CN104411084A - Laser ion accelerating device adopting plasma cascade - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开一种等离子体级联激光离子加速装置，包括主支架、喷嘴、供气装置、气体、靶支架、固体靶、真空室、激光器和离轴抛物镜，主支架、喷嘴、靶支架、固体靶和离轴抛物镜处于真空室内，主支架上设置有激光通道和喷气通道，在喷气通道的上端设置有喷嘴，喷嘴与外部供气装置相连通，靶支架通过螺纹与主支架固定连接，激光通道的一端为激光入射口，激光通道的另一端为靶支架，靶支架的入口设置有固体靶。激光器输出的激光脉冲经离轴抛物镜聚焦在喷气通道边沿，电离气体并通过激光直接加速机制产生相对论电子，在固体靶后形成更强的静电场，离子获得更高效率加速。本发明具有结构简单、操作方便和能量转换效率高的特点。
The invention discloses a plasma cascade laser ion acceleration device, comprising a main support, a nozzle, a gas supply device, gas, a target support, a solid target, a vacuum chamber, a laser and an off-axis parabolic mirror, the main support, a nozzle, a target support, The solid target and the off-axis parabolic mirror are in the vacuum chamber, the main bracket is provided with a laser channel and an air injection channel, and a nozzle is arranged at the upper end of the air injection channel, and the nozzle is connected with an external air supply device, and the target bracket is fixedly connected with the main bracket through threads. One end of the laser channel is a laser entrance, the other end of the laser channel is a target bracket, and the entrance of the target bracket is provided with a solid target. The laser pulse output by the laser is focused on the edge of the jet channel through the off-axis parabolic mirror, ionizes the gas and generates relativistic electrons through the direct laser acceleration mechanism, forms a stronger electrostatic field behind the solid target, and accelerates the ions with higher efficiency. The invention has the characteristics of simple structure, convenient operation and high energy conversion efficiency.
Description
技术领域 technical field
本发明涉及激光离子加速领域，尤其涉及一种等离子体级联激光离子加速装置。 The invention relates to the field of laser ion acceleration, in particular to a plasma cascade laser ion acceleration device.
背景技术 Background technique
由于激光技术的迅速发展，已经可以利用超强激光脉冲与固体靶相互作用产生高能离子束，这使得建造新一代紧凑、造价相对低廉的小型化激光离子加速器成为可能，从而进一步促进肿瘤离子束治疗和PET诊断等应用。在2006年，Nature期刊上发表了基于靶后壳层加速机制的激光离子加速开创性实验结果。根据靶后壳层加速机制，激光脉冲与固体靶相互作用产生能谱呈指数衰减的热电子，透过靶的热电子在靶后形成静电场，离子在该静电场中可以获得加速。然而，该加速静电场的大小直接由热电子能谱分布来定标，特别是受热电子能谱中高能部分电子分布情况的影响很大；考虑到热电子来源于激光的作用，离子束的最大能量与激光强度的平方根成正比，这使得利用常规靶后壳层加速机制难以高效增大离子束能量。而变化固体靶结构等措施虽然可以改善离子束能谱分布，但不能从根本上改变离子束能谱的定标率；同时，由于预脉冲在固体靶表面产生预等离子体，许多固体靶中采用的微结构并不一定可行。与靶后壳层加速机制相比，激光辐射压加速机制有更高的能量转换效率，可以极大地提高离子束能量，然而该机制要求预脉冲强度足够小，这就要求激光脉冲有足够好的脉冲对比度，在更高激光强度时尤为困难。 Due to the rapid development of laser technology, it has been possible to use ultra-intense laser pulses to interact with solid targets to generate high-energy ion beams, which makes it possible to build a new generation of compact and relatively inexpensive miniaturized laser ion accelerators, thereby further promoting tumor ion beam therapy. and PET diagnostic applications. In 2006, the pioneering experimental results of laser ion acceleration based on the acceleration mechanism of the target back shell were published in the journal Nature. According to the shell acceleration mechanism behind the target, the laser pulse interacts with the solid target to generate thermal electrons whose energy spectrum decays exponentially. The thermal electrons passing through the target form an electrostatic field behind the target, and ions can be accelerated in this electrostatic field. However, the magnitude of the accelerating electrostatic field is directly calibrated by the distribution of the thermal electron spectrum, especially the distribution of electrons in the high-energy part of the thermal electron spectrum; Energy is proportional to the square root of laser intensity, which makes it difficult to efficiently increase ion beam energy using conventional target backshell acceleration mechanisms. Although measures such as changing the structure of the solid target can improve the distribution of the ion beam energy spectrum, they cannot fundamentally change the calibration rate of the ion beam energy spectrum; at the same time, because the pre-pulse generates pre-plasma on the surface of the solid target, many solid The microstructure is not necessarily feasible. Compared with the target shell acceleration mechanism, the laser radiation pressure acceleration mechanism has higher energy conversion efficiency, which can greatly increase the energy of the ion beam. However, this mechanism requires the pre-pulse intensity to be small enough, which requires the laser pulse to have a sufficiently good Pulse contrast, which is especially difficult at higher laser intensities.
