CN105026460A - 多元醇、其制备及用途 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及多元醇、其制备和用途。
Description
本发明涉及多元醇及其制备和用途。基于糖-甘油混合物作为起始剂的多元醇以标准的方式用于聚氨酯泡沫中以便提高网络密度并由此改进机械性能。通常使用山梨醇和甘油的混合物或蔗糖和甘油的混合物。起始剂混合物是使结晶糖(crystalline sugar)反应、防止起始剂化合物分解以及确定所需的多元醇的平均起始剂官能度所必需的。本技术领域中的普通技术人员已知提高多元醇的起始剂官能度会显著增加粘度。还已知具有可比较的起始剂官能度和羟值的山梨醇起始的多元醇与蔗糖起始的多元醇相比具有更低的粘度。然而,山梨醇起始的多元醇,由于其结构,可达到的起始剂官能度不高于6。用蔗糖作为起始剂,可获得相当高的起始剂官能度,其最高达最大值8。然而,这些多元醇具有如此高的粘度,以致其不能再进行工业加工。然而,为了实现改进的耐压性,这种相对高的官能度是特别想要的。用多元醇混合物——即山梨醇起始的多元醇和蔗糖起始的多元醇的纯物理混合物——尽管与用纯山梨醇起始的多元醇相比可获得更高的起始剂官能度,但所述混合物的混合粘度约为起始粘度的化学计量平均值,并因此仍太高而不能用于现有制剂中。
在本公开文本的范围内,术语起始剂官能度是指在反应开始时添加的每官能起始剂分子的官能团的平均数目。
DE102008051882A1描述了山梨醇/蔗糖起始剂混合物用于合成聚醚酯多元醇的用途。在此情况下,70重量%的山梨醇和蔗糖的溶液,在蒸馏出水之后,在咪唑催化的条件下与大豆油反应。然后将这些聚醚酯多元醇加入至山梨醇/蔗糖的其他起始剂混合物。这防止了起始混合物的任何分解并能够在反应混合物中更好地吸收环氧丙烷。
尽管这些公开内容似乎能够在起始剂混合物中使用增加的量的蔗糖,但是其没有提供任何关于解决具有高羟值的高官能度、低粘度多元醇的方法。
EP 1923417A1描述了基于山梨醇/甘油和/或蔗糖/甘油混合物与甘油三酯的聚醚酯多元醇的合成和用途。该文件公开了羟值小于400mg/KOH且起始剂官能度<4.5的多元醇。这些多元醇对疏水性物质如环戊烷显示出相对高的容量,但是其不能合成低粘度、高官能度多元醇。
EP2365019A1描述了一种用于制备在反应条件下为固体或高粘性的高官能度起始剂化合物和在反应条件下为液体的单官能起始剂化合物的耦合方法。
所公开的方法能够合成高官能度多元醇,但没有描述其粘度。然而,借助于蒸馏去除丙氧基化单官能起始剂化合物,所述方法与所用的环氧丙烷的损失相关、耗时且是能量密集型的,因此,从经济学的角度来看,该方法不能应用。
EP 2 177 555 A2公开了一种制备聚醚酯多元醇的方法,其中特别使用蔗糖、山梨醇、脂肪酸酯和环氧烷的混合物。在实施例中没有使用额外的共起始剂。实现了相对低的官能度,从而产品中高粘度的问题没有发生严重到与较高官能多元醇一样的程度。
因此,本发明的目的是以高经济和生态效率的方式制备具有高羟值和低粘度的高官能度糖多元醇。
该目的出人意料地通过使用蔗糖、山梨醇、甘油和生物柴油的丙氧基化起始剂混合物而实现。在本文中,生物柴油为脂肪酸甲酯的混合物,其尤其可由棕榈油甲酯、菜籽油甲酯、向日葵甲酯、豆油甲酯以及动物脂肪甲酯组成。这是因为它出人意料地显示出:蔗糖、山梨醇、甘油和生物柴油的丙氧基化起始剂混合物产生了粘度显著低于相应的山梨醇起始的多元醇和相应的蔗糖起始的多元醇的相应多元醇混合物的粘度的多元醇。粘度的显著降低甚至可在低山梨醇比例的条件下实现。因此,本发明能够首次合成具有高羟值并同时具有低粘度的高官能度多元醇。
因此,本发明涉及一种多元醇,其可通过在催化剂的存在下反应以下物质的混合物获得:
