰(arachidoyl)、油酰,亚麻酰、芥酰或这些脂肪酸的组合。
载体
组合物的载体包括连续相的疏水物质,优选地为液体疏水物质。连续相可以是基本上纯的疏水物质或疏水物质混合物。另外,如果疏水物质构成连续相,载体可以是在疏水物质中水的乳状液或在疏水物质的混合物中水的乳状液。进一步,在另一个实施方式中,载体可发挥佐剂的功能。
可用于如本文所述组合物的疏水物质是药学和/或免疫学可接受的疏水物质。载体优选地是液体,但在环境温度中不是液体的某些疏水物质可以被液化,例如通过加热,并且也可用于本发明。在一个实施方式中,疏水载体可以是PBS/FIA乳状液。
油或油包水乳状液是用于本发明的特别合适的载体。油应是药学和/或免疫学可接受的。油的优选实例是矿物油(特别是轻或低粘度矿物油),植物油(例如大豆油),坚果油(例如花生油)。在一些实施方式中,低粘度矿物油例如6VR是优选的。在进一步实施方式中,油是矿物油溶液中的二缩甘露糖醇油酸酯(mannide oleate),其可以ISA 51购得。也可使用动物脂肪和人工疏水聚合材料,特别是那些在环境温度下是液体或可以相对容易地被液化的。可以使用不同疏水物质的混合物,例如包含一个或更多不同油、动物脂肪或人工疏水聚合材料的混合物。
另外的组分
组合物可进一步包括一个或更多另外的组分,其可补充或增强在对象中表达的多肽的功能。例如,如果编码的多肽是疫苗抗原,那么可以存在另外的组分,例如佐剂。术语“佐剂”是指增强针对抗原的免疫反应的化合物或混合物。佐剂可充当组织贮存库,其缓慢释放抗原并作为淋巴系统激活剂,其非特异性地增强免疫反应(Hood等,Immunology,第二版,Benjamin/Cummings:Menlo Park,C.A.,1984;参见Wood和Williams,In:Nicholson,Webster and May(eds.),Textbook of Influenza,第23章,pp.317-323)。通常,在缺乏佐剂的情况下,只使用抗原的主要挑战是无法引发体液免疫反应。应注意的是,被输送至对象的感兴趣的多核苷酸可自身发挥佐剂的功能,或者可编码构成佐剂的多肽(例如IL-12、IFN-γ或粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(“GMCSF”)。
在一些实施方式中,合适的佐剂包括,但不限于:明矾、其它铝化合物、卡介苗(BCG)、不完全弗氏佐剂(IFA)、皂角甙、表面活性物质例如溶血卵磷脂、普流尼克多元醇(pluronic polyols)、聚阴离子、肽、短小棒状杆菌(Corynebacteriumparvum)、QS-21和弗氏完全佐剂(FCA)、TLR激动剂家族的佐剂例如CpG、polyIC、细菌鞭毛蛋白、脂肽、肽聚糖、咪唑喹啉、单链RNA、脂多糖(LPS)、热休克蛋白(HSP)以及神经酰胺和衍生物例如αGal-cer。合适的佐剂还包括它们的多肽或DNA编码形式的细胞因子或趋化因子,例如,但不限于,GM-CSF、TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-12、IL-15、IL-21。
所用的佐剂量取决于抗原量和佐剂类型。本领域普通技术人员可容易确定具体应用中需要的佐剂量。
广泛的药学可接受的佐剂、赋形剂等等是本领域已知的并可用于本发明的组合物:参见例如,Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences(Remington’s PharmaceuticalSciences,Mack Publishing Company,Easton,Pa.,USA 1985)和1990年出版的The UnitedStates Pharmacopoeia:The National Formulary(USP 24 NF19)。
如果组合物中另外的组分是多肽,可替代提供编码另外的多肽的多核苷酸,以与编码主要兴趣的多肽的多核苷酸相同的方式。这些多肽可从相同的或不同的表达载体上表达,或可以融合蛋白的形式表达。
组合物的配制
制备脂质体的方法是本领域熟知的:参见例如Gregoriadis(1990)和Frezard(1999),二者在前文均被引用。用于制备脂质体的任何合适的方法可用于本发明的实践。通常通过使将与水溶液形成脂双层的脂质体组分(例如磷脂和胆固醇)水合来制备脂质体,其中水溶液可以是纯水或其它任何生理学相容的溶液,例如盐溶液,例如磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)。
