CN104567613A - Measuring device for measuring weathering spalling depth of rock surface, and measuring method of measuring device - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a measuring device and a measuring method thereof for measuring the depth of weathering and exfoliation of a rock surface. , Measuring head, the measuring head is at the front end, the measuring rod, the journal, and the dial are sequentially backward, the measuring ruler assembly includes two measuring seat group plates, two connecting plates and measuring ruler, and the two measuring seat group plates Screws are connected to two connecting plates to form a rectangular measuring head frame, and connecting holes are set on the connecting plates, and adjustable spacers are installed on the connecting holes through spacer screws, and several measuring seat holes are set on the measuring seat group plate, One end of the measuring ruler is connected to the single ball pin and the other end is connected to the double ball pin. The single ball pin and the double ball pin are respectively installed on the measuring seat holes of the two measuring seat group plates. Several measuring holes, the measuring head of the dial indicator is inserted into the measuring holes, and the measuring method using the above-mentioned measuring device has a higher density of measuring points.

Description

Measuring device and method for measuring weathering and spalling depth of rock surface

technical field

The invention relates to a method for measuring the depth of weathering and exfoliation of a rock surface, in particular to a measuring device and a measuring method for measuring the depth of weathering and exfoliation of a rock surface.

Background technique

For the protection of stone cultural relics, the peeling phenomenon of the rock surface due to weathering is a major concern of cultural relic protection workers and scientific researchers. In order to protect stone cultural relics and study the weathering speed of stone cultural relics, they not only need to carry out relevant research on the mechanism of weathering of the rock surface of stone cultural relics and other rock surfaces that need to be measured, but also need to measure the rock of cultural relics The peeling depth of the surface caused by weathering is used to evaluate the severity of the weathering damage of the measured object and estimate its weathering speed to provide a scientific basis for the formation of effective protective measures. Therefore, it is very important to measure the weathering and exfoliation depth of the rock surface of stone cultural relics. The following will analyze the existing technologies at home and abroad and their advantages and disadvantages.

1. Horizontal bar hole steel needle measurement method

In order to measure the exfoliation depth caused by sandstone weathering in a certain place in Spain, Sancho et al. specially designed an instrument for measurement using fixed horizontal bars with distributed measuring hole groups (see Figure 1). The specific method is: set up two vertical bars parallel to each other in front of the vertical surface to be tested, and then install 6 horizontal bars on the two vertical bars so that they are on the same vertical plane, that is, on the above-mentioned 6 horizontal bars. The outer surface forms a relative plane. In addition, ten measuring holes are distributed in each bar. The distance between each measuring hole is 50mm. The 60 bores used covered an area of 1650 cm ² . During measurement, the user vertically inserts a graduated steel needle into the hole to measure the relative distance between the upper surface of each bar and the measured point touched by the top of the steel needle. Then, according to the relative position of each measuring hole on the plane, with the help of a computer, the three-dimensional weathering and exfoliation depth distribution map of the measured rock surface can be drawn from the relative distance measured by each measuring hole, which provides a basis for further determining the weathering speed . In addition, Takahashi and Mottershead et al. also used roughly the same method to measure the weathering and spalling depth of a certain bridge pier and a certain stone cultural relic.

For the above measurement method, its advantages are intuitive, convenient and low cost, but there are at least four disadvantages: First, because the measurement and reading tool is a steel needle, its measurement accuracy is low, about 1mm . For the measurement of weathering and exfoliation depth, especially for those rocks with slow weathering speed, the measurement accuracy is too low. Secondly, because the distance between the measuring holes in the bar is relatively large (50mm), that is, the density of the measuring holes is small, it may make it impossible to measure the weathering and spalling depth data of some important points on the surface to be tested; Third, it can also be seen from Figure 1 that there is a possibility of varying degrees of damage to the rocks of the measured stone relics when the above two vertical bars are installed; During the measurement process, it is always fixed on two upright bars, so it is difficult to observe the geological conditions of the points measured by the tip of the steel needle during the measurement, which is not conducive to the interpretation of the measured values.

2. Laser scanning measurement method

Swantesson has used laser scanning to measure the depth of weathering on rock surfaces. Its sensitivity and precision reach 0.0075mm and 0.01mm respectively. Its advantages are high measurement accuracy and convenient data processing, but its disadvantages are that the instruments used are expensive and the area that can be measured at one time is too small.

