CN1051791A - 测量细胞活化的酶测定及测定盒 - Google Patents
测量细胞活化的酶测定及测定盒 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种检测细胞(包括淋巴细胞)的应答或活化的
测定方法,以及检测患者免疫感受性的方法,包括引
入一种细胞活化物质,该物质能使细胞的一种酶有效
地反应,以及利用能产生可检测产物的底物测量酶促
反应,以及进行该测定分析的测定盒。
Description
本发明属于免疫学、细胞生物学和药学领域,本发明涉及酶的测定以及借助于细胞活化物质(如与淋巴细胞特异性反应的抗原)测量细胞活化,尤其是血细胞如淋巴细胞活化的测定盒。
测量特异性免疫应答或免疫系统的一般反应性是诊断和研究许多重要疾病的有用工具。最初,这种试验仅限于体内技术如进行皮试以测定即时的或延迟的过敏性存在。
自1960年以来,已进行了许多体外测定,这些测定可看作是与体内免疫应答相关的。这些生物测定中多数是依据这样的事实,即免疫系统细胞(称为淋巴细胞)识别它们应答的化学结构,如对它们具有特异性的一种抗原。作为这种应答反应的一部分,淋巴细胞被活化,扩增成为“坏细胞”、分裂和/或分化。
因此,在有合适的激发抗原存在时,体外测量淋巴细胞芽生或淋巴细胞增殖已可用于测量特异性免疫应答,主要是T淋巴细胞系的应答。由多克隆活化剂在大多数淋巴细胞中诱导的同样反应已使医生和调查研究者能估测淋巴细胞群的一般反应,这种多克隆活化剂刺激整个淋巴细胞类(而不仅是特异性抗原群)。
各种物质,如来自植物的促细胞分裂的植物血凝素(如:刀豆球蛋白A、植物血球凝集素、美洲商陆有丝分裂原)。细菌产物(如:脂多糖、细胞壁物质、肠毒素)和各种化学试剂或生化试剂(如:佛波醇酯、高碘酸钠、半乳糖氧化酶、硫酸葡聚糖)能诱导多克隆活化作用。(见,Roitt,I.等人,IMMUNOLOGY,C.V.Mosby Co.(1985))。
近来研究表明,体外分析淋巴细胞活化作用或刺激作用需要测量细胞生长(如增殖),测量细胞生长是通过将DNA的放射性前体(最典型的是3H-胸腺嘧啶或125I-脱氧尿嘧啶)掺入到正增殖的细胞中进行的。这些测定技术要求,需要无菌的细胞培养条件和多级分馏的血样,从而使这些测定分析成本比较昂贵。另外,这些分析试验产生放射性废弃物,这在美国是日趋严重的问题。最重要的是,这种测定方法通常需要3-7天,并且结果十分不确定,尤其是当应答之间(例如,在一个病人和一个作对照的健康人之间)的差异是有限的(虽然有意义),而不是“全有或全无”时更是如此。再者,为测定对一连串刺激的应答,现有的测定方法需要较大量的淋巴细胞,从而在测定淋巴细胞减少或白细胞减少患者(如化疗、骨髓移植后,或免疫缺陷症如AIDS)时,这就成了难题。
因此,快速、简便、需要少量血液/样本并且避免使用放射性同位素的测定淋巴细胞活化的方法有重要价值。对于临床实验,下面的测定是重要的:(1)容易成为常规化,需要尽可能少的处理细胞;(2)自动化,和(3)比现有的细胞增殖测定方法更能提供具有再现性的结果。
一种更快速测定方法是测定在开始刺激细胞活化之后的较早时间内,即在DNA合成和细胞增殖之前出现的情况。胞内酶或与膜有关的酶的“活化”是由一个信号(如与特异性淋巴细胞相关联的一种抗原)激发细胞膜后早期出现的一种类型的情况(Sell,S.,Immunology,Immunopathology and Immunity,Elsevier,1987)。利用具生色团底物或其他物理学方法可检测的反应物或产物的酶-底物反应很容易监测上述酶的活化或有效的应答。
Landegren,U.(J.Immunol.Meth.67:379-388(1984))利用了一种普遍存在的溶酶体酶,氨基己糖酶,并进行测定以定量每个微滴板井眼中存在的细胞数目。利用该酶的一种生色团底物,对-硝基苯酚-N-乙酰基-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷,产生一种显色反应产物,利用比色板读数器测量该产物在405nm处的收光度(A405)。将底物加至细胞培养物中,在给定的反应时间内产生的颜色(即:形成的反应产物)的量与细胞数目成正比。利用这种方法可测量应答生长因子的淋巴细胞的增殖,细胞对表面的吸附,以及细胞对抗体所覆盖平板的吸附。因此在可能提供一种有效的放射性同位素的替代物用于测定淋巴细胞增殖的同时,在该文献中介绍的这种方法在测量早期淋巴细胞活化时是没有价值的,因为这种酶明显具有活性并且在所有时间内对底物是有效的。另一个问题是,由于该酶存在于血清中,在体外培养以前,需要彻底清洗血细胞以除去含酶的血清。
Alcina,A.等人(J.Immunol.Meth.105:1-8(1987))修改了Landegren描述的方法(见上文)以检测细胞内寄生物的存活力和死亡。
Mosmann,T.(J.Immunol Meth.65:55-63(1983))利用四唑盐MTT(3-(4,5-二甲基噻唑-2-基)-2,5-二苯基溴化四唑)进行了同样的测定分析,该四唑盐经线粒体脱氢酶修饰形成一兰色甲 (formazan)产物,可以在570nm处通过分光光度法测量该产物的吸光度。细胞数目在某一范围时,该底物可使细胞数目和产生的颜色之间形成线性关系。该方法已用于测量生色因子对几种淋巴细胞系生长的刺激作用。另有人修改了Mosmann的方法,以测量细胞毒性分析中存活的细胞(Green L.M.等人,J.Immunol.Meth.70:257-268(1984))。