在一个实施方式中,脂质体组分或脂质体组分的混合物,例如磷脂(例如90G)和胆固醇,可以溶解在有机溶剂中,例如氯仿和甲醇的混合物,然后过滤(例如PTFE 0.2μm滤器)并干燥,例如通过旋转蒸发,以去除溶剂。
所产生的脂混合物的水合作用可以通过例如将脂混合物注射入水溶液或超声处理脂混合物和水溶液来实现。在脂质体形成过程中,脂质体组分形成单一的双层(单层)或多个双层(多层),其包围着水溶液的体积,其中脂质体组分与该水溶液水合。
在一些实施方式中,然后将脂质体脱水,例如通过冷冻-干燥或冻干,然后与含水溶液重构。
脂质体与包括连续疏水相的载体组合。这可以多种方式进行。
如果载体是实质无水的,并且仅由疏水物质或疏水物质的混合物组成(例如使用100%矿物油载体),那么脂质体可仅与疏水物质混合,或如果存在多种疏水物质,与它们的任意一种或组合混合。
而如果包括连续相疏水物质的载体含有非连续水相,那么载体通常应采用水相在疏水相中的乳状液形式,例如油包水乳状液。这种组合物可含有乳化剂来稳定乳状液并促进脂质体的均匀分布。在这点上,即使使用无水载体,也可使用乳化剂,用于促进载体中脂质体的均匀分布。常用的乳化剂包含二缩甘露糖醇油酸酯(ArlacelTM A)、卵磷脂、TweenTM80和SpansTM 20、80、83和85。通常地,疏水物质与乳化剂的重量体积比(w/v)在约5∶1至约15∶1的范围,约10∶1的比值是优选的。
脂质体可以添加至完成的乳状液,或在乳化作用前它们可以存在于水相或疏水相。
要表达的多核苷酸可以在配制过程的各个不同阶段引入。在该部分中,术语“多核苷酸”包括裸露形式的多核苷酸,其包括在质粒例如表达质粒中,或在活载体例如细菌或病毒中。
一个以上的多核苷酸可以被并入组合物中。例如,编码不同蛋白质的两个或更多个多核苷酸可以被并入组合物,或编码蛋白质的多核苷酸以及编码反义RNA或干扰RNA的多核苷酸可以存在。蛋白质可以作为两个不同多核苷酸的融合产物表达。一个以上的多核苷酸可以在相同调控元件的控制下,例如两个或更多个多核苷酸在单个启动子的转录控制下。
在一些实施方式中,多核苷酸存在于水溶液中,用于水合用于形成脂质体的脂双层的组分(例如磷脂和胆固醇)。在这种情况下,多核苷酸应被包封在脂质体中,存在于它的水相内部中。如果产生的脂质体不洗涤或干燥,以使存在剩余的水溶液——其最终与包括连续相疏水物质的载体混合,在终产物中在脂质体外部可存在另外的多核苷酸是可能的。在相关技术中,在与水溶液进行水合作用之前,多核苷酸可以与用于形成脂质体脂双层的组分混合。
在一个可选的方法中,在载体与脂质体组合之前、过程中或之后,多核苷酸可与包括连续相疏水物质的载体混合。如果载体是乳状液,在乳化作用之前,多核苷酸可以与水相或疏水相或二者混合。可选地,在乳化作用之后,多核苷酸可以与载体混合。
将多核苷酸与载体组合的技术可以与如上所述在脂质体中封装多核苷酸一起使用,以使多核苷酸存在于脂质体和包括连续相疏水物质的载体中。
通常地,组合物可包括每ml组合物中约0.1至5mg多核苷酸,以及每ml组合物中约1mg至300mg脂质体。
如果组合物含有一种或多种另外的组分(例如佐剂),另外的组分可与多核苷酸一起在相同的加工步骤并入组合物中,或在不同的加工步骤分别并入组合物中。例如,多核苷酸和另外的组分可同时存在于用于水合脂双层-形成脂质体组分的含水溶液中,以使多核苷酸和另外的组分被包封在脂质体中。可选地,多核苷酸可以包封在脂质体中,并且另外的组分与包括连续相疏水物质的载体混合。应意识到的是,许多这些组合是可能的。
在一些实施方式中,多核苷酸和另外的组分可以是复合物的形式,其中至少在并入组合物之前,它们是紧密接触的。但是,复合可能但不一定涉及化学连接,例如共价键合。
如本文所述,组合物可以被配制为适合于口服、经鼻、直肠或肠胃外施用的形式。肠胃外施用包括静脉内、腹膜内、皮内、皮下、肌肉内、经上皮、肺内、鞘内和局部施用方式。优选的途径是肌肉内、皮下和皮内以获得贮存效果。在实践中,当治疗剂保持在注射位点大于约一小时时,获得贮存效果。
注射位点可以是例如接近淋巴结或直接进入淋巴结的任何位点。可选地,注射位点可以是直接进入脾、肿瘤或其它疾病组织。可注射的体积在临床医生专业判断范围内。体积取决于使用的注射装置和注射位点。当注射是肌肉内或皮下进行时,注射体积可以是约2mL。当使用无针注射时,体积可以低至0.05mL。可以通过注射多个位点增加体积。
试剂盒和反应物
本发明任选地作为试剂盒提供给使用者。例如,本发明的试剂盒含有本发明的一种或更多种组合物。试剂盒可进一步包括一种或更多种另外的反应物、包装材料、用于容纳试剂盒组分的容器,以及一套说明书或用户手册,其详述了使用试剂盒组分获得期望目的的优选方法。
用途