3. Rock surface roughness laser measuring instrument

Zhou Hongwei and others have developed a laser scanning device to measure the roughness of the rock surface, and the applicant believes that it can also be used to measure the weathering and exfoliation depth of the rock surface. Its advantages are high measurement accuracy and dense measurement points, but its problem is that it is difficult to carry out field measurement on the project site due to the large equipment, and its measurable area is also small, only 256cm ² . In addition, the equipment it uses is much more expensive than other methods.

4. Soft material compression molding measurement method

Yang Zhifa et al proposed a method to measure the depth of weathering and exfoliation of the rock surface by using plasticine mixed with gypsum as an impression. Regarding its accuracy, they once performed 106 repeated tests specifically for a certain part. As a result, the average value of the fluctuation difference at this point on the surface was 5.1 mm, and the standard deviation was 0.293 mm. The advantage of this method is that it is practical and convenient, the measurement cost is low, and it has a certain accuracy (its accuracy is higher than that of the above-mentioned horizontal bar hole steel needle measurement method), but the disadvantage is that its measurement coverage is very small. Small. Therefore, it is difficult to conduct comparative analysis on a larger range of measured values.

5. engineering gauge method

Williams used an engineering gauge with a sensitivity of 0.1mm to measure the weathering and spalling depth of tombstones. The advantage of this method is that it is practical and convenient, but there are still problems such as its low precision. Although the relevant information only gives the sensitivity of the engineering gauge but not the actual measurement accuracy, it is estimated that its accuracy is probably not higher than 0.5mm.

6. Orifice plate rock surface roughness mechanical measuring instrument

Zhang Zhongjian et al. proposed a method of measuring rock surface roughness by using a glass plate covered with measuring holes at a certain distance from the rock surface to be measured and a dial gauge that inserts measuring rods into each measuring hole one by one (see Figure 2). It has the advantages of high precision, accurate measurement point (hole) position, and low cost, but its disadvantage is that the measurement range is small. According to the investigation of the instrument made by Zhang Zhongjian et al., the measuring range covered by the square glass plate with 99 measuring holes is only 900 cm ² , which is smaller than the measuring range covered by the above-mentioned horizontal bar hole steel needle measuring method. 1650 cm ² . Because of the small measurement range of this method, for those measurement objects with a large range composed of multiple blocks (for example, a certain part of a large ancient city wall composed of multiple stone blocks) , because the measuring range is too small, it cannot be used in many occasions.

From the above analysis, it can be seen that the existing methods and technologies that can be used to measure the weathering and exfoliation depth of the surface of stone cultural relics need to be further improved, so as to be applied to various stone cultural relics and other rocks that need to be measured, especially in the It is necessary to measure the depth of weathering and spalling when the area to be measured is large.

Contents of the invention

Aiming at the above disadvantages, the present invention discloses a measuring device and a measuring method which can be used for measuring the depth of rock surface weathering and exfoliation.

The present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions: a measuring device for measuring the depth of weathering and exfoliation of a rock surface, comprising a measuring ruler assembly and a dial indicator, the measuring ruler assembly and the dial indicator are used in conjunction with each other, and the percentage indicator The meter includes a dial, a journal, a measuring rod, and a measuring head. The measuring head is at the forefront, and the measuring rod, the journal, and the dial are sequentially backward. The measuring ruler assembly includes two measuring seat group plates, two connecting plates and Measuring ruler, two measuring seat group boards are connected with two connecting plates to form a rectangular measuring seat frame through connecting screws, and connecting holes are opened on the connecting plates, and adjustable spacers are installed on the connecting holes through spacer screws. A number of measuring seat holes are set on the measuring seat group board, and one end of the measuring ruler is connected to a single ball pin and the other end is connected to a double ball pin, and the single ball pin and the double ball pin are respectively installed On the measuring seat holes of the two measuring seat group plates, the measuring ruler is divided into a front panel and a back panel, and several measuring holes are opened on the measuring ruler, and the probe of the dial gauge is inserted into the measuring holes.

