CN105082635A - Multicycle energy absorbing structure - Google Patents
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- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 52
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 229920002522 Wood fibre Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
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- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002025 wood fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 6
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- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
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- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010146 3D printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane Chemical group [AlH3] AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form
- B32B3/26—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer
- B32B3/28—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer characterised by a layer comprising a deformed thin sheet, i.e. the layer having its entire thickness deformed out of the plane, e.g. corrugated, crumpled
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B33/00—Layered products characterised by particular properties or particular surface features, e.g. particular surface coatings; Layered products designed for particular purposes not covered by another single class
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/20—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular electrical or magnetic properties, e.g. piezoelectric
- B32B2307/212—Electromagnetic interference shielding
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/50—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular mechanical properties
- B32B2307/56—Damping, energy absorption
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Abstract
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及一种吸能结构，具体涉及一种多周期吸能结构。The invention relates to an energy-absorbing structure, in particular to a multi-period energy-absorbing structure.
背景技术Background technique
吸能结构对强大的冲击力具有缓冲保护作用，可以靠本身发生的某些变化(例如自身结构的形变)将外在冲击力转换成其内能，从而达到吸收外界冲击能量的作用。吸能结构的这种特性使其在交通运输装置防撞(如汽车侧面的防撞结构)、生产生活安全防护、包装运输等领域具有非常重要的应用。最理想的吸能结构应该具有如下特点：(1)质量轻；(2)体积小；(3)吸能效果好；(4)碰撞热量的及时释放。现存技术包括中空薄壁结构和金属蜂窝结构等，这些材料在一定场合的吸能效果较理想，但是它们具有共同的缺点，第一是它们的结构尺度较大，同时在碰撞过程中形变量大，并且由于结构特点，碰撞过程中结构对于冲击力的承受不均匀，这使得它们在某些重要的场合不能应用。举例来讲，现有蜂窝铝结构在车辆防撞方面具有较好的缓冲吸能效果，但是，如果要起到较好的防护效果，其轴向长度在米数量级。另外，蜂窝结构在吸能效率(单位质量可以吸收的能量)方面仍然具有较大的改进空间。由于现有结构的这一缺点，使其不能应用在轿车的侧面防护上。而轿车的侧面防护恰恰是最为薄弱的，因为现有的轿车正面都有整体的碰撞吸能结构设计，可以在一定程度上有效保护驾乘人员的安全。同时，重型货车的驾驶室几乎位于车身的最前端，前面也需要非常强的缓冲吸能结构，这对于保护驾乘人员的意义非常重大。The energy-absorbing structure has the function of buffering and protecting the strong impact force, and can convert the external impact force into its internal energy by some changes in itself (such as the deformation of its own structure), so as to absorb the external impact energy. This characteristic of the energy-absorbing structure makes it have very important applications in the fields of anti-collision of transportation devices (such as the anti-collision structure on the side of the car), production and life safety protection, packaging and transportation, etc. The most ideal energy-absorbing structure should have the following characteristics: (1) light weight; (2) small volume; (3) good energy-absorbing effect; (4) timely release of collision heat. Existing technologies include hollow thin-walled structures and metal honeycomb structures. These materials have ideal energy-absorbing effects in certain occasions, but they have common disadvantages. The first is that their structural scale is large, and at the same time, the deformation during the collision process is large , and due to the structural characteristics, the structure bears the impact force unevenly during the collision process, which makes them unusable in some important occasions. For example, the existing honeycomb aluminum structure has a good buffering and energy-absorbing effect in terms of vehicle collision avoidance, but if it wants to play a better protective effect, its axial length is on the order of meters. In addition, the honeycomb structure still has a large room for improvement in terms of energy absorption efficiency (energy that can be absorbed per unit mass). Due to this shortcoming of the existing structure, it cannot be applied to the side protection of cars. The side protection of the car is precisely the weakest, because the front of the existing car has an overall collision energy-absorbing structure design, which can effectively protect the safety of the driver and passengers to a certain extent. At the same time, the cab of a heavy-duty truck is located almost at the front end of the vehicle body, and the front also needs a very strong buffer and energy-absorbing structure, which is of great significance for protecting the drivers and passengers.
发明内容Contents of the invention
为解决以往吸能结构因厚度过大而限制其应用场合的问题，本发明提出了一种多周期吸能结构，该结构在吸能效率方面将有极大程度的提高，从而降低整体的厚度和质量，极大拓展其应用空间。In order to solve the problem that the previous energy-absorbing structure was too thick to limit its application, the present invention proposes a multi-period energy-absorbing structure, which will greatly improve the energy-absorbing efficiency, thereby reducing the overall thickness and quality, greatly expanding its application space.
