CN105536765B - A kind of shell base boron-doped titanium dioxide composite photo-catalyst and preparation method thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a shell-based boron-doped titanium dioxide composite photocatalyst and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method comprises: dissolving titanate in an organic solvent to obtain a light yellow solution; adding boric acid and shell powder into deionized water and mixing uniformly to obtain a suspension; under rapid stirring conditions, gradually dissolving the light yellow solution Add it dropwise to the suspension, and continue to stir until the titanate is fully hydrolyzed to obtain the initial reaction solution; put the initial reaction solution in a high-temperature and high-pressure reaction kettle, and perform a hydrothermal reaction at 140-180°C for 2-12 hours, then cool naturally to At room temperature, the reaction mixture is obtained; the reaction mixture is centrifuged, the precipitate is taken, washed and dried to obtain the primary product; the primary product is fully ground, calcined, and naturally cooled to room temperature to obtain the shell-based boron-doped titanium dioxide composite photocatalyst. The method has the advantages of simple operation, environmental protection, high photocatalyst activity, recyclability and wide photoresponse range.

Description

A shell-based boron-doped titanium dioxide composite photocatalyst and preparation method thereof

technical field

The invention relates to a photocatalyst, in particular to a shell-based boron-doped titanium dioxide composite photocatalyst and a preparation method thereof.

Background technique

Photocatalyst is an important green material, and the photocatalytic oxidation method using semiconductor materials as catalysts is a water treatment technology that has emerged in recent years. Compared with traditional methods, this method has high oxidation efficiency, stability and no secondary pollution. It can decompose organic pollutants in dye wastewater into small inorganic molecules such as CO ₂ , H ₂ O, N ₂ , Cl ^-, etc., so it has Good application prospects.

TiO ₂ nanomaterials have become the most _potential photocatalysts due to their good chemical stability, low cost, and non-toxicity. ≤387.5nm) can stimulate its catalytic activity, which greatly limits its application; in addition, when nano-TiO ₂ is used as a photocatalyst, it has the disadvantages of difficult recovery and reuse, which seriously limits the use of TiO ₂ nano-materials in wastewater treatment. application and development.

In order to solve the problem that nano- _TiO2 is difficult to recycle, the Chinese patent document with publication number CN101352675A discloses a method for preparing shell powder-loaded active nano-titanium dioxide. The preparation method includes: the precursor titanate, titanium alkoxide 1. At least one of the titanates is dissolved in an organic solvent, the concentration of Ti ⁴⁺ is 0.01-6.0 mol/L, and an appropriate amount of water and a hydrolysis catalyst are added dropwise under vigorous stirring to make the pH of the solution = 3.5-6.5. Stir to form a light yellow and transparent TiO ₂ sol, and age it for use; take the activated shell powder to load (the loading method is spin coating, dip coating, plasma spraying or thermal spraying) the TiO ₂ sol, dry at 70-100 ° C, distilled water Rinse repeatedly, then dry at 70-100°C, roast in a horse-boiler furnace at 400-500°C (control the heating rate at 1-10K/min, after heating up to 300°C, keep the temperature constant; then raise the temperature to 400-500°C, then keep the temperature constant ) to obtain nano-TiO ₂ immobilized by shell powder.

However, this method does not improve the bandgap range of TiO ₂ , effectively expand the photoresponse range of photocatalysts, and cannot efficiently utilize the energy in the visible light region, which makes it difficult for the photocatalyst prepared by this method to be widely used in practical applications.

In order to solve the problem that ultraviolet light (λ≤387.5nm) is required to stimulate the catalytic activity of _TiO2 during use, the Chinese patent document with publication number CN104645952A discloses a synthesis method of boron-doped nano-titanium dioxide. The synthesis method comprises: Dissolve 13-15ml of butyl titanate in 60-70ml of absolute ethanol, heat to 50-70°C, pressurize to 5-8MPa, stir vigorously, slowly add deionized water dissolved in H ₃ BO ₃ , Stir for 3-6 hours to fully hydrolyze butyl titanate, then put it into a stainless steel high-pressure reactor with a polytetrafluoroethylene liner, pressurize to 10-15MPa, maintain 200-240°C for 12-48 hours, and quickly Cool with water to 2-8°C, reduce the pressure to normal pressure; the product is filtered, washed with ethanol and deionized water, dried at room temperature for 24 hours, and then vacuum-dried at 90-100°C for 5-10 hours to obtain a B ₂ TiO ₂ catalyst.

However, this synthesis method is cumbersome, and the experimental conditions are harsh and complicated, and the generated TiO ₂ is easy to agglomerate, and it does not solve the defect that TiO ₂ is difficult to recycle.

At present, the methods for preparing nano-titanium dioxide composite photocatalysts are relatively cumbersome and complicated, and the catalytic efficiency of the prepared composite photocatalysts is low. Therefore, in order to expand the use scale of nano-TiO ₂ photocatalysts, it is urgent to develop new simple and efficient preparation technologies. and methods.