已知的碱性磷酸酶是与各种正常的和白血病的淋巴细胞类型的分泌和吸收表面相关的酶(Neumann,H.等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA73:1432(1976);Culvenor,J.G.等人,J.Immunol.126:1974(1981))。利用对-硝基苯磷酸盐作为底物,Garcia-Rozas,C.等人(J.Immunol.129:52-55(1982))分析了用各种有丝分裂原体外培养的鼠淋巴细胞的碱性磷酸酶。在分析前,将细胞用戊二醛固定并且用清洁剂处理,然后加入底物,用一个平板读数器直接在平板上(A405)读出颜色反应。发现碱性磷酸酶尤其与B淋巴细胞相关。用脂多糖(LPS)或美洲商陆有丝分裂原(PWM)“激活”三天的B细胞中酶活性有效地提高,并且与扩增的“坯细胞”相关。
Hashimoto,N.等人(J.Immunol.Meth.90:97-103(1986))修改了Garcia-Rozas等人的分析方法(上文),即将存在于清洁剂中的底物直接加入含有受刺激B细胞的微滴板井眼中(在细胞洗涤一次后)。利用该分析方法可测量用LPS刺激3天并且用T细胞产生的因子进一步刺激1-2天后的B细胞增殖。与测量3H-胸腺嘧啶摄取相反,该分析方法的优点在于,它甚至能够在大量“污染”T细胞存在时选择性地检测B细胞增殖,并且能够测量HAT培养基(通常用于选择杂交瘤)中的细胞。没有证据表明在3天前出现酶的活化,并且新鲜B细胞可检测酶活性的界限是需要105或更多的细胞。
EPO 0166505(1985年1月2日公开)提供了一种通过色谱分离和比色分析法定量检测碱性磷酸酶的方法,其中当酶活性为2×10-6单位时出现一个可检测信号。但是,在该申请中公开的测定系统和测定盒是设计用于部分纯化的酶,而不是完整的细胞。
Chan,K-M.等人(Anal Biochem.157:375-380(1986))描述了一种直接比色分析法,该方法用于测量脂细胞浆膜制剂或肝微粒体中Ca2+刺激的ATPase活性。该测定方法基于一种生色反应与ATP底物产生的Pi产物偶合而进行。酶只有在细胞提取物中测量,并且没有暗示用于测量完整细胞。
EPO 0122028(1984年10月17日公开)公开了一种用于检测生物学标本中的酶的比色测定方法。将一种底物吸附到一个表面(如一个拭子)上,并且与含酶的生物样本接触,以在表面上产生一个颜色反应。该分析系统完全是定性而不是定量,尤其适用于检测样本中存在的细菌。设计该分析系统用于检测样本中一种或多种细菌类型的存在,即通过将吸收了一种或多种底物的拭子浸于含细菌的样本中,检测拭子上的颜色反应。
本发明基于用活化细胞物质(如一种特异性抗原)使细胞(如血细胞)活化,从而使某些细胞酶活化或者使之有效地与底物反应的现察。本发明提供一种快速、简便、能再现的测定方法,以测量用完整细胞进行的反应,其中一种底物转变为一种可检测的产物或者是一种与另一种反应偶合从而产生一种可检测产物的产物。
本发明涉及一种借助于一种给定的细胞活化物质检测细胞活化的方法,该方法包括:(a)将细胞以适当的间隔与细胞活化物质接触,其中细胞活化物质使一种细胞酶能有效地进行反应;(b)提供一种能与酶反应的酶底物;和(c)通过测量酶-底物反应的产物而检测细胞的活化。
本发明进一步涉及利用该分析方法检测对一种给定抗原或多种抗原具有特异性的淋巴细胞的存在,该方法包括:(a)将淋巴细胞与一种或多种抗原在适当间隔内接触,抗原的互相作用使淋巴细胞的一种酶能有效地反应;(b)提供一种能与酶反应的酶底物;和(c)通过测量酶-底物反应的产物而检测淋巴细胞的活化。
本发明提供了一种检测患者一种抗原的免疫感受作用的方法,该方法包括:(a)将患者的血细胞提供给抗原;(b)用抗原培养所说细胞足够的时间以使细胞活化,使细胞的一种酶能有效地反应;(c)提供一种能与酶反应的酶底物;和(d)通过测量酶-底物反应的产物而检测免疫感受作用。
本发明进一步涉及用于测量细胞(如血细胞)活化的测定盒,该测定盒提供了一种细胞活化物质如一种抗原(该物质与一种载体基质结合)和一种酶的底物。
本发明的测定方法包括在试验条件下用一种细胞活化物质培养细胞,该物质或者与细胞同时加入或者将该物质预先结合到一种载体基质上,然后将细胞与之接触。使细胞和活化物质作用足够的一段时间,以使细胞内一种或多种酶活化。本发明一个较大的优点是快速地测量活化作用(最长约为3小时)。活化酶的底物与细胞一起加入或在活化作用发生后加入,并且该酶底物受到活性的或有效的酶的作用从而产生一种可检测的反应产物,该产物是细胞活化的标志。
术语“细胞活化物质”是指根据细胞的受体或其他结合结构或摄取原理和/或合适的代谢机理的特性而设计的物质,能激发出细胞内的一种反应。
对于免疫系统的细胞,如淋巴细胞和单核细胞/巨噬细胞,细胞活化物质包括特异性抗原。该抗原可以是一种肽、一种糖肽、一种脂蛋白或一种半抗原。在这些抗原中包括已知作为变应原的特殊种类,它们大多为半抗原。免疫系统细胞的细胞活化物质也包括免疫复合物、补体成分、免疫球蛋白分子或片段、淋巴细胞活素和其他细胞活素(如IL1、IL2、IL4等)。变应原作为特异性淋巴细胞的活化剂或作为在表面产生特异性IgE抗体的嗜碱或肥大细胞的活化剂。食物也是变应原,在本发明中也将作为细胞活化物质,同时各种环境化学试剂也可以作为细胞活化物质。对免疫系统细胞活化的讨论,见例如Roitt,I.等人所述〔IMMUNOLOGY,C.V.Mosby Co、(1985)〕,该文引入本文作为参考。
通过本发明测定方法检测的能活化血细胞的物质一览表列于下面表1中。该表并没有列出全部物质,本领域内任何一个熟练技术人员将能够选择其他的活化剂用于本发明。
将本发明的抗原或其他细胞活化剂与细胞一起加入进行反应(或在细胞加入后立即加入)。另一种方法是,采用本领域熟知的简单预培养方法或化学偶合法使活化剂与载体基质结合。另一个实施例中,可将活化剂结合到,或掺入进脂质体中,并以这种形式提供给细胞。
用精炼的脂肪酸,花生四烯酸和它的代谢物,或甘油三酸酯能活化脂肪细胞。
存在于环境中的化学试剂(包括汞盐和亚硫酸盐如偏亚硫酸氢盐等)能活化髓样细胞前体和其他血细胞。
