CN105481902A - 以磷酸二氢根为轴向配体的铂(iv)抗癌化合物 - Google Patents
以磷酸二氢根为轴向配体的铂(iv)抗癌化合物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一类以磷酸二氢根为轴向配体的铂(IV)抗癌化合物,化学结构如下。其中,载体基团2A为氨/胺配体,包括2NH3、1R,2R-环已二胺、1,2-双(氨甲基)环丁烷、NH3/环戊胺、NH3/环己胺;离去基团2X为目前已上市铂(II)类抗癌药物的离去基团,包括2Cl-、草酸根、1,1-环丁烷二羧酸根、丙二羧酸根。磷酸的键合不但有助于化合物向癌细胞核运转、提高对癌细胞的选择性,而且还能介导化合物靶向骨癌,显示出很强的抗癌作用。同时,该化合物水溶性好、稳定,非常适应作为抗癌药物的用途,其结构式如下。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一类以磷酸二氢根为轴向配体的Pt(IV)化合物及其作为抗癌药物的用途,属于生物制药领域。
背景技术
铂类药物系一类非常重要的抗癌药物,广泛用于临床治疗常见多发的恶性肿瘤[1]。据最新统计,目前70%的临床联合化疗方案是以铂类药物为主或参与配伍[2]。现已批准上市的铂类药物主要有顺铂(Cisplatin)、卡铂(Carboplatin)、奈达铂(Nedaplatin)、奥沙利铂(Oxaliplatin)、庚铂(Heptaplatin)和洛铂(Lobaplatin)[3,4],其中,顺铂、卡铂和奥沙利铂(结构式1)被认为是铂类抗癌药的代表,已列入美国、日本、欧盟、中国等大部分国家和地区的药典中,在世界范围内得到普遍的临床应用。
结构式1.顺铂、卡铂和奥沙利铂的化学结构。
然而,临床应用铂类抗肿瘤药物还存在两大障碍[5-7]:毒副反应和耐药性。铂类药物属于细胞毒类化合物,对癌细胞缺乏足够的选择性,在杀伤癌细胞的同时,对正常的组织细胞也产生不同程度的损伤作用,通常导致骨髓抑制、肾损伤、神经毒性、恶心呕吐。在化疗过程中,癌细胞对既往使用过的铂类药物不敏感、产生耐药性,而耐药性的产生又导致药物剂量的增加,加重了药物的毒副反应,是化疗失败的重要原因,也是铂类药物化疗急需解决的难题。因此,研究毒性低、与现有铂类药物交叉耐药度小的新型铂类药物仍是目前抗癌药物领域的热点之一[8,9]。
其中,一种研究策略是发展Pt(IV)抗癌药物[10,11]。Pt(IV)药物一般具有cis,trans,cis-[Pt(IV)A2Y2X2]的化学式(其中,A为氨或胺配体;Y为Cl-或有机单羧酸;X为离去基团),属于Pt(II)抗癌药物的前药(Prodrug),在癌细胞内被还原为相应的Pt(II)药物而发挥抗癌作用[11]。Pt(IV)化合物为六配位,具有八面体构型,与相应Pt(II)的比较,化学反应活性较低,属于惰性化合物,因而表现出较低的毒副作用和与Pt(II)药物交叉耐药度低的优点。
迄今为止,有三个Pt(IV)配合物进入了临床试验,它们分别是Iproplatin,Satraplatin,Tetraplatin(结构式2)。其中,Iproplatin和Tetraplatin已经淘汰,前者由于具有很高的神经毒性在I期临床后放弃;后者由于活性不如卡铂在III期临床后淘汰。而Satraplatin已临床试验长达17年,一直未能获准上市。主要原因包括这些化合物水溶性差(≈1mg/ml),不具有靶向性,抗癌活性不如顺铂、卡铂和奥沙利铂。因此,研制Pt(IV)抗癌药物受到很大的挑战,需要创新的设计思路和方法[12]。
结构式2.进入临床研究的三个Pt(IV)化合物
上述背景技术中所涉及的参考文献如下:
1.韩锐,孙燕主编.新世纪癌的化学预防与药物治疗.人民军医出版社,2005,北京.
2.S.Dhara,S.J.Lippard.Mitaplatin,potentfusionofcisplatinandtheorphandrugdichloroacetate.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,106(2009)22199-22204.