本发明发现在期望多核苷酸输送至对象的任何情况下的应用。许多这些应用将是在疾病的治疗和预防中。本发明代表性的应用包括癌症治疗和预防、基因治疗、辅助治疗、传染性疾病治疗和预防、过敏治疗和预防、自身免疫疾病治疗和预防、神经退行性疾病治疗以及动脉粥样硬化治疗。
疾病的预防或治疗包括获得有利或期望的结果,包括临床结果。有利或期望的临床结果可包括但不限于:一个或更多症状或状况的减轻或改善,疾病程度的降低,疾病状态的稳定,疾病发展的防止,疾病扩散的防止,疾病进程的延迟或减慢,疾病发作的延迟或减慢,赋予针对疾病引发剂的保护性免疫性以及疾病状态的改善或减轻。预防或治疗还可能意味着延长患者的存活,使其高于缺乏治疗所预计的时间,还可意味着临时地抑制疾病进程,尽管更优选地,它涉及例如通过防止在对象中的感染来防止疾病的发生。
本领域普通技术人员可对任何具体应用确定合适的治疗方案、施用途径、剂量等等以获得期望的结果。可考虑的因素包含例如:要表达的多肽的性质;要预防或治疗的疾病状态;对象的年龄、身体条件、体重、性别和饮食;以及其它临床因素。
本发明通过下列非限制实施例进一步说明。
实施例
实施例1
为了证明使用由脂质体和连续疏水载体组成的制剂增强编码蛋白质的核苷酸序列体内表达的能力,选择用IL-12全编码序列工程化的模式表达质粒。首先将IL-12质粒配制在脂质体中,并且产生的IL-12质粒/脂质体制备物在模式油包水乳状液中乳化,所述模式油包水乳状液具有由矿物油组成的连续疏水载体。体内表达通过检测在从接近注射位点处的淋巴结分离的细胞中IL-12表达潜力来测定。
无病原体的6-8周龄雌性C57BL/6小鼠获自Charles River Laboratories(StConstant,Quebec,Canada)并根据学会指南在滤器控制的空气循环中圈养,任意提供水和食物。
鼠IL-12质粒,pORF-mIL-12购自InvivoGen,San Diego,California,USA。该质粒——以pORF-mIL-12转化的GT100大肠杆菌中冻干形式提供——在LB培养基中重构,在氨苄青霉素-LB琼脂平板上划线并在37℃温育过夜。细菌在添加氨苄青霉素的TB培养基中从单菌落生长而来。使用endo-free Maxi-或Mega-prep试剂盒(Qiagen,Mississauga,Ontario,Canada),从大规模细菌培养物中纯化质粒DNA,以确保完全去除LPS。
使用含有终浓度为1毫克/毫升的IL-12质粒的磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS),通过水合二油酰磷脂酰胆碱(DOPC)与胆固醇的10∶1(W/W)混合物制备多层脂质体。然后,使用手动挤压机(Avanti lipids,Alabaster,Al,USA)通过200nm聚碳酸酯膜挤压出脂质体。然后,通过将等体积的含有IL-12质粒的脂质体与不完全弗氏佐剂混合,将最终的脂质体制备物在不完全弗氏佐剂(Sigma,Oakville,Ontario,Canada)——基于矿物油的油载体——中乳化。
每组含有三只小鼠(n=3)的三组小鼠在尾基部上方右肋进行如下皮下注射:用磷酸盐缓冲液注射组1小鼠,用PBS中50微克的IL-12质粒注射组2小鼠,以及用如上所述配制的在脂质体/连续疏水载体中的50微克IL-12质粒注射组3小鼠。所有注射为100微升体积。注射后8天收集所有小鼠的排液淋巴结。将淋巴结解剖,并将单个细胞悬浮液以2×106个细胞/ml浓度在添加10%FBS、青霉素/链霉素、2-β-巯基乙醇和L-谷氨酸的RPMI培养基中在6孔板中体外培养48小时。收集细胞培养上清液,并等分冷冻储存直到用于IL-12蛋白定量。
通过定量分泌至细胞培养上清液的IL-12蛋白水平来测定淋巴结中IL-12基因表达效力。通过酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA),使用商业IL-12特异的ELISA试剂盒(Peptrotech,Rocky Hill,NJ,USA)进行IL-12蛋白定量。简言之,抗IL-12捕获抗体在ELISA板上包被过夜,然后添加样品和标准IL-12。充分洗涤后,添加生物素化的抗IL-12检测抗体,在室温温育2小时并洗涤。用抗生物素蛋白-HRP结合物温育并洗涤后,将ABTS液体底物(Sigma,StLouis,MO)用于显色。使用微量滴定板阅读器读出405nm的吸光度,并且使用标准曲线外推出IL-12浓度,标准曲线使用试剂盒中提供的IL-12标准物产生。
由组1-3分离的淋巴结细胞分泌的IL-12水平显示于图1中。从用PBS注射的小鼠中分离的淋巴结细胞(组1)不分泌可检测的IL-12蛋白至培养上清液。从用PBS中IL-12质粒注射的小鼠中分离的淋巴结细胞分泌低水平的IL-12蛋白。但是,从用制剂中的IL-12质粒注射的小鼠中分离的淋巴结细胞分泌明显更高水平的IL-12,所述制剂包括在连续疏水载体中的脂质体,这表明编码蛋白质的核苷酸序列的体内输送提高并导致增强的蛋白表达。
