CN105946090A - Test device for printing model of pile foundation above tunnel or goaf in 3D printing mode and printing method - Google Patents
Test device for printing model of pile foundation above tunnel or goaf in 3D printing mode and printing method Download PDFInfo
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- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 46
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 34
- 238000010146 3D printing Methods 0.000 title abstract description 27
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 113
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 75
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 101100041681 Takifugu rubripes sand gene Proteins 0.000 claims 22
- 238000005056 compaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000013049 sediment Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000005641 tunneling Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 abstract description 14
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 17
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000005065 mining Methods 0.000 description 5
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- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 4
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- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
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- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 4
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- 238000003892 spreading Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000007480 spreading Effects 0.000 description 4
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- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000009412 basement excavation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000015271 coagulation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005345 coagulation Methods 0.000 description 2
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B28—WORKING CEMENT, CLAY, OR STONE
- B28B—SHAPING CLAY OR OTHER CERAMIC COMPOSITIONS; SHAPING SLAG; SHAPING MIXTURES CONTAINING CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL, e.g. PLASTER
- B28B1/00—Producing shaped prefabricated articles from the material
- B28B1/001—Rapid manufacturing of 3D objects by additive depositing, agglomerating or laminating of material
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y30/00—Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D33/00—Testing foundations or foundation structures
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Paleontology (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
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- Lining And Supports For Tunnels (AREA)
Abstract
本发明公开了一种3D打印隧道或采空区上方桩基模型试验装置及打印方法，包括模型槽、滑轨、模型桩‑隧道‑采空区打印设备、砂雨法砂土填筑设备和控制设备；3D打印技术实现桩‑隧道‑采空区模型试验的精准施工，周围土体的精确填筑。与现有技术相比，3D打印技术可以浇筑复杂的变截面桩基形式、隧道及形式及采空区形状，可以在小空间内精准布置群桩、倾斜桩、地下连续墙，小角度交叉、交互的隧道等构建物以及采空区；同时，3D打印技术控制砂雨法填筑，可以精确的控制周围土体的相对密实度与均匀性，并实现不同密实度的多层土的模拟。
The invention discloses a 3D printing pile foundation model test device and printing method above a tunnel or a goaf, including a model groove, a slide rail, a model pile-tunnel-gob printing equipment, sand rain method sand filling equipment and Control equipment; 3D printing technology realizes accurate construction of pile-tunnel-gob model test and accurate filling of surrounding soil. Compared with the existing technology, 3D printing technology can cast complex variable-section pile foundation forms, tunnels and forms, and goaf shapes, and can accurately arrange pile groups, inclined piles, and underground diaphragm walls in a small space, with small-angle intersections, Interactive tunnels and other structures and goafs; at the same time, 3D printing technology controls the filling of sand and rain, which can accurately control the relative density and uniformity of the surrounding soil, and realize the simulation of multi-layer soil with different densities.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及一种3D打印技术，尤其是涉及一种3D打印隧道或采空区上方桩基模型试验装置及打印方法，主要适用于岩土工程模型试验等技术领域。The invention relates to a 3D printing technology, in particular to a 3D printing pile foundation model test device and printing method above tunnels or goafs, which are mainly applicable to technical fields such as geotechnical engineering model tests.
背景技术Background technique
在地铁的建设过程中，及采矿的过程中常常出现隧道及采空区上方存在既有建筑，隧道的开挖过程及采矿的过程与上部建筑的相互影响一直是各科研单位、企业及高新的研究重点之一。缩尺模型试验是研究桩基础及隧道承载特性，分析桩(隧道)-土相互作用机理的最重要手段之一；能为相关桩基础设计、施工与计算提供参考依据。缩尺模型试验技术手段也一直得到广大科技工作者的广泛使用，并取得了良好的效果；但是，常规缩尺模型试验中材料制作及布置上无法得到精准的控制(比如，桩周土体的均匀性布置、复杂桩型的模型桩制作工艺复杂且耗时长、构建物-土接触面容易在制作过程中受到影响、复杂的构建物布置形式由于空间不够而无法制备等)，从而影响相关模型试验结果的精度和可参考价值。In the process of subway construction and mining, there are often existing buildings above tunnels and goafs. The tunnel excavation process and the interaction between the mining process and the superstructure have always been the focus of various scientific research units, enterprises and high-tech companies. One of the research focuses. Scale model test is one of the most important means to study the bearing characteristics of pile foundation and tunnel, and analyze the interaction mechanism of pile (tunnel)-soil; it can provide reference for the design, construction and calculation of related pile foundations. Scale model test techniques have also been widely used by the majority of scientific and technological workers, and achieved good results; however, the production and arrangement of materials in conventional scale model tests cannot be precisely controlled (for example, the soil mass around the pile Uniform layout, complex pile type model pile manufacturing process is complicated and time-consuming, structure-soil contact surface is easily affected during the manufacturing process, complex structure layout cannot be prepared due to insufficient space, etc.), thus affecting related models The precision and reference value of test results.