3.X.Chen1,Y.Wu1,H.Dong,C.-Y.ZhangandY.Zhang.Platinum-basedagentsforindividualizedcancertreatment.Curr.Mol.Med.,2013,13,1603-16121603
4.R.Aldrich-Wright,AdvancesinPlatinumChemotherapeutics.Chem.Eur.J.,2010,16,7064-7077.
5.L.Kelland.Theresurgenceofplatinum-basedcancerchemotherapy.NatureRev.Cancer,2007,7,573-584.
6.C.A.Rabic,M.E.Dolan.Molecularmechanismsofresistanceandtoxicityassociatedwithplatinatingagents.CancerTreat.Rev.,2007,33,9-13.
7.I.Ali,W.A.Wani,K.Saleem,A.Haque.Platinumcompounds:ahopeforfuturecancerchemotherapy.Anti-CancerAgentsMed.Chem.,2013,13,296-306.
8.N.J.Wheate,S.Walker,G.E.Craig,R.Oun.Thestatusofplatinumanticancerdrugsintheclinicandinclinictrials.DaltonTrans.,2010,39,8113-8127
9.G.N.Kaluderovic,R.Paschke.Anticancermetallotherapeuticsinpreclinicaldevelopment.Curr.Med.Chem.,2011,18,4738-4752.
10.X.Han,J.Sun,Y.Wang,Z.He.Recentadvancesinplatinum(IV)complex-baseddeliverysystemstoimproveplatinum(II)anticancertherapy.Med.Res.Rev.,2015,35,1268-1299
11.J.J.Wilson,S.J.Lippard.Syntheticmethodsforthepreparationofplatinumanticancercomplexes.Chem.Rev.,2014,114(8),pp4470–4495
12.X.Wang,Z.Guo.Targetinganddeliveryofplatinum-basedanticancerdrugs.Chem.Soc.Rev.,2013,42,202—224.
发明内容
本研究组经过大量的研究和试验,发明了一类以磷酸二氢根为轴向配体的Pt(IV)抗癌化合物。选择磷酸作为轴向配体,主要基于磷酸的如下两个生理特性:(1)在细胞层面上,磷酸是构建核酸的主要组分之一,癌细胞旺盛的增殖对磷酸的需求明显高于正常细胞,摄取磷酸的能力强。因此,药物分子中连接磷酸基团,有助于药物向癌细胞内运转,提高药物对癌细胞的靶向性;(2)在组织层面向,磷酸是骨骼的重要成分,在体内,大部分磷酸以磷酸盐(如磷酸钙)形式储存于骨组织中。含磷酸的药物主要运往骨组织,对骨癌有靶向治疗作用。此外,磷酸以磷酸二氢根的形式结合在药物分子上可以明显提高药物的水溶性。对于铂类药物来说,增加水溶性可以在药物发挥药效后快速排泄,减少在体内金属铂(属于重金属)的积累,降低药物的毒副作用。
本发明的Pt(IV)化合物具有如下结构式3:
结构式3.本发明的Pt(IV)抗癌化合物的结构,
其中,载体基团2A为氨/胺配体,包括2NH3、1R,2R-环已二胺、1,2-双(氨甲基)环丁烷、NH3/环戊胺或NH3/环己胺;离去基团2X为目前已上市铂(II)类抗癌药物的离去基团,包括2Cl-、草酸根、1,1-环丁烷二羧酸根或丙二羧酸根。该化合物也可以含有1个或2个结晶水。
本发明的Pt(IV)抗癌化合物最优选具有如结构式4的化合物:
结构式4.本发明的其中两个Pt(IV)抗癌化合物的结构。
本发明的Pt(IV)化合物中,2A、2X和中心原子处于同一平面,构成平面四边形的构型、磷酸二氢根和羟基轴向配位,符合铂类药物的经典构效关系,在细胞内被还原为Pt(II)、失去轴向配体,释放出药效基团,攻击癌细胞的DNA而发挥抗癌作用。