实施例2
无病原体的6-8周龄雌性C57BL/6小鼠获自Charles River Laboratories(StConstant,Quebec,Canada)并根据学会指南在滤器控制的空气循环中圈养,任意提供水和食物。
鼠IL-12质粒,pORF-mIL-12购自InvivoGen,San Diego,California,USA。该质粒——以pORF-mIL-12转化的GT100大肠杆菌中冻干形式提供——在LB培养基中重构,在氨苄青霉素-LB琼脂平板上划线并在37℃温育过夜。细菌在添加氨苄青霉素的TB培养基中从单菌落生长而来。使用endo-free Maxi-或Mega-prep试剂盒(Qiagen,Mississauga,Ontario,Canada),从大规模细菌培养物中纯化质粒DNA,以确保完全去除LPS。
使用含有终浓度为0.8毫克/毫升的IL-12质粒的磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS),通过水合纯化的大豆-衍生的磷脂混合物(磷脂S100,由Lipoid GmbH提供)与胆固醇的10∶1(W/W)混合物来制备多层脂质体。然后,使用手动挤压机(Avanti lipids,Alabaster,Al,USA)通过200nm聚碳酸酯膜挤压出脂质体。然后,通过将等体积的含有IL-12质粒的脂质体与不完全弗氏佐剂混合,将最终的脂质体制备物在不完全弗氏佐剂(Sigma,Oakville,Ontario,Canada)——基于矿物油的油载体——中乳化。每只小鼠最终注射体积为100微升。
每组含有五只小鼠(n=5)的六组小鼠在尾基部上方右肋皮下进行如下注射:用PBS中40微克的IL-12质粒注射组1小鼠,用如上所述配制的在脂质体/连续疏水载体中的40微克IL-12质粒注射组2小鼠,用如上所述配制的在不含脂质体的连续疏水载体(不完全弗氏佐剂,油包水乳状液)中的40微克IL-12质粒注射组3小鼠,用如上所述配制的在脂质体中的40微克IL-12质粒注射组4小鼠——其不含连续疏水载体,用不含IL-12质粒由脂质体/连续疏水载体组成的对照制剂注射组5小鼠,组6小鼠保持未处理。所有注射为100微升体积。注射后8天收集所有小鼠的排液淋巴结。将淋巴结解剖,并将单个细胞悬浮液以2x106个细胞/ml浓度在添加10%FBS、青霉素/链霉素、2-β-巯基乙醇和L-谷氨酸的RPMI培养基中在6孔板中体外培养48小时。收集细胞培养上清液,并等分冷冻储存直到用于IL-12蛋白定量。
通过定量分泌至细胞培养上清液的IL-12蛋白水平来测定淋巴结中IL-12基因表达效力。通过酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA),使用商业IL-12特异的ELISA试剂盒(Peptrotech,Rocky Hill,NJ,USA)进行IL-12蛋白定量。简言之,抗IL-12捕获抗体在ELISA板上包被过夜,然后添加样品和标准IL-12。充分洗涤后,添加生物素化的抗IL-12检测抗体,在室温温育2小时并洗涤。用抗生物素蛋白-HRP结合物温育并洗涤后,将ABTS液体底物(Sigma,StLouis,MO)用于显色。使用微量滴定板阅读器读出405nm的吸光度,并且使用标准曲线外推出IL-12浓度,标准曲线使用试剂盒中提供的IL-12标准物产生。
由组1-6分离的淋巴结细胞分泌的IL-12水平显示于图2中。从用PBS中的IL-12质粒注射的小鼠中分离的淋巴结细胞(组1)不分泌可检测的IL-12蛋白至培养上清液。但是,从用制剂中的IL-12质粒注射的小鼠中分离的淋巴结细胞分泌相当高水平的IL-12(组2),所述制剂包括在连续疏水载体中的脂质体。从组3、组5和组6小鼠中分离的淋巴结细胞分泌明显低水平的IL-12蛋白,而从组4小鼠中分离的淋巴结细胞不分泌可检测的IL-12蛋白至培养上清液。在该实验中,相对于缺乏脂质体或连续疏水载体或二者的制剂,使用脂质体/疏水载体的制剂获得更高的IL-12蛋白表达。
实施例3
为了证明使用由脂质体和连续疏水载体组成的制剂增强编码蛋白质的核苷酸序列体内表达的能力,选择用绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)全编码序列工程化的模式表达质粒。首先将GFP质粒配制在脂质体中,并且产生的GFP质粒/脂质体制备物在模式油包水乳状液中乳化,所述模式油包水乳状液具有由矿物油组成的连续疏水载体。体内吸收和表达通过检测在从接近注射位点处的淋巴结分离的细胞中GFP表达能力来测定。
