CN105771908B - 一种用于重金属吸附的磁性二氧化硅核壳复合材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种用于重金属吸附的磁性二氧化硅核壳复合材料及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种用于重金属吸附的磁性二氧化硅核壳复合材料及其制备方法,包括如下步骤:(1)共沉淀法制备CoFe2O4纳米颗粒;(2)法对步骤(1)所得CoFe2O4纳米颗粒进行SiO2包覆,得CoFe2O4@SiO2;(3)以所得CoFe2O4@SiO2和3‑氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷为原料,60~100℃下回流4~8h得到黑色悬浊液,分离后真空干燥得氨基改性的CoFe2O4@SiO2链状纳米复合材料。本发明技术方案工艺和操作简单,环境友好,可针对不同的重金属进行不同的设计。此类材料可应用到重金属污水和放射性废水的处理。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及重金属离子吸附,重金属废液处理和磁性分离技术等领域,尤其是涉及一种针对重金属离子的吸附设计的具有一定吸附容量的氨基功能化的磁性二氧化硅核壳复合材料新技术方案。
背景技术
全球经济迅猛发展,资源与环境已成为人类所面临的两大问题,环境保护、节约资源成为人类的重大课题。水是人类生产和生活不可缺少的环境资源要素,如今重金属污染已经成为最严重的环境问题之一。重金属不同于有机污染物,它不能生物降解,而且往往在生物体中积累。许多重金属离子已被证明有毒或是致癌物质,极大地危害了人们的日常生活。重金属废水处理关系到人们的生活质量和生活环境,将达标的水回用既能解决水资源的短缺,又能对重金属回收利用,因此重金属废水的治理和水质净化回用技术的研究是目前的重要课题。
目前,主要的重金属废水处理技术有离子交换法、吸附法、化学沉淀法、反渗透法、膜过滤法等,但是他们都有自己固有的优势和局限。吸附法具有成本低、效果好、可操作性强,处理可产生高质量的污水,可以脱附再生等方面的优点,是目前公认的一种有效处理重金属废水的方法。
传统的吸附剂如生物吸附剂(细菌、真菌、藻类等),天然吸附剂(沸石、硅藻土、高岭土、蒙脱石等),人工合成的吸附剂(活性炭、碳纳米管、SiO2、TiO2、ZrO2等)。虽然这些吸附剂在重金属废水处理方面起到了一定的作用。但是某些吸附剂如纳米粒子,在吸附完重金属之后的分离很困难并耗费大量的时间,限制了这些吸附剂的应用。如果将这些难以分离的吸附剂与磁性能结合起来,合成具有大的比表面积,又具有磁性恢复能力的纳米复合材料将在应用中迈出了一大步。
磁性吸附剂还存着着吸附能力弱的问题,为了提高吸附剂的分散性和吸附性能,目前的研究大致可以概括为三点:第一是将配体进行功能化,如硫醇、有机胺类、有机硫化物等;第二是在纳米粒子上包覆磁性壳来获得大的比表面积和高的化学稳定性的磁性吸附剂;第三是在磁性介孔纳米颗粒上连接官能团,如氨基、疏基等。
发明内容
为了克服上述现有技术的不足,本发明提供了一种针对重金属离子的吸附而设计的具有一定吸附容量的氨基功能化的磁性二氧化硅核壳复合材料及其制备方法。
一种用于重金属吸附的磁性二氧化硅核壳复合材料的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)共沉淀法制备CoFe2O4纳米颗粒;
(2)法对步骤(1)所得CoFe2O4纳米颗粒进行SiO2包覆,得CoFe2O4@SiO2;