Contents of the invention

The invention also provides a shell-based boron-doped titanium dioxide composite photocatalyst. The composite photocatalyst has high photocatalytic activity, can be recycled and utilized repeatedly, has a wide response range, and can exert its photocatalytic activity under visible light excitation.

At the same time, the invention also provides a preparation method of a shell-based boron-doped titanium dioxide composite photocatalyst, which is simple to operate and avoids long-term exposure of the titanate to the environment during the preparation process, causing physical discomfort to operators.

A shell-based boron-doped titanium dioxide composite photocatalyst is prepared by the following preparation method:

(1) Disperse the titanate in an organic solvent to obtain a light yellow solution;

(2) Boric acid and shell powder are added to deionized water, and mixed evenly to obtain a suspension;

(3) under rapid stirring conditions, add the light yellow solution dropwise to the suspension, and continue stirring until the titanate is fully hydrolyzed to obtain an initial reaction solution;

(4) Put the initial reaction solution into a high-temperature and high-pressure reactor, conduct a hydrothermal reaction at 140-180° C. for 2-12 hours, and then naturally cool to room temperature to obtain a reaction mixture;

(5) centrifuging the reaction mixture, taking the precipitate, washing and drying, and obtaining the primary product;

(6) calcining after fully grinding the primary product, and naturally cooling to room temperature;

Finally, the shell-based boron-doped titanium dioxide composite photocatalyst is obtained.

The present invention uses the hydrothermal method (in a high-temperature and high-pressure reactor) to dope boron and calcium elements in shell powder into nano-titanium dioxide to form a new type of compound of perovskite and titanium dioxide, which not only makes the obtained The composite photocatalyst has a better anatase crystal form, which effectively improves the photocatalytic performance of nano-titanium dioxide. On the premise of achieving the same level of photocatalytic efficiency, the composite photocatalyst of the present invention contains less B/TiO ₂ , It effectively reduces the synthesis amount of B/TiO ₂ and reduces the manufacturing cost; moreover, it speeds up the process of boron-doped nano-titanium dioxide being bound to the shell powder, unlike conventional loading methods such as immersion loading and spraying loading, which are time-consuming and labor-intensive; boron doping The hetero-nanometer titanium dioxide is not only loaded on the shell powder, but also cross-linked with the calcium in the shell powder to form a perovskite, which is more stable; at the same time, it also greatly simplifies the preparation steps and avoids the titanate in the preparation process. Long-term exposure to the environment prevents the bad smell emitted by the titanate from causing physical discomfort to the operator, and the preparation process is more environmentally friendly.

Moreover, calcination can increase the proportion of anatase crystal titanium dioxide in the composite photocatalyst, and the anatase crystal titanium dioxide is beneficial to improve the photocatalytic performance of the composite photocatalyst.

Specifically, the preparation method of a shell-based boron-doped titanium dioxide composite photocatalyst of the present invention comprises the following steps:

(1) Disperse the titanate in an organic solvent to obtain a light yellow solution;

In the present invention, titanate organic compounds such as tetrabutyl titanate, tetrapropyl titanate or tetraethyl titanate can be selected as precursors for forming titanium dioxide. The organic solvent can be selected from at least one of anhydrous methanol, anhydrous ethanol, anhydrous propanol, anhydrous isopropanol, anhydrous butanol or anhydrous isobutanol, preferably anhydrous ethanol.

Preferably, the mixing ratio of the titanate and the organic solvent is (3:1)˜(1:1).

(2) Boric acid and shell powder are added to deionized water, and mixed evenly to obtain a suspension;

In the present invention, the shell powder generally refers to the mantle of molluscs living near water, and at least one of oyster shells, mussel shells, snail shells or clam shells can be used.

In order to increase the loading area of the shell powder on the nano-titanium dioxide, preferably, the shell powder is acid-treated first (or the shell is acid-treated directly), and then added to deionized water. The main component of shells is calcium carbonate. Acid treatment of shell powder (or shells) helps to corrode calcium carbonate to form pores, increase the specific surface area of shells, and expose the fiber originally buried in calcium carbonate, further increasing the surface area. Large loading area of nano-titanium dioxide.

As a further preference, the acid treatment is as follows: soak the shells in a 0.1-2M dilute sulfuric acid solution for 6-24 hours, then rinse them with deionized water until neutral, then dry them, and crush them into shells with a particle size of 100-400 mesh pink.

The doping of non-metal element (boron element) can effectively expand the response range of nano-titanium dioxide, so that the composite photocatalyst can efficiently utilize the light energy in the visible light region, and can exert its photocatalytic activity without ultraviolet light excitation.