本发明之前，专利号为ZL201510374179.1的中国发明专利“一种3D打印物理相似模拟模型实验台及应用方法”，公开了一种利用3D打印机构进行模型铺设、加压开挖机构进行物理相似模拟实验研究复杂地质构造下矿产采动情况模拟；申请号为201410744393.7的中国发明申请“应用3D打印技术的柱状节理岩体相似材料试样的制备方法”，公开了一种柱状节理岩体相似材料试样的制备方法；这两种技术方案中均利用3D打印技术针对模拟材料形成含节理的岩体相似材料。专利号为ZL201310697608.X的中国发明专利“一种建筑物梁构件的3D打印方法”，公开了一种结合水泥基材料的3D打印建筑物梁构件及其养护的技术方案；专利号为ZL201410009382.4的中国发明专利“一种塔式3D打印机及其打印方法”，公开了一种结合塔吊机、水泥基材料的3D打印建筑物的技术方案；这两种技术方案均结合水泥基材料施工建筑物及其构件。但是，已有的技术方案都是针对模拟岩体材料、水泥基材料等凝结材料，而尚未有针对散体材料的均匀性制配方面的技术方案，更没有结合散体材料和凝结材料同时制作的3D打印技术。Before the present invention, the Chinese invention patent No. ZL201510374179.1 "A 3D Printing Physical Similarity Simulation Model Experiment Platform and Application Method" disclosed a method of using a 3D printing mechanism for model laying and a pressurized excavation mechanism for physical similarity. Simulation experiments to study the simulation of mineral mining under complex geological structures; the Chinese invention application with application number 201410744393.7 "Preparation method for similar material samples of columnar jointed rock mass using 3D printing technology" discloses a similar material for columnar jointed rock mass The preparation method of the sample; in these two technical schemes, 3D printing technology is used to form similar rock mass materials with joints for the simulated materials. The Chinese invention patent "A 3D printing method for building beam components" with the patent number ZL201310697608.X discloses a technical solution for 3D printing building beam components combined with cement-based materials and its maintenance; the patent number is ZL201410009382. 4's Chinese invention patent "a tower-type 3D printer and its printing method", which discloses a technical solution for 3D printing buildings combined with tower cranes and cement-based materials; both technical solutions are combined with cement-based materials for building construction objects and their components. However, the existing technical solutions are all aimed at simulating rock mass materials, cement-based materials and other coagulation materials, but there is no technical solution for the uniform preparation of bulk materials, and there is no simultaneous production of bulk materials and coagulation materials. 3D printing technology.
因此，针对目前常规桩基模型及隧道模型试验材料制作及桩、土布置方法中存在的不足与缺陷；结合3D打印技术，开发一种复杂模型桩和隧道快速、精准制作与布置，桩周土体精准均匀性布置的技术方案，显得尤为重要。Therefore, in view of the deficiencies and defects in the current conventional pile foundation model and tunnel model test material production and pile and soil layout methods; combined with 3D printing technology, develop a complex model pile and tunnel for rapid and accurate production and layout, pile surrounding soil It is particularly important to provide a technical solution for the precise and uniform layout of the building.
发明内容Contents of the invention
发明目的：本发明的目的在于克服上述不足和缺陷，解决常规桩基及隧道缩尺模型试验中存在的桩周土体填筑不均匀、复杂桩型的模型桩制作工艺复杂且耗时长、桩(隧道)-土接触面容易在制作过程中受影响、以及复杂的构建物布置形式由于空间或形状限制而无法制作的问题，提出一种3D打印隧道或采空区上方桩基模型试验装置及打印方法；通过3D打印技术进行复杂模型桩及隧道的浇筑与精准布置，并同时利用3D打印技术精准控制进行砂雨法填筑桩、隧道及采空区周围土体。Purpose of the invention: the purpose of the present invention is to overcome the above-mentioned deficiencies and defects, and to solve the problem of uneven soil filling around piles and complex pile-type model piles that exist in conventional pile foundations and tunnel scale model tests. (Tunnel) - The soil contact surface is easily affected during the production process, and the complex structure layout cannot be produced due to space or shape constraints. A 3D printing tunnel or pile foundation model test device above the goaf is proposed and Printing method: 3D printing technology is used to pour and accurately arrange complex model piles and tunnels, and at the same time, 3D printing technology is used to accurately control the sand and rain method to fill piles, tunnels and the soil around the goaf.
技术方案：为了实现上述目的，本发明提供一种3D打印隧道或采空区上方桩基模型试验装置，包括：承重台、模型槽、模型桩-隧道-采空区打印设备、砂雨法砂土填筑设备和控制设备；所述模型槽设置在承重台上，用于放置砂体、隧道模型和/或采空区所形成的试验模型，所述模型桩-隧道-采空区打印设备包括空间位移控制组件和模型桩-隧道-采空区材料供应组件，所述砂雨法砂土填筑设备包括撒砂操作组件和砂材供应组件。Technical solution: In order to achieve the above purpose, the present invention provides a 3D printing pile foundation model test device above the tunnel or goaf, including: load-bearing platform, model tank, model pile-tunnel-goaf printing equipment, sand rain method sand Soil filling equipment and control equipment; the model tank is set on the load-bearing platform for placing the test model formed by sand body, tunnel model and/or goaf, and the model pile-tunnel-goaf printing equipment It includes a space displacement control component and a model pile-tunnel-goaf material supply component, and the sand rain method sand filling equipment includes a sand spreading operation component and a sand material supply component.