(3)以所得CoFe2O4@SiO2和3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷为原料,60~100℃下回流4~8h得到黑色悬浊液,分离后真空干燥得氨基改性的CoFe2O4@SiO2链状纳米复合材料。
基于现有研究和存在的问题,本发明秉着低成本、高效率、无污染的原则,对磁性吸附剂从合成方法、性能方面进行改进,得到了一种针对重金属离子的吸附而设计的具有一定吸附容量的氨基功能化的磁性二氧化硅核壳复合材料新技术方案。尖晶石铁氧体CoFe2O4为核心,这种磁性纳米粒子具有高的矫顽力,适中的饱和磁化强度,良好的机械强度等优良特性。无定型SiO2为壳层,SiO2不仅可以保护内部的磁性核,还具有化学的稳定性,耐酸耐碱。氨基功能化磁性二氧化硅核壳复合材料具有高的吸附容量、快的分离速度,选择性吸附功能等。这一新技术方案可以根据不同需要进行相应设计,这将对重金属废水处理方面的研究起到推进作用,对人们的生产和生活起一个保障作用。
本发明采用改进的共沉淀法合成的CoFe2O4磁性纳米颗粒,法合成SiO2为壳、CoFe2O4为核的CoFe2O4@SiO2的链状纳米复合材料,再通过回流法对其氨基功能化。SiO2的壳层厚度可按需调整,表面也可根据不同吸附要求接枝相应的吸附基团。CoFe2O4的磁性可通过烧结条件进行调节,且能保持较强的磁性,有利于吸附剂的分离。本发明优点为:制备方法简单,制备成本低。磁性纳米颗粒与SiO2复合后,仍具有较高的磁性,可以快速分离。吸附剂结构稳定,具有链状核壳结构。接枝氨基基团后,对重金属铜离子有一定的吸附性能。本复合改性磁性吸附剂可应用于放射性废液处理、重金属离子的去除等领域。
本发明制备得到的链状纳米复合材料由于内部的磁性纳米颗粒接触良好,具有较高的磁化强度,能够快速分离。长链尺寸较长,结构稳定,有利于其应用。
优选地,CoFe2O4纳米颗粒采用改进的共沉淀法制备,包括如下步骤:
(1)将铁源和钴源按配比溶于去离子水中,混合均匀后逐滴滴入NaOH溶液,得红棕色悬浮液,向所得棕红色悬浮液中加入聚乙二醇,混合均匀后调pH至9-12得深棕红色悬浊液;
(2)将所得深棕红色悬浊液移入三颈烧瓶中,沸水浴中回流60-90min,得黑色悬浮液,磁铁分离取黑色沉淀,依次进行洗涤、干燥、研磨和烧结后得CoFe2O4纳米颗粒。
进一步优选地,所述铁源为Fe(NO3)3·9H2O、钴源为Co(NO3)2·6H2O,铁源和钴源按摩尔比1.5~2.5:1配比,其中铁源按0.01~0.03mol溶于150mL去离子水中计;最优选地,铁源和钴源按摩尔比2:1配比,其中铁源按0.02mol溶于150mL去离子水中计。
进一步优选地,滴入的氢氧化钠浓度为1.0-2.0mol/L、其体积根据铁源和钴源总的摩尔量调节,使溶液pH控制在10-11范围内。
PEG的加入量与钴源的摩尔比为2:1。
进一步优选地,所述干燥为真空干燥箱中80-90℃下干燥6-12h;最优选地,真空干燥箱中80℃下干燥12h。
进一步优选,所述烧结为300-700℃下烧结1-7h,最优选地,600℃下烧结1h。
该步骤中调节pH采用1.0-2.0mol/L的NaOH溶液。
本发明的方法中,氨基功能化的磁性二氧化硅微球样品是通过改进的共沉淀法、法及真空干燥法制备。共沉淀过程中氨水(25%)先用来做沉淀剂,后用来调节溶液PH,使得铁、钴离子完全形成沉淀;聚乙二醇(PEG 6000)作为分散剂和模板剂,是形成分散的链状结构的基础。