In the present invention, the mass ratio of boric acid to shell powder is (1:2)-(2:1), most preferably 1:1. The present invention finds that when the doping amount of boron element (the doping amount of boron element in the prior art is only about 0.1% (accounting for the total weight of the photocatalyst)) is appropriately increased, the proportion of anatase crystal nano-titanium dioxide increases accordingly Large, and the content of perovskite increases accordingly, and the catalytic efficiency also increases.

(3) under rapid stirring conditions, add the light yellow solution dropwise to the suspension, and continue stirring until the titanate is fully hydrolyzed to obtain an initial reaction solution;

Preferably, the stirring rate is maintained at 300-600 rpm, and the dropping rate of the light yellow solution is maintained at 20-50 drops/minute.

Stirring speed and dropping speed will affect the compounding effect of the composite photocatalyst. If the stirring speed is too slow or the dropping speed is too fast, the butyl titanate will condense on the surface of the solution and cannot be hydrolyzed in an aqueous solution environment.

(4) Put the initial reaction solution into a high-temperature and high-pressure reaction kettle, perform a hydrothermal reaction at 140-180° C. for 2-12 hours, and then naturally cool to room temperature to obtain a reaction mixture; preferably, the initial reaction solution is placed in a high-temperature In a high-pressure reactor, hydrothermal reaction was carried out at 180°C for 12 hours, and then naturally cooled to room temperature to obtain a reaction mixture.

(5) centrifuging the reaction mixture, taking the precipitate, washing and drying, and obtaining the primary product;

(6) The primary product is fully ground and then calcined, and naturally cooled to room temperature to obtain the shell-based boron-doped titanium dioxide composite photocatalyst.

According to the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum (UV-vis) test, it is found that calcination can broaden the photoresponse range of the composite photocatalyst and improve the photocatalytic efficiency of the composite photocatalyst under visible light.

Preferably, after the primary product is fully ground, it is calcined at 550-750°C for 1-5 hours; as a further preference, after the primary product is fully ground, it is calcined at 600-700°C for 1-2 hours, most preferably Calcined at 700°C for 1h.

The calcination process requires a suitable calcination temperature, otherwise it will lead to a decrease in absorbance, which may be because the composite photocatalyst is severely agglomerated at a calcination temperature of 400°C-550°C; and at a calcination temperature above 750°C, crystallization of nano-titanium dioxide is very likely to occur. Type conversion, resulting in a decrease in the proportion of anatase crystal nano-titanium dioxide.

Compared with prior art, the beneficial effect of the present invention is:

The present invention uses hydrothermal method to dope boron element and calcium element in shell powder into nano-titanium dioxide to form a new type of composite of perovskite and titanium dioxide, which not only makes the obtained composite photocatalyst have better anatase The ore crystal form effectively improves the photocatalytic performance of nano-titanium dioxide. On the premise of reaching the same level of photocatalytic efficiency, the composite photocatalyst of the present invention contains less B/TiO ₂ , which effectively reduces the synthesis of B/TiO ₂ Quantity, reduce manufacturing costs; and speed up the process of boron-doped nano-titanium dioxide combined to shell powder, unlike conventional loading methods such as soaking loading, spraying loading and other time-consuming and labor-intensive; boron-doped nano-titanium dioxide is not only loaded on the shell powder, and also cross-linked with the calcium in the shell powder to form perovskite, the combination is more stable; at the same time, the preparation steps are greatly simplified to avoid long-term exposure of titanate to the environment during the preparation process, preventing titanate The bad smell emitted by the ester causes physical discomfort of the operators, and the preparation process is more environmentally friendly.

Description of drawings

Fig. 1 is the field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) figure of shell-based boron-doped titanium dioxide composite photocatalyst in the embodiment 1 of the present invention;

Fig. 2 is the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum (FT-IR) figure of shell-based boron-doped titanium dioxide composite photocatalyst in Example 1 of the present invention;

Among them, %Transmittance means transmittance (%), Wavenumbers (cm ^-1 ) means wave number (cm ^-1 ), the same below;

Fig. 3 is the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of shell-based boron-doped titanium dioxide composite photocatalyst in the embodiment of the present invention 1;

Among them, 2Theta (degree) represents twice the incident angle of x-rays, and Intensity (a.u.) represents the intensity after diffraction;

Fig. 4 is the photocatalytic efficiency of the B/ _TiO2 /shell composite photocatalyst prepared in Examples 1 to 4 and the B/ _TiO2 photocatalyst prepared in Comparative Example 1 to methyl orange;

Among them, B-TiO ₂ means B/TiO ₂ photocatalyst, B/TiO ₂ /shell (1:0.5) means B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst (the mass ratio of boric acid and shell powder is 1:0.5), B /TiO ₂ /shell (1:1) means B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst (mass ratio of boric acid to shell powder is 1:1), B/TiO ₂ /shell (1:2) means B/TiO ₂ / shell composite photocatalyst (the mass ratio of boric acid and shell powder is 1:2), B/TiO ₂ / shell (1:4) means B/TiO ₂ / shell composite photocatalyst (the mass ratio of boric acid and shell powder is 1 : 4); MO removing (%) represents methyl orange degradation rate (%), and T (min) represents degradation time (min), the same below;