其中，所述模型桩-隧道-采空区打印设备的空间位移控制组件包括：外环滑轨及Z11滑轨、Z12滑轨、X1滑轨和移动部件；所述外环滑轨通过滑轨支架固定在承重台上；外环滑轨与Z11滑轨之间，Z11滑轨与X1滑轨之间，X1滑轨与Z12滑轨之间分别通过移动部件连接，所述移动部件与所述控制设备电连接。。Wherein, the spatial displacement control assembly of the model pile-tunnel-goaf printing equipment includes: the outer ring slide rail and Z11 slide rail, Z12 slide rail, X1 slide rail and moving parts; the outer ring slide rail passes through the slide rail The bracket is fixed on the load-bearing platform; between the outer ring slide rail and the Z11 slide rail, between the Z11 slide rail and the X1 slide rail, and between the X1 slide rail and the Z12 slide rail are respectively connected by moving parts, and the moving parts and the The control device is electrically connected. .
其中，所述模型桩-隧道-采空区打印设备的模型桩-隧道-采空区材料供应组件包括：料池和料浆泵以及连通两者的输料管；所述料池用于盛放料浆，其内设置有搅拌装置；所述料浆泵位于所述Z12滑轨的末端，料浆泵内设置有加热装置，下方设置有出料口，用于输出加热后的料浆；所述搅拌装置、料浆泵分别与所述控制设备电连接。Wherein, the model pile-tunnel-goaf material supply assembly of the model pile-tunnel-goaf printing equipment includes: a feed pool, a slurry pump, and a feed pipe connecting the two; the feed pool is used to hold The slurry is discharged, and a stirring device is arranged in it; the slurry pump is located at the end of the Z12 slide rail, and a heating device is arranged in the slurry pump, and a discharge port is arranged at the bottom for outputting the heated slurry; The stirring device and the slurry pump are respectively electrically connected to the control equipment.
进一步地，所述外环滑轨为圆角矩形，固定在所述承重台的外围。Further, the outer ring slide rail is a rounded rectangle and is fixed on the periphery of the load-bearing platform.
其中，所述撒砂操作组件包括：内环滑轨及Z21滑轨、Z22滑轨、X2滑轨及移动部件，所述内环滑轨通过滑轨支架固定在承重台上；内环滑轨与Z21滑轨之间，Z21滑轨与X2滑轨之间，X2滑轨与Z22滑轨之间分别通过移动部件连接。Wherein, the sanding operation assembly includes: inner ring slide rail and Z21 slide rail, Z22 slide rail, X2 slide rail and moving parts, and the inner ring slide rail is fixed on the load-bearing platform through the slide rail bracket; the inner ring slide rail Between the Z21 slide rail, between the Z21 slide rail and the X2 slide rail, and between the X2 slide rail and the Z22 slide rail are respectively connected by moving parts.
其中，所述砂材供应组件包括：砂池和出砂口以及将两者连通的输砂管；砂池用于盛放砂材，其底部设置有与所述控制设备电连接的阀门，用于控制出砂速度；出砂口位于所述Z22滑轨的末端。Wherein, the sand material supply assembly includes: a sand tank, a sand outlet, and a sand conveying pipe connecting the two; the sand tank is used to hold sand materials, and a valve electrically connected to the control device is provided at the bottom of the sand tank to To control the sand output speed; the sand output port is located at the end of the Z22 slide rail.
进一步地，所述内环滑轨为圆角矩形框，位于承重台的外围，且在所述外环滑轨的内侧。Further, the inner ring slide rail is a rectangular frame with rounded corners, located on the periphery of the load-bearing platform and inside the outer ring slide rail.
另外，本发明还提供一种利用上述3D打印隧道或采空区上方桩基模型试验装置进行试验模型的打印方法，包括以下步骤：In addition, the present invention also provides a method for printing a test model using the above-mentioned 3D printing tunnel or pile foundation model test device above the goaf, including the following steps:
(1)确定试验模型的结构：利用三维制图软件设计隧道模型、采空区和模型桩的形状、尺寸以及布置结构，以及模型桩的桩周土体分层与相对密实度；(1) Determine the structure of the test model: use 3D drawing software to design the tunnel model, the shape, size and layout of the goaf and model piles, as well as the layering and relative compactness of the soil around the model piles;
(2)根据步骤(1)中确定的试验模型结构进行布置：利用预先确定的材料打印所述隧道模型、采空区，并放置于所述模型槽中；(2) Arranging according to the test model structure determined in step (1): printing the tunnel model and goaf with predetermined materials, and placing them in the model slot;
(3)备料：将预先确定的桩材料置于所述隧道材料供应组件中的料池内，将预先确定的砂材置于所述砂材供应组件中的砂池内；(3) material preparation: placing the predetermined pile material in the material pool in the tunnel material supply assembly, and placing the predetermined sand material in the sand pool in the sand material supply assembly;
(4)施工制作：根据试验参数及绘制的三维立体模型，调整所述料池和砂池与模型槽的相对高度，调节出料和放砂速度，所述模型桩-隧道-采空区打印设备开始打印模型桩，所述砂雨法砂土填筑设备开始撒砂。(4) Construction production: according to the test parameters and the drawn three-dimensional model, adjust the relative heights of the material tank, sand tank and model tank, adjust the discharge and sand discharge speed, and print the model pile-tunnel-gob The equipment starts to print model piles, and the sand rain sand filling equipment starts to sprinkle sand.
