CN105804913A - Adjusting method and device for pump serving as water turbine - Google Patents
Adjusting method and device for pump serving as water turbine Download PDFInfo
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- CN105804913A CN105804913A CN201610221860.7A CN201610221860A CN105804913A CN 105804913 A CN105804913 A CN 105804913A CN 201610221860 A CN201610221860 A CN 201610221860A CN 105804913 A CN105804913 A CN 105804913A
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
- F03B3/00—Machines or engines of reaction type; Parts or details peculiar thereto
- F03B3/16—Stators
- F03B3/18—Stator blades; Guide conduits or vanes, e.g. adjustable
- F03B3/183—Adjustable vanes, e.g. wicket gates
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/20—Hydro energy
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Abstract
本发明提供一种泵用作水轮机的调节方法，该方法通过调节导叶角度来控制转轮进口处水流的速度方向，使得入流的速度方向与最优效率工况下的入流速度方向一致或接近。本发明还提供一种泵用作水轮机的调节装置，该装置包括壳体、角度调节杆、第一导叶转动轴体、导叶轮毂、导叶叶片和第二导叶转动轴体；导叶叶片，角度调节杆，第一导叶转动轴体和第二导叶转动轴体安装后成为一个整体，该整体可相对于壳体和导叶轮毂沿轴体方向转动。本发明提供的调节方法能够扩大泵用作水轮机的适用范围；能够显著提高部分负荷工况下水电机组的运行效率和发电功率，充分利用水头从而增加工程的经济效益；能够调节水流对转轮叶片各部位均匀做功，提高叶片使用寿命。
The invention provides a method for adjusting a pump used as a water turbine. The method controls the speed direction of the water flow at the inlet of the runner by adjusting the angle of the guide vane, so that the speed direction of the inflow is consistent with or close to the direction of the inflow speed under the optimal efficiency working condition. . The present invention also provides an adjusting device for a pump used as a water turbine. The device includes a housing, an angle adjustment rod, a first guide vane rotating shaft body, a guide vane hub, guide vane blades and a second guide vane rotating shaft body; The blade, the angle adjusting rod, the first guide vane rotating shaft body and the second guide vane rotating shaft body form a whole after being installed, and the whole body can rotate along the direction of the shaft body relative to the housing and the guide vane hub. The adjustment method provided by the invention can expand the applicable scope of the pump used as a water turbine; can significantly improve the operating efficiency and power generation power of the hydroelectric unit under partial load conditions, and make full use of the water head to increase the economic benefits of the project; can adjust the water flow to the runner blades All parts work evenly to increase the service life of the blades.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及微型水电技术领域，具体的说是一种泵用作水轮机的调节方法及装置。The invention relates to the technical field of micro hydropower, in particular to a method and device for adjusting a pump used as a water turbine.
背景技术Background technique
微型水电站是一类以装机容量低于100kW为特点的水利工程，对环境及生态没有不利影响。起初，微型水电站被用来为乡郊地区、偏远地区以及丘陵地区等一些由于经济成本较高而无法接入主干电网的区域供电，在当地组建孤立电网。近年来在发达地区，由于大型水电站已经基本建完，这种微型水电站成为了未来水电的主要方向。该系统可以被应用在任何有能量差的水系统中，包括供水系统，灌溉系统，污水及雨水系统，将多余能量回收并满足日益增长的电力需求。Micro hydropower station is a type of water conservancy project characterized by an installed capacity of less than 100kW, which has no adverse effects on the environment and ecology. At first, micro hydropower stations were used to supply power to rural areas, remote areas, and hilly areas that could not be connected to the main power grid due to high economic costs, and formed isolated grids locally. In recent years, in developed areas, since large-scale hydropower stations have been basically completed, this kind of micro-hydropower stations has become the main direction of future hydropower. The system can be applied in any water system with energy difference, including water supply system, irrigation system, sewage and rainwater system, to recover excess energy and meet the growing demand for electricity.