Preferably, three connecting holes are evenly opened on the connecting board, and the connecting holes on the two connecting boards are opposite to each other. A connecting hole is provided at the left and right ends and the middle of the connecting plate. When an adjustable pad needs to be installed, different positions can be selected for installation according to requirements, and the positions of the connecting holes on the two connecting plates are consistent, and the connecting plate is stable.

Preferably, the adjustable pad is made of engineering rubber or wood. In order to avoid or reduce the wear of the surface of the measured object by the adjustable pad, and the rubber friction force is not easy to shift, and the wood is light and easy to carry.

As a preference, the outer surface of the journal is fixed with a measuring support, the measuring head is inserted into the measuring hole, and the measuring support is pressed against the back panel of the measuring ruler, and several connecting rods are connected between the measuring head and the measuring rod. The connecting rods are connected by thread compression.

Preferably, the measuring ruler assembly further includes an upright plate, the measuring head frame and the upright plate are screwed together, the lower end of the upright plate is fixed to the angle plate, the angle plate is fixed to the foot plate, and the foot plate hole of the foot plate A short rod is fixed in the middle, and the short rod is fixed in the mortar. When the rock face to be measured is upright, the stand frame can be measured upright by using the upright plate, so as to meet the measurement work of different rock faces to be measured.

The measurement method of the measuring device used for measuring the weathering and peeling depth of the rock surface, step 1, connect two measuring seat group plates and two connecting plates into a rectangular measuring seat frame, and place them firmly on the rock to be measured On the rock surface of cultural relics, make the base frame roughly parallel to the rock surface to be measured; step 2, adjust the adjustable pad under the connecting plate to make the base frame flat and stable; step 3, place the double ball feet of the measuring ruler Put the ball and single ball pin into the 3 socket holes of the above two socket group boards respectively, insert the probe of the dial indicator into a measuring hole on the back panel of the measuring ruler, and press the socket tightly Put the measuring head on the rock surface to be measured on the back panel, and read the data from the dial of the dial indicator; Step 4, after the above measurement is completed, move the double ball feet and single ball feet of the measuring ruler to the on the other 3 socket holes of the socket group board, and then repeat steps 1 to 3 to measure another set of data until the measurement task of the rock surface to be measured is completed; in step 5, the above data is used to make a three-dimensional Graphs and cutaways.

Preferably, in step 1, if the rock surface to be measured is in an upright state, it also includes firstly selecting an upright board with a suitable length, fixing it with the above-mentioned rectangular measuring seat frame, and finally fixing the lower part of the upright board in the ground.

The present invention adopts above-mentioned measuring device, and by its measuring method, has the following advantages:

(1) High measurement accuracy

Regarding the measurement accuracy of the newly proposed technology, the applicant conducted the following experiments on site: up to 150 repetitions of a specific hole and a specific point under the same temperature conditions after the instrument was installed test, and analyze the data of each test according to the following formula:

(1)

(2)

Among them, A _i is the measured value of each point; n is the number of times measured at the same measuring point; is the average value of each measured value; △ is the standard deviation of the measurement. According to formula (1) and formula (2), we can get =82.961mm, △=0.0126mm.

According to the calculation results, it is considered that the measurement accuracy of this technology is 0.0126mm. It is lower than methods 2 and 3 in methods 1-5 above and comparable to method 6, but higher than the accuracy of methods 1, 4, and 5.

(2) The positioning of the measuring point on the surface to be measured is relatively accurate, the position of each measuring hole on the long measuring plate remains unchanged, and the measuring rod of the dial indicator just slides into the measuring hole and cannot move left and right. It can be seen that the positioning accuracy of the measured points can be higher than methods 1, 4, 5 and equivalent to method 6.

(3) The area that can be measured at one time is large

Since the measuring ruler used is in the shape of a long ruler, the measurer can see the situation of the measuring point below the measuring hole from the narrower sides, so stainless steel material can be used instead of observing the measuring point as in the above-mentioned existing method 6. It needs to be made of transparent glass or plexiglass, and the invention also uses auxiliary tools such as a rectangular measuring seat frame in the measurement, so the measuring ruler is allowed to be longer (the measuring holes are also denser). For example, the weathering and spalling depth measuring ruler made by the applicant has been successfully used to measure the weathering and spalling depth of the Tongxianmen rock blocks in the ancient city of Quzhou. The distance between the group boards also reaches 120cm. In this way, the measurable area of the instrument at one time reaches 17220 cm ² , which is 10.4 times and 19.1 times the measurement area of the above-mentioned existing method 1 and method 6 respectively.