进一步地，步骤(4)的施工制作过程中还包括以下步骤：Further, the construction process of step (4) also includes the following steps:
打印期间根据试验要求，在模型槽中埋置测量元器件；Embed measuring components in the model slot according to the test requirements during printing;
在打印过程中通过改变所述砂材供应组件中的出砂口距砂面的距离，以实现多层土。During the printing process, the distance between the sand outlet in the sand material supply assembly and the sand surface is changed to realize multi-layer soil.
有益效果：与现有常规桩基模型试验制作技术相比，本发明的3D打印隧道或采空区上方桩基模型试验装置及打印方法利用3D打印技术可以浇筑复杂的变截面桩基形式、隧道或采矿区等构建物，可以在小空间内精准布置群桩、倾斜桩、地下连续墙，以及不同形状的单根或多根隧道；施工过程中，作为胶结材料的模型桩体及隧道和作为散粒材料的桩和隧道周土体，在浇筑过程中存在一定的相互侵入现象，与真实现场浇筑桩基中的桩-土及隧道-土接触面情况更相近；利用3D打印技术控制设备实现砂雨法的填砂操作，可以保证填土的均匀性，从而精确的控制桩周土体的相对密实度，同时还能根据高度及撒砂速度的变化，实现不同密实度的多层土的模拟。Beneficial effects: Compared with the existing conventional pile foundation model test manufacturing technology, the 3D printing tunnel or pile foundation model test device and printing method above the goaf of the present invention can use 3D printing technology to cast complex variable-section pile foundation forms, tunnels, etc. For structures such as mining areas or mining areas, pile groups, inclined piles, underground diaphragm walls, and single or multiple tunnels of different shapes can be accurately arranged in a small space; during the construction process, the model piles and tunnels used as cementing materials and as The piles of granular materials and the soil around the tunnel have a certain degree of mutual intrusion during the pouring process, which is more similar to the pile-soil and tunnel-soil contact surfaces in the actual on-site pouring pile foundation; 3D printing technology is used to control equipment to achieve The sand filling operation of the sand rain method can ensure the uniformity of the filling, thereby accurately controlling the relative compactness of the soil around the pile, and at the same time, it can realize the multi-layer soil with different compactness according to the change of height and sanding speed. simulation.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1为本发明的3D打印隧道或采空区上方桩基模型试验装置的结构示意图；Fig. 1 is the structural representation of the pile foundation model test device above the 3D printing tunnel or goaf of the present invention;
图2为本发明装置隧道模型与采空区的立体布置示意图；Fig. 2 is the schematic diagram of the three-dimensional arrangement of the tunnel model of the device of the present invention and the goaf;
图3为隧道模型的多种布置结构示意图；图3(a)为两个隧道在同一平面交互的布置结构；图3(b)为两个隧道在同一平面交互的另一种布置结构；图3(c)为三个隧道在不同平面交互的布置结构；Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of various layout structures of the tunnel model; Figure 3(a) is the layout structure of two tunnels interacting on the same plane; Figure 3(b) is another layout structure of two tunnels interacting on the same plane; 3(c) is the interactive arrangement structure of three tunnels in different planes;
图4为隧道模型的不同横截面形状示意图；图4(a)为圆形截面，图4(b)为长方形截面，图4(c)为六边形截面，图4(d)为五边形截面，图4(e)为不规则图形截面，图4(f)为圆拱形截面，图4(g)为跑道型截面；Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of different cross-sectional shapes of the tunnel model; Figure 4(a) is a circular cross-section, Figure 4(b) is a rectangular cross-section, Figure 4(c) is a hexagonal cross-section, and Figure 4(d) is a five-sided cross-section Shaped section, Figure 4 (e) is an irregular figure section, Figure 4 (f) is a circular arch section, and Figure 4 (g) is a runway-shaped section;
图5为本发明装置构件物多层土的布置示意图；Fig. 5 is the layout schematic diagram of multi-layer soil of device structure of the present invention;
其中：1为砂池，2为输砂管，3为阀门，4为模型槽，5为X1滑轨，6为Z11滑轨，7为Z12滑轨，8为Z22滑轨，9为X2滑轨，10为Z21滑轨，11为出砂口，12为料浆泵，13为出料口，14为内环滑轨，15为外环滑轨，16为滑轨支架，17为移动部件，18为料池，19为搅拌装置，20为控制设备，21为数据线，22为模型桩，23为承重台，24输料管，25为隧道，26为采空区，27为砂体。Among them: 1 is the sand tank, 2 is the sand pipe, 3 is the valve, 4 is the model tank, 5 is the X1 slide rail, 6 is the Z11 slide rail, 7 is the Z12 slide rail, 8 is the Z22 slide rail, 9 is the X2 slide rail 10 is the Z21 slide rail, 11 is the sand outlet, 12 is the slurry pump, 13 is the material outlet, 14 is the inner ring slide rail, 15 is the outer ring slide rail, 16 is the slide rail bracket, and 17 is the moving part , 18 is material pool, 19 is mixing device, 20 is control equipment, 21 is data line, 22 is model pile, 23 is bearing platform, 24 is conveying pipe, 25 is tunnel, 26 is goaf, 27 is sand body .