发明内容 Contents of the invention
本发明的目的是克服现有技术的不足，提供一种等离子体级联激光离子加速装置。该发明应具有结构简单、原理清晰、操作方便和能量转换效率提高的特点。 The purpose of the present invention is to overcome the deficiencies of the prior art and provide a plasma cascade laser ion acceleration device. The invention should have the characteristics of simple structure, clear principle, convenient operation and improved energy conversion efficiency.
本发明的技术解决方案如下： Technical solution of the present invention is as follows:
一种等离子体级联激光离子加速装置，包括主支架、喷嘴、供气装置、气体、靶支架、固体靶、真空室、激光器和离轴抛物镜，主支架、喷嘴、靶支架、固体靶和离轴抛物镜设置在真空室内，主支架上设置有激光通道和喷气通道，喷气通道的上端设置有喷嘴，喷嘴与外部供气装置相连通并向喷气通道内喷射气体，靶支架（5）通过螺纹与主支架固定连接，激光通道的一端为激光入射口，激光通道的另一端为靶支架，靶支架的入口设置有固体靶，激光器输出的激光脉冲经离轴抛物镜聚焦在喷气通道左侧边沿，电离的气体产生近临界密度或低密度等离子体，并通过激光直接加速机制产生相对论电子，通过相对论性自导引，相对论强度的激光脉冲继续与固体靶相互作用产生热电子，在固体靶后形成更强的静电场，产生被更高效率加速的离子束。 A plasma cascade laser ion acceleration device, comprising a main support, a nozzle, a gas supply device, gas, a target support, a solid target, a vacuum chamber, a laser and an off-axis parabolic mirror, the main support, a nozzle, a target support, a solid target and The off-axis parabolic mirror is set in the vacuum chamber, the main support is provided with a laser channel and an air injection channel, the upper end of the air injection channel is provided with a nozzle, the nozzle is connected with an external gas supply device and injects gas into the air injection channel, and the target bracket (5) passes through The thread is fixedly connected with the main bracket. One end of the laser channel is the laser entrance, and the other end of the laser channel is the target bracket. The entrance of the target bracket is provided with a solid target. The laser pulse output by the laser is focused on the left side of the jet channel by an off-axis parabolic mirror. At the edge, the ionized gas produces a near-critical density or low-density plasma, and generates relativistic electrons through the direct laser acceleration mechanism. Through relativistic self-guiding, the relativistic laser pulse continues to interact with the solid target to generate hot electrons. In the solid target Finally, a stronger electrostatic field is formed, resulting in a more efficiently accelerated ion beam.