Figure 5a shows the photocatalytic efficiency of B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalysts prepared in Examples 1, 8-10 and Comparative Examples 3-5 to methyl orange;

Figure 5b is the photocatalytic efficiency of the B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst prepared in Example 1 and Example 11 for methyl orange;

Among them, Absorbance means absorbance, the same below;

Fig. 6a is B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst and commercially available nano-titanium dioxide P25 are to the photocatalytic efficiency comparison figure of reactive red X-3B; Wherein, X-3B Removing (%) represents the degradation rate of reactive red X-3B ( %);

Figure 6b is a comparison of the photocatalytic efficiency of B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst and commercially available nano-titanium dioxide P25 on methyl orange;

Figure 6c is a comparison of the photoresponse range of the B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst and the uncalcined primary product, commercially available nano-titanium dioxide P25;

Figure 7a shows the effect of the initial concentration of methyl orange on the activity of B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst;

Wherein, MO represents methyl orange;

Figure 7b shows the linear relationship between the initial concentration of methyl orange and the degradation rate of methyl orange by the B/TiO2/shell composite photocatalyst when reacting for 15 minutes;

Among them, c/mg.L ^-1 represents the initial concentration of methyl orange;

Figure 8a shows the effect of the initial pH of the solution on the activity of the B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst;

Figure 8b is the effect of the initial pH of the solution on the activity of nano-titanium dioxide P25;

Figure 9 shows the degradation effect of B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst and nano-titanium dioxide P25 on artificially prepared printing and dyeing wastewater containing reactive brilliant red X-3B.

Detailed ways

The present invention will be described in further detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.

Example 1

A preparation method of a shell-based boron-doped titanium dioxide composite photocatalyst, comprising the following steps:

(1) Soak mussel shells in 0.5M dilute sulfuric acid solution for 24 hours, rinse with deionized water until neutral, then dry, crush into shell powder with a particle size of 150 mesh, and set aside;

(2) Dissolve 7.5ml of butyl titanate in 5ml of absolute ethanol, stir well, and mix evenly to obtain a butyl titanate alcohol solution;

(3) Add 1.5g of boric acid (H ₃ BO ₃ ) and 1.5g of shell powder from step (1) into 60ml of deionized water, and mix well to obtain a suspension;

(4) Under rapid stirring conditions, add the butyl titanate alcohol solution dropwise to the suspension, the stirring rate is maintained at 400rpm, and the dropping rate is maintained at 30 drops/minute; continue to stir for 30min to make the butyl titanate fully hydrolysis to obtain the initial reaction solution;

(5) The initial reaction solution was placed in a stainless steel high-temperature and high-pressure reactor with a polytetrafluoroethylene liner, maintained at 180° C. for 12 hours, and naturally cooled to room temperature to obtain a reaction mixture;

(6) Centrifuge the reaction mixture at 13000rpm for 3min, take the precipitate, wash the precipitate with absolute ethanol ultrasonic (oscillation) for 3 times, then centrifuge respectively, then wash with deionized water for 3 times, and place at 90°C Rapid blast drying to obtain the primary product;

(7) After fully grinding the primary product with a mortar, put it into a crucible, place it in a muffle furnace for calcination, maintain it at 700 ° C for 1 hour, and cool it to room temperature naturally to obtain a shell-based boron-doped titanium dioxide composite photocatalyst (hereinafter referred to as B/ TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst).

The shape and size of the obtained B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst were observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy, and the phase and functional group analysis were measured by X-ray diffractometer and Fourier infrared spectrometer. The test results are shown in Figure 1 , Figures 2 and 3.

It can be seen from Figure 1 that B/TiO ₂ is firmly adsorbed on the shell powder carrier, and through the doping and loading of shell powder, the B/TiO ₂ particles are effectively dispersed, which is conducive to improving its photocatalytic performance.

It can be seen from Figure 2 that under the calcination condition of 700 °C, the organic components in the shell powder are burned and consumed, leaving a loose and porous calcareous shell. A broad absorption peak at 3600-2900cm ^-1 is derived from the hydroxyl groups on the B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst, and the weak absorption peak is due to the structure of the prepared B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst The ordered arrangement of -OH is affected by B. The strong absorption peak at 1630cm ^-1 is caused by the bending vibration of adsorbed water molecules -OH, and the vibration peaks at 1420cm ^-1 , 872cm ^-1 and 713cm ^-1 are the vibration peaks of CO3 ^2- ions. The results show that there are a lot of hydroxyl groups in the B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst, because the hydroxyl groups on the surface of the particles have better charge transfer effect, so it can help to improve the photocatalytic performance of the B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst .

It can be seen from Figure 3 that the B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst contains a large proportion of anatase crystal nano-titanium dioxide, and also contains a large proportion of perovskite, indicating that boron-doped nano-titanium dioxide is not only loaded on the shell powder, but also cross-linked with calcium in shell powder, making the combination of boron-doped nano-titanium dioxide and shell powder more stable.

Example 2

A preparation method of a shell-based boron-doped titanium dioxide composite photocatalyst, comprising the following steps:

(1) Mussel shells were soaked in 0.5M dilute sulfuric acid solution for 12 hours, rinsed with deionized water until neutral, dried, crushed into shell powder with a particle size of 200 mesh, and set aside;

(2) Dissolve 6ml of butyl titanate in 2.5ml of absolute ethanol, stir well, and mix evenly to obtain a butyl titanate alcohol solution;

(3) Add 1.5g of boric acid and 0.75g of shell powder in step (1) to 40ml of deionized water, mix well to obtain a suspension;

(4) Under rapid stirring conditions, add the butyl titanate alcohol solution dropwise to the suspension, the stirring rate is maintained at 300rpm, and the dropping rate is maintained at 20 drops/minute; continue to stir for 15min to make the butyl titanate fully hydrolysis to obtain the initial reaction solution;

(5) The initial reaction solution was placed in a stainless steel high-temperature and high-pressure reactor with a polytetrafluoroethylene liner, maintained at 180° C. for 12 hours, and naturally cooled to room temperature to obtain a reaction mixture;

(6) Centrifuge the reaction mixture at 10,000rpm for 6min, take the precipitate, first clean the precipitate with absolute ethanol for 3 times, then centrifuge it separately, then wash it with deionized water for 3 times, and place it under 90°C for rapid air blast drying to obtain the primary product;

(7) Put the primary product into a crucible after fully grinding it with a mortar, place it in a muffle furnace for calcination, maintain it at 700°C for 1 hour, and cool it down to room temperature naturally to prepare a B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst.

Example 3

A preparation method of a shell-based boron-doped titanium dioxide composite photocatalyst, comprising the following steps:

(1) Soak mussel shells in 2M dilute sulfuric acid solution for 6 hours, rinse with deionized water until neutral, then dry, crush into shell powder with a particle size of 400 mesh, and set aside;

(2) Dissolve 9ml of butyl titanate in 10ml of absolute ethanol, stir well, and mix evenly to obtain a butyl titanate alcohol solution;

(3) 1.5g of boric acid and 3g of shell powder in step (1) were added to 60ml of deionized water, and mixed evenly to obtain a suspension;

(4) Under rapid stirring conditions, add the butyl titanate alcohol solution dropwise to the suspension, the stirring rate is maintained at 500rpm, and the dropping rate is maintained at 50 drops/minute; continue to stir for 60min to make the butyl titanate fully hydrolysis to obtain the initial reaction solution;

(5) The initial reaction solution was placed in a stainless steel high-temperature and high-pressure reactor with a polytetrafluoroethylene liner, maintained at 180° C. for 12 hours, and naturally cooled to room temperature to obtain a reaction mixture;

(6) Centrifuge the reaction mixture at 15,000rpm for 3 minutes, take the precipitate, first clean the precipitate with absolute ethanol for 3 times, then centrifuge it separately, then wash it with deionized water for 3 times, and place it under 60°C for rapid air blast drying to obtain the primary product;

(7) Put the primary product into a crucible after fully grinding it with a mortar, place it in a muffle furnace for calcination, maintain it at 700°C for 1 hour, and cool it down to room temperature naturally to prepare a B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst.

Example 4

A preparation method of a shell-based boron-doped titanium dioxide composite photocatalyst, comprising the following steps:

(1) Soak mussel shells in 0.1M dilute sulfuric acid solution for 24 hours, rinse with deionized water until neutral, then dry, crush into shell powder with a particle size of 300 mesh, and set aside;

(2) Dissolve 8ml of butyl titanate in 8ml of absolute ethanol, stir well, and mix evenly to obtain a butyl titanate alcohol solution;

(3) 1.5g of boric acid and 6g of shell powder in step (1) were added to 50ml of deionized water, and mixed evenly to obtain a suspension;

(4) Under rapid stirring conditions, add the butyl titanate alcohol solution dropwise to the suspension, the stirring rate is maintained at 600rpm, and the dropping rate is maintained at 40 drops/minute; continue to stir for 45min to make the butyl titanate fully hydrolysis to obtain the initial reaction solution;

(5) The initial reaction solution was placed in a stainless steel high-temperature and high-pressure reactor with a polytetrafluoroethylene liner, maintained at 180° C. for 12 hours, and naturally cooled to room temperature to obtain a reaction mixture;

(6) Centrifuge the reaction mixture at 15,000rpm for 3 minutes, take the precipitate, first clean the precipitate with absolute ethanol for 3 times, then centrifuge it separately, then wash it with deionized water for 3 times, and place it under 60°C for rapid air blast drying to obtain the primary product;

(7) Put the primary product into a crucible after fully grinding it with a mortar, place it in a muffle furnace for calcination, maintain it at 700°C for 1 hour, and cool it down to room temperature naturally to prepare a B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst.