(4) High adaptability to on-site measurement

As far as the adaptability of on-site measurement is concerned, method 3, that is, the rock surface roughness laser measuring instrument, is the lowest, because it is difficult to flexibly move to the site for testing. In addition, the price of its equipment is also the most expensive, making it difficult to popularize and apply. In comparison, the field adaptability of the instrument of the present invention is stronger, and the cost of the instrument is also lower. In this regard, it is comparable to Method 1 and Methods 4-6 above.

(5) The density of measuring points is high

Therefore, compared with method 1 and method 6, the measuring point density is higher. The distance between the measuring holes should be able to reach 15×15mm.

In general, the measuring device is cost-effective and can save device cost while ensuring high measurement accuracy.

Description of drawings

Fig. 1 is a measurement site of a horizontal-strip-hole-type steel needle for the vertical rock measured object in foreign countries;

Fig. 2 is the orifice type rock surface roughness mechanical measuring instrument;

3 is a schematic structural view of the measuring device disclosed in the present invention;

Fig. 4 is a reference diagram of the use state of the measuring device when it is in an upright state;

Fig. 5 is the schematic diagram of the structure after measuring ruler is connected with single ball pin and double ball pin;

Fig. 6 is a structural schematic diagram of a dial gauge.

In the figure, 1 is a single bead foot, 2 is the back panel, 3 is a measuring ruler, 4 is a measuring hole, 5 is a double bead foot, 6 is a dial indicator, 7 is a measuring support, 8 is a journal, and 9 is a measuring Rod, 10 is the connecting rod, 11 is the measuring head, 12 is the connecting plate, 13 is the connecting hole, 14 is the base group plate, 15 is the connecting screw, 16 is the measuring base hole, 17 is the foot bead, 18 is the end block Body, 19 is the rock surface to be measured, 20 is an adjustable block, 21 is a block screw, 22 is an upright plate, 23 is a measuring seat frame, 24 is an angle plate fixing nut, 25 is an angle plate, and 26 is a foot plate, The 27th is a short bar fixing screw, and the 28th is the ground.

Detailed ways

The present invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in conjunction with the embodiments.

Referring to Figures 1 to 6, a measuring device for measuring the depth of weathering and exfoliation of rock surfaces includes a ruler assembly and a dial indicator, and the ruler assembly and the dial indicator are used in conjunction with each other, wherein the ruler assembly includes Two measuring head group boards, two connecting boards and a measuring ruler, the two measuring head group boards are connected to the two connecting boards by connecting screws to form a rectangular measuring head frame, and three connecting holes are evenly opened on the connecting boards, and the two connecting boards are connected The connection holes on the board are evenly arranged and the positions correspond to each other. Adjustable spacers made of engineering rubber or wood are installed on the connection holes through spacer screws. There are at least three measuring seat holes on the two measuring seat group boards. One end of the measuring ruler is connected to the single bead foot, and the other end is connected to the double bead foot. The front panel and the back panel are provided with several measuring holes on the measuring ruler.

Among them, the dial indicator includes a dial, a measuring support, a journal, a measuring rod, and a measuring head. ) is fixed on the outer surface of the journal (8) of the dial indicator (6), but the other part of the journal should be exposed so that the latter can be smoothly inserted into the measuring hole (4) during measurement, but the exposed area The larger measuring support (7) is stuck on the back panel (2) of the measuring ruler outside the measuring hole, that is, due to the part of the journal (8) of the dial gauge (8), the measuring rod (9) and other The connecting rod (10) and measuring head (11), which are added according to the needs, are inserted into the measuring hole, and the measuring support (7) is closely attached to the back panel of the measuring ruler, so the measurement accuracy is high; in addition, in order to To expand the range, add one or more connecting rods (10) between the measuring rod (9) and the measuring head (11) of the dial gauge (6) as needed, so that the measuring head can be pressed against the rock surface to be measured On the other hand, they are connected with the measuring rod (9) and the measuring head (11) by means of screw compression, so as to ensure high precision of each connection.