a1)0.5-43%的蔗糖,
a2)0.5-36%的山梨醇,
a3)0.5-12%的甘油,
a4)0.5-30%的一种或多种脂肪酸和/或脂肪酸酯,以及
a5)21-82%的一种或多种具有2至4个碳原子的环氧烷。
本发明的另一目的还为一种如权利要求中所述的制备多元醇的方法以及本发明的多元醇或通过本发明的方法制备的多元醇用于制备聚氨酯的用途。
在本发明多元醇的或本发明方法的一个优选的实施方案中,存在5至18重量%的组分a4)。
在本发明多元醇的或本发明用于制备多元醇的方法的另一个优选的实施方案中,组分a4)包含脂肪酸酯单酯和/或脂肪酸单酯衍生物,优选油酸、油酸甲酯和/或油酸衍生物。
在本发明多元醇的或本发明用于制备多元醇的方法的另一个优选的实施方案中,组分a4)包含选自脂肪酸甲酯和油酸甲酯的化合物。组分a4)特别优选包含选自脂肪酸甲酯和油酸甲酯的化合物,但并非脂肪酸。
在本发明多元醇的或本发明用于制备多元醇的方法的另一个优选的实施方案中,组分a5)的环氧烷包含环氧丙烷。组分a5)的环氧烷特别优选由环氧丙烷构成。
在本发明多元醇的或本发明用于制备多元醇的方法的另一个优选的实施方案中,羟值为400至700mg KOH/g,特别优选450至650mgKOH/g,尤其优选480至550mg KOH/g。
在本发明多元醇的或本发明用于制备多元醇的方法的另一个优选的实施方案中,起始剂官能度为2.5至8,优选4至6,特别优选4.2至5.5。
在本发明多元醇的或本发明用于制备多元醇的方法的另一个优选的实施方案中,催化剂选自胺类催化剂。特别优选咪唑。
附图示出了多元醇的粘度,特别地,随着山梨醇在多元醇中的重量百分比的变化。
图1:
对比实施例7为根据现有技术制备且羟值高达450的高官能度糖多元醇(官能度6.5)。该多元醇的粘度(20℃下为72170mPas)非常高且不能使该多元醇用于聚氨酯制剂中。实施例6示出了本发明的多元醇在相同官能度和羟值下具有显著较低的粘度,其粘度在20℃为58090mPas(低20%)。这可能是因为改性起始剂混合物。与起始剂混合物仅由甘油/蔗糖组成的对比实施例7相比,实施例6中的起始剂混合物由甘油/蔗糖/山梨醇组成。然而,如果仅使用多元醇与甘油/蔗糖或甘油/山梨醇起始剂混合物的物理混合物,不能在相同羟值和官能度的条件下实现降低粘度的效果(参见图2)。
图2:
如果与相对于甘油/蔗糖/山梨醇/环氧丙烷/生物柴油的含量具有相同组分的多元醇相比,则这些多元醇出人意料地具有由制备方式决定的不同的粘度。如果使用甘油/蔗糖/山梨醇的起始剂混合物,则该实施例中的粘度与已彼此物理混合的甘油/蔗糖起始的多元醇和甘油/山梨醇起始的多元醇相比低最高达45%,所述甘油/蔗糖起始的多元醇和甘油/山梨醇起始的多元醇彼此独立地进行制备。情况正是这样,尽管这些混合物具有相同的甘油/蔗糖/山梨醇/环氧丙烷/生物柴油含量并由此具有相同的官能度和羟值。
实施例
在下文中,给出的这些实施例用于阐明本发明。本文的实施例仅用于阐明目的并不旨在限制权利要求的范围。
粘度在20℃下根据DIN 53018测定。羟值根据DIN 53240测定。
物理混合物通过在室温下搅拌各自规定的多元醇一段时间直到获得均匀的混合物而制备。
实施例1
用甘油、蔗糖、山梨醇和生物柴油制备聚醚酯
在25℃下将14.4g的甘油、0.1g的咪唑、48.7g的蔗糖、16.1g的山梨醇和60.0g的生物柴油放入反应器中。随后用氮气惰性化反应器。将该容器加热至130℃并计量加入100.7g的环氧丙烷。在反应5小时后,将该容器在全真空(full vacuum)条件下在100℃下排空40分钟并随后冷却至25℃。获得220.4g产物。
所获得的聚醚酯具有以下特征参数:
羟值:497.0mg KOH/g