Comparative example 1

A preparation method of boron-doped nano titanium dioxide photocatalyst, comprising the following steps:

(1) Take 7.5ml of tetrabutyl titanate and dissolve it in 5ml of absolute ethanol, stir well, and mix evenly to obtain a butyl titanate alcohol solution;

(2) Take 1.5g of boric acid and dissolve it in 60ml of deionized water, mix well to obtain a suspension;

(3) Under rapid stirring conditions, add the butyl titanate alcohol solution dropwise to the suspension, the stirring rate is maintained at 400rpm, and the dropping rate is maintained at 30 drops/minute; continue to stir for 30min to make the butyl titanate fully hydrolysis to obtain the initial reaction solution;

(4) The initial reaction solution was placed in a stainless steel high-temperature and high-pressure reactor with a polytetrafluoroethylene liner, maintained at 180° C. for 12 hours, and naturally cooled to room temperature to obtain a reaction mixture;

(5) Centrifuge the reaction mixture at 13,000rpm for 3min, take the precipitate, first clean the precipitate with absolute ethanol for 3 times, then centrifuge it separately, then wash it with deionized water for 3 times, and place it under 90°C for rapid air blast drying to obtain the primary product;

(6) After fully grinding the primary product with a mortar, put it into a crucible, place it in a muffle furnace for calcination, maintain it at 700°C for 1 hour, and cool it down to room temperature naturally to obtain a boron-doped nano-titanium dioxide photocatalyst (hereinafter referred to as B/TiO ₂ photocatalyst).

Test example 1

The photocatalytic efficiency of the B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst prepared in Examples 1-4 and the B/TiO ₂ photocatalyst prepared in Comparative Example 1 for methyl orange was tested.

160 mg of each photocatalyst sample was added to 160 mL of methyl orange solution (20 mg/L), and ultrasonically dispersed for 5 minutes in a dark place to ensure uniform dispersion, and then photocatalytic degradation was carried out under magnetic stirring; during the reaction, every Sampling was done once every 5 minutes, and immediately after taking it out, it was centrifuged at 12000r/min for 10 minutes, and the supernatant was taken to measure its absorbance at the maximum absorption wavelength (463nm). The test results are shown in Figure 4.

It can be seen from Fig. 4 that the photocatalytic efficiency of the B/TiO ₂ / shell composite photocatalyst prepared in Examples 1 to 4 is better than that of the B/TiO ₂ photocatalyst for methyl orange, wherein, the B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst in Example 1 The shell composite photocatalyst has the highest photocatalytic efficiency for methyl orange, indicating that the mass ratio of boric acid to shell powder has a significant impact on the photocatalytic efficiency of the composite photocatalyst during the preparation process. If the amount of shell powder added is too much, the shell powder will The catalyst creates a masking effect.

Embodiment 5～7

The B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst was prepared by the same preparation method as in Example 1, but the calcination temperature in step (6) was changed to 650°C, 750°C, 800°C.

Example 8

The B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst was prepared by the same preparation method as in Example 1, but the calcination time in step (6) was changed to 5 hours.

Comparative example 2～4

The B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst was prepared by the same preparation method as in Example 1, but the calcination temperature in step (6) was changed to 500°C, 550°C, and 850°C.

Test example 2

The photocatalytic efficiency of the B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst prepared in Example 1, Examples 5-7, and Comparative Examples 2-4 for methyl orange was tested by the same method as Test Example 1, and the test results are shown in Figure 5a.

It can be seen from Figure 5a that B/TiO ₂ has a higher absorbance in the range of calcination temperature from 550 to 750 degrees Celsius, indicating that the photocatalytic performance is better; when the calcination temperature is 700 degrees Celsius, not only the photocatalytic performance is the best, but also the photocatalytic The response range is significantly widened.

The photocatalytic efficiency of the B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalysts prepared in Example 1 and Example 8 for methyl orange was tested by the same method as in Test Example 1, and the test results are shown in Figure 5b.

It can be seen from Figure 5b that prolonging the calcination time is conducive to the improvement of photocatalytic performance. But when the calcination temperature reaches a certain value (700 degrees Celsius), the calcination time does not need to be too long, as long as 1 hour of calcination is sufficient.