具体实施方式detailed description
以下结合附图详细叙述本发明专利的具体实施方式，本发明专利的保护范围并不仅仅局限于本实施方式的描述。The specific implementation of the patent of the present invention will be described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, and the scope of protection of the patent of the present invention is not limited to the description of this embodiment.
实施例1：Example 1:
图1和图2、图5中的3D打印隧道或采空区上方桩基模型试验装置，包括承重台23、模型槽4、模型桩-隧道-采空区打印设备、砂雨法砂土填筑设备和控制设备；模型槽4设置在承重台23上，用于放置砂体27、隧道模型25和/或采空区26所形成的试验模型，模型桩-隧道-采空区打印设备包括空间位移控制组件和模型桩-隧道-采空区材料供应组件，砂雨法砂土填筑设备包括撒砂操作组件和砂材供应组件。The 3D printing tunnel or pile foundation model test device above the goaf in Fig. 1 and Fig. 5, including load-bearing platform 23, model groove 4, model pile-tunnel-goaf printing equipment, sand rain method sand filling construction equipment and control equipment; the model tank 4 is arranged on the load-bearing platform 23 for placing the test model formed by the sand body 27, the tunnel model 25 and/or the goaf 26, and the model pile-tunnel-goaf printing equipment includes Spatial displacement control component and model pile-tunnel-goaf material supply component, sand rain method sand filling equipment includes sand spreading operation component and sand material supply component.
上述模型桩-隧道-采空区打印设备的空间位移控制组件包括：外环滑轨15及Z11滑轨6、Z12滑轨7、X1滑轨5和移动部件17；外环滑轨15为圆角矩形框，位于承重台23的外围，通过滑轨支架16固定在承重台23上；外环滑轨15与Z11滑轨6之间，Z11滑轨6与X1滑轨5之间，X1滑轨5与Z12滑轨7之间分别通过移动部件17连接。上述模型桩-隧道-采空区材料供应组件包括：料池18和料浆泵12以及连通两者的输料管24；料池18用于盛放料浆，其内设置有搅拌装置19，搅拌装置19由搅拌杆、十字形搅拌头和电动转机组成；料浆泵12位于Z12滑轨7的末端，料浆泵12内设置有加热装置(图中未示出)，下方设置有出料口13，用于输出加热后的料浆。The spatial displacement control components of the above-mentioned model pile-tunnel-goaf printing equipment include: outer ring slide rail 15 and Z11 slide rail 6, Z12 slide rail 7, X1 slide rail 5 and moving parts 17; outer ring slide rail 15 is a circle The corner rectangular frame is located on the periphery of the load-bearing platform 23, and is fixed on the load-bearing platform 23 through the slide rail bracket 16; between the outer ring slide rail 15 and the Z11 slide rail 6, between the Z11 slide rail 6 and the X1 slide rail 5, and between the X1 slide rail The rails 5 and the Z12 slide rails 7 are respectively connected by moving parts 17 . The above-mentioned model pile-tunnel-goaf material supply assembly includes: a material pool 18, a slurry pump 12, and a feed pipe 24 connecting the two; the material pool 18 is used to hold the slurry, and a stirring device 19 is arranged therein The stirring device 19 is composed of a stirring rod, a cross-shaped stirring head and an electric rotating machine; the slurry pump 12 is located at the end of the Z12 slide rail 7, and a heating device (not shown) is arranged in the slurry pump 12, and a discharging device is provided below. Port 13 is used to output the heated slurry.
上述撒砂操作组件包括：内环滑轨14及Z21滑轨10、Z22滑轨8、X2滑轨9及移动部件，内环滑轨14为圆角矩形框，位于承重台23的外围，通过滑轨支架16固定在承重台23上；内环滑轨14与Z21滑轨10之间，Z21滑轨10与X2滑轨9之间，X2滑轨9与Z22滑轨8之间分别通过移动部件连接。上述砂材供应组件包括：砂池1和出砂口11以及将两者连通的输砂管2；砂池1内盛放砂，其底部设置有阀门3，用于控制出砂速度；出砂口11位于Z22滑轨8的末端。The above-mentioned sand spreading operation assembly includes: inner ring slide rail 14 and Z21 slide rail 10, Z22 slide rail 8, X2 slide rail 9 and moving parts, inner ring slide rail 14 is a rounded rectangular frame, located on the periphery of bearing platform 23, through The slide rail bracket 16 is fixed on the load-bearing platform 23; between the inner ring slide rail 14 and the Z21 slide rail 10, between the Z21 slide rail 10 and the X2 slide rail 9, and between the X2 slide rail 9 and the Z22 slide rail 8 respectively by moving Component connections. The above-mentioned sand material supply assembly includes: a sand tank 1, a sand outlet 11, and a sand delivery pipe 2 connecting the two; sand is contained in the sand tank 1, and a valve 3 is arranged at the bottom of the sand tank to control the sand output speed; Port 11 is located at the end of Z22 slide rail 8 .