无病原体的6-8周龄雌性C57BL/6小鼠获自Charles River Laboratories(StConstant,Quebec,Canada)并根据学会指南在滤器控制的空气循环中圈养,任意提供水和食物。
合成的GFP质粒,pMOD-GFPSh(目录名pmod-zgfpsh)购自InvivoGen,San Diego,California,USA。将质粒转化入大肠杆菌XL1菌株,在LB培养基中生长,在氨苄青霉素-LB琼脂平板上划线并在37℃温育过夜。细菌在添加氨苄青霉素的TB培养基中从单菌落生长而来。使用endo-free Maxi-或Mega-prep试剂盒(Qiagen,Mississauga,Ontario,Canada),从大规模细菌培养物中纯化质粒DNA,以确保完全去除LPS。
使用含有终浓度为0.8毫克/毫升的GFP质粒的磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS),通过水合纯化的大豆-衍生的磷脂混合物(磷脂S100,由Lipoid GmbH提供)与胆固醇的10∶1(W/W)混合物来制备多层脂质体。然后,使用手动挤压机(Avanti lipids,Alabaster,Al,USA)通过200nm聚碳酸酯膜挤压出脂质体。然后,通过将等体积的含有GFP质粒的脂质体与不完全弗氏佐剂混合,将最终的脂质体制备物在不完全弗氏佐剂(Sigma,Oakville,Ontario,Canada)——基于矿物油的油载体——中乳化。每只小鼠的最终注射体积为100微升,其每只小鼠每次剂量输送40微克质粒。
每组含有四只小鼠(n=4)的六组小鼠在尾基部上方右肋皮下进行如下注射:用PBS中40微克GFP质粒注射组1小鼠,用如上所述配制的在脂质体/连续疏水载体中的40微克GFP质粒注射组2小鼠,用如上所述配制的在不含脂质体的连续疏水载体(不完全弗氏佐剂油包水乳状液)中的40微克GFP质粒注射组3小鼠,用如上所述配制的在脂质体中的40微克GFP质粒注射组4小鼠——其不含连续疏水载体,用不含GFP质粒由脂质体/连续疏水载体组成的对照制剂注射组5小鼠,组6小鼠保持未处理。所有注射为100微升体积。注射后8天收集所有小鼠的排液淋巴结。将淋巴结解剖,并制备单个细胞悬浮液。通过用于检测GFP-阳性细胞的双色免疫荧光染色来测定在淋巴结中GFP基因表达的效力。用藻红蛋白结合的CD11b和CD11c抗体染色细胞,用于在通道FL2鉴定抗原呈递细胞以及在通道FL1检测GFP。使样品流经流式细胞仪(FACSCalibur,BD Biosciences,San Jose,CA)。每个样品收集至少3×105个事件来增强GFP阳性细胞检测的准确性。
从组1至组6分离的表达GFP的(并且因此在流式细胞仪测定中鉴定为阳性)淋巴结细胞的数量显示于图3。从用PBS中的GFP质粒注射的小鼠中分离的淋巴结(组1)显示低水平的GFP蛋白表达细胞(<10)。但是,从用制剂——所述制剂包括连续疏水载体中的脂质体——中GFP质粒注射的小鼠中分离的淋巴结(组2)显示GFP阳性细胞几乎四倍的增加。进一步,与组2小鼠相比,从组3和组4小鼠中分离的淋巴结细胞显示GFP蛋白表达细胞显著低的数量。在组5和组6中的小鼠,检测到最小的荧光,其归因于背景自发荧光事件,原因在于这些小鼠未接受GFP质粒注射。而且,大多数GFP阳性细胞在CD11b/CD11c阳性淋巴结细胞群中检测到。对特异地靶向CD11b/CD11c和GFP双阳性细胞的淋巴结细胞再分析的结果与图3提供的发现相关,在来自组2的CD11b/CD11c阳性细胞中GFP表达至少4倍增加(图4)。这种再分析还证实,在对照组5和6中的淋巴结细胞中不能检测到特异的荧光。这个观察证实了在该实验中GFP阳性细胞检测的特异性。因此,在本实验中,相对于缺乏脂质体或连续疏水载体或二者的制剂,使用脂质体/疏水载体的制剂获得优异的GFP质粒吸收和蛋白表达。
实施例4
为了证明使用由脂质体和连续疏水载体组成的制剂,通过针对给定的编码蛋白质的核苷酸序列的siRNA,抑制编码蛋白的核苷酸序列体内表达的能力,选择用IL-12全编码序列和IL-12的siRNA序列工程改造的模式表达质粒。首先将IL-12质粒在脂质体中配制,并且产生的IL-12质粒/脂质体制备物在模式油包水乳状液中乳化,所述模式油包水乳状液具有由矿物油组成的连续疏水载体。IL-12质粒注射的前一天,注射siRNA,其在PBS中或在具有由矿物油组成的连续疏水载体的脂质体/油包水乳状液中。通过检测在从接近注射位点处的淋巴结分离的细胞中IL-12表达潜力来测定siRNA的体内功能活性。