粘度(20℃):87660mPas
酸值:低于0.01mg KOH/g
含水量:0.014%
起始剂官能度:5.5
实施例2
用甘油、蔗糖、山梨醇和生物柴油制备聚醚酯
在25℃下将11.4g的甘油、0.1g的咪唑、29.8g的蔗糖、31.6g的山梨醇和60.4g的生物柴油装入反应器中。随后用氮气惰性化该反应器。将该容器加热至130℃并计量加入160.6g的环氧丙烷。在反应6小时后,将该容器在全真空条件下在100℃下排空40分钟并随后冷却至25℃。获得215.6g产物。
所获得的聚醚酯具有以下特征参数:
羟值:497.6mg KOH/g
粘度(20℃):36100mPas
酸值:低于0.01mg KOH/g
含水量:0.012%
起始剂官能度:5.5
实施例3
用甘油、蔗糖、山梨醇和生物柴油制备聚醚酯
在25℃下将7.8g的甘油、0.1g的咪唑、11.9g的蔗糖、48.7g的山梨醇和60.0g的生物柴油装入反应器中。随后用氮气惰性化该反应器。将该容器加热至130℃并计量加入111.4g的环氧丙烷。在反应6小时后,将该容器在全真空条件下在100℃下排空40分钟并随后冷却至25℃。获得213.9g产物。
所获得的聚醚酯具有以下特征参数:
羟值:485.7mg KOH/g
粘度(20℃):34310mPas
酸值:0.012mg KOH/g
含水量:0.012%
起始剂官能度:5.5
对比实施例4
用甘油、蔗糖和生物柴油制备聚醚酯
在25℃下将17.7g的甘油、0.1g的咪唑、66.8g的蔗糖和60.0g的生物柴油装入反应器中。随后用氮气惰性化该反应器。将该容器加热至130℃并计量加入93.9g的环氧丙烷。在反应4小时后,将容器在全真空条件下在100℃下排空40分钟并随后冷却至25℃。获得213.9g产物。
所获得的聚醚酯具有以下特征参数:
羟值:492.6mg KOH/g
粘度(20℃):119600mPas
酸值:低于0.01mg KOH/g
起始剂官能度:5.5
对比实施例5
用甘油、山梨醇和生物柴油制备聚醚酯
在25℃下将5.7g的甘油、0.1g的咪唑、59.3g的山梨醇和60.0g的生物柴油装入反应器中。随后用氮气惰性化该反应器。将该容器加热至130℃并计量加入114.9g的环氧丙烷。在反应4小时后,将容器在全真空条件下在100℃下排空40分钟并随后冷却至25℃。获得213.6g产物。
所获得的聚醚酯具有以下特征参数:
羟值:515.3mg KOH/g
粘度(20℃):31870mPas
酸值:低于0.01mg KOH/g
起始剂官能度:5.5
实施例6
用甘油、蔗糖、山梨醇和生物柴油制备聚醚酯
在25℃下将6.9g的甘油、0.1g的咪唑、65.3g的蔗糖、5.2g的山梨醇和36.0g的生物柴油装入反应器中。随后用氮气惰化该反应器。将该容器加热至130℃并计量加入126.4g的环氧丙烷。在反应6小时后,将容器在全真空条件下在100℃下排空40分钟并随后冷却至25℃。获得208.5g产物。
所获得的聚醚酯具有以下特征参数:
羟值:453.8mg KOH/g
粘度(20℃):58090mPas
酸值:低于0.01mg KOH/g
起始剂官能度:6.5
对比实施例7
用甘油、蔗糖和生物柴油制备聚醚酯
在25℃下将8.0g的甘油、0.1g的咪唑、71.2g的蔗糖和36.0g的生物柴油装入反应器中。随后用氮气惰性化该反应器。将该容器加热至130℃并计量加入124.7g的环氧丙烷。在反应3小时后,将容器在全真空条件下在100℃下排空40分钟并随后冷却至25℃。获得214.5g产物。
所获得的聚醚酯具有以下特征参数:
羟值:450.8mg KOH/g
粘度(20℃):72170mPas
酸值:低于0.01mg KOH/g
起始剂官能度:6.5