上述移动部件、搅拌装置19、料浆泵12及阀门3通过数据线21与控制设备20电连接。模型桩-隧道-采空区打印设备与砂雨法砂土填筑设备由控制设备20控制独立工作，提高打印的效率。The above-mentioned moving parts, the stirring device 19 , the slurry pump 12 and the valve 3 are electrically connected to the control device 20 through the data line 21 . The model pile-tunnel-gob printing equipment and the sand rain method sand filling equipment are controlled by the control equipment 20 to work independently, improving the printing efficiency.
本实施例中承重台23的长为3m、宽为2.5m、高度为1m，模型槽4的长为2m，宽为1.5m，高度为2m，外环滑轨15的长为2.5m、宽为2m、直径为3mm，内环滑轨14的长、宽均比外环滑轨15的长、宽小5cm，直径为3mm；相应尺寸不限于此，可根据试验设计要求，将模型槽4长制作为2～3m、宽为1.5～2m、高度为2～3m，称重台23的长为3～4m、宽为2.5～3m、高度为1～1.5m，外环滑轨15的尺寸由模型槽4的尺寸确定，长为2.5～3.5m、宽为2～2.5m、直径为3～5mm，内环滑轨14的直径为3～5mm，其长和宽尺寸小于外环滑轨15相应尺寸5～15cm即可。滑轨支架16的长度根据外环滑轨15、内环滑轨14以及承重台23的长、宽进行设置，其直径为4～6mm，材料为钢材或铝合金(本实例长为10cm，直径为4～6mm，材料为钢材)。In the present embodiment, the length of the bearing platform 23 is 3m, the width is 2.5m, and the height is 1m. The length of the model groove 4 is 2m, the width is 1.5m, and the height is 2m. 2m and a diameter of 3mm, the length and width of the inner ring slide rail 14 are 5cm smaller than the length and width of the outer ring slide rail 15, and the diameter is 3mm; the corresponding size is not limited to this, and the model groove 4 The length is 2-3m, the width is 1.5-2m, and the height is 2-3m. The length of the weighing table 23 is 3-4m, the width is 2.5-3m, and the height is 1-1.5m. The size of the outer ring slide rail 15 Determined by the size of the model groove 4, the length is 2.5-3.5m, the width is 2-2.5m, and the diameter is 3-5mm. The diameter of the inner ring slide rail 14 is 3-5mm, and its length and width are smaller than the outer ring slide rail 15 The corresponding size is 5-15cm. The length of slide rail support 16 is set according to the length and width of outer ring slide rail 15, inner ring slide rail 14 and bearing platform 23, and its diameter is 4～6mm, and material is steel or aluminum alloy (the length of this example is 10cm, diameter 4 ~ 6mm, the material is steel).
上述模型槽4和承重台23的材料可以为钢材或有机玻璃或钢化玻璃，内环滑轨14和外环滑轨15、滑轨支架16的材料可以为钢材或铝合金。The material of above-mentioned model groove 4 and bearing platform 23 can be steel or plexiglass or tempered glass, and the material of inner ring slide rail 14 and outer ring slide rail 15, slide rail support 16 can be steel or aluminum alloy.
上述X1滑轨5和X2滑轨9的尺寸根据模型槽的长度确定，形状为直线型，长度为2～5m、直径为3～5mm，材料为钢材或铝合金；上述料池18中盛放的料浆为胶结材料，其材料为混凝土、水泥砂浆、石灰或石膏；料池18内的搅拌装置19在制作期间不间断搅拌，保证胶结材料的流动性，其功率为100～300W，搅拌速度为360～720r/min；料池18的进料口端直径为0.3～0.5m，输料口端直径为4分～1寸，圆柱端高度为0.1～0.3m，圆台端高度为0.1～0.2m；料浆泵12中加热装置控制材料的温度范围为10～50℃。The size of the above-mentioned X1 slide rail 5 and X2 slide rail 9 is determined according to the length of the model groove, the shape is linear, the length is 2-5m, the diameter is 3-5mm, and the material is steel or aluminum alloy; The slurry is a cementing material, and its material is concrete, cement mortar, lime or gypsum; the stirring device 19 in the material tank 18 is continuously stirred during the production period to ensure the fluidity of the cementing material, and its power is 100～300W. It is 360～720r/min; the diameter of the feed port end of the material pool 18 is 0.3～0.5m, the diameter of the feed port end is 4 minutes～1 inch, the height of the cylindrical end is 0.1～0.3m, and the height of the round table end is 0.1～0.2 m; the heating device in the slurry pump 12 controls the temperature range of the material to be 10-50°C.