为实现本发明进一步优化，进一步的措施是：所述的主支架和靶支架由亚克力玻璃材料制成，主支架和靶支架的形状为空心圆柱型。所述的激光通道的孔径尺寸为0.1mm-5mm。所述的喷气通道的孔径尺寸为0.1mm-3mm。所述的激光器为CPA激光系统，输出的激光脉冲的脉宽为30fs-500fs，聚焦后的激光束宽为3μm-30μm，归一化矢势振幅大小为3-30。所述的气体为氢气或氦气或氧气或氮气或氩气。所述的固体靶为金或铜或铝或钯制成的单层金属薄片。固体靶的金属薄片上覆盖有聚乙烯薄膜或金属氧化物薄层。固体靶的厚度为1μm-200μm。 In order to achieve further optimization of the present invention, a further measure is: the main bracket and the target bracket are made of acrylic glass material, and the shapes of the main bracket and the target bracket are hollow cylinders. The aperture size of the laser channel is 0.1mm-5mm. The aperture size of the jet channel is 0.1mm-3mm. The laser is a CPA laser system, the pulse width of the output laser pulse is 30fs-500fs, the focused laser beam width is 3μm-30μm, and the normalized vector potential amplitude is 3-30. The gas is hydrogen or helium or oxygen or nitrogen or argon. The solid target is a single-layer metal sheet made of gold, copper, aluminum or palladium. The metal foil of the solid target is covered with polyethylene film or metal oxide thin layer. The thickness of the solid target is 1 μm-200 μm.
本发明的原理如下： Principle of the present invention is as follows:
在激光离子靶后壳层加速机制中，离子束能量直接取决于热电子在靶后所建立的静电场的大小。激光器输出的激光脉冲经离轴抛物镜聚焦在喷气通道左侧边沿，在主脉冲之前，预脉冲能部分地电离气体但由于衍射效应将发散掉；主脉冲前沿将进一步电离的气体产生近临界密度或低密度等离子体，并通过激光直接加速机制产生相对论电子，同时，由于相对论性自导引，依然是相对论强度的主脉冲继续与固体靶相互作用继续产生热电子。从而使得更大量电子分布在热电子能谱的高能尾部，在固体靶后形成更强的静电场，离子在该静电场中可以获得更高效率的加速，增大离子束能量。 In the shell acceleration mechanism behind the laser ion target, the ion beam energy directly depends on the magnitude of the electrostatic field established by the thermal electrons behind the target. The laser pulse output by the laser is focused on the left edge of the jet channel by an off-axis parabolic mirror. Before the main pulse, the pre-pulse can partially ionize the gas but will be diverged due to the diffraction effect; the front of the main pulse will further ionize the gas to produce a near-critical density Or low-density plasma, and relativistic electrons are generated through the direct laser acceleration mechanism. At the same time, due to relativistic self-guiding, the main pulse that is still relativistic intensity continues to interact with the solid target to continue to generate hot electrons. As a result, a larger amount of electrons is distributed in the high-energy tail of the thermal electron spectrum, forming a stronger electrostatic field behind the solid target, and ions can be accelerated more efficiently in this electrostatic field, increasing the energy of the ion beam.
本发明的优点： Advantages of the present invention:
1、可以有效消除预脉冲的影响，可使各种微结构靶更为有效。 1. It can effectively eliminate the influence of pre-pulse and make various microstructure targets more effective.
2、通过等离子体级联，可以在电离气体段灵活控制产生适当长度和密度的等离子体，更有效利用激光直接加速机制产生相对论性电子。 2. Through the plasma cascade, the plasma of appropriate length and density can be flexibly controlled in the ionized gas section, and the direct acceleration mechanism of the laser can be used more effectively to generate relativistic electrons.
3、可以使得更大量电子分布在热电子能谱的高能尾部，在固体靶后形成更强的离子加速静电场。 3. A larger amount of electrons can be distributed in the high-energy tail of the thermal electron energy spectrum, forming a stronger ion-accelerating electrostatic field behind the solid target. the
4、本发明具有结构简单、原理清晰、操作方便、能量转换效率高的特点。 4. The present invention has the characteristics of simple structure, clear principle, convenient operation and high energy conversion efficiency.