用花生四烯酸、精炼脂肪酸和各种宾主共栖生物能活化肝细胞。
用6-磷酸葡萄糖能活化各种细胞,并且能检测6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶缺失或活化过强。
用激素或生长因子能活化各种细胞。各种细胞类型和各种生物分子或能活化它们的宾主共栖生物是本领域内熟知的(见Smith,E.L.等人,PRINCIPLES OF BIOCHEMISTRY:Mammalian Biochemistry,7th Ed.,McGraw-Hill,(1983)),该文引入本文作为参考。
表1
用于通过测定细胞活化而测定免疫过敏性的物质
类别 抗原(或提取物)
A.食物
1.甲壳纲动物/ 蟹、龙虾、虾、青蛤、牡蛎、扇贝
软体动物
2.奶制品 黄油、奶酪、牛奶、酪蛋白、酸乳酪
3.鱼 鳀鲈鱼、鲇鱼、鳕鱼、黑线鳕、河鲈/鲇鱼、
真鲷、鲑鱼、沙丁鱼、箬鳎鱼/比目鱼/大比
目鱼(庸鲽)、箭鱼、真鳟,金枪鱼、大菱鲆
/鲱鱼
4.家禽 蛋白、蛋黄、鸡、鹅、鸭、火鸡
5.水果 苹果、杏、香蕉、浆果(黑莓、乌饭树的紫黑
浆果、波森莓、酸果蔓的果实、山莓、草莓)、
樱桃、椰子、海枣、无花果、葡萄/葡萄干、
果、甜瓜(罗马甜瓜、甘汁、西瓜)、油桃、
橙、番木瓜、桃、梨、凤梨(菠萝)、李子、
罗望子果
6.谷类 苋、大麦、荞麦、玉米、小米、燕麦、米、糙
米、黑麦、黑小麦、小麦
7.肉 牛肉/小牛肉、羔羊肉/羊肉、猪肉、鹿/鹿
肉、兔
8.坚果/种子 苜蓿、杏仁、茴香、巴西坚果、漆树、栗子、
榛子、马卡达姆坚果、花生、美洲山核桃、松
果、阿月浑子的果实、罂粟种子、南瓜、芝麻、
向日葵、胡桃
9.油 鱼肝、谷类、棉籽、榛子、氢化油、亚麻子、
橄榄、花生、樱草、红花、芝麻、向日葵、胡
桃
桂皮、丁香、咖喱、莳萝的种子、生姜、辣根、
肉豆蔻干皮、芥子、m/nutmeg、牛至、
红辣椒、欧芹、胡椒(黑胡椒、辣椒、白胡椒、
风铃椒)、胡椒薄荷、迷迭香、鼠尾草/罗勒、
绿薄荷、麝香草、香草醛
11.蔬菜 洋蓟、芦笋、鳄梨、豆类(黑豆、角豆、鹰嘴
豆、菜豆、利马豆(lima)、藏青色豆
(navy)、斑豆、大豆、菜豆/蜂蜡)、甜
菜、硬质花椰菜、汤菜、白菜、胡萝卜、花椰
菜、芹菜、谷物、黄瓜、茄子、大蒜、小扁豆、
莴苣、蘑菇、齐墩果、洋葱、欧芹、欧洲防风
根、红辣椒、青辣椒、西班牙辣椒、马铃薯
(甘薯、土豆)、小萝卜、大黄、芜菁甘蓝、
菠菜、西葫芦、芜菁、水田芥
混杂物 水藻(spirulina)、咖啡、可可粉、可
乐(cola)、杜松子酒(桧属浆果)、蛇麻
草、海草/海藻、麦芽、车前草籽、蔷薇果、
木薯淀粉、茶叶、烟草、豆腐/豆面酱
(tofu/miso)、酵母(面包酵母、啤酒
酵母)
食品添加剂 阿斯巴特糖精、BHT/BHA、食品色素、
及防腐剂 谷氨酸-钠、多糖、苯甲酸盐、亚硫酸盐/偏
亚硫酸盐
化学试剂及药物
乙酰氨基苯(acetaminophen),乙醛
(甲醛)、发酵粉、小苏打(碳酸氢钠)、咖
啡因、氨基甲酸盐(或酯)、煤焦油、清洁剂、
卤化农药、金属催化剂(Ni、Hg、Cd等)
硝酸盐、有机磷酸盐、酚、石油副产品(溶剂)
水杨酸、肥皂(十二烷基硫酸钠)
术语“酶活化”是指导致酶活性具有可测量的提高的许多变化中的任何一种,在这种活化产生以前,只有很少或没有可检测的酶活性。因此通过与细胞反应,细胞活化物质能够引起许多细胞内活动,这些活动导致酶从一种化学非活性形式转变为一种化学活性形式,如,通过磷酸化或脱磷酸化,或通过活性位点的空间异构的变化。换句话说,酶从一个不可接近底物的位点易位到一个可接近底物的位点,如从细胞质易位到细胞表面。酶定位的细胞内变化,如从小囊结构膜内移到膜外,使一种酶适合于细胞质的底物。用于本发明的酶活化还包括通过细胞的变化而对底物有效的酶,这种细胞变化能使底物进入并与酶接触,作为细胞活化方法的一部分。这些在酶活性、定位和细胞的渗透性或对底物材料的摄取方面的变化是本领域内熟知的,详细描述见Alberts,B.等人的MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL(第2版),Garland出版公司,(1989),该文引入本文作为参考。
术语“底物”是指:(1)受酶影响直接作用而产生一种可检测产物(如:一种生色团)的底物;(2)第一种底物和第二种物质的结合体,其中第一种底物产生一种产物,该产物与第二个酶/底物反应或与第二个偶合染料(如一种重氮染料)偶合,产生一种可检测的产物,并且该产物反映出酶影响的活性。第二种物质是一个辅酶前体加一个生色前体,其中酶的作用是与辅酶前体反应,如烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADP)(辅酶Ⅱ),在适当条件下产生NAD,它被应用于一系列循环化学反应中形成一个传代催化剂,该催化剂作用于一种前体(如一种生色前体)产生一种可检测产物。传代催化剂也可以是另一种酶,例如心肌黄酶,作为一种还原催化剂。这种方法产生的生色团的吸光度可用常规比色方法测定。
EPO 0058539(1982年8月25日公开)中公开了利用用于磷酸酶测定的不同氧化-还原催化剂的循环NAD/NNADH反应。
本发明利用的生色团前体包括四唑盐,如2-(对-碘苯基)、3-(对-硝基苯基)-5-苯基-氯化四唑(INT);3-(4,5-二甲基噻唑-2-基)-2,5-二苯基溴化四唑(MTT);2,2′5,5′-四-(对-硝基苯基)-3,3′-(3,3′-二甲氧基-4,4′-二亚苯基)二苯基氯化四唑(TNBT);2,2′-二(对-硝基苯)-5,5′-二苯基-3,3′-(3,3′-二甲氧基-4,4′-二亚苯基)二苯基氯化四唑(NBT);2,2-二亚苯基-3,3′,5,5′-四苯基二氯化四唑(氯化新四唑或NT);2,3-5-三苯基氯化四唑(TT);等等。