为达到上述目的，本发明采用如下技术方案：To achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions:
一种多周期吸能结构，该结构由上层板单元、中空吸能单元、中间夹心板单元和下层板单元构成，顶层中空吸能单元上方设有上层板单元，底层中空吸能单元上方设有下层板单元，中空吸能单元之间设有中间夹心板单元；相邻单元由环氧胶粘接或者由焊接方式固定形成；中空吸能层由中空圆锥体、中空正n棱椎体或中空半椭圆体中的一种立体结构构成，n≥3；所述中空吸能层中立体结构的高线和上、下板单元垂直，上、下层板单元与中间夹心板单元互相平行。A multi-period energy-absorbing structure, the structure is composed of an upper plate unit, a hollow energy-absorbing unit, a middle sandwich plate unit and a lower plate unit, the upper plate unit is arranged above the hollow energy-absorbing unit on the top layer, and the hollow energy-absorbing unit on the bottom layer is provided with The lower plate unit has an intermediate sandwich plate unit between the hollow energy-absorbing units; adjacent units are bonded by epoxy glue or fixed by welding; the hollow energy-absorbing layer is formed by hollow cones, hollow n-pyramids or hollow A three-dimensional structure in a semi-ellipsoid, n≥3; the high line of the three-dimensional structure in the hollow energy-absorbing layer is perpendicular to the upper and lower plate units, and the upper and lower plate units are parallel to the middle sandwich plate unit.
所述中空吸能层单元的层数m≥1，所述夹心面板的层数比为m-1。The number of layers of the hollow energy-absorbing layer unit is m≥1, and the layer number ratio of the sandwich panel is m-1.
所述每一层中空吸能单元结构完全相同，每一层中空吸能单元高度范围为50nm～1cm。The hollow energy-absorbing units in each layer have the same structure, and the height of the hollow energy-absorbing units in each layer ranges from 50 nm to 1 cm.
所述上、下层板单元厚度为1mm～5mm，中间夹心板单元厚度为50nm～2mm。The thickness of the upper and lower plate units is 1 mm to 5 mm, and the thickness of the middle sandwich plate unit is 50 nm to 2 mm.
所述中空吸能单元中空圆锥体高度与中空圆锥体底面直径的比值为1～10，所述中空吸能单元中空正n棱椎体高度与中空正n棱椎体对角线长的比值为1～10；所述中空吸能单元中空半椭圆体高度与中空半椭圆体底面圆直径的比值为1～10。The ratio of the height of the hollow cone of the hollow energy-absorbing unit to the diameter of the bottom surface of the hollow cone is 1 to 10, and the ratio of the height of the hollow positive n-pyramid of the hollow energy-absorbing unit to the length of the diagonal of the hollow positive n-pyramid is 1-10; the ratio of the height of the hollow semi-ellipsoid of the hollow energy-absorbing unit to the diameter of the bottom circle of the hollow semi-ellipsoid is 1-10.
所述的中空吸能单元的每一个结构体上都具有开口结构，开口结构为一个或多个；开口结构与其所在的结构的截面相似，顶点同向。Each structure of the hollow energy-absorbing unit has an opening structure, and there are one or more opening structures; the opening structure is similar to the cross-section of the structure where it is located, and the apexes are in the same direction.
所述的中空吸能单元中结构体的排列方式为规则排列，其单胞为平行四边形或正六边形。The arrangement of the structures in the hollow energy-absorbing unit is regular, and its unit cells are parallelograms or regular hexagons.
相邻中空吸能单元之间的空间关系为投影完全重合、偶数层之间投影重合、奇数层之间投影重合，奇数层的单个格点投影于偶数层的单胞几何中心中的一种。The spatial relationship between adjacent hollow energy-absorbing units is one of complete projection overlap, projection overlap between even-numbered layers, projection overlap between odd-numbered layers, and a single grid point of odd-numbered layers projected on the unit cell geometric center of even-numbered layers.
所述中空吸能单元的层间排列，若定义结构体顶点方向向上为1，顶点方向向下为-1，则整个吸能结构的排列方式有(1,1，1，1…)和(1，-1，1，-1,1……)。For the interlayer arrangement of the hollow energy-absorbing units, if the upward direction of the apex of the structure is defined as 1, and the downward direction of the apex is -1, then the arrangement of the entire energy-absorbing structure has (1,1,1,1...) and ( 1, -1, 1, -1, 1...).