Test example 3

(1) The photocatalytic efficiency of the B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst prepared in comparative example 1 and commercially available nano-titanium dioxide P25 to reactive red X-3B; specifically include:

1. The B/TiO2/ shell photocatalyst that takes 0.6g preparation is dissolved in 300ml concentration and is 100mg/L in the reactive red X-3B (maximum absorption wavelength is 538nm) solution in dark state, weighs 0.3g nano titanium dioxide P25 in Dissolve in 300ml of reactive red X-3B (maximum absorption wavelength: 538nm) solution with a concentration of 100mg/L in a dark state to form suspensions with a concentration of 1g/L of nano-titanium dioxide as the active ingredient, and ultrasonicate for 5min in a dark place to ensure Evenly dispersed;

②Use a 250w high-pressure mercury lamp to conduct a photocatalytic test while maintaining 200r/min magnetic stirring, and react for 50 minutes. During the reaction, take samples every 5 minutes;

③ Immediately after taking out, centrifuge at 12000r/min for 8min, take the supernatant and measure the absorbance value at the maximum absorption wavelength of 538nm with a UV spectrophotometer, calculate the decolorization rate, and draw a graph with Origin9.0, as shown in Figure 6a.

It can be seen from Fig. 6a that compared with nano-titanium dioxide P25, the B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst prepared by the present invention has higher photocatalytic efficiency for active red X-3B (maximum absorption wavelength is 538nm).

(2) The B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst prepared in comparative example 1 is compared with the photocatalysis of commercially available nano-titanium dioxide P25 to 20mg/L methyl orange solution (maximum absorption wavelength 463nm) using the same method as detection example 1 Efficiency, the test results are shown in Figure 6b.

It can be seen from Fig. 6b that compared with nano-titanium dioxide P25, the B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst prepared by the present invention has higher photocatalytic efficiency for methyl orange (maximum absorption wavelength 463nm).

It can be seen from Figure 6a and Figure 6b that since the maximum absorption wavelength of methyl orange is around 463nm, and the maximum absorption wavelength of reactive red X-3B is around 538nm, the maximum absorption wavelength of reactive red X-3B is farther away from the ultraviolet region , the B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst prepared by the invention has wider photoresponse range and better photocatalytic effect.

The B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst prepared by the present invention cannot be tested by ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum due to its large particle size, and the actual effective photodegradation component in the B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst is B/TiO ₂ , so The ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum test results of B/TiO ₂ can represent the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum test results of the B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst. The ultraviolet-visible spectrum (UV-vis) test of nano-titanium dioxide P25 and B/TiO ₂ found that (see Figure 6c), B/TiO ₂ has a wider photoresponse range than nano-TiO P25, which is consistent with Figure 6a and Figure 6b conclusions are consistent.

Test example 4

Detect the effect of the initial substrate concentration on the activity of B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst, including:

Methyl orange solutions with concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 mg/L were prepared respectively, and the concentration of the B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst was 2 g/L. The photocatalytic reaction was carried out, and the removal rate of methyl orange was compared with that of light. time relationship. During the reaction, samples were taken every 5 minutes, and immediately after taking them out, they were centrifuged at 12,000 r/min for 10 minutes, and the supernatant was taken to measure the absorbance at the maximum absorption wavelength. The test results are shown in Figure 7a and Figure 7b.

It can be seen from Figure 7a and Figure 7b that when the concentration of methyl orange is low, the B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst has a higher photocatalytic efficiency per unit time, indicating that the photocatalytic efficiency is related to the initial concentration of reactants, the initial The lower the concentration, the higher the photocatalytic efficiency; indicating that photocatalytic technology is an effective means to deal with low-concentration pollutants.

Test example 5

Investigate the effect of initial solution pH on the activity of B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst, including:

Take five parts of methyl orange solutions with a concentration of 20mg/L, adjust the pH value of the methyl orange solutions to _{2, 4} , 6, 8, 10, 12 with H2SO4 and NaOH solution respectively, and then add to each part of methyl orange solution The orange solution was put into B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst until the final concentration of B/TiO ₂ was 1g/L, and the light fell for 50 minutes. The influence of different pH values on the activity of B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst was drawn, and the results were investigated See Figure 8a;

Similarly, take three methyl orange solutions with a concentration of 20 mg/L, and adjust the pH value of the methyl orange solution to 2, 7, and 12 with H ₂ SO ₄ and NaOH solutions for the other two, and then add each methyl orange solution to each Add nano-titanium dioxide P25 to the orange solution to a final concentration of 1g/L, light fall for 50 minutes, and plot the effects of different pH values on the activity of the B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst; the investigation results are shown in Figure 8b.

It can be seen from Figures 8a and 8b that the photocatalytic efficiency of the B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst is higher under acidic conditions (reaching the highest at pH = 2), because the acidic medium is conducive to the generation of dissolved oxygen and excited electrons The highly oxidizing ·OH makes the effect of photodegradation of methyl orange remarkable. When the methyl orange solution is weakly acidic or neutral, the pH value of the solution has little effect on the photocatalytic efficiency, and the photocatalytic efficiency of the B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst is lower than that in acidic medium; The photocatalytic efficiency of the B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst gradually increased when the alkalinity of the base orange solution gradually increased, which may be related to the gradual increase in the concentration of OH in the solution; Therefore, under alkaline conditions, the catalytic performance of B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst is better than that of nano titanium dioxide P25.

