CN105145663B - 一种含印楝素和桉叶油的植物源农药组合物 - Google Patents
一种含印楝素和桉叶油的植物源农药组合物 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种含印楝素和桉叶油的植物源农药组合物，以印楝素、桉叶油和薄荷油为有效成分；印楝素、桉叶油和薄荷油在组合物中的重量比例为3‑7:20‑50:10‑30。其中，印楝素在组合物中的百分含量为0.3‑0.7％，桉叶油在组合物中的百分含量为2‑5％，薄荷油在组合物中的百分含量为1‑3％。本发明的有效成分皆为植物提取物，制剂对人畜低毒，环境相容性好，应用于蔬菜生产有利于减少化学农药残留，有利于人体健康；本发明的有效成分与化学农药的作用机制不用，害虫不易产生抗性，对已产生抗性的害虫也有较好的防效；本发明的组分在一定比例范围内混配具有协同增效作用，与单剂相比，用量更少，药效更佳。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于农业防治领域，具体是一种农药增效组合物，特别是一种含印楝素和桉叶油的植物源农药组合物。
背景技术
蔬菜生产时刻面临着虫害的威胁,目前对于虫害的防治以化学防治为主,化学防治具有速效性好,药效好的优点。但化学农药毒性高及残效期比较长，若从喷药时间到上市时间的间隔不够，容易使蔬菜中的农药残留超标。蔬菜农药超标，不仅对环境造成污染,而且对人体健康也造成不同程度的损害。
尽管人们采用物理方法或生物方法来辅助虫害控制，但虫害发生较大时，化学防治仍发挥着不可替代的作用。因此需要一种对害虫毒性高、对人畜毒性低的产品，用于蔬菜生产虫害的防治，特别用于收获前的蔬菜主要虫害的防治，能有效控制虫害发生且能减少环境的污染及减轻农药残留对人体健康的影响。
芳香植物的提取物或精油是医药、香料和化学工业的重要原料，具有抗菌、抗氧化、抗炎、促渗、杀虫驱蚊及防腐作用。桉叶油是植物精油的一种，是桃金娘科植物蓝桉或同属其他植物的叶经水蒸气蒸馏得到的挥发油，其主要化学成分是萜类化合物及其含氧衍生物，具有抗菌消毒、抗氧化、促渗透、杀虫驱蚊止痒的作用。如李达，罗鸿等人发表的《桉叶提取物对小菜蛾的产卵驱避活性研究》指出，桉叶提取物对小菜蛾具有较强的驱避作用。薄荷油为唇形科植物薄荷的鲜茎叶经蒸馏而得的挥发油，具有驱蚊杀虫、抗菌消炎的功效。如任建军、师光禄等人发表的《薄荷提取物对朱砂叶螨体内几种酶活性的影响》指出，薄荷提取物对朱砂叶螨有较好的毒杀作用。
印楝素是印楝树中提取的植物性杀虫剂,具有拒食、忌避、内吸和抑制生长发育作用。印楝素对环境、人畜、天敌安全，害虫不易产生抗性，其主要作用于昆虫的内分泌系统，降低蜕皮激素的释放量；也可以直接破坏表皮结构或阻止表皮几丁质的形成，或干扰呼吸代谢，影响生殖系统的发育等。
以印楝素作为农药有效成分的植物源农药制剂已众所周知，但以印楝素和植物精油中的桉叶油、薄荷油相互配伍作为有效成分的农药制剂还没有见相关报道。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于，提供一种对人畜毒性低、活性高、增效作用良好的植物源农药组合物，主要应用于蔬菜生产中小菜蛾、棉铃虫、菜青虫、豆荚螟等鳞翅目害虫的防治。
本发明解决上述技术问题所采取的技术方案是：一种含印楝素和桉叶油的植物源农药组合物，以印楝素、桉叶油和薄荷油为有效成分；印楝素、桉叶油和薄荷油在组合物中的重量比例为3-7:20-50:10-30。其中，印楝素在组合物中的重量百分含量为0.3-0.7％，桉叶油在组合物中的重量百分含量为2-5％，薄荷油在组合物中的重量百分含量为1-3％。
所述的含印楝素和桉叶油的植物源农药组合物按照本领域技术人员所公知的方法，加入相应辅助剂，制成乳油、微乳剂等适合农业使用的剂型。
本发明植物源农药组合物的辅助剂包括乳化剂、溶剂、助溶剂、稳定剂、润湿剂、分散剂或其它有益于有效成分在制剂中稳定和药效发挥的已知物质，都是农药制剂领域中常用或允许使用的各种成分，并无特别限定，具体成分和用量根据配方要求通过试验确定。
所述的植物源农药组合物适用于防治粮食作物、经济作物，特别是蔬菜上的小菜蛾、菜青虫、棉铃虫、夜蛾等农业上常见的鳞翅目害虫。
本发明有以下优点和显著效果，本发明的有效成分皆为植物提取物，制剂对人畜低毒，环境相容性好，应用于蔬菜生产有利于减少化学农药残留，有利于人体健康；本发明的有效成分与化学农药的作用机制不用，害虫不易产生抗性，对已产生抗性的害虫也有较好的防效；本发明的组分在一定比例范围内混配具有协同增效作用，与单剂相比，用量更少，药效更佳。
具体实施方式
下面以测定杀虫剂活性的室内联合毒力测定试验及大田药效试验对本发明的技术方案和技术效果作进一步说明，本发明所述的百分比均为重量百分比。
实施例1：印楝素、桉叶油、薄荷油及其不同配比对十字花科小菜蛾的室内毒力测定