无病原体的6-8周龄雌性C57BL/6小鼠获自Charles River Laboratories(StConstant,Quebec,Canada)并根据学会指南在滤器控制的空气循环中圈养,任意提供水和食物。
鼠IL-12质粒,pORF-mIL-12购自InvivoGen,San Diego,California,USA。该质粒——以pORF-mIL-12转化的GT100大肠杆菌中冻干形式提供——在LB培养基中重构,在氨苄青霉素-LB琼脂平板上划线并在37℃温育过夜。细菌在添加氨苄青霉素的TB培养基中从单菌落生长而来。使用endo-free Maxi-或Mega-prep试剂盒(Qiagen,Mississauga,Ontario,Canada),从大规模细菌培养物中纯化质粒DNA,以确保完全去除LPS。
针对鼠IL-12的siRNA购自Ambion Applied Biosystems,Austin,TX,USA。通过分析级HPLC,该冻干产物是>95%纯度并通过LAL测试,该冻干产物含有小于10EU的内毒素。在配制用于注射之前,将siRNA溶于无菌磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)。
使用含有终浓度为1.6毫克/毫升的IL-12质粒的磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS),通过水合二油酰磷脂酰胆碱(DOPC)与胆固醇的10∶1(W/W)混合物制备多层脂质体。然后,使用手动挤压机(Avanti lipids,Alabaster,Al,USA)通过200nm聚碳酸酯膜挤压出脂质体。对于每500微升脂质体/IL-12悬浮液,添加等体积的矿物油载体(MontanideTMISA 51,Seppic,France)以形成具有脂质体悬浮液的油包水乳状液,所述脂质体悬浮液包含在乳状液的水相中,并且油形成连续相作为疏水载体。
为了诱导有效水平的IL-12表达,三组小鼠——每组含有三只小鼠(n=3),在尾基部上方右肋全部进行皮下注射,第0天注射如上所述配制的在50微升体积的脂质体/连续疏水载体中40微克IL-12的质粒。另外,在第负1天,仅用载体注射组1小鼠,用PBS中的40微克IL-12 siRNA注射组2小鼠并给予组3小鼠在脂质体/连续疏水载体中的40微克IL-12siRNA,类似用于输送质粒IL-12的制剂。所有注射以50微升体积在尾基部上方右肋皮下给予。
注射后8天收集所有注射小鼠的排液淋巴结以及三只首次进行实验的小鼠(组4)的相应淋巴结。将淋巴结解剖,并将单个细胞悬浮液以2×106个细胞/ml浓度在添加10%FBS、青霉素/链霉素、2-β-巯基乙醇和L-谷氨酸的RPMI培养基中在24孔板中体外培养48小时。收集细胞培养上清液,并等分冷冻储存直到用于IL-12蛋白定量。
通过测量对淋巴结细胞中质粒IL-12诱导的IL-12蛋白表达的抑制程度,来测定在各种制剂中注射的siRNA效力。通过酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA),使用商业IL-12特异的ELISA试剂盒(Peptrotech,Rocky Hill,NJ,USA)进行细胞培养上清液中IL-12蛋白定量。简言之,抗IL-12捕获抗体在ELISA板上包被过夜,然后添加样品和标准IL-12。充分洗涤后,添加生物素化的抗IL-12检测抗体,在室温温育2小时并洗涤。用抗生物素蛋白-HRP结合物温育并洗涤后,将ABTS液体底物(Sigma,St Louis,MO)用于显色。使用微量滴定板阅读器读出405nm的吸光度,并且使用标准曲线外推出IL-12浓度,标准曲线使用试剂盒中提供的IL-12标准物产生。
由组1-4分离的淋巴结细胞分泌的IL-12水平显示于图5中。从仅用IL-12质粒注射的小鼠中分离的淋巴结细胞,而不注射针对IL-12的siRNA(组1),分泌每毫升270.4皮克的IL-12至培养上清液。在组2小鼠中,用PBS中的IL-12 siRNA注射,没有观察到IL-12蛋白分泌的显著抑制。相反,当siRNA在脂质体/连续疏水载体中输送时,观察到分泌的IL-12明显降低,其低至在首次进行实验的小鼠中观察到的。而且,与接受PBS中的siRNA的组2小鼠比较,组3小鼠的淋巴结细胞分泌显著低的IL-12。这表明当在脂质体/连续疏水载体中注射时,存在提高的siRNA核苷酸序列体内输送,从而导致对由IL-12质粒诱导的IL-12蛋白表达更好的抑制。
实施例5