最优选地,首先8.08g Fe(NO3)3·9H2O和Co(NO3)2·6H2O按照摩尔比2:1溶于150-250mL去离子水中,中速下搅拌均匀;然后逐滴滴入1.0-2.0mol/L的NaOH溶液25-35mL,得到红棕色悬浊液,随后向上述悬浊液中加入2.9697g的PEG;搅拌均匀后,用1.0-2.0mol/L的NaOH溶液调节悬浊液pH,使其在9-12范围内;得到的均匀深棕红色悬浊液转移到三颈烧瓶中,使其在沸水浴中回流60-90min;得到的黑色沉淀通过磁铁进行快速分离,然后对其进行充分水洗,直到中性。湿润的黑色沉淀在真空干燥箱中80-90℃下干燥6-12h,得到亮黑色CoFe2O4粗糙颗粒,研磨得到CoFe2O4前驱体粉体。最后对前驱体进行不同时间(1-7h)和不同温度(300-700℃)下烧结,得到CoFe2O4纳米颗粒。
本发明采用改进的共沉淀法,在原有共沉淀法基础上加入PEG作为分散剂和模板剂,一方面可以提高纳米磁性颗粒的分散性,另一方面使这些颗粒束缚在PEG链状结构上,使其形成链状的内核。调节完悬浊液pH后,在沸水浴中回流一定时间,使反应更加充分。优选地,所述法包括如下步骤:
将CoFe2O4纳米颗粒超声分散到乙醇和去离子水的混合液中,调节pH至10-12滴加正硅酸乙酯,搅拌反应4-48h后磁铁分离,沉淀水洗后60-90℃真空干燥6-12h,得到CoFe2O4@SiO2深灰色粉体。
乙醇为无水乙醇,无水乙醇与去离子水的混合体积比为1:1-3:1。
进一步优选地,CoFe2O4纳米颗粒与混合液的质量体积比为0.5-1.0g:150-250mL。
进一步优选地,CoFe2O4纳米颗粒在混合液中的超声时间为30-60min。
该步骤中调节pH至10-12采用氨水(25-28%)。
更进一步优选地,CoFe2O4(0.5-1.0g)超声分散到酒精和去离子水1:1-3:1的混合液中,超声30-60min滴加15-25mL氨水(25-28%)来调节溶液pH,当溶液pH为10-12时,滴加5-10mL正硅酸四乙酯(TEOS),以一定速率搅拌4-48h,深灰色悬浊液用磁铁分离,再用去离子水水洗数次至中性。最后在温度为60-90℃真空干燥6-12h,得到CoFe2O4@SiO2深灰色粉体。
本发明在法制备CoFe2O4@SiO2过程中采用真空干燥,真空干燥有利于保持复合材料的链状形貌。
优选地,步骤(3)中CoFe2O4@SiO2和3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷的质量体积比为(0.5-1.0)g:(3-6)mL。
进一步优选,先用纯异丙醇溶液对0.5-1.0g CoFe2O4@SiO2充分水洗,保证无水环境,然后将其浸泡到50-100mL纯异丙醇中,室温搅拌30-60min后滴加3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTES)3-6mL,继续搅拌6h,将其移入三颈烧瓶,80℃下回流6h,酒精水洗数次,磁铁分离,最后80-90℃真空干燥6-12h得到CoFe2O4@SiO2-NH2黑色粉体。
该步骤中采用纯异丙醇溶液做溶剂,前6h为室温搅拌,后6h为80℃回流搅拌;氨基功能化的磁性二氧化硅复合材料的具有较高的饱和磁化强度(28.09emu/g),可以在一分钟内快速被磁铁分离。
本发明还提供一种由所述制备方法制备得到的用于重金属吸附的磁性二氧化硅核壳复合材料。本发明制备得到的磁性二氧化硅复合材料具有链状核壳结构。CoFe2O4纳米粒子为核,平均晶粒尺寸为10-15nm;SiO2为壳,平均厚度为50nm。本发明制备得到的复合物用于重金属尤其是铜离子的吸附。