这样的生色团前体能在远离酶促反应影响的各个位点上起作用。例如,在乳酸盐存在时乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性能使NAD还原成为NADH,该NADH能使如上所述的四唑盐还原成为还原态的甲 ,在适当的波长处用比色法可检测该甲 。形成甲 的量即是LDH活性的测量值。
另一方面,碱性磷酸酶活性导致从NADP产生NAD。NAD能与上面描述的LDH反应偶合,导致相同的甲 形成,在这种情况下,这将是碱性磷酸酶活性的测量方法。
显然,在完整细胞中,这样的酶促反应相伴进行,通过适当地选择细胞活化物质和生色团前体能使这些反应相互影响以提高测定的灵敏度。
佛波醇酯尤其合适,它既可作为一般性细胞活化物质又可作为酯酶(如磷酸酯酶)底物。通过将生色团前体与佛波醇酯如佛波醇肉豆蔻酸乙酸酯(PMA)结合,该单一化合物提供活化信号,随后被活化酶裂解,从而产生可检测的生色产物。在对食物和环境化学抗原的过敏性进行测定时,佛波醇酯共轭物-佛波醇-12-视黄酸(retinoate)-13-乙酸酯作为“阳性对照”。
在细胞活化条件下激活并在本发明中测定的酶包括:芳基水解酶如芳基硫酸酶、激酶、脂酶、磷酸酶(如碱性磷酸酶)、酯酶糖苷酶、氨基己糖酶、肽酶和核酸酶(如DNase,RNase)、酯酶、氧化酶(如混合氧化酶)或脱氢酶(如LDH)。
这些酶的底物或者含有可检测的标记(如生色团),或者与列于下面表2中的其他反应剂偶合,表2不是限制或全部列出适用于本发明的酶和底物。
用于衍生上文所提到底物的产生颜色的部分包括:α和β萘基、α和β烷氧基-萘基(如α和β4-甲氧基萘基)、α和β6-溴萘基、邻-硝基苯酚、对-硝基苯酚、5-溴-4-氯-3-吲哚基、溴百里酚肽、酚肽、4-甲基繖形基(methylumbeuifery)、荧光素和
表2
酶 底物
芳基水解酶 取代的碳水化合物
芳基硫酸酶 硫酸盐(或酯)
酯酶 饱和的和/或不饱和的、支链的和/或直链的不同碳数
目的羧酸,以及它们的盐(如丁酸盐、乙酸盐、己酸盐、
辛酸盐、肉豆蔻酸盐、月桂酸盐、棕榈酸盐、油酸盐、戊
酸盐等),佛波醇酯
激酶 腺苷,三磷酸腺苷,一磷酸环腺苷,二磷酸鸟苷,一磷酸
环鸟苷、磷酸丝氨酸、磷酸酪氨酸、四唑蓝
脂酶 甘油脂肪酸共轭物,佛波醇酯
核酸酶 3-磷酸胸腺嘧啶,聚肌苷-多聚胞苷酸,聚腺苷-聚尿
苷酸
氧化酶 N,N-二甲基-对-亚苯基双胺盐酸
肽酶 氨基酸低聚物如二或三肽,氨基酸萘酰胺
为将反应产物转变为生色团,一些酶底物系统(如氨基肽酶)需要重氮偶合化合物。合适的重氮染料包括:4-氨基-2,5-二甲氧基-4′-硝基偶氮苯重氮盐;四氮化邻联茴香胺;重氮化-4′-氨基-2′,5′-二乙氧基-N-苯甲酰胺氯化锌盐;4-苯甲酰氨基-2,5-二甲氧基苯胺氧化锌的重氮化产物;邻-氨基偶氮甲苯重氮盐;蒽醌-1-氯化重氮;5-硝基-2-氨基-甲氧基苯重氮酸盐;N′,N′-二乙基-4-甲氧基methanilamine重氮盐;2-氨基-4-甲氧苯甲酰胺重氮盐;重氮基-2-氨基-5-氯苯甲醚;重氮基-5-氯-邻茴香胺;5-氯-2-甲苯胺氯化重氮氯化半锌;5-氯-4-苯甲酰胺基-2-甲苯氯化重氮氯化半锌;6-苯甲酰胺基-5-甲氧基-间甲苯胺氯化重氮,和本领域内熟知的其他重氮盐。
本发明的各个实施例指出了不同的测量酶促反应发生的方法,这种反应可作为细胞活化的标志。在一个优选实施例中,生色底物受到酶的作用产生有色的底物,该有色底物可根据在合适波长处发生反应的血浆或培养介质吸光度的下降来测量。在35ml含有30,000±5000血细胞的富含细胞的血浆中,典型变化是在活化剂存在时吸光度下降0.100±0.005个单位,而同样状况下背景吸光度下降0.001±0.0005个单位(以开始时的0.150个单位吸光度为基底)。优选的是,这种测定过程在一个标准的96孔平板读数器上进行。
在血浆或培养基中吸光度下降的同时,由于反应产物的生成,细胞内的吸光度增加了。对细胞内颜色变化的测定可与上面所述的对反应流体的测定同时进行或按照另一个实施方案进行。测量胞内吸光度的优选方法是用Hitachi视频微探针对约1000个细胞/每个井眼扫描(Inoue,S.,Videomicroscopy,Plenum Press,N.Y.,1987),该微探针发射一激光束,该激光束的传递因细胞内存在有色反应产物而被中断。在该实施方案中,可以对“阳性”细胞计数,并对不同细胞类型、不同活化剂(如抗原或变应原)等进行比较。
在另一个实施例中,如下测量细胞活化:典型的血细胞容积的变化约为1±0.035μ;在合适的电荷参照平板上根据因粒子移动而产生的电势(以mV表示)变化,可测出Zeta电位的可检测的变化;测量细胞磁场或信号的毫高斯变化;测量细胞粘度的Svedberg单位变化;或根据对细胞膜高渗或低渗破裂的抗性,测量细胞对溶解的抗性的变化(以毫渗克分子表示)。测量这些变化的方法是本领域内熟知的。如见Methods in Biochemistry,Volumes I-CLII,Elsevier,(1952-1989)。
细胞活化物质结合的载体基质可以是构建反应容器的材料。即反应容器本身,如经修改的48或96孔微滴板,可作为载体基质,使活化物质结合到井底(和侧壁)。这种载体基质组成材料可以包括,但不限于,纯光学苯乙烯、取代的聚苯乙烯、丙烯腈如取代的丙烯腈(SAN)、聚碳酸酯、聚戊烯或氧化硅酮。在另一个实施例中,可向反应容器中单独加入制好的载体基质,这些基质组成材料包括,但不限于,硝化纤维素、纤维素、聚苯乙烯、苯乙烯、SAN、聚碳酸酯、聚戊烯、二乙烯基苯或氧化硅酮。适用于本发明的氧化硅酮材料是三硅酮化(siliconized)玻璃或石英。一种优选的载体基质是可作为反应容器的纯光学聚苯乙烯。
进行测定分析的反应容器对分析试验的成功是非常重要的。将反应容器设计为反应的最佳生物学对照。该容器必须能进行充分的气体(如氧气和CO2)交换、足够快速的PH平衡、分子充分地扩散,使内源或外源反应产生的热充分耗散。本领域内熟知的标准塑料96孔微滴板不适于实施本发明,这主要是因为侧壁太高。