如进一步的实例,为了测定在脂质体/连续疏水载体中输送的IL-12 siRNA抑制IL-12分泌的能力,将完全弗氏佐剂(CFA)中的卵清蛋白抗原用于诱导淋巴结细胞的IL-12分泌。蛋白抗原卵清蛋白之前已显示出在小鼠诱导中IL-12细胞因子分泌(Yotsumoto等,2007,Vaccine,25:5256-5262),其可使用对IL-12p35特异的siRNA来抑制(Hill等,Journalof Immunology,2003,171:691;Ichim等,Journal of Translational Medicine,2006,4:2,1-11)。在该实例中,在卵清蛋白注射前一天或后一天,对用CFA中的卵清蛋白皮下注射的小鼠进行IL-12 siRNA皮下注射(在PBS中或在脂质体/连续疏水载体中)。
无病原体的6-8周龄雌性C57BL/6小鼠获自Charles River Laboratories(StConstant,Quebec,Canada)并根据学会指南在滤器控制的空气循环中圈养,任意提供水和食物。
在尾基部上方右肋处用在50微升体积的CFA(Difco Laboratories,Detroit,MI)中乳化的的5微克卵清蛋白皮下免疫小鼠。
使用含有终浓度为1.6毫克/毫升的IL-12 siRNA的磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS),通过水合纯化的大豆-衍生的磷脂混合物(磷脂S100,由Lipoid GmbH提供)与胆固醇的10∶1(W/W)混合物来制备多层脂质体。然后,使用手动挤压机(Avanti lipids,Alabaster,Al,USA)通过200nm聚碳酸酯膜挤压出脂质体。对于每500微升脂质体/IL-12-siRNA悬浮液,添加等体积的矿物油载体(MontanideTM ISA 51,Seppic,France)以形成具有脂质体悬浮液的油包水乳状液,所述脂质体悬浮液包含在乳状液水相中,并且油形成连续相作为疏水载体。
在第0天,五组小鼠(n=4)全部用完全弗氏佐剂(CFA)中配制的卵清蛋白皮下免疫,并且每组在尾基部上方右肋皮下进行如下处理:组1小鼠是未处理的,组2小鼠用PBS中的40微克IL-12 siRNA在第负一天处理,组3用如上所述配制的在脂质体/连续疏水载体中的siRNA在第负一天处理,组4用PBS中的siRNA在第正一天处理,以及组5用脂质体/连续疏水载体中的siRNA在第正一天处理,而组6由未接种和未处理的首次进行实验的小鼠组成。所有注射为50微升体积。卵清蛋白注射后8天收集所有小鼠的排液淋巴结。将淋巴结解剖,并将单个细胞悬浮液以2×106个细胞/ml浓度在添加10%FBS、青霉素/链霉素、2-β-巯基乙醇和L-谷氨酸的RPMI培养基中在24孔板中体外培养48小时。收集细胞培养上清液,并等分冷冻储存直到用于IL-12蛋白定量。
通过测量对淋巴结细胞中卵清蛋白-诱导的IL-12蛋白表达的抑制程度,来测定在两种不同制剂中注射的siRNA的效力。通过酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA),使用商业IL-12特异的ELISA试剂盒(Peptrotech,Rocky Hill,NJ,USA),进行IL-12蛋白定量。简言之,抗IL-12捕获抗体在ELISA板上包被过夜,然后添加样品和标准IL-12。充分洗涤后,添加生物素化的抗IL-12检测抗体,在室温温育2小时并洗涤。用抗生物素蛋白-HRP结合物温育并洗涤后,将ABTS液体底物(Sigma,St Louis,MO)用于显色。使用微量滴定板阅读器读出405nm的吸光度,并且使用标准曲线外推出IL-12浓度,标准曲线使用试剂盒中提供的IL-12标准物产生。
由组1-6分离的淋巴结细胞分泌的IL-12水平显示于图6中。从组1小鼠中分离的淋巴结细胞——其不接受针对IL-12的siRNA的注射,分泌每毫升大于300皮克的IL-12至培养上清液。在组2小鼠中——其在第负一天用PBS中的IL-12 siRNA注射,或在组4小鼠中——其在相对于卵清蛋白免疫的第正一天用PBS中的IL-12 siRNA注射,没有观察到IL-12蛋白分泌的显著抑制。相反,当在第负一天(组3)或第正一天(组5)siRNA在脂质体/连续疏水载体中输送时,观察到分泌的IL-12的明显降低(分别为p=0.003以及p=0.004),其低至首次进行实验的小鼠淋巴结细胞中观察到的。而且,与接受PBS中的siRNA的组2和组4小鼠比较,组3和组5小鼠的淋巴结细胞分泌显著低的IL-12。这显示当在脂质体/连续疏水载体中注射时有效并提高的siRNA核苷酸序列体内输送,从而导致对由卵清蛋白抗原诱导的IL-12蛋白表达的完全抑制。