为了降低建造成本、缩短投资回本周期，多将水泵转轮作为微型水电机组的能量转换部件使用。泵用作水轮机的优势在于，现成的水泵机组种类多，参数多样化，无需订制，省去了设计时间，设计费用和加工时间。水泵本身比传统水轮机组要廉价，在后期维护中，零部件的可互换性也使得备件容易获取，维护成本较低。In order to reduce the construction cost and shorten the investment return period, the water pump runner is mostly used as the energy conversion part of the micro hydroelectric unit. The advantage of using a pump as a water turbine is that there are many types of ready-made water pump units with various parameters, and no customization is required, which saves design time, design costs and processing time. The water pump itself is cheaper than the traditional water turbine unit. In the later maintenance, the interchangeability of parts also makes it easy to obtain spare parts and lower maintenance costs.
泵用作水轮机的最佳效率比传统水轮机低，但对于微型水电站，水泵用作水轮机的综合经济收益较高。对于一般不建造水库的微型水电站，其流动条件不可调节，也不能恒定。当该种水轮机组运行在非设计工况，尤其是部分负荷工况下，其效率将会快速下降(见图1)，影响微型水电站的发电功率和经济收益。高效工况区较小是此类微型水电站的主要缺点。The optimal efficiency of pumps used as water turbines is lower than that of traditional water turbines, but for micro hydropower stations, the comprehensive economic benefits of water pumps used as water turbines are higher. For micro-hydropower stations that generally do not build reservoirs, the flow conditions cannot be adjusted or kept constant. When this type of hydroturbine operates under non-design conditions, especially under partial load conditions, its efficiency will drop rapidly (see Figure 1), which will affect the power generation and economic benefits of micro hydropower stations. The small high-efficiency working area is the main disadvantage of this type of micro hydropower station.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明针对现有的技术状况，提供一种泵用作水轮机的调节方法及装置，该方法能够扩大机组的运行范围，提高非最优工况下转轮的能量转化效率。Aiming at the existing technical situation, the present invention provides a method and device for adjusting a pump used as a water turbine. The method can expand the operating range of the unit and improve the energy conversion efficiency of the runner under non-optimal working conditions.
本发明的目的是这样实现的：The purpose of the present invention is achieved like this:
一种泵用作水轮机的调节方法，通过调节导叶角度来控制转轮进口处水流的速度方向，使得入流的速度方向与最优效率工况下的入流速度方向一致或接近。如图2所示，假设转轮最优效率工况下绝对速度为V，其速度可分解为周向分量U和与叶片相对速度分量W；其水流方向分量Vz取决于流量Q，周向分量U取决于转速N和叶栅所处半径R，V与U的夹角γ取决于导叶角度。当流量减小至Q*时，Vz*小于Vz，U*等于U，为了使转轮保持高效率运行，必须使得叶片相对速度分量W*的方向保持与W一致或尽量接近，即β*与β相等或尽量接近。通过上述条件求解可以得知，将导叶逆时针旋转一定角度，使得γ*小于γ即可满足，具体旋转角度视Q*具体数值而定。当流量增大时，则导叶顺时针旋转。为了叙述方便，规定导叶原位置角度为0°，逆时针旋转记为负角度，顺时针旋转记为正角度。The invention relates to an adjustment method for a pump used as a water turbine. By adjusting the guide vane angle, the speed direction of the water flow at the inlet of the runner is controlled, so that the speed direction of the inflow is consistent with or close to the direction of the inflow speed under the optimal efficiency condition. As shown in Figure 2, assuming that the absolute speed of the runner is V under the optimal efficiency condition, its speed can be decomposed into the circumferential component U and the relative speed component W to the blade; the water flow direction component Vz depends on the flow rate Q, and the circumferential component U depends on the rotational speed N and the radius R of the cascade, and the angle γ between V and U depends on the guide vane angle. When the flow rate decreases to Q*, Vz* is less than Vz, and U* is equal to U. In order to keep the runner running at high efficiency, the direction of the relative velocity component W* of the blade must be kept consistent with W or as close as possible, that is, β* and β is equal or as close as possible. By solving the above conditions, it can be known that the guide vane is rotated counterclockwise by a certain angle so that γ* is less than γ, and the specific rotation angle depends on the specific value of Q*. When the flow rate increases, the guide vane rotates clockwise. For the convenience of description, it is stipulated that the original position angle of the guide vane is 0°, the counterclockwise rotation is recorded as a negative angle, and the clockwise rotation is recorded as a positive angle.