根据实施例(1至3和6)和对比实施例(4、5和7)并根据图1和2,可看出由甘油-山梨醇-蔗糖混合物的直接烷氧基化获得的多元醇的粘度低于羟值和官能度几乎相同但为由甘油和山梨醇制备的多元醇a)与由甘油和甘油-山梨醇混合物制备的多元醇b)的物理混合物的多元醇的粘度。
实施例 | 甘油 | 山梨醇 | 糖 | 生物柴油 | OH值 | F | 粘度 |
1 | 5.45 | 6.1 | 18.4 | 22.7 | 497 | 5.5 | 87660 |
2 | 4.41 | 12.23 | 11.54 | 23.4 | 497.6 | 5.5 | 36100 |
3 | 3.08 | 19.21 | 4.7 | 23.7 | 485.7 | 5.5 | 34310 |
4 | 6.57 | 0 | 24.8 | 22.3 | 492 | 5.5 | 119600 |
5 | 2.28 | 23.71 | 0 | 24 | 515 | 5.5 | 31870 |
6 | 2.89 | 2.18 | 27.38 | 15 | 454 | 6.5 | 58090 |
7 | 3.33 | 0 | 29.6 | 15 | 451 | 6.5 | 72170 |
Claims (14)
1.一种多元醇,其可通过在催化剂的存在下反应以下物质的混合物获得:
a1)0.5-43重量%的蔗糖,
a2)0.5-36重量%的山梨醇,
a3)0.5-12重量%的甘油,
a4)0.5-30重量%的一种或多种脂肪酸和/或脂肪酸酯,以及
a5)21-82重量%的一种或多种具有2至4个碳原子的环氧烷。
2.权利要求1的多元醇,其中组分a4)包含脂肪酸酯单酯和/或脂肪酸单酯衍生物,尤其是油酸、油酸甲酯和/或油酸衍生物。
3.权利要求1和2中任一项的多元醇,其中组分a5)的环氧烷包含环氧丙烷,优选由环氧丙烷组成。
4.权利要求1至3中任一项的多元醇,其中羟值为400至700mgKOH/g,优选450至650mg KOH/g,特别优选480至550mg KOH/g。
5.权利要求1至4中任一项的多元醇,其中起始剂官能度为2.5至8,优选4至6,特别优选4.2至5.5。
6.权利要求1至5中任一项的多元醇,其中催化剂选自胺类催化剂,优选咪唑。
7.一种用于制备多元醇的方法,其中以下物质的混合物在催化剂的存在下进行反应:
a1)0.5-43重量%的蔗糖,
a2)0.5-36重量%的山梨醇,
a3)0.5-12重量%的甘油,
a4)0.5-30重量%的一种或多种脂肪酸和/或脂肪酸酯,以及
a5)21-82重量%的一种或多种具有2至4个碳原子的环氧烷。
8.权利要求7的用于制备多元醇的方法,其中组分a4)包含脂肪酸酯单酯和/或脂肪酸单酯衍生物,尤其是油酸、油酸甲酯或油酸衍生物。
9.权利要求7和8中任一项的用于制备多元醇的方法,其中组分a5)的环氧烷包含环氧丙烷,优选由环氧丙烷组成。
10.权利要求7至9中任一项的用于制备多元醇的方法,其中多元醇产物的羟值为400至700mg KOH/g,优选450至650mg KOH/g,特别优选480至550mg KOH/g。
11.权利要求7至10中任一项的用于制备多元醇的方法,其中起始剂官能度为2.5至8,优选4至6,特别优选4.2至5.5。
12.权利要求7至11中任一项的用于制备多元醇的方法,其中催化剂选自胺类催化剂,优选咪唑。
13.权利要求7至12中任一项的用于制备多元醇的方法,其中反应期间的温度范围为80至140℃和/或其中反应进行30分钟至10小时。
14.权利要求1至6中任一项的多元醇或可根据权利要求7至13中任一项的方法制备的多元醇用于制备聚氨酯的用途。
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