下面结合附图和具体实施方式对本发明作进一步说明。 The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.
附图说明 Description of drawings
图1为本发明等离子体级联激光离子加速装置的结构示意图。 Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a plasma cascade laser ion accelerator of the present invention.
图中：1、主支架，2、喷嘴，3、供气装置，4、气体，5、靶支架，6、固体靶，7、真空室， 8、激光器，9、离轴抛物镜，101、激光通道，102、喷气通道，801、激光脉冲。 In the figure: 1. main support, 2. nozzle, 3. gas supply device, 4. gas, 5. target support, 6. solid target, 7. vacuum chamber, 8. laser, 9. off-axis parabolic mirror, 101, Laser channel, 102, jet channel, 801, laser pulse.
具体实施方式 Detailed ways
参见附图1：一种等离子体级联激光离子加速装置，包括主支架1、喷嘴2、供气装置3、气体4、靶支架5、固体靶6、真空室7、激光器8和离轴抛物镜9，主支架1、喷嘴2、靶支架5、固体靶6和离轴抛物镜9设置在真空室7内，主支架1上设置有激光通道101和喷气通道102，喷气通道102的上端设置有喷嘴2，喷嘴2与外部供气装置3相连通并向喷气通道102内喷射气体4，靶支架5通过螺纹与主支架1固定连接，激光通道101的一端为激光入射口，激光通道101的另一端为靶支架5，靶支架5的入口设置有固体靶6，激光器8输出的激光脉冲801经离轴抛物镜9聚焦在喷气通道102左侧边沿，电离的气体4产生近临界密度或低密度等离子体，并通过激光直接加速机制产生相对论电子，通过相对论性自导引，相对论强度的激光脉冲继续与固体靶6相互作用产生热电子，在固体靶6后形成更强的静电场，产生被更高效率加速的离子束。所述的主支架1和靶支架5由亚克力玻璃材料制成，主支架1和靶支架5的形状为空心圆柱型。所述的激光通道101的孔径尺寸为0.1mm-5mm。所述的喷气通道102的孔径尺寸为0.1mm-3mm。所述的激光器8为CPA激光系统，输出的激光脉冲的脉宽为30fs-500fs，聚焦后的激光束宽为3μm-30μm，归一化矢势振幅大小为3-30。所述的气体4为氢气或氦气或氧气或氮气或氩气。所述的固体靶6为金或铜或铝或钯制成的单层金属薄片。固体靶6的金属薄片上覆盖有聚乙烯薄膜或金属氧化物薄层。固体靶6的厚度为1μm-200μm。 See accompanying drawing 1: a plasma cascade laser ion acceleration device, including a main support 1, a nozzle 2, a gas supply device 3, a gas 4, a target support 5, a solid target 6, a vacuum chamber 7, a laser 8 and an off-axis parabola The mirror 9, the main support 1, the nozzle 2, the target support 5, the solid target 6 and the off-axis parabolic mirror 9 are arranged in the vacuum chamber 7, and the main support 1 is provided with a laser channel 101 and an air injection channel 102, and the upper end of the air injection channel 102 is arranged There is a nozzle 2, the nozzle 2 is connected with the external gas supply device 3 and sprays the gas 4 into the gas injection channel 102, the target bracket 5 is fixedly connected with the main bracket 1 through threads, one end of the laser channel 101 is a laser entrance, and the laser channel 101 The other end is the target bracket 5, the entrance of the target bracket 5 is provided with a solid target 6, the laser pulse 801 output by the laser 8 is focused on the left edge of the jet channel 102 through the off-axis parabolic mirror 9, and the ionized gas 4 produces a near-critical density or low Density plasma, and relativistic electrons are generated through the direct laser acceleration mechanism. Through relativistic self-guiding, the relativistic intensity laser pulse continues to interact with the solid target 6 to generate thermal electrons, and a stronger electrostatic field is formed behind the solid target 6, resulting in Ion beams accelerated with greater efficiency. The main bracket 1 and the target bracket 5 are made of acrylic glass material, and the shapes of the main bracket 1 and the target bracket 5 are hollow cylinders. The aperture size of the laser channel 101 is 0.1mm-5mm. The aperture size of the jet channel 102 is 0.1mm-3mm. The laser 8 is a CPA laser system, the pulse width of the output laser pulse is 30fs-500fs, the focused laser beam width is 3μm-30μm, and the normalized vector potential amplitude is 3-30. The gas 4 is hydrogen or helium or oxygen or nitrogen or argon. The solid target 6 is a single-layer metal sheet made of gold or copper or aluminum or palladium. The thin metal sheet of the solid target 6 is covered with a polyethylene film or a metal oxide thin layer. The thickness of the solid target 6 is 1 μm-200 μm.