调节导叶角度的旋转轴在流道的子午面内，该旋转轴的方向垂直或近似垂直于子午面流动方向。The rotation axis for adjusting the guide vane angle is in the meridian plane of the flow channel, and the direction of the rotation axis is vertical or nearly perpendicular to the flow direction of the meridian plane.
调节导叶角度的操作在机组停止运行时及在机组运行过程中均可进行。The operation of adjusting the guide vane angle can be carried out when the unit is stopped or when the unit is running.
调节导叶角度的操作采用手动方式进行控制，或使用接力器进行自动控制。The operation of adjusting the guide vane angle is controlled manually, or automatically controlled by a servomotor.
一种泵用作水轮机的调节装置，包括壳体，位于壳体内的导叶轮毂、与导叶轮毂连接的多个导叶叶片，以及位于壳体外与导叶叶片连接的多个角度调节杆；导叶叶片的前端设有第一导叶转动轴体、后端设有第二导叶转动轴体，第一导叶转动轴体、第二导叶转动轴体具有同一旋转轴；壳体上设有与第一导叶转动轴体相配合的轴孔，导叶轮毂上设有与第二导叶转动轴体相配合的轴孔，通过旋转角度调节杆可以调节导叶叶片的角度。A regulating device for a pump used as a water turbine, comprising a housing, a guide vane hub located inside the housing, a plurality of guide vane blades connected to the guide vane hub, and a plurality of angle adjustment rods located outside the housing and connected to the guide vane blades; The front end of the guide vane blade is provided with a first guide vane rotating shaft body, and the rear end is provided with a second guide vane rotating shaft body, and the first guide vane rotating shaft body and the second guide vane rotating shaft body have the same rotating shaft; A shaft hole matched with the rotating shaft body of the first guide vane is provided, and a shaft hole matched with the rotating shaft body of the second guide vane is provided on the guide vane hub, and the angle of the guide vane blade can be adjusted by rotating the angle adjusting rod.
所述的调节装置，导叶叶片，角度调节杆，第一导叶转动轴体和第二导叶转动轴体安装后成为一个整体，相对位置固定；这个整体可相对于壳体和导叶轮毂沿轴体方向转动。The adjusting device, the guide vane blade, the angle adjustment rod, the first guide vane rotating shaft body and the second guide vane rotating shaft body are installed as a whole, and the relative positions are fixed; Rotate along the shaft direction.
所述的调节装置，其整体位于叶轮的高水压侧；导叶出口边和转轮进口边之间的轴向距离为转轮直径的0.05-0.1倍。The adjustment device is located on the high water pressure side of the impeller as a whole; the axial distance between the outlet edge of the guide vane and the inlet edge of the runner is 0.05-0.1 times the diameter of the runner.
所述的调节装置，壳体、第一导叶转动轴体、导叶轮毂、导叶叶片和第二导叶转动轴体中所有配合面均为球面，并共用同一球心。In the adjusting device described above, all matching surfaces among the housing, the first guide vane rotating shaft body, the guide vane hub, the guide vane blades and the second guide vane rotating shaft body are spherical surfaces and share the same spherical center.
所述的调节装置，其特征在于导叶叶片与壳体及导叶轮毂的配合球面上，粘接有密封材料，目的在于尽量消除配合加工过程中存在的误差所导致的间隙。The adjusting device is characterized in that a sealing material is bonded to the matching spherical surface of the guide vane blade, the shell and the guide vane hub, and the purpose is to eliminate the gap caused by the error existing in the matching process as much as possible.