上述砂池1的进料口端直径为0.3～0.5m，输砂口端直径为4分～1寸，圆柱端高度为0.1～0.3m，圆台端高度为0.1～0.2m(本实例进料口端直径为0.3m，输砂口端直径为4分，圆柱端高度为0.1m，圆台端高度为0.1m)；阀门3可控制砂的出砂速度，出砂速度为0.05～0.1m3/h(本实例为0.05m3/h)；输砂管2的直径根据料池输料口端或输砂口端直径确定，为4分～1寸(本实例为4分)；以及出砂口11，形状为扁形或圆形(本实例为圆形)，出砂口网眼孔径为1～4mm(本实例为1mm)，可控制出料或出砂速度为0.05～0.1m3/h(本实例为0.05m3/h)。料池18与砂池1位置要高于模型槽0.1～1m(本实例为0.5m)。The diameter of the inlet end of the above-mentioned sand tank 1 is 0.3～0.5m, the diameter of the sand delivery mouth end is 4 minutes～1 cun, the height of the cylindrical end is 0.1～0.3m, and the height of the round platform end is 0.1～0.2m (the feeding of this example The diameter of the mouth end is 0.3m, the diameter of the sand conveying mouth end is 4 minutes, the height of the cylindrical end is 0.1m, and the height of the round table end is 0.1m); the valve 3 can control the sand production speed, and the sand production speed is 0.05 ~ 0.1m 3 /h (this example is 0.05m 3 /h); the diameter of the sand delivery pipe 2 is determined according to the diameter of the feeding port end of the material tank or the sand delivery port end, which is 4 minutes to 1 inch (4 minutes in this example); and The sand port 11 is flat or circular in shape (circle in this example), the mesh aperture of the sand outlet is 1-4mm (1mm in this example), and the discharge or sand output speed can be controlled to be 0.05-0.1m 3 /h (0.05m 3 /h in this example). The positions of the material tank 18 and the sand tank 1 are 0.1-1m higher than the model tank (0.5m in this example).
砂池1中盛放的砂可以为福建标准砂、也可为地区天然河砂，砂的粒径可为细砂、中砂或粗砂，砂的级配可选择良好或不良。The sand contained in the sand tank 1 can be Fujian standard sand or natural river sand in the region. The particle size of the sand can be fine sand, medium sand or coarse sand, and the gradation of the sand can be selected as good or bad.
实施例2：Example 2:
利用实施例1中的3D打印隧道或采空区上方桩基模型试验装置进行试验模型的打印，包括以下步骤：Utilize the 3D printing tunnel or the pile foundation model test device above the gob in Example 1 to print the test model, including the following steps:
(1)确定模型的结构，确定模型中各构件的材料：利用AutoCAD、3Dmax、ProE、UG或Solidworks三维制图软件，设计隧道模型25、采空区26和模型桩22的形状、尺寸以及布置结构，以及模型桩22的桩周土体分层与相对密实度。(1) Determine the structure of the model, and determine the materials of each member in the model: Utilize AutoCAD, 3Dmax, ProE, UG or Solidworks three-dimensional drawing software to design the shape, size and layout structure of the tunnel model 25, the goaf 26 and the model pile 22 , and the stratification and relative compactness of the soil around the model pile 22.
模型桩22的横截面形状可以为图1中所示的圆形，也可以为长方形、X形、Y形或者圆环形，还可为楔形桩，可根据具体试验需要来进行设计。模型桩22的桩长可设计为300～950mm；横截面若为圆形则其直径可以设计为15～35mm；横截面若为长方形则其边长可以设计为15～35mm；横截面若为X形或Y形则其外包圆直径可以设计为15～35mm，开弧角度为90～120°，圆环形外径为10～35mm、壁厚为5～7mm；若为楔形桩则其上部直径可设计为15～35mm，下部直径为10～30mm。The cross-sectional shape of the model pile 22 can be circular as shown in FIG. 1 , also can be rectangular, X-shaped, Y-shaped or circular, and can also be a wedge-shaped pile, which can be designed according to specific test needs. The pile length of the model pile 22 can be designed as 300-950mm; if the cross-section is circular, its diameter can be designed as 15-35mm; if the cross-section is rectangular, its side length can be designed as 15-35mm; if the cross-section is X If it is a wedge-shaped or Y-shaped pile, the diameter of the outer circle can be designed to be 15-35mm, the opening angle is 90-120°, the outer diameter of the circular ring is 10-35mm, and the wall thickness is 5-7mm; if it is a wedge-shaped pile, its upper diameter It can be designed to be 15-35mm, and the diameter of the lower part is 10-30mm.