因此本发明也提供了一种反应容器,其特征如下:
(1)表面(mm)与反应体积(μl)的比率必须大于或等于0.1。因此,优选的是例如:直径6mm的微滴板井,30μl样本容积。
(2)反应容器的侧壁尽可能低。例如,容器高度与反应混和物高度的比率是1.1-5,而优选的比率约是2。
(3)优选的井直径约为6mm,优选的侧壁高度约为0.5-6mm。最优选的侧壁高度是约1-2mm。
在一个实施方案中,反应容器具有标准96孔微滴板的模型。在一个优选的实施方案中,反应容器有48个井眼(8×6),相当于一个标准96孔微滴板的一半。
这些反应容器模型特别适用于测量生色反应,因为可将本发明的一或二个这种板放置在标准光学性质的96孔板上,使得颜色反应可以在典型的为适合标准96孔微滴板所设计的分光光度(或比色)板读数器上读出。
提供给本发明使用的细胞要求将制备和处理减至最低限度。这一点对于阻止制备过程中由于对细胞的外界压力所导致的各种酶活化是很重要的。例如,由于血清激酶、补体成分、凝血因子Ⅻ等的活化使血液凝固,将会导致激活酶因子的释放,以及提高背景水平,使测定分析时的进一步活化不能引起酶活性有可检测量的增加。因此避免血液凝固是很重要的。例如由离心、加热或产生氧化力的培养所引起的细胞-细胞过分接触将会干扰分析过程成功地进行。因此,优选的是富含细胞血浆的一步制备法,如Jaffe.R.等人(J.Clin.Invest.53:874-883(1974)所描述。
上面对本发明进行了一般性的描述,通过下面的实施例将更容易理解本发明,这些实施例只是为了进行说明,而不是限制本发明,除非特别指明。
实施例1
用1/10体积的3.8%柠檬酸三钠或柠檬酸钾、镁、钠、处理血样,处理剂中含有烯二醇化合物、抗坏血酸,以保持细胞的氧化-还原势以便阻止血液凝固。上述抗凝集的全血样本以980g/min的转速离心。用塑料移液管吸出富含细胞的血浆(CRP)。将存在于含少量细胞血浆中的浓度范围为100-10000pmoles的酶底物-四唑蓝以0.1-100μl(10μl最佳)的量加入,将35μl CRP等分试样转入如上所述的纯光学苯乙烯48井微滴板中,该板上预先吸附有抗原。
将细胞在35℃培养2-24小时(对大多数分析试验3小时是最佳反应时间)。根据血浆颜色下降测量酶活性从而估测细胞活化。在BioRad Model 1500平板读数器上在340nm或340/380nm处读出吸光度。
在35±1℃培养3小时后结果如下:
A.淋巴细胞(包括NK细胞,CD4-阳性T细胞,空细胞和其他淋巴细胞)的平均细胞内吸光度(A340)从背景值0.204±0.008提高到1.954±0.051单位。
B.在培养过程中反应物基质的吸光度减小约0.115单位(从1.500±0.001减到1.385±0.002单位)。
C.CD4阳性T淋巴细胞的表观细胞体积从6.4±0.2μ增加到7.9±0.22μ(N=400,P<0.001)。
实施例2
为了测定在富含细胞的血样中细胞对活化剂的应答,以及为了描绘细胞对应答所起的作用,利用标准的梯度沉降技术,采用在Stractantm(阿拉伯糖-半乳糖)上的等渗等密度离心方法从全血中分离人体淋巴细胞。
在IEC固定角转头离心机中,在4℃,以15,000gmin-1的转速离心细胞、回收的细胞是纯度在99%以上的淋巴细胞(偶尔有单核细胞)。将淋巴细胞重新悬浮于5ml Eagle′s培养基中,并进行第二次Stractantm梯度离心。
在实施例1描述的条件下培养该细胞:
(1)35μl含30,000±5000细胞的细胞悬浮液,在细胞悬浮液的Eagle′s基质中补充有10%胎牛血清或人白蛋白;
(2)在纯光学的苯乙烯48井眼微滴板中,在35℃培养180分钟。
(3)加入10μl0.1M四唑蓝作为底物。
根据表观细胞体积增加和培养介质吸光度下降都可以观察到酶活性。这些结果证明是血液中的淋巴细胞,而不是血清成分,或其他细胞类型,参与了酶促反应。
实施例3
将对各种淋巴细胞种类具有特异性的抗体引入上述的测定方法中,以便测定反应细胞类型。该方法基于下列事实,即对特定细胞类型具有特异性的抗体能够选择性地抑制该细胞的活化,而允许其他细胞的活化存在。
可以使用淋巴细胞标记CD2、CD3、CD4、CD8、CD11和CD12的标准商品单克隆抗体。将抗体加入到细胞,活化剂和底物参与的反应中,从而测定在辅助细胞(CD4+),天然致死细胞(CD12+)和“空”T细胞(CD3+、CD4-、CD8-、CD11-、CD12-)中可以引起的酶活化应答。这些结果表明某些T细胞种类和天然致死细胞对于总淋巴样细胞群(受到如表1所列抗原、促有丝分裂植物血凝素如PHA和PWM,以及佛波醇酯)的刺激而产生应答起很大作用。血浆细胞、红细胞和血小板不参与所观察到的应答。
实施例4
为了检测利用食物和化学变应原(如表1所列)检测后期或延迟的过敏性的测定分析试验的预期灵敏度和特异性,使用标准的症状调查表(the Cornell Medical Index/CMIR/1947、1962、1977)根据患者自己报告的症状频率将结果分类。结果显示如下,只有很少症状的患者证明只有很少反应。具有症状越多,测定分析中所记录的反应数目和强度越高。
症状数目 阳性反应
(以CMI表示) (来自187种试剂)
0 0.6±0.5
1-10 3.7±0.9
11-20 5.8±1.1
21-30 9.2±1.2
>31 18.4±8.4
为了测定临床条件下使用该测定方法的效果,对一组94名患者进行下面的研究,间隔6个月重复进该测定分析。在复测中,个体反应的物质数量减少与患者报告的症状强度降低所显示的改进相关。这些结果表明,在本发明测定分析中对食物或化学抗原刺激的应答和临床使用参数之间有很强烈的相关性。