所述的调节装置，导叶叶片的个数与转轮叶片的个数互质。In the adjusting device, the number of guide vane blades is relatively prime to the number of runner blades.
与现有技术相比，本发明具有以下有益的技术效果：Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial technical effects:
经过数值模拟与试验验证，本发明提供的调节方法能够扩大泵用作水轮机的适用范围，充分利用水压差(即水头)(图3)，降低由于较小水文条件差异而引发的电站设计成本，机组选型误差；能够显著提高部分负荷工况下水电机组的运行效率和发电功率(图4)，从而增加工程的经济效益；成本较低，便于制造、加工、使用和维护，易于推广应用；能够调节水流对转轮叶片各部位均匀做功，提高叶片使用寿命；调节控制机构可根据具体情况选择人工操作或者接力器控制，灵活方便。Through numerical simulation and experimental verification, the adjustment method provided by the present invention can expand the scope of application of the pump as a water turbine, make full use of the water pressure difference (ie water head) (Figure 3), and reduce the design cost of the power station caused by the small difference in hydrological conditions , unit selection error; can significantly improve the operating efficiency and power generation of hydroelectric units under partial load conditions (Figure 4), thereby increasing the economic benefits of the project; low cost, easy to manufacture, process, use and maintain, and easy to popularize and apply ; It can adjust the water flow to work evenly on all parts of the runner blades, and improve the service life of the blades; the adjustment control mechanism can be manually operated or controlled by a servomotor according to specific conditions, which is flexible and convenient.
附图说明Description of drawings
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚，下面将结合附图对本发明作进一步的详细描述，其中：In order to make the purpose, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearer, the present invention will be described in further detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
图1为泵用作水轮机的性能曲线。Figure 1 shows the performance curve of a pump used as a turbine.
图2为调节方法速度矢量求解图。Figure 2 is the speed vector solution diagram of the adjustment method.
图3为本调节方法作用下泵用作水轮机的综合特性曲线。Figure 3 is a comprehensive characteristic curve of the pump used as a water turbine under the action of this adjustment method.
图4为不同导叶角度下泵用作水轮机的流量—效率曲线。Figure 4 is the flow-efficiency curve of the pump used as a turbine at different guide vane angles.
图5为调节装置的结构示意图(子午面投影)。Fig. 5 is a structural schematic diagram (meridian plane projection) of the adjusting device.
图6为调节装置的结构示意图(三维线框)。Fig. 6 is a structural schematic diagram (three-dimensional wireframe) of the adjusting device.
图1是固定导叶状态下的性能曲线，很明显，处于部分负荷工况时，流量降低将导致效率的快速下降。Figure 1 is the performance curve under the condition of fixed guide vane. It is obvious that in the partial load condition, the reduction of flow will lead to a rapid decrease of efficiency.
图3是本调节方法作用下泵用作水轮机的综合特性曲线，图中还标示了效率等值线，可以看出应用本调节方法的水轮机，运行工况范围更宽，高效运行区域更大。流量数的计算公式为水头数的计算公式为其中Q为流量，n为转速，H为水头，D为转轮直径，g为重力加速度。Figure 3 is the comprehensive characteristic curve of the pump used as a water turbine under the action of this adjustment method. The efficiency contour is also marked in the figure. It can be seen that the water turbine using this adjustment method has a wider range of operating conditions and a larger high-efficiency operation area. The formula for calculating the flow rate is The formula for calculating the water head is Among them, Q is the flow rate, n is the speed, H is the water head, D is the diameter of the runner, and g is the acceleration of gravity.
图5、图6中，1为壳体；2为角度调节杆；3为第一导叶转动轴体；4为导叶轮毂；5为导叶叶片；6为第二导叶转动轴体。5 and 6, 1 is the housing; 2 is the angle adjustment rod; 3 is the first guide vane rotating shaft; 4 is the guide vane hub; 5 is the guide vane blade; 6 is the second guide vane rotating shaft.