实施例：通过靶支架5通过与主支架1之间的螺纹，旋进或旋出靶支架5，使得靶支架5的入口处的固体靶6刚好处在喷气通道102的边沿，由喷嘴2向喷气通道102内喷射气体4，形成了由相对低密气体4和高密固体靶6级联在一起的结构，可以通过变化喷气通道102的孔径来改变气体4的宽度。激光器8输出的激光脉冲801经离轴抛物镜9聚焦在喷气通道102左侧边沿，在主脉冲之前，预脉冲能部分电离的气体4但由于衍射效应将发散掉；主脉冲前沿进一步电离的气体4产生近临界密度或低密度等离子体，并通过激光直接加速机制产生相对论电子，同时，由于相对论性自导引，依然是相对论强度的主脉冲继续与固体靶6相互作用继续产生热电子。这些相对论电子和热电子透过固体靶6，在固体靶6后形成在高能尾部聚集大量电子的电子能谱分布状态，从而极大地增强固体靶6后的静电场，离子在该静电场中获得更高效率的加速以及能量增益。 Embodiment: Through the screw thread between the target bracket 5 and the main bracket 1, the target bracket 5 is screwed in or out, so that the solid target 6 at the entrance of the target bracket 5 is just on the edge of the jet channel 102, and is directed by the nozzle 2 Gas 4 is injected into the gas injection channel 102 to form a cascaded structure of relatively low-density gas 4 and high-density solid target 6 , and the width of the gas 4 can be changed by changing the aperture of the gas injection channel 102 . The laser pulse 801 output by the laser 8 is focused on the left edge of the jet channel 102 through the off-axis parabolic mirror 9. Before the main pulse, the gas 4 that can be partially ionized by the pre-pulse will diverge due to the diffraction effect; the gas that is further ionized at the front of the main pulse 4 Generate near-critical density or low-density plasma, and generate relativistic electrons through the direct laser acceleration mechanism. At the same time, due to relativistic self-guiding, the main pulse that is still relativistic intensity continues to interact with the solid target 6 to continue to generate thermal electrons. These relativistic electrons and thermal electrons pass through the solid target 6, and behind the solid target 6 form an electron energy spectrum distribution state in which a large number of electrons are gathered in the high-energy tail, thereby greatly enhancing the electrostatic field behind the solid target 6, and the ions are obtained in this electrostatic field. More efficient acceleration and energy gain.
在本实施例中，固体靶6表面与激光束传播方向垂直，可以通过改变靶支架5的端面，使得固体靶6表面与激光束传播方向成一倾角，固体靶6表面可以是平面或具有凸起、凹陷的微结构靶。本发明具有结构简单、操作方便、能量转换效率高的特点，可以用于小型化的激光离子加速器。 In this embodiment, the surface of the solid target 6 is perpendicular to the propagation direction of the laser beam. By changing the end face of the target holder 5, the surface of the solid target 6 is inclined at an angle to the propagation direction of the laser beam. The surface of the solid target 6 can be a plane or have a protrusion , Depressed microstructure target. The invention has the characteristics of simple structure, convenient operation and high energy conversion efficiency, and can be used in miniaturized laser ion accelerators.
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