本发明的Pt(IV)化合物的制备路线见反应式1:以cis-[Pt(II)A2X2]为起始原料,在一定温度下与过量的双氧水搅拌反应,得到cis-[Pt(IV)A2(OH)2X2],在水中重结晶提纯后,与化学计算量95-99%的磷酸反应后,浓缩至近干,加水溶解,过滤除去不溶物,母液冷冻干燥得到目标产物,产率约50--80%。
反应式1.本发明的Pt(IV)抗癌化合物的合成反应。
在研究试验过程中,我们也试图合成轴向为二个磷酸二氢根配体的Pt(IV)化合物(结构式5),但得到的往往是一个磷酸二氢根配体的Pt(IV)化合物(结构式3)、二个磷酸二氢根配体的Pt(IV)化合物和磷酸的混合物,无法分离。
结构式5.本发明合成的双磷酸根的Pt(IV)抗癌化合物。
本发明的Pt(IV)化合物具有较好的水溶性,采用常规的方法测得室温下分别大于25mg/ml(PPt1),100mg/ml(PPt2),明显高于顺铂(1mg/ml)、卡铂(17mg/ml)和奥沙利铂(8mg/ml)。水溶液稳定性采用核磁共振谱的方法测定:取2mg样品,溶于0.5mlD2O中,室温放置,不同时间点采用BrukerAM-500测定31PNMR,比较各个时间点测得的31PNMR与起始的31PNMR,结果表明:两个化合物在3天内31PNMR无明显变化,说明它们的水溶性具有很好的稳定性,稳定时间至少3天,满足作为药物使用的要求。
本发明的Pt(IV)化合物体外具有很高的抗癌活性,以PPt1为例。PPt1体外对人肝癌细胞株SMMC-7721、人非小细胞肺癌细胞株A549、人卵巢癌细胞株SK-OV-3、人结肠癌细胞株SW480的生长均有明显的抑制作用,抗癌活性明显大于水溶性Pt(II)抗癌药物-卡铂,而且整体抗癌活性与顺铂相当。同时,可以预测本发明的Pt(IV)化合物在体内对癌细胞有较好的选择性,对骨癌和骨转移癌具有靶向作用,显示出良好的临床应用前景。
具体实施方式
(1)本发明的Pt(IV)抗癌化合物PPt1的合成方法
称取8.40g(28mmol)顺铂,加入250ml的水,搅拌,加热至60℃,逐滴加入30wt%H2O2420ml,在60℃下继续搅拌反应4小时,冷却至室温,析出浅黄色的产物,过滤,冰水洗涤,烘干,在水中重结晶,得到浅亮黄色晶体状的cis,trans,cis-[Pt(IV)(NH3)2(OH)2Cl2]5.8g,产率约62%。
准确称取2.061g(6.17mmol)cis,trans,cis-[Pt(IV)(NH3)2(OH)2Cl2],加入85%的磷酸溶液0.678克(5.88mmol,相当于化学计量的95%),搅拌混合后,在60℃下再加入50ml水搅拌反应20小时并减压浓缩至近干后,加入100ml的水搅拌溶解,冷却至室温,过滤出去未反应的cis,trans,cis-[Pt(IV)(NH3)2(OH)2Cl2],滤液冷冻干燥,得到浅黄色的晶状粉末cis,trans,cis-[Pt(IV)(NH3)2(OH)(H2PO4)Cl2]2.36克,产率93%。样品送结构分析,
结构参数:
1)元素分析测定值:N6.71%,H2.19%,Pt47.0%
计算值:N6.76%,H2.17%,Pt47.2%
2)红外光谱IR(KBr,cm-1):3443(s,vO-H),3265,3176(s,vN-H),1632,1564[m,δa(NH3)],1321(m,vP=O),1040,1009(m,vP-O),558,537,521(w,vPt-N,vPt-O)
3)核磁共振谱31PNMR(D2O,ppm):δ2.91(H2PO4 -)
以上测定数据符合结构式3所示的PPt1的组成和结构式。
(2)本发明的Pt(IV)抗癌化合物PPt-2的合成方法
称取6.0g(15mmol)奥沙利铂于600mL蒸馏水中,稍加热至完成溶解为止,缓慢滴加入30wt%H2O221.5ml,搅拌反应5小时后,析出白色沉淀,过滤、冰水洗涤、在60℃下烘干,最后在沸水中重结晶提纯,得到白色晶状的cis,trans,cis-[Pt(IV)(1R,2R-环已二胺)(OH)2(C2O4)]5.73g,产率88%。
准确称取2.406g(5.58mmol)的cis,trans,cis-[Pt(IV)(1R,2R-环已二胺)(OH)2(C2O4)],加入85%磷酸溶液0.637g(5.53mmol,相当于化学计量的99%),搅拌混合后,在60℃下再加入30ml水搅拌反应20小时并减压浓缩至近干后,加入50ml的水搅拌溶解,冷却至室温,过滤出去不溶物,滤液冷冻干燥,得到白色的晶状粉末cis,trans,cis-[Pt(IV)(1R,2R-环已二胺)2(OH)(H2PO4)(C2O4)]2.75克,产率97%。样品送结构分析.