1、供试昆虫：小菜蛾(Plutella xylostella)3龄幼虫。采集广西南宁市郊甘蓝上的小菜蛾老熟幼虫至养虫室，收集所结的蛹到垫有保湿滤纸的培养皿中，收集同一天结的蛹。孵化后的幼虫用菜心苗饲喂至3龄时，取其大小一致的虫体供试。饲养温度为25±2℃，相对湿度为50％～70％，光周期为16L:8D。
2、试验方法：采用浸渍法。将各药液配制到所需的浓度，够试验用。将没有喷洒任何药剂、无虫卵的新鲜甘蓝叶片剪成3cm×3cm大小，放入配制好的药液中浸泡10秒，阴凉处晾干后放于垫有滤纸的培养皿(Φ9cm)中，每皿中放3片，挑入大小基本一致的小菜蛾3龄幼虫，每皿15头，每浓度3个重复，放入湿棉花团保湿后，迅速盖上盖子，同时设置不加药剂的对照处理，处理后置于养虫室中，48小时后调查死亡情况，以毛笔轻触虫体，不动者视为死亡，计数小菜蛾等的活虫和死虫的个数，计算其死亡率和致死中浓度LC50值。
采用孙云沛的共毒系数法(CTC)来评价药剂混用的增效作用，当共毒系数(CTC)≥120时，组合物表现为增效作用；当CTC≤80时，组合物表现为拮抗作用；当80＜CTC＜120时，组合物表现为相加作用。
试验结果见表1。
表1 印楝素、桉叶油、薄荷油及混剂对小菜蛾3龄幼虫的室内毒力测定(48小时)
由表1可见，印楝素、桉叶油和薄荷油混配后，当混配的重量百分比为3-7：20-50：10-30时，共毒系数(CTC)均大于120，组合物对甘蓝小菜蛾的毒力表现为协调增效作用；当混配比例为1:80:50时，共毒系数为66.3，组合物对小菜蛾的毒力表现为拮抗作用。
实施例2：3.3％印楝素·桉叶油·薄荷油的乳油制剂
按重量百分比称取印楝素0.3％、桉叶油2.0％、薄荷油1.0％、烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚3.5％(润湿剂)、十二烷基苯磺酸钙1.5％(乳化剂)、乙醇20％(溶剂)、二甲苯(溶剂)补足至100％,将各成分依次加入反应釜中，搅拌均匀，即制成3.3％印楝素·桉叶油·薄荷油的植物源农药乳油制剂。
该实施例应用于防治十字花科蔬菜小菜蛾,试验地点为广西南宁市郊振兴村的甘蓝地，以常规的叶面喷雾进行均匀防治，以叶片湿润为准。将桉叶油及薄荷油用乙醇溶解制备成5％桉叶油制剂及3％薄荷油制剂；以5％桉叶油制剂、3％薄荷油制剂作为对照药剂。施药时，小菜蛾为害众多，以3龄幼虫为主，叶片已经被其危害成孔洞和缺刻，试验共设5个处理，每个处理3次重复，其中包含一个空白对照。于施药前调查田间虫口基数，药后1天、3天各调查1次虫情，计算防治效果。
试验结果见表2。
表2 3.3％印楝素·桉叶油·薄荷油的乳油制剂防治小菜蛾的田间试验。
由表2可知，印楝素、桉叶油和薄荷油进行混配后，能提高对甘蓝小菜蛾的防效，农药用量明显减少，能有效的节约用药成本。试验期间，蔬菜生长正常，无药害现象出现。
实施例3：6.5％印楝素·桉叶油·薄荷油的微乳剂制剂
按重量百分比称取印楝素0.5％、桉叶油4.0％、薄荷油2.0％、N-甲基吡咯烷酮(助溶剂)1.5％、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(乳化剂)3.5％，三苯乙烯基苯酚聚氧乙烯氧丙烯醚(乳化剂)2.5％，将以上各组份经溶解完全并混合均匀，去离子水补足至100％,在高速搅拌下制得6.5％印楝素·桉叶油·薄荷油的微乳剂制剂。
将桉叶油和薄荷油用乙醇溶解，制备成5％桉叶油制剂和5％薄荷油制剂，以6.5％印楝素·桉叶油·薄荷油的微乳剂制剂作为试验药剂，以5％桉叶油制剂及5％薄荷油制剂为对照药剂应用于防治番茄棉铃虫。试验共设5个处理，每个处理3次重复，其中包含一个空白对照。于施药前调查田间虫口基数，药后1天、3天各调查1次虫情，计算防治效果。
试验结果见表3。
表3 6.5％印楝素·桉叶油·薄荷油的微乳剂防治番茄棉铃虫的田间试验。
由表3可知，印楝素、桉叶油和薄荷油进行混配后，复配剂能提高对棉铃虫的防效，混配剂相对各单剂能明显减少农药施用量，能有效的节约成本，减少环境污染及农药残留对人体健康的危害。试验期间，蔬菜生长正常，无药害现象出现。
Claims (3)
1.一种含印楝素和桉叶油的植物源农药组合物，其特征在于，以印楝素、桉叶油和薄荷油为有效成分；印楝素、桉叶油和薄荷油在组合物中的重量比例为3-7:20-50:10-30。
2.根据权利要求1所述的含印楝素和桉叶油的植物源农药组合物，其特征在于，印楝素在组合物中的重量百分含量为0.3-0.7％，桉叶油在组合物中的重量百分含量为2-5％，薄荷油在组合物中的重量百分含量为1-3％。
3.根据权利要求1所述的含印楝素和桉叶油的植物源农药组合物，其特征在于，所述的组合物制备成乳油或微乳剂。
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