铜离子的吸附过程如下:
铜的静态吸附实验:主要采用间歇法研究CoFe2O4@SiO2-NH2磁性微球对铜的吸附性能,实验中测量的参数主要包括这种磁性微球对溶液中铜的吸附平衡时间、平衡吸附量、平衡去除率。
实验具体操作方法:在20个100mL的离心管中,分别称取步骤(3)所制得一定量的磁性复合粉体,移取50mL硝酸铜标准溶液于离心管中,盖上盖子,放入水浴恒温振荡器中振荡。在设定时刻各取出一个离心管,移取10mL上清液离心分离,用移液枪移取1mL上清液于10mL离心管中,用去离子水稀释10-20倍,用原子吸收光谱法得到相应的吸光度和铜离子浓度,计算此样品对溶液中铜的吸附量、去除率,绘制CoFe2O4@SiO2-NH2对铜的吸附量、去除率与吸附时间的关系曲线。
本发明所制备的复合根据铜离子与氨基基团的特殊络合作用,我们对其进行氨基功能化。还可根据其他重金属离子的特征进行不同的改性。
磁性核壳复合体中各成分比例可根据需求作具体调整,也可针对不同的重金属离子的选择性吸附对材料进行不同的改性设计。
吸附法应用广泛,用于处理重金属污水具有很多独特的优点。已有关于吸附剂的研究工作表明,目前的吸附技术存在成本高,制备复杂,或吸附容量较低,无吸附选择性等缺点。通过接枝吸附基团,加强吸附剂的复合改性,满足不同吸附条件以提高其吸附效率,制备出低成本的具有高吸附容量和吸附选择性且制备简单的磁性吸附剂具有重大意义。
本发明提供的针对重金属离子的吸附设计的氨基功能化的链状核壳纳米磁性复合材料的新技术方案。氨基功能化的磁性二氧化硅纳米复合材料是通过改进的共沉淀法、法及真空干燥法制备。SiO2的壳层厚度可按需调整,表面也可根据不同吸附要求接枝相应的吸附基团。CoFe2O4的磁性可通过烧结条件进行调节,且能保持较强的磁性,有利于吸附剂的分离。此材料在每一过程的形成机理以及材料对铜离子的吸附机理我们给出了相应的说明和理论依据。这一技术方案工艺和操作简单,环境友好,可针对不同的重金属进行不同的设计。此类材料可应用到重金属污水和放射性废水的处理。
附图说明
图1为本发明制备方法的流程图。
图2为制备过程中三种产物(CoFe2O4NPs、CoFe2O4@SiO2和CoFe2O4@SiO2-NH2)的形成机理图。
图3为CoFe2O4NPs、CoFe2O4@SiO2和CoFe2O4@SiO2-NH2的XRD图(a)和FTIR图(b)。
图4为CoFe2O4NPs、CoFe2O4@SiO2和CoFe2O4@SiO2-NH2SEM图和相应的TEM图。
图5为CoFe2O4NPs、CoFe2O4@SiO2和CoFe2O4@SiO2-NH2室温下的磁化曲线图(a)和磁场分离效果图(b)。
图6为未加PEG(6000)(a)和加入PEG(6000)(b)得到的CoFe2O4NPs形貌对比图。
图7为不同烧结温度下的CoFe2O4NPs的XRD图(a)和相应的室温下的磁化曲线图(b)。
图8为氨基功能化的磁性二氧化硅纳米复合材料(CoFe2O4@SiO2-NH2)对铜离子吸附的关于吸附量(b)、去除率(a)与吸附时间的关系曲线。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例和附图对本发明作进一步的说明。
实施例1
工艺流程如图1所示。
步骤1:采用改进的共沉淀法制备CoFe2O4纳米磁性颗粒