实施例5
A.方法
该分析包括来自于共41个患者,在7-32个月中进行了102次单个试验和重复试验的数据资料。在开始分析时,患者应避免与食物和化学试剂接触,因为食物和化学试剂的试验为阳性。从每个患者获取下面的资料:试验时间、性别、年龄、强反应数、中等反应数、反应总数目,并且测试180种食物和化学试剂的结果(强、中等、无反应)。在几个月的观测期内改进(好转)的资料包括:在第一次和最后一次试验之间每位患者的强反应、中等反应和总反应数目之间的差异。还需检查特异性试验试剂出现的频率,以便鉴定和对最大数目的反应进行分级。
B.结果
在开始和最后试验之间阳性反应的平均总体下降表明强反应数平均降低62%。开始时强反应平均数为29(在180个中)。在重复试验中强反应平均数降低到11。中等反应的平均数从11.3提高到18.2,这是由于强反应在消失以前发展成为低强度的中等反应。在某些病例中当病人改变其饮食时,出现了新的反应。这可以认为是中等反应所增数目的一小部分。
总之,强反应总数量几乎降低了2/3(P<0.005)。这些结果证明,当病人脱离其开始呈阳性反应的食物或环境中的那些物质后,有期望使强反应数产生有意义的降低。反应的总数也降低。在免疫系统的活化应答产生可检测变化之前经常出现症状的、临床的改善。
为了测定整个时间内发生的变化,将已改变了饮食/环境的病人分成三种类型组:在7-12个月内重复试验,在13-18个月内重复试验,在19个月后重复试验。在6个月内的重复试验显示基本相同的反应:在重复试验中观察到的阳性反应总数目中度(3%)降低。这与本发明的试验方法的高度精确性和再现性相一致。
从一种过敏状态,即在检定试验中免疫系统细胞对特异性抗原呈阳性应答,到对这些抗原呈非反应性状态的变化出现需要几个月时间。在该研究中典型的患者有3-20+年的功能损伤(即过敏性)并且对治疗有多重的、边沿的或不成功的应答。在整个过程中总反应消失这种有意义状态出现前,需要进行更详细、更严格控制的研究。初步资料表明对病人的食物/环境进行仔细的改变能完全消除大多数反应。
最后,根据该病人样本中反应的频率,对特殊食物和化学试剂的反应分类。最普通的食物和经过高度加工的食物是人们最敏感的食物。这些食物,例如谷物制品、巧克力/可可、茄属植物、糖、咖啡、和酵母在70%时间内产生阳性反应。奶牛的奶制品,包括巴期德氏灭菌的牛奶、酪蛋白、奶酪,和黄油几乎在90%时间内发生反应。澄清的黄油,仅产生单一阳性反应,失去了来源于牛的免疫反应物。已表明是奶制品中的反应性蛋白质而不是脂肪引起了过敏性。其他值得注意的是对真菌、白假丝酵母(Candida albicans)的阳性反应频率为60%,已知该真菌在临床上具有免疫抑制性并且最近发现它存在于许多慢性病中。
C.结论
利用本发明的测定方法可始终如一地定量估测在敏感个体中引起免疫过敏反应的食物和化学试剂。通过适当地改变饮食/环境,可将测定结果转化为在临床上成功地逆转这些反应。该结果表明获得的这种反应与不完全消化和与重复消耗相联系的肠壁渗透性提高有关,对大多数来说,这种反应不是遗传性的。因此,这些结果也为那些健康的受到过敏反应的不利影响的患者提供了希望,这种过敏反应是慢性病和免疫防卫能力损伤所引起的。
当用具体的实施例对本发明进行描述时,必须明白,这些实施例可作进一步的修改。本申请将包括任何变更、应用或修改,一般来说,这些改变遵循本发明的原则,也包括本发明所涉及的来自已知常规技术的不同于本发明所公开(但可用于本文所述的基本特征)的内容,这些特征列入下述权利要求书中。
Claims (33)
1、一种检测完整细胞活化的方法,包括:
a)在适当的间隔内,将所述细胞与一种细胞活化物质接触,其中所述的细胞活化物质能使该细胞的一种酶有效地进行反应;
b)提供一种能与所述酶反应的酶底物,该酶在所述完整细胞内或细胞表面;和
c)通过测量所述酶一底物反应的产物而检测细胞的活化。
2、一种借助特异性抗原检测完整淋巴细胞活化的方法,包括:
a)将所述淋巴细胞与所述抗原接触足够的时间以发生所述的活化作用,其中所述的活化作用使所述淋巴细胞的一种酶有效地进行反应;
b)提供一种能与所述完整淋巴细胞内的所述酶反应的酶底物;和
c)通过测量所述酶-底物反应的产物而检测所述活化作用。
3、一种检测患者对抗原的免疫敏感性的方法,包括:
a)将来自所述患者的完整血细胞与所述抗原接触足够的时间以使所述血细胞进行活化;其中所述活化作用使所述细胞的一种酶有效地进行反应;
b)提供一种能与所述完整血细胞中的所述酶反应的酶底物;和
c)通过测量所述酶-底物反应产物而检测所述免疫敏感性。
4、根据权利要求1-3中的任一方法还包括:在步骤(a)前,将所述细胞活化物质或抗原与一种载体基质结合。
5、根据权利要求4的方法,其中所说载体基质选自于下列组中:纯光学苯乙烯、取代的丙烯腈、聚碳酸酯、聚戊烯、硝化纤维素、纤维素和氧化硅酮。
6、根据权利要求5的方法,其中所述载体基质是纯光学苯乙烯。
7、根据权利1-4的任一方法,其中所述酶选自于下列组:芳基水解酶、激酶、脂酶、磷酸酶、氨基己糖酶、肽酸和核酸酶。
8、根据权利要求1-4的任一种方法,其中所述酶:底物对选自下列组:
(a)芳基水解酶:取代的碳水化合物;
(b)激酶:二磷酸腺苷;
(c)激酶:三磷酸腺苷;
(d)激酶:一磷酸环腺苷;
(e)激酶:一磷酸环鸟苷;
(f)激酶:磷酸丝氨酸;
(g)激酶:磷酸酪氨酸;
(h)脂酶:甘油脂肪酸共轭物;
(i)酯酶:佛波醇酯;
(j)肽酶:氨基酸低聚物;
(k)核酸酶:聚肌苷-多聚胞苷酸和
(l)核酸酶:聚腺苷-聚尿苷酸。
9、根据权利要求1-4中的任一方法,其中所说酶底物是生色团。
10、根据权利要求9的方法,其中所说酶底物是氯化新四唑。
11、根据权利要求1的方法,其中所说细胞是原核细胞。
12、根据权利要求1的方法,其中所述细胞是真核细胞。
13、根据权利要求1的方法,其中所说细胞是血细胞。