所述上、下层板单元的材料为纸类材料、木纤维复合材料、碳纤维复合材料金属合金、玻璃纤维复合材料、陶瓷或人工聚合物材料；所述中间夹心板单元的材料为纸类材料、木纤维复合材料、碳纤维复合材料金属合金、玻璃纤维复合材料、陶瓷或人工聚合物材料。The materials of the upper and lower plate units are paper materials, wood fiber composite materials, carbon fiber composite metal alloys, glass fiber composite materials, ceramics or artificial polymer materials; the materials of the middle sandwich panel units are paper materials, Wood fiber composites, carbon fiber composite metal alloys, glass fiber composites, ceramics or artificial polymer materials.
与现有技术相比，本发明所采用的技术方案具有以下优点：Compared with the prior art, the technical solution adopted in the present invention has the following advantages:
1)所述的多周期吸能结构由于结构中空，板组织与板组织之间存在较大间距，所以材料整体密度低，质量轻盈。1) The multi-period energy-absorbing structure described above has a hollow structure and a relatively large distance between plate structures, so the overall material density is low and the weight is light.
2)所述的多周期吸能结构，由于采用了微纳米级的中空椎体作为缓冲吸能结构，在单位长度上，可以获得更多的缓冲单元，因此，与现有技术相比，其整体尺寸将大大缩短。可以直接应用于车体的内层，对驾乘人员进行有效保护。也可以设计成车门或者不同结构的“盔甲”附着于轿车侧面车门外部或者重型货车的前脸外部。2) The multi-period energy-absorbing structure adopts micro-nano-scale hollow cones as the energy-absorbing buffer structure, and more buffer units can be obtained per unit length. Therefore, compared with the prior art, its The overall size will be greatly shortened. It can be directly applied to the inner layer of the car body to effectively protect the driver and passengers. It can also be designed as a door or "armor" of different structures attached to the outside of the side door of a car or the outside of the front face of a heavy goods vehicle.
3)所述的多周期吸能结构中中空结构阵列的层数包括但不仅限于一层，可根据需要场所大小，来合理选择该结构阵列的层数，同时相应增加夹心面板的层数。材料整体的厚度也可以随应用场合的要求而改变。3) The number of layers of the hollow structure array in the multi-period energy-absorbing structure includes but is not limited to one layer. The number of layers of the structure array can be reasonably selected according to the size of the required site, and the number of layers of the sandwich panel can be increased accordingly. The overall thickness of the material can also vary with the requirements of the application.
4)所述的多周期吸能结构，其整体的形状可以是平板形，但是并不限定为平板形，可以根据应用场合的要求而做相应改变，比如，应用于摩托车头盔中，结构整体可贴合头盔的外形。4) The overall shape of the multi-period energy-absorbing structure can be a flat plate, but it is not limited to a flat plate, and can be changed accordingly according to the requirements of the application. For example, when applied to a motorcycle helmet, the overall structure Adapts to the shape of the helmet.
5)本发明不仅限于缓冲吸能应用，在电磁屏蔽、微波传输等领域，经过一定设计、计算，本发明也可以发挥作用。5) The present invention is not limited to buffering and energy-absorbing applications, but can also play a role in electromagnetic shielding, microwave transmission and other fields after certain design and calculation.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1为本发明(以中空圆锥体为例)的正视图；Fig. 1 is the front view of the present invention (taking hollow cone as example);
图2为本发明的左视图；Fig. 2 is the left view of the present invention;
图3为本发明的俯视图；Fig. 3 is the top view of the present invention;
图4，本发明中的中空吸能单元可以采用六棱锥结构；Fig. 4, the hollow energy-absorbing unit among the present invention can adopt hexagonal pyramid structure;
图5，本发明中的中空吸能单元可以采用半椭球体壳结构；Fig. 5, the hollow energy-absorbing unit among the present invention can adopt semi-ellipsoidal shell structure;
图6，当中空吸能单元层数m≥2，层与层之间的排列可以是奇数层重合。偶数层重合，奇数层锥顶投影至偶数层；As shown in Fig. 6, when the number of layers of hollow energy-absorbing units is m≥2, the arrangement of layers can be odd-numbered layers overlapping. The even-numbered layers overlap, and the odd-numbered layer cones are projected to the even-numbered layers;