结构参数:
1)元素分析测定值:C18.5%,N5.44%,H3.36%,Pt38.0%
计算值:C18.8%,N5.48%,H3.32%,Pt38.2%
2)红外光谱IR(KBr,cm-1):3434(s,vO-H),3201,3092(m,vN-H),2940,2865(w,vC-H)1721(vs,vas(COO-)),1372(s,va(COO-)),1021,981(m,vP-O),573,509(w,vPt-N,vPt-O)
3)核磁共振谱31PNMR(D2O,ppm):δ2.92(H2PO4 -)
13CNMR(D2O,ppm):δ165(COO-),61(C-1,C-2),30(C-3,C-6),23(C-4,C-5)
以上测定数据符合结构式3所示的PPt-2的组成和结构式。
(3)本发明的Pt(IV)抗癌化合物的抗癌活性
以PPt-1为例
用不含血清的培养液将受试的化合物和对照药品顺铂、卡铂配成所需浓度,应用SRB法(磺酰罗丹明B蛋白染色法)检测各个化合物对人肝癌细胞株SMMC-7721、人非小细胞肺癌细胞株A549、人卵巢癌细胞株SK-OV-3、人结肠癌细胞株SW480的增殖生长的抑制作用。
SRB法:接种对数生长期细胞于96孔培养板,加入不同浓度的药物,每个浓度设3个复孔,同时设相应浓度的溶媒对照。癌细胞在37℃、5%CO2条件下培养72小时。细胞用SRB室温中染色,最后加入Tris溶液溶解,酶标仪(BioTek)510nm波长下测定OD值,以下列公式计算细胞生长抑制率,根据各浓度抑制率,根据非线性回归方法计算半数抑制浓度IC50。抑制率=(OD值对照孔-OD值给药孔)/OD值对照孔×100%
表1.本发明的Pt(IV)化合物对癌细胞生长的半数抑制浓度IC50(t=72h,n=3)
如表1结果所示,PPt1体外对人肝癌细胞株SMMC-7721、人非小细胞肺癌细胞株A549、人卵巢癌细胞株SK-OV-3、人结肠癌细胞株SW480的生长均有明显的抑制作用,抗癌活性明显大于水溶性Pt(II)抗癌药物-卡铂,而且整体抗癌活性与顺铂相当,而目前体外抗癌活性能与顺铂媲美的Pt(IV)化合物未见报道,说明磷酸的轴向配位可以提高Pt(IV)化合物抗癌作用。因此,PPt1作为顺铂的前药、具有水溶性高、稳定、抗癌活性显著的优点,显示出良好的临床应用前景。
Claims (4)
1.以磷酸二氢根为轴向配体的铂(IV)化合物,其特征在于:结构如下的Pt(IV)化合物,其中,2A为氨/胺配体,包括2NH3、1R,2R-环已二胺、1,2-双(氨甲基)环丁烷、NH3/环戊胺或NH3/环己胺;2X为目前已上市铂(II)类抗癌药物的离去基团,包括2Cl-、草酸根、1,1-环丁烷二羧酸根或丙二羧酸根,该化合物还可以含有1个或2个结晶水,
2.如权利要求1所述的Pt(IV)化合物,其特征在于:包含如下结构的两种化合物:
3.权利要求1和2的所述的Pt(IV)化合物在制备抗恶性肿瘤药物中的应用。
4.权利要求1和2的所述的Pt(IV)化合物在制备抗肺癌、肝癌、胃癌、卵巢癌、乳腺癌或骨转移癌药物中的应用。
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