将Fe(NO3)3·9H2O和Co(NO3)2·6H2O按照摩尔比2:1(其中Fe(NO3)3·9H2O为0.02mol)溶于150mL去离子水中,中速下搅拌均匀。然后逐滴滴入2.0mol/L的NaOH溶液25mL,得到红棕色悬浊液,随后向上述悬浊液中加入0.02mol PEG 6,000。搅拌均匀后,用2.0mol/L的NaOH溶液调节悬浊液PH,使其在10-11范围内。得到的均匀深棕红色悬浊液转移到三颈烧瓶中,使其在沸水浴中回流90min。得到的黑色沉淀通过磁铁进行快速分离,然后对其进行充分水洗,直到中性。湿润的黑色沉淀在真空干燥箱中80℃下干燥12h,得到亮黑色CoFe2O4粗糙颗粒,研磨得到CoFe2O4前驱体粉体。最后在600℃下对前驱体烧结1h,得到平均尺寸为10-15nm的CoFe2O4纳米颗粒。
步骤2:CoFe2O4@SiO2磁性纳米复合材料的合成
步骤1得到的CoFe2O4纳米颗粒分散到酒精和去离子水的混合溶液中,超声一段时间后滴加适量的氨水(25%)来调节溶液PH,当溶液PH为10.5-11时,滴加正硅酸四乙酯(TEOS),以一定速率搅拌48h,深灰色悬浊液用磁铁分离,再用去离子水水洗数次至中性。最后在真空温度为80℃干燥12h,得到CoFe2O4@SiO2深灰色粉体。
步骤3:氨基改性的CoFe2O4@SiO2磁性纳米复合材料的合成
先用纯异丙醇溶液对步骤2得到的CoFe2O4@SiO2充分水洗,保证无水环境,然后将其浸泡到50mL纯异丙醇中,室温搅拌一段时间后滴加3mL的3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTES),继续搅拌6h,将其移入三颈烧瓶,80℃下回流6h,酒精水洗数次,磁铁分离,80℃真空干燥12h得到CoFe2O4@SiO2-NH2黑色粉体。
将上述步骤1-3得到的产物的实验流程图和形成机理如图1和图2所示。产物的相结构和分子结构分别由XRD和FTIR测试得到,如图3中的(a)和(b)所示,其中(a)为XRD图,(b)为FTIR图。从XRD图谱我们可以得出已经形成了CoFe2O4尖晶石结构,并且包覆后出现SiO2的非晶峰。红外光谱结果显示存在Si-O-Si的吸收峰的振动,以及-NH的振动,一方面说明了二氧化硅成功包覆,另一方面说明氨基功能化的成功。
将产物置于扫描电镜下观察其表面形貌,在透射电镜下观察其精细结构,如图4所示。图4中(a)为CoFe2O4NPs的SEM图,(d)为CoFe2O4NPs的TEM图,图4中(a)和(d)可以看出CoFe2O4磁性纳米颗粒分布均匀,平均直径为10-15nm;SiO2包覆后形成具有核壳结构的链状形貌,包覆层厚度大约为50nm,如图4中(b)和(e)所示,图4中(b)为CoFe2O4@SiO2的SEM图,(e)为CoFe2O4@SiO2的TEM图;氨基改性之后形貌和精细结构都未发生变化,图4中(c)和(f)所示,图4中(c)为CoFe2O4@SiO2-NH2的SEM图,(f)为CoFe2O4@SiO2-NH2的SEM图。图5中(a)给出了CoFe2O4、CoFe2O4@SiO2和CoFe2O4@SiO2-NH2的磁化曲线图,它们的饱和磁化强度分别为61.96、31.41、23.84emu/g。磁化强度的逐渐降低是因为非磁性物质的增加,但是CoFe2O4@SiO2-NH2也很容易在一分钟内被磁铁分离,如图5中(b)所示。
此外步骤1未加PEG(6000)和加入PEG(6000)形成的CoFe2O4磁性颗粒形貌对比图分别如图6中的(a)和(b)所示。未加PEG(6000)的磁性颗粒团聚较严重,加入后分散性较好,且就有一定的链状分布。
步骤1对磁性颗粒进行一定温度下烧结,不同温度下得到的磁性颗粒的XRD图如图7中(a)所示,相应的室温下的磁化曲线图如图7中(b)所示。随着烧结温度的提高结晶度增加,颗粒尺寸变大,饱和磁化强度增强。