图7，当中空吸能单元层数m≥2，层与层之间可以是锥顶与锥顶相对的排列。As shown in Fig. 7, the number of layers of the hollow energy-absorbing unit is m≥2, and the layers can be arranged with cone tops facing each other.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
如图1-7所示，一种多周期吸能结构，该结构由上层板单元1、中空吸能单元2、中间夹心板单元4和下层板单元5构成，顶层中空吸能单元上方设有上层板单元，底层中空吸能单元上方设有下层板单元，中空吸能单元之间设有中间夹心板单元；相邻单元由环氧胶粘接或者由焊接方式固定形成；中空吸能层由中空圆锥体、中空正n棱椎体或中空半椭圆体中的一种立体结构构成，n≥3；所述中空吸能层中立体结构的高线和上、下板单元垂直，上、下层板单元与中间夹心板单元互相平行。As shown in Figure 1-7, a multi-period energy-absorbing structure is composed of an upper plate unit 1, a hollow energy-absorbing unit 2, a middle sandwich plate unit 4 and a lower plate unit 5, and the top hollow energy-absorbing unit is provided with The upper plate unit, the lower plate unit is arranged above the bottom hollow energy-absorbing unit, and the middle sandwich plate unit is arranged between the hollow energy-absorbing units; the adjacent units are bonded by epoxy glue or fixed by welding; the hollow energy-absorbing layer is formed by A three-dimensional structure composed of hollow cones, hollow regular n-pyramids or hollow semi-ellipsoids, n≥3; the high line of the three-dimensional structure in the hollow energy-absorbing layer is perpendicular to the upper and lower plate units, and the upper and lower layers The plate unit and the middle sandwich plate unit are parallel to each other.
所述中空吸能层单元的层数m≥1，所述夹心面板的层数比为m-1。The number of layers of the hollow energy-absorbing layer unit is m≥1, and the layer number ratio of the sandwich panel is m-1.
所述每一层中空吸能单元结构完全相同，每一层中空吸能单元高度范围为50nm～1cm。The hollow energy-absorbing units in each layer have the same structure, and the height of the hollow energy-absorbing units in each layer ranges from 50 nm to 1 cm.
所述上、下层板单元厚度为1mm～5mm，中间夹心板单元厚度为50nm～2mm。The thickness of the upper and lower plate units is 1 mm to 5 mm, and the thickness of the middle sandwich plate unit is 50 nm to 2 mm.
所述中空吸能单元中空圆锥体高度与中空圆锥体底面直径的比值为1～10，所述中空吸能单元中空正n棱椎体高度与中空正n棱椎体对角线长的比值为1～10；所述中空吸能单元中空半椭圆体高度与中空半椭圆体底面圆直径的比值为1～10。The ratio of the height of the hollow cone of the hollow energy-absorbing unit to the diameter of the bottom surface of the hollow cone is 1 to 10, and the ratio of the height of the hollow positive n-pyramid of the hollow energy-absorbing unit to the length of the diagonal of the hollow positive n-pyramid is 1-10; the ratio of the height of the hollow semi-ellipsoid of the hollow energy-absorbing unit to the diameter of the bottom circle of the hollow semi-ellipsoid is 1-10.
所述的中空吸能单元的每一个结构体上都具有开口结构3，开口结构3为一个或多个；开口结构与其所在的结构的截面相似，定点同向。Each structure of the hollow energy-absorbing unit has an opening structure 3, and there are one or more opening structures 3; the opening structure is similar to the cross-section of the structure where it is located, and the fixed points are in the same direction.
所述的中空吸能单元中结构体的排列方式为规则排列，其单胞为平行四边形或正六边形。The arrangement of the structures in the hollow energy-absorbing unit is regular, and its unit cells are parallelograms or regular hexagons.
相邻中空吸能单元之间的空间关系为投影完全重合、偶数层之间投影重合、奇数层之间投影重合，奇数层的单个格点投影于偶数层的单胞几何中心中的一种。The spatial relationship between adjacent hollow energy-absorbing units is one of complete projection overlap, projection overlap between even-numbered layers, projection overlap between odd-numbered layers, and a single grid point of odd-numbered layers projected on the unit cell geometric center of even-numbered layers.
所述中空吸能单元的层间排列，若定义结构体顶点方向向上为1，顶点方向向下为-1，则整个吸能结构的排列方式有(1,1，1，1…)和(1，-1，1，-1,1……)。For the interlayer arrangement of the hollow energy-absorbing units, if the upward direction of the apex of the structure is defined as 1, and the downward direction of the apex is -1, then the arrangement of the entire energy-absorbing structure has (1,1,1,1...) and ( 1, -1, 1, -1, 1...).