According to the difference of the orientation of the rock surface to be measured, the installation process and the measurement method of the present invention can generally be divided into two situations: the rock surface to be measured is basically facing upward and the rock surface is basically upright:

1. For the case where the rock surface to be tested is basically facing upwards (that is, the rock surface is basically horizontal):

First, connect the two measuring head group plates and the two connecting plates into a rectangular measuring head frame by means of connecting screws, and place them firmly on the rock surface of the stone cultural relic to be tested, so that the above measuring head frame is roughly in line with the The measured rock faces are parallel. If it is not placed flat, select a number of adjustable pads with appropriate heights, and then install them on the connection holes of the connecting plate with pad screws, and adjust the height of each pad to stabilize the frame of the measuring head; then Put the double bead feet and single bead feet of the measuring ruler respectively on the three measuring socket holes of the above two measuring seat group boards; hole, press the measuring support on the back panel of the measuring ruler, and let the measuring head rest on the surface of the measured object; Take a connecting rod with a suitable length, and connect it between the measuring rod of the dial indicator and the measuring head, and then insert it into a measuring hole on the back panel of the measuring ruler, so that the measuring support is pressed against the back panel of the measuring ruler Put the measuring head on a certain measuring point on the surface of the measured object under the measuring hole; the data read from the dial of the dial indicator is the relative distance from the back panel of the measuring ruler to the measured point on the surface of the measured object . With the help of the end block, the measuring ruler can be connected with the single ball foot and the double ball foot. When the lower spherical foot beads are respectively placed on the three selected measuring seat holes, and the dial indicator is used to measure each By measuring the hole, a set of data about the selected position can be measured and read. After the above measurement is completed, if necessary, the double ball pin and the single ball pin of the instrument can also be moved to the other three new measuring base holes on the above two measuring base group boards, and then follow the above method Another set of data is measured until the measurement task of each hole to be tested is completed.

 Using special computer software, the data measured from each measuring hole can be drawn into a three-dimensional map of the weathering and spalling depth of the rock surface of the measured object and the curve change graph of each required measuring line.

2. If the rock surface being measured is upright:

First, connect the two measuring head group plates and the two connecting plates to form a rectangular measuring head frame by means of connecting screws, and then select two upright plates of appropriate length according to the actual height of the surface of the measured object, and use the upright plates to fix the bolts and nuts, and fix it with the above-mentioned rectangular measuring head frame; then, use the angle plate fixing bolts and nuts to connect the two angle plates with the lower part of the above-mentioned upright plate, and the short sides of the two angle plates are Welded together with two foot plates respectively. In order to ensure that the above-mentioned rectangular measuring seat frame is basically kept parallel to the rock surface of the measured object, and to ensure that it remains stable and does not deform during the entire measurement process, the applicant needs to take the following three main measures: first, with the help of For spacer screws, place several adjustable spacers of appropriate height between the upright plate and the surface of the measured object. It should also be explained here that in order to avoid or reduce the wear of the adjustable spacer on the surface of the measured object, the adjustable spacer is usually made of engineering rubber or wood; second, as mentioned above, the foot plate is welded to the bottom of the corner plate by welding surface; the third, adopt short rod fixing bolts to fix the short rod in the foot plate hole in the foot plate to the foot plate, and the short rod itself is fixed under the ground by mortar. When using the above-mentioned measuring ruler to measure the weathering and spalling depth of the upright rock surface, the measurement method adopted in the above-mentioned situation where the rock surface to be measured is basically upward is also adopted, that is, firstly, the double-ball feet and the single-ball feet are respectively Put it into the appropriate 3 seat holes in the two seat group boards that have been assembled into the rectangular test seat frame, hold the instrument with your hand, and then use the prepared measuring rod, probe and connection of the dial gauge to The rod is inserted into a measuring hole on the back panel of the measuring ruler, and the measuring head is pressed against a certain measuring point on the surface of the measured object, and the distance from the back panel of the measuring ruler to the measured point can be read from the dial of the dial indicator part. relative distance. Then move the measuring ruler to a new position, and measure the above-mentioned relative distances of all the measuring holes in the same way, and use a computer or manually to make three-dimensional graphics and profile diagrams of the relative distances (that is, the depth of weathering and spalling).