说明书引用的所有出版物和专利申请在此通过引用并入,如同具体并单独地指出每个单独的出版物或专利申请通过引用并入。对任何出版物的引用是由于其在申请日之前的公开,并且不应解释为承认由于在先发明,本发明无权占先于此出版物。
如本说明书和所附权利要求所用,单数形式“一”(“a”、“an”和“the”)包含复数指代,除非内容另有明确指出。除非另有定义,本文所用的所有技术和科学术语具有与本发明所属领域普通技术人员通常理解的相同含义。
尽管先前发明已通过图示和实施例的方式进行某些详述以便于清楚的理解,但是根据本发明的教导对本领域普通技术人员显而易见的是,可以对其进行某些改变和修改而不偏离所附权利要求的精神和范围。
Claims (21)
1.组合物在制备用于在哺乳动物中表达多肽的药物中的应用,所述组合物包括:
选自油或油包水乳状液的载体;
脂质体;和
包封在所述脂质体内的多核苷酸,所述多核苷酸编码所述多肽并且可操作地连接至在哺乳动物细胞中具有功能的启动子。
2.根据权利要求1所述的应用,其中所述多核苷酸被插入表达质粒中。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的应用,其中所述组合物包括含有所述多核苷酸的细菌或病毒载体。
4.根据权利要求1至3任一项所述的应用,其中所述多肽是抗原、抗体或抗体片段、酶、细胞因子、治疗蛋白、趋化因子、调控蛋白、结构蛋白、嵌合蛋白、核蛋白、转录因子、病毒蛋白、TLR蛋白、干扰素调控因子、血管生成抑制蛋白或血管生成蛋白、凋亡蛋白、Fcγ受体、造血蛋白、肿瘤抑制蛋白、细胞因子受体、或趋化因子受体、催化RNA或核酶。
5.根据权利要求1至4任一项所述的应用,其中所述多肽是抗原。
6.根据权利要求1至5任一项所述的应用,其中所述组合物在仅一次施用后能够在所述哺乳动物中诱导可检测水平的所述多肽的表达。
7.根据权利要求1至6任一项所述的应用,其中所述组合物能够在所述哺乳动物中以比(i)不含所述脂质体的相同组合物;(ii)不含选自油或油包水乳状液的所述载体的相同组合物;或(iii)不含所述脂质体和选自油或油包水乳状液的所述载体的相同组合物高至少7倍的水平表达所述多肽。
8.组合物在制备用于在哺乳动物中降低或抑制多肽表达的药物中的应用,所述组合物包括:
选自油或油包水乳状液的载体;
脂质体;和
包封在所述脂质体内的多核苷酸,其中所述多核苷酸是反义RNA或干扰RNA。
9.根据权利要求1-8任一项所述的应用,其中所述油是矿物油。
10.根据权利要求1至8任一项所述的应用,其中所述载体包括二缩甘露糖醇油酸酯和矿物油的连续相。
11.根据权利要求1至10任一项所述的应用,其中所述脂质体包括不饱和磷脂。
12.根据权利要求1至11任一项所述的应用,其中所述脂质体包括胆固醇。
13.根据权利要求1至12任一项所述的应用,其中所述脂质体包括二油酰磷脂酰胆碱(DOPC)和胆固醇。
14.根据权利要求13所述的应用,其中所述组合物包含10∶1(W/W)比例的DOPC∶胆固醇。
15.根据权利要求1至14任一项所述的应用,其中所述多核苷酸以包封在所述脂质体中和在所述脂质体的外部两者存在。
16.根据权利要求1至15任一项所述的应用,其中所述组合物进一步包括佐剂。
17.根据权利要求16所述的应用,其中所述佐剂以下列形式存在:
(a)在所述脂质体中;
(b)在所述脂质体的外部;或
(c)在所述脂质体中和在所述脂质体的外部。
18.根据权利要求1至17任一项所述的应用,其中所述组合物是可注射组合物。
19.根据权利要求18所述的应用,其中所述组合物被配制用于肌肉内、皮下、或皮内施用。
20.根据权利要求1至19任一项所述的应用,其中所述载体和所述脂质体以按体积计约1∶1的比例存在于所述组合物中。
21.根据权利要求1至20任一项所述的应用,其中所述哺乳动物是人类。。
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CA2700808A1 (en) | 2009-04-02 |
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AU2008303023A1 (en) | 2009-04-02 |
ES2588705T3 (es) | 2016-11-04 |
US20170028084A1 (en) | 2017-02-02 |
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JP6016970B2 (ja) | 2016-10-26 |
US9498493B2 (en) | 2016-11-22 |
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