具体实施方式detailed description
以下将结合附图，对本发明的优选实施例进行详细的描述；应当理解，优选实施例仅为了说明本发明，而不是为了限制本发明的保护范围。基于所描述的本发明的实施例，本领域普通技术人员在无需创造性劳动的前提下所获得的所有其他实施例，都属于本发明保护的范围。The preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings; it should be understood that the preferred embodiments are only for illustrating the present invention, rather than limiting the protection scope of the present invention. Based on the described embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by persons of ordinary skill in the art without creative efforts shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
实施例一Embodiment one
如图5、图6所示，As shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6,
一种泵用作水轮机的调节装置，包括壳体1，位于壳体1内的导叶轮毂4、与导叶轮毂4连接的多个导叶叶片5，以及位于壳体1外与导叶叶片5连接的多个角度调节杆2；导叶叶片5的前端设有第一导叶转动轴体3、后端设有第二导叶转动轴体6，第一导叶转动轴体3、第二导叶转动轴体6具有同一旋转轴；壳体1上设有与第一导叶转动轴体3相配合的轴孔，导叶轮毂4上设有与第二导叶转动轴体6相配合的轴孔，通过旋转角度调节杆2可以调节导叶叶片5的角度。A regulating device for a pump used as a water turbine, comprising a housing 1, a guide vane hub 4 located inside the housing 1, a plurality of guide vane blades 5 connected to the guide vane hub 4, and guide vane blades located outside the housing 1 5 connected multiple angle adjustment rods 2; the front end of the guide vane blade 5 is provided with the first guide vane rotating shaft body 3, the rear end is provided with the second guide vane rotating shaft body 6, the first guide vane rotating shaft body 3, the second guide vane rotating shaft body The two guide vane rotating shaft bodies 6 have the same rotating shaft; the housing 1 is provided with a shaft hole that matches the first guide vane rotating shaft body 3 , and the guide vane hub 4 is provided with a shaft hole that matches the second guide vane rotating shaft body 6 . With the matching shaft hole, the angle of the guide vane blade 5 can be adjusted by rotating the angle adjusting rod 2 .
导叶叶片5，角度调节杆2，第一导叶转动轴体3和第二导叶转动轴体6安装后成为一个整体，相对位置固定。这个整体可相对于壳体1和导叶轮毂4沿轴体方向转动。The guide vane blade 5, the angle adjusting rod 2, the first guide vane rotating shaft body 3 and the second guide vane rotating shaft body 6 become a whole after being installed, and their relative positions are fixed. This whole body can rotate along the axial direction relative to the housing 1 and the guide vane hub 4 .
上述调节装置，其整体位于叶轮的高水压侧；导叶出口边和转轮进口边之间的轴向距离为转轮直径的0.05-0.1倍。The adjustment device above is located on the high water pressure side of the impeller as a whole; the axial distance between the outlet edge of the guide vane and the inlet edge of the runner is 0.05-0.1 times the diameter of the runner.
壳体1、第一导叶转动轴体3、导叶轮毂4、导叶叶片5和第二导叶转动轴体6中所有配合面均为球面，并共用同一球心。导叶叶片5与壳体1及导叶轮毂4的配合面上，粘接有密封材料，消除由于加工配合误差以及导叶调整角度导致的导叶端面缝隙。被调节的转轮叶片数量为3，调节装置中导叶叶片数量为5，互为质数。All mating surfaces of the casing 1 , the first guide vane rotating shaft body 3 , the guide vane hub 4 , the guide vane blades 5 and the second guide vane rotating shaft body 6 are spherical surfaces and share the same spherical center. The mating surfaces of the guide vane blade 5 , the housing 1 and the guide vane hub 4 are bonded with a sealing material to eliminate gaps on the end face of the guide vane caused by machining fit errors and guide vane adjustment angles. The number of runner blades to be adjusted is 3, and the number of guide vane blades in the adjustment device is 5, which are mutually prime numbers.