隧道模型25根据实际隧道形状、布置结构进行设计，横截面可以为图2所示的圆形，也可以为图4所示的长方形、或者各种多边形，以及不规则图形、圆拱形或跑道型，隧道长可设计为300～4550mm；若横截面为圆形则其直径可设计为15～150mm；若横截面为长方形则其边长可设计为15～150mm；若为多边形则其边长可设计为15～150mm；隧道还可以为如图3所示的多条，例如：图3(a)、(b)所示的两到四条隧道在同一平面交互，角度为30°～90°；又例如：图3(c)所示的两到四条隧道在不同平面交互，角度为0°～180°，隧道与隧道之间距离可以设计为5～150cm。The tunnel model 25 is designed according to the actual tunnel shape and layout structure, and the cross section can be a circle as shown in Figure 2, or a rectangle as shown in Figure 4, or various polygons, and irregular figures, circular arches or runways type, the length of the tunnel can be designed as 300-4550mm; if the cross-section is circular, its diameter can be designed as 15-150mm; if the cross-section is rectangular, its side length can be designed as 15-150mm; if it is polygonal, its side length It can be designed to be 15-150mm; the tunnel can also be multiple as shown in Figure 3, for example: two to four tunnels shown in Figure 3(a) and (b) interact on the same plane, and the angle is 30°-90° Another example: two to four tunnels shown in Figure 3(c) interact on different planes, the angle is 0°-180°, and the distance between tunnels can be designed to be 5-150cm.
隧道模型25及模型桩22的材料可以为混凝土、水泥砂浆、石灰或石膏。The material of the tunnel model 25 and the model pile 22 can be concrete, cement mortar, lime or gypsum.
采空区26，利用打印装置打印一层厚度为1～2mm的硬壳层，其材料为石膏，其形状可为立方体、球形及不规则形状。In the goaf 26, a hard shell layer with a thickness of 1-2mm is printed by a printing device, and its material is gypsum, and its shape can be cube, sphere or irregular shape.
利用砂雨法控制相对密实度为30～80％，可以在不同位置设置不同相对密实度的砂土以模拟多层土情况。The sand rain method is used to control the relative compactness to 30-80%. Sandy soils with different relative compactness can be set at different positions to simulate multi-layer soil conditions.
(2)备料：将料浆装入料池18，将砂装入砂池1，打开料池18的搅拌装置19，速度调为360～720r/min(本实例为360r/min)，打开料浆泵12的加热装置，温度控制为10～50℃(本实例为10℃)；(2) Prepare materials: put the slurry into the material tank 18, put the sand into the sand tank 1, open the stirring device 19 of the material tank 18, adjust the speed to 360～720r/min (this example is 360r/min), open the material The heating device of slurry pump 12, temperature control is 10～50 ℃ (this example is 10 ℃);
模型桩22的材料，可以为混凝土、水泥砂浆、石灰或石膏(本实例为水泥砂浆)；桩周土为砂土，材料为福建标准砂或地区天然砂(本实例为福建标准砂)，粒径为细砂、中砂或粗砂(本实例为细砂)，级配为良好或不良(本实例为良好)，砂雨法控制相对密实度30～80％(本实例为50％)，计算出撒砂的高度为0.2～0.7m(本实例为0.5m)、出砂速度为0.05～0.1m3/h(本实例为0.05m3/h)。The material of model pile 22 can be concrete, cement mortar, lime or gypsum (this example is cement mortar); The diameter is fine sand, medium sand or coarse sand (this example is fine sand), the gradation is good or bad (this example is good), and the sand rain method controls the relative density of 30% to 80% (this example is 50%), It is calculated that the sand spreading height is 0.2-0.7m (0.5m in this example), and the sand production rate is 0.05-0.1m 3 /h (0.05m 3 /h in this example).
(3)施工制作：根据试验参数及绘制的三维立体模型，调整料池18和砂池1与模型槽4的相对高度、通过阀门3调节至需要的速度，模型桩-隧道-采空区打印设备开始打印模型桩，砂雨法砂土填筑设备开始撒砂；保证模型桩22的打印高度略高于填埋砂的高度；打印期间可根据试验要求，在模型槽中埋置测量元器件(如土压力盒、沉降标)，并且在打印过程中可变化出砂口距砂面的距离，以实现多层土(如开始为30cm，其后为50cm，第三层为70cm)。(3) Construction production: According to the test parameters and the drawn three-dimensional model, adjust the relative heights of the material tank 18, the sand tank 1 and the model tank 4, adjust to the required speed through the valve 3, and print the model pile-tunnel-gob The equipment starts to print the model pile, and the sand-rain method sand filling equipment starts to sprinkle sand; ensure that the printing height of the model pile 22 is slightly higher than the height of the landfill sand; during printing, measurement components can be embedded in the model groove according to the test requirements (such as earth pressure box, settlement mark), and the distance between the sand outlet and the sand surface can be changed during the printing process to achieve multi-layer soil (such as 30cm at the beginning, 50cm after that, and 70cm for the third layer).
(4)模型试验：模型布置完成后，开展相关的桩基静载荷、抗拔、水平向或多方向荷载组合承载力试验。(4) Model test: After the model layout is completed, carry out the relevant static load, pull-out, horizontal or multi-directional load combined bearing capacity tests of the pile foundation.
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