14、根据权利要求13的方法,其中所说血细胞是单核细胞。
15、根据权利要求13的方法,其中所述血细胞是嗜碱细胞。
16、根据权利要求4的方法,其中所述细胞或淋巴细胞被固定在所述载体基质上。
17、根据权利要求1-4中任一方法,其中所述测量方法是比色法,旋光测定法、量电法、容量分析法、电位分析法。
18、根据权利要求17的方法,其中所述测量方法是比色法。
19、一种检测细胞活化的测定盒,所述测定盒分隔成一个或多个密封容器,所述测定盒包括:
a).一个或多个第一种容器,每一个容器含一种不同的细胞活化物质;
b).一个第二种容器,含有一种酶底物;
c).一种载体基质;和
d).至少一个反应容器。
20、检定细胞活化的测定盒,所述测定盒分隔成一个或多个密封的容器,所述测定盒包括:
a).一个或多个第一种容器,每一容器含有一种与一个或多个细胞活化物质结合的载体基质;
b).一个第二种容器,含有一种酶底物;和
c).至少一个反应容器。
21、根据权利19或20的测定盒,其中所说载体基质包括反应容器。
22、根据权利要求19-21中任一测定盒,其中所说细胞活化物质选自于下列组:佛波醇酯、植物血球凝集素、谷朊和偏亚硫酸盐。
23、根据权利要求19-21中任一测定盒,其中所说活化物质是一种抗原。
24、根据权利要求23的测定盒,其中所述抗原选自于下列组:肽、糖肽、脂蛋白和半抗原。
25、根据权利要求23的测定盒,其中所述抗原是一种变应原。
26、根据权利要求19-21的任一测定盒,其中所述酶底物选自下列组:取代的碳水化合物、二磷酸腺苷、三磷酸腺苷、一磷酸环腺苷、二磷酸鸟苷、一磷酸环鸟苷、磷酸丝氨酸、磷酸酪氨酸、甘油脂肪酸共轭物、佛波醇酯、氨基酸低聚物、聚肌苷-多聚胞苷酸和聚腺苷-聚尿苷酸。
27、根据权利要求26的测定盒,其中所述酶底物是一磷酸环鸟苷。
28、根据权利要求19-21的任一测定盒,其中所述的载体基质选自于下列组:纯光学苯乙烯、取代的丙烯腈、聚碳酸酯、聚戊烯、硝化纤维素、纤维素和氧化硅酮。
29、根据权利要求28的测定盒,其中所说载体基质是纯光学苯乙烯。
30、根据权利要求19-21的任一测定盒,其中所说的反应容器包括微滴板。
31、用于实施例要求1-4中任一方法的塑料微滴板,其特征是井眼直径约为6mm,壁高度约为0.5mm至6mm。
32、根据权利要求31的微滴板,其中所说塑料选自于下列组:纯光学苯乙烯、取代的丙烯腈和聚碳酸酯。
33、根据权利要求32所说的微滴板,其中的塑料是纯光学苯乙烯。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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US42629489A | 1989-10-25 | 1989-10-25 | |
US07/426,294 | 1989-10-25 |
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CN1051791A true CN1051791A (zh) | 1991-05-29 |
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CN90109600.8A Pending CN1051791A (zh) | 1989-10-25 | 1990-10-25 | 测量细胞活化的酶测定及测定盒 |
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EP (1) | EP0497870B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP3014752B2 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1051791A (zh) |
AT (1) | ATE171277T1 (zh) |
AU (1) | AU6647490A (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2070408C (zh) |
DE (1) | DE69032663T2 (zh) |
DK (1) | DK0497870T3 (zh) |
ES (1) | ES2121756T3 (zh) |
IE (1) | IE903830A1 (zh) |
IL (1) | IL96115A0 (zh) |
NZ (1) | NZ235778A (zh) |
PT (1) | PT95685A (zh) |
WO (1) | WO1991006859A1 (zh) |
Families Citing this family (6)
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NL9101953A (nl) * | 1991-11-21 | 1993-06-16 | Seed Capital Investments | Testinrichting omvattende een plaat met een veelvoud van putjes met een bijbehorende doseerinrichting, alsmede een kit die deze inrichtingen omvat en toepassing van de inrichtingen. |
AU699993B2 (en) * | 1993-10-18 | 1998-12-17 | Carter-Wallace, Inc. | Agglutination plate having concave wells |