如图2所示，在水轮机运行发电时，若实际流量小于水轮机最优效率点流量，则控制角度调节杆2带动导叶叶片5逆时针旋转，以减小水流绝对速度与圆周速度之间的夹角，保证水流与转轮叶片之间相对速度的夹角不变，从而抑制进口撞击，流动分离和尾迹涡等损失，使得转轮运行于最有利效率下；若实际流量大于水轮机最优效率点流量，则控制角度调节杆2带动导叶叶片5顺时针旋转。As shown in Figure 2, when the turbine is running to generate electricity, if the actual flow rate is less than the flow rate at the optimal efficiency point of the turbine, the control angle adjustment lever 2 drives the guide vane blade 5 to rotate counterclockwise to reduce the difference between the absolute velocity of the water flow and the peripheral velocity The included angle ensures that the angle between the relative velocity between the water flow and the blades of the runner remains unchanged, thereby suppressing the loss of inlet impact, flow separation and wake vortex, so that the runner operates at the most favorable efficiency; if the actual flow is greater than the optimal efficiency of the turbine Point flow, then control the angle adjustment rod 2 to drive the guide vane blade 5 to rotate clockwise.
对于基本参数为转轮直径为0.3m，额定工作水头为4.2m，转轮额定转速为1450r/min，额定流量为0.45m3/s，额定功率为14.8kW，效率为80％的微型水电水轮机，在非设计工况下比较水轮机有无调节装置的性能。For the basic parameters, the diameter of the runner is 0.3m, the rated working head is 4.2m, the rated speed of the runner is 1450r/min, the rated flow rate is 0.45m 3 /s, the rated power is 14.8kW, and the efficiency is 80% of the micro hydroelectric turbine , to compare the performance of the turbine with or without the regulating device under non-design conditions.
以下是几个具体算例：The following are a few specific calculation examples:
例1，当运行在流量为0.42m3/s(流量数0.6437)的工况点时，无调节时，水轮机有效利用水头为3.09m，效率为77.54％，功率为9.86kW；有调节时，水轮机有效利用水头为3.91m，效率为79.37％，功率为12.79kW；效率提升1.83％，功率提升2.93kW。此时导叶角度为-7°。Example 1, when operating at the operating point with a flow rate of 0.42m 3 /s (flow rate 0.6437), without adjustment, the effective water head of the turbine is 3.09m, the efficiency is 77.54%, and the power is 9.86kW; when there is adjustment, The effective utilization head of the water turbine is 3.91m, the efficiency is 79.37%, and the power is 12.79kW; the efficiency is increased by 1.83%, and the power is increased by 2.93kW. At this time, the guide vane angle is -7°.
例2，当运行在流量为0.39m3/s(流量数0.5977)的工况点时，无调节时，水轮机有效利用水头为1.99m，效率为68.33％，功率为5.20kW；有调节时，水轮机有效利用水头为3.32m，效率为75.50％，功率为9.60kW；效率提升7.17％，功率提升4.40kW。此时导叶角度为-11°。Example 2, when running at the operating point with a flow rate of 0.39m 3 /s (flow rate 0.5977), without adjustment, the effective water head of the turbine is 1.99m, the efficiency is 68.33%, and the power is 5.20kW; when there is adjustment, The effective utilization head of the water turbine is 3.32m, the efficiency is 75.50%, and the power is 9.60kW; the efficiency is increased by 7.17%, and the power is increased by 4.40kW. At this time, the guide vane angle is -11°.
本发明除了整体实施外，还可对同类型水泵用作水轮机的微型水电工程进行局部改造，在转轮的高水能侧配备本发明涉及的调节装置即可。In addition to the overall implementation of the present invention, it is also possible to partially transform the same type of water pump used as a water turbine in a micro-hydropower project, and the high water energy side of the runner can be equipped with the regulating device involved in the present invention.
本发明的具体实施方式中未涉及的说明属于本领域的公知技术，可参考公知加以实施。The explanations not involved in the specific embodiments of the present invention belong to the well-known technologies in this field, and can be implemented with reference to the known ones.
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