所述上、下层板单元的材料为木纤维复合材料、碳纤维复合材料金属合金、玻璃纤维复合材料、陶瓷或人工聚合物材料；所述中间夹心板单元的材料为木纤维复合材料、碳纤维复合材料金属合金、玻璃纤维复合材料、陶瓷或人工聚合物材料。The material of the upper and lower plate units is wood fiber composite material, carbon fiber composite material metal alloy, glass fiber composite material, ceramics or artificial polymer material; the material of the middle sandwich plate unit is wood fiber composite material, carbon fiber composite material Metal alloys, glass fiber composites, ceramics or artificial polymer materials.
参见图1，该吸能结构采用中空中空圆锥体。中空圆锥体的底部有开口结构。其中中空圆锥体的高度为480μm，壁厚为10μm，底面直径约为257μm(外圈)，椎体底部开口结构的高度为100um。中间夹心层厚度为20μm，结构总层数为40层，上、下板厚度为2mm。该结构中的中空中空圆锥体的阵列在面内排列为规则正方格子，两椎体底面圆心距a为550μm。层与层之间的排列，该结构采用的是同向，投影完全重合排列。该结构所用材料均为铝，各结构之间通过环氧胶粘接整个结构整体厚度为2.4cm。Referring to Fig. 1, the energy-absorbing structure adopts a hollow hollow cone. The bottom of the hollow cone has an open structure. The height of the hollow cone is 480 μm, the wall thickness is 10 μm, the diameter of the bottom surface is about 257 μm (outer ring), and the height of the opening structure at the bottom of the cone is 100 μm. The thickness of the middle sandwich layer is 20 μm, the total number of layers of the structure is 40 layers, and the thickness of the upper and lower plates is 2 mm. The array of hollow cones in this structure is arranged in a regular square grid in the plane, and the distance a between the centers of the bottom surfaces of the two cones is 550 μm. The arrangement between the layers, the structure adopts the same direction, and the projections are completely overlapped and arranged. The materials used in this structure are all aluminum, and the overall thickness of the whole structure is 2.4cm by bonding epoxy glue between each structure.
该结构的工艺过程简单介绍如下：首先利用微细冲压技术在高质量铝箔上制备出带有一系列的圆锥底部开孔图形的母板。然后利用高精确度的冲压模板对母板进行冲压，得到具有中空圆锥体阵列，为保证冲压效果良好以及中空圆锥体顶部可以与相邻层的粘接效果良好，中空圆锥体实质为切去一部分的圆锥台，其顶部直径为25μm(外圈)。然后各层将以环氧树脂胶粘接，获得整体结构。The technological process of this structure is briefly introduced as follows: firstly, a mother board with a series of conical bottom opening patterns is prepared on high-quality aluminum foil by using micro-stamping technology. Then use a high-precision stamping template to stamp the motherboard to obtain an array of hollow cones. In order to ensure a good stamping effect and a good bonding effect between the top of the hollow cone and the adjacent layer, the hollow cone is essentially cut off. The frustum of a cone with a top diameter of 25 μm (outer circle). The layers will then be bonded with epoxy glue to obtain the monolithic structure.
作为备选方案，该结构可以利用MEMS技术或者3D打印技术实现。As an alternative, the structure can be realized using MEMS technology or 3D printing technology.
具体实施方式二Specific implementation mode two
该吸能结构采用中空中空圆锥体。中空圆锥体的底部有开口结构。其中中空圆锥体的高度为10mm，壁厚为0.1mm，底面直径约为5mm(外圈)，椎体底部开口结构的高度为2mm。中间夹心层厚度为0.1mm，结构总层数为10层，上、下板厚度为0.2mm。该结构中的中空中空圆锥体的阵列在面内排列为规则正方格子，两椎体底面圆心距为10mm。层与层之间的排列，该结构采用的是同向，投影完全重合排列。该结构所用材料均为纸，各结构之间通过环氧胶粘接。The energy-absorbing structure adopts a hollow hollow cone. The bottom of the hollow cone has an open structure. The height of the hollow cone is 10 mm, the wall thickness is 0.1 mm, the diameter of the bottom surface is about 5 mm (outer circle), and the height of the opening structure at the bottom of the vertebral body is 2 mm. The thickness of the middle sandwich layer is 0.1mm, the total number of layers of the structure is 10 layers, and the thickness of the upper and lower plates is 0.2mm. The array of hollow cones in this structure is arranged in a regular square grid in the plane, and the distance between the centers of the bottom surfaces of the two cones is 10mm. The arrangement between the layers, the structure adopts the same direction, and the projections are completely overlapped and arranged. The material used in this structure is paper, and the structures are bonded by epoxy glue.
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