Test example 6

Preparation of artificially prepared printing and dyeing wastewater containing reactive brilliant red X-3B, the formula is: reactive brilliant red X-3B 20mg/L, glucose 860mg/L, acetic acid (99.9%) 0.150ml/L, urea 108mg/L, KH ₂ PO ₄ 67mg /L, NaHCO ₃ 840 mg/L, MgSO ₄ ·7H ₂ O 38 mg/L, CaCl ₂ 21 mg/L, FeCl ₃ ·6H ₂ O 7 mg/L. Adopt B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst of the present invention and the photocatalytic efficiency of the above-mentioned printing and dyeing wastewater of nano-titanium dioxide p25 by the same method as detection example 1, investigate B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst of the present invention and nano-titanium dioxide p25 The degradation effect of artificially prepared printing and dyeing wastewater containing reactive brilliant red X-3B; the investigation results are shown in Figure 9.

It can be seen from Fig. 9 that, compared with nano-titanium dioxide p25, the degradation rate of the B/TiO ₂ /shell composite photocatalyst of the present invention on the artificially prepared printing and dyeing wastewater containing reactive brilliant red X-3B is greatly improved.

Claims (10)

1. a kind of shell base boron-doped titanium dioxide composite photo-catalyst, which is characterized in that be prepared by following preparation method：

(1) titanate esters are scattered in organic solvent, obtain yellow solution；

(2) boric acid, oyster shell whiting are added in deionized water, are uniformly mixed, obtain suspension；

(3) under rapid mixing conditions, the yellow solution is added drop-wise to dropwise in the suspension, continues stirring until titanium Acid esters is fully hydrolyzed, and obtains initial reaction solution；

(4) the initial reaction solution is inserted in high-temperature high-pressure reaction kettle, at 140~180 DEG C after 2~12h of hydro-thermal reaction Cooled to room temperature obtains reaction mixture；

(5) reaction mixture is centrifuged, takes precipitation, wash drying, obtain just finished product；

(6) calcined after the first finished product is fully ground, cooled to room temperature；

Finally obtain the shell base boron-doped titanium dioxide composite photo-catalyst.

2. shell base boron-doped titanium dioxide composite photo-catalyst as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that in step (1), institute The volume ratio for stating titanate esters and organic solvent is (3:1)~(1:1).

3. shell base boron-doped titanium dioxide composite photo-catalyst as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that in step (2), first Acid treatment is carried out to the oyster shell whiting, is then then added in deionized water.

4. shell base boron-doped titanium dioxide composite photo-catalyst as claimed in claim 3, it is characterised in that：Shell is placed in Impregnate 6 in the dilution heat of sulfuric acid of 0.1~2M~for 24 hours, it then is dried after being rinsed with deionized water to neutrality, is ground into grain size as 100 The oyster shell whiting of~400 mesh.

5. the shell base boron-doped titanium dioxide composite photo-catalyst as described in claim 1 or 3 or 4, which is characterized in that step (2) in, the mass ratio of the boric acid and oyster shell whiting is (1:4)~(2:1).

6. shell base boron-doped titanium dioxide composite photo-catalyst as claimed in claim 5, which is characterized in that in step (2), institute The mass ratio for stating boric acid and oyster shell whiting is (1:2)~(2:1).

7. shell base boron-doped titanium dioxide composite photo-catalyst as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that in step (3), stir It mixes rate and maintains 300~600rpm, the rate of addition of yellow solution maintains 20-50 drops/minute.

8. shell base boron-doped titanium dioxide composite photo-catalyst as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that, will in step (4) The initial reaction solution is inserted in high-temperature high-pressure reaction kettle, is naturally cooled at 160~180 DEG C after 8~12h of hydro-thermal reaction Room temperature obtains reaction mixture.

9. shell base boron-doped titanium dioxide composite photo-catalyst as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that, will in step (6) After the first finished product is fully ground, 1~5h is calcined at 550~750 DEG C.

10. a kind of preparation method of shell base boron-doped titanium dioxide composite photo-catalyst, which is characterized in that comprise the following steps：

(1) titanate esters are dissolved in organic solvent, obtain yellow solution；

(2) boric acid, oyster shell whiting are added in deionized water, are uniformly mixed, obtain suspension；

(3) under rapid mixing conditions, the yellow solution is added drop-wise to dropwise in the suspension, continues stirring until titanium Acid esters is fully hydrolyzed, and obtains initial reaction solution；

(4) the initial reaction solution is inserted in high-temperature high-pressure reaction kettle, at 140~180 DEG C after 2~12h of hydro-thermal reaction Cooled to room temperature obtains reaction mixture；

(5) reaction mixture is centrifuged, takes precipitation, wash drying, obtain just finished product；

(6) calcined after the first finished product is fully ground, cooled to room temperature obtains the shell base boron-doped titanium dioxide and answers Closing light catalyst.