实施例2
实施例1中步骤2和3得到的产物对Cu(Ⅱ)离子进行静态吸附实验。
分别取20个100mL的离心管中,在每个容量瓶中加入吸附剂的质量都相同,移取50mL配制的硝酸铜标准溶液于离子管中,放入水浴恒温振荡器中振荡。在设定时刻各取出一个离心管,移取10mL上清液离心分离,用移液枪移取1mL上清液于10mL离心管中,用去离子水稀释10倍,用原子吸收光谱法得到相应的吸光度和铜离子浓度,计算此样品对溶液中铜的吸附量、去除率,绘制吸附量、去除率与吸附时间的关系曲线。
如图8所示为氨基功能化的磁性二氧化硅复合材料(CoFe2O4@SiO2-NH2)对铜离子吸附的关于吸附量、去除率与吸附时间的关系曲线,溶液的pH固定为5。(a)为去除率与吸附时间的关系曲线,(b)为吸附量与吸附时间的关系曲线。开始时间,吸附速率很快,当吸附时间为200min时,吸附变得缓慢,基本达到饱和。这里未给出功能化之前的磁性二氧化硅复合材料的(CoFe2O4@SiO2)的吸附曲线,是因为在400min内CoFe2O4@SiO2对铜离子基本无吸附。这说明氨基功能化之后表面的-NH2对铜离子有特殊的络合作用。这一结果也说明CoFe2O4@SiO2-NH2的选择性吸附功能。
Claims (2)
1.一种用于重金属吸附的磁性二氧化硅核壳复合材料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
(1)共沉淀法制备CoFe2O4纳米颗粒;
共沉淀法包括如下步骤:
(a)将铁源和钴源按配比溶于去离子水中,混合均匀后逐滴滴入NaOH溶液,得红棕色悬浮液,向所得红棕色悬浮液中加入聚乙二醇,混合均匀后调pH至9-12得深棕红色悬浊液;
(b)将所得深棕红色悬浊液移入三颈烧瓶中,沸水浴中回流60-90min,得黑色悬浮液,磁铁分离取黑色沉淀,依次进行洗涤、干燥、研磨和烧结后得CoFe2O4纳米颗粒;所述铁源为Fe(NO3)3·9H2O、钴源为Co(NO3)2·6H2O,铁源和钴源按摩尔比1.5~2.5:1配比,其中铁源以0.01~0.03moL溶于150mL去离子水中计;滴入的氢氧化钠浓度为1.0-2.0mol/L,用量以使溶液的pH在10-11范围内计;所述干燥为在真空干燥箱中80-90℃下干燥6-12h;所述烧结为300-700℃下烧结1-7h;
(2)法对步骤(1)所得CoFe2O4纳米颗粒进行SiO2包覆,得CoFe2O4@SiO2;
法包括如下步骤:
将CoFe2O4纳米颗粒超声分散到乙醇和去离子水的混合液中,调节pH至10-12后滴加正硅酸乙酯,搅拌反应4-48h后磁铁分离,沉淀水洗后60-90℃真空干燥6-12h,得到CoFe2O4@SiO2粉体;CoFe2O4纳米颗粒与混合液的质量体积比为0.5-1.0g:150-250mL;
(3)以所得CoFe2O4@SiO2和3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷为原料,60~100℃下回流4~8h得到黑色悬浊液,分离后真空干燥得氨基改性的CoFe2O4@SiO2链状核壳纳米复合材料;步骤(3)中CoFe2O4@SiO2和3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷的质量体积比为(0.5-1.0)g:(3-6)mL。
2.一种如权利要求1所述制备方法制备得到的用于重金属吸附的磁性二氧化硅核壳复合材料。
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