As an implementation example of the present invention, the weathering depth of a certain stone wall foundation of Tongxianmen, an ancient city wall in Quzhou, a national security unit, was measured in the manner shown in FIG. 4 . The measuring hole distribution length of the measuring ruler used therein reaches 143.5cm. As mentioned above, through 150 repeated measurements of a specific measuring point of the instrument under constant temperature conditions, the standard deviation (that is, the accuracy) of the measurement can reach 0.0126mm (the average value is 82.961mm), so the The measuring ruler has high measurement accuracy.

The above examples are only specific examples of the present invention, and obviously, the present invention is not limited to the above examples. All deformations that can be directly derived or associated by those skilled in the art from the content disclosed in the present invention shall belong to the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (7)

1. A measuring device for rock surface weathering and spalling depth measurement, comprising a measuring ruler assembly and a dial indicator, the measuring ruler assembly and the dial indicator are used in conjunction with each other, and the dial indicator includes a dial, a journal , a measuring rod, and a measuring head, the measuring head is at the forefront, and the measuring rod, the journal, and the dial are sequentially backward. It is characterized in that the measuring ruler assembly includes two measuring seat group plates, two connecting plates and a measuring ruler , the two measuring seat group boards are connected to the rectangular measuring seat frame by connecting screws and the two connecting plates, and the connecting holes are provided on the connecting plates, and the adjustable pads are installed on the connecting holes through the pad screws. A number of measuring seat holes are opened on the measuring seat group board, and one end of the measuring ruler is connected with a single ball pin and the other end is connected with a double ball pin, and the single ball pin and the double ball pin are respectively installed on two On the measuring seat hole of the measuring seat group plate, the measuring ruler is divided into a front panel and a back panel, and several measuring holes are opened on the measuring ruler, and the measuring head of the dial indicator is inserted into the measuring hole. 2. The measuring device for rock surface weathering and spalling depth measurement according to claim 1, characterized in that three connecting holes are evenly offered on the connecting plate, and the positions of the connecting holes on the two connecting plates are the same. correspond. 3. The measuring device for measuring the depth of weathering and spalling of rock surfaces according to claim 1, wherein the adjustable spacer is made of engineering rubber or wood. 4. The measuring device for measuring the depth of weathering and exfoliation of rock surfaces according to claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that, the outer surface of the journal is fixed with a measuring bracket, and the measuring head is inserted into the measuring hole , and the measuring support presses the back panel of the measuring ruler, and a number of connecting rods are connected between the measuring head and the measuring rod, and the connecting rods are connected by thread compression. 5. The measuring device for rock surface weathering and exfoliation depth measurement according to claim 1, characterized in that, the measuring ruler assembly also includes an upright plate, and the measuring base frame and the upright plate are screwed together, so that The lower end of the upright board is fixed to the angle plate, the angle plate is fixed to the foot plate, and a short rod is fixed in the foot plate hole of the foot plate, and the short rod is fixed in the mortar. 6. according to the measuring method of the measuring device that is used for rock surface weathering spalling depth measurement according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, step 1, two measuring seat group plates and two connecting plates are connected to a rectangular measuring seat frame, and place it firmly on the rock surface of the stone cultural relic to be tested, so that the frame of the measuring seat is roughly parallel to the rock surface to be tested; step 2, adjust the adjustable pad under the connecting plate to make the frame of the measuring seat flat and stable ; Step 3, put the double-ball feet and single-ball feet of the measuring ruler into the three measuring socket holes of the above two measuring seat group boards respectively, and insert the measuring head of the dial indicator into the back panel of the measuring ruler. In a certain measuring hole, press the measuring support on the back panel, let the measuring head rest on the rock surface to be measured, and read the data from the dial of the dial indicator; step 4, after completing the above measurement, place the Move the double-ball feet and single-ball feet to the other three holes of the head group board respectively, and then repeat steps 1 to 3 to measure another set of data until the measurement task of the rock surface to be measured is completed; steps Fifth, use computer or manual to make the above data into relevant three-dimensional graphics and cross-sectional diagrams. 7. according to the measuring method of the measuring device that is used for rock surface weathering exfoliation depth measurement according to claim 6, it is characterized in that, in step 1, if the rock surface to be measured is an upright state, it also includes first selecting a suitable upright plate, fix it together with the above-mentioned rectangular measuring head frame, and finally fix the lower part of the upright plate in the ground.