DE4437461C2 (de) * | 1994-10-19 | 1998-08-20 | Siemens Ag | Integrierter Temperatursensor |
US6391568B1 (en) * | 1998-07-15 | 2002-05-21 | Lionheart Technologies, Inc. | Method for determining platelet reactivity in a whole blood sample |
WO2010126514A1 (en) * | 2009-04-30 | 2010-11-04 | Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. | An analysis system including a pre-selected combination of cromophore precursors or chromophores |
CN103172525B (zh) * | 2013-02-17 | 2014-12-31 | 华南农业大学 | 一种乙基香兰素抗原和抗体的制备方法及其应用 |
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DE3211254A1 (de) * | 1982-03-26 | 1983-09-29 | Boehringer Mannheim Gmbh, 6800 Mannheim | Verfahren zum nachweis des vorliegens einer allergie und zum spezifischen nachweis des fuer die allergie verantwortlichen allergens |
US4528267A (en) * | 1982-11-26 | 1985-07-09 | Axionics, Inc. | Fluorometirc enzyme inhibition immunoassay for measuring potency of allergen extracts |
-
1990
- 1990-10-23 NZ NZ235778A patent/NZ235778A/en unknown
- 1990-10-24 IE IE383090A patent/IE903830A1/en unknown
- 1990-10-25 EP EP90916544A patent/EP0497870B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-10-25 IL IL96115A patent/IL96115A0/xx unknown
- 1990-10-25 PT PT95685A patent/PT95685A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1990-10-25 JP JP2515678A patent/JP3014752B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-10-25 DE DE69032663T patent/DE69032663T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-10-25 AT AT90916544T patent/ATE171277T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1990-10-25 CN CN90109600.8A patent/CN1051791A/zh active Pending
- 1990-10-25 WO PCT/US1990/006214 patent/WO1991006859A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1990-10-25 CA CA002070408A patent/CA2070408C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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JPH05502099A (ja) | 1993-04-15 |
EP0497870A4 (en) | 1992-09-16 |
NZ235778A (en) | 1992-11-25 |
CA2070408C (en) | 2002-02-05 |
IE903830A1 (en) | 1991-05-08 |
DK0497870T3 (da) | 1999-06-14 |
EP0497870B1 (en) | 1998-09-16 |
PT95685A (pt) | 1991-09-13 |
ATE171277T1 (de) | 1998-10-15 |
AU6647490A (en) | 1991-05-31 |
CA2070408A1 (en) | 1991-04-26 |
WO1991006859A1 (en) | 1991-05-16 |
DE69032663T2 (de) | 1999-02-11 |
JP3014752B2 (ja) | 2000-02-28 |
ES2121756T3 (es) | 1998-12-16 |
EP0497870A1 (en) | 1992-08-12 |
DE69032663D1 (de) | 1998-10-22 |
IL96115A0 (en) | 1991-07-18 |
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