CN104374107B - Solar battery array bearing method and system - Google Patents

Abstract

Systems and methods for arranging and supporting solar panel arrays are disclosed. Embodiments include various combinations of cables, support columns, and pod structures in which solar panels are supported. Solar panels can be combined with single or dual tracking capabilities to enhance sunlight capture. Embodiments support dual land uses where the system is installed with minimal disturbance to the ground below. Supplementary electrical power is provided by vertical axis windmills integrated into the columns. Special installations of the system may include systems installed above structures such as parking lots, roads, and aqueducts.

Description

Solar cell array support method and system

This application is a divisional application of an invention patent application with an application date of May 15, 2009, an application number of 200980127618.1, and an invention title of "solar cell array support method and system".

Cross References to Related Applications

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Application Serial No. 12/255,178, filed October 21, 2008, entitled "Solar Array Support Methods and Systems," which is the title of U.S. Application Serial No. 12/255,178, filed June 20, 2008 Continuation-in-part of U.S. Application Serial No. 12/143,624 for "Solar Array Support Methods and Systems," U.S. Application Serial No. 12/143,624, filed May 16, 2008, entitled "Solar Array Support Methods and Systems" Application Serial No. 12/122,228, U.S. Application Serial No. 12/122,228 is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Application Serial No. 11/856,521, filed September 17, 2007, entitled "Solar Array Support Methods and Systems," U.S. Application Serial No. 11/856,521 is a continuation of U.S. Application Serial No. 10/606,204, filed June 25, 2003, entitled "Solar Array Support Methods and Systems," which is now U.S. Patent No. 7,285,719 , which claims priority to Provisional Application Serial No. 60/459,711, filed April 2, 2003, entitled "Solar Sculpture Energy and Utility Array," each of which is incorporated herein by reference.

technical field

The present invention relates to the field of solar energy capture, and more particularly, to devices, systems, and methods related to solar energy capture including photovoltaic (PV) solar cell panels supported by cable and pole systems.

Background technique

Existing systems for supporting solar panels tend to be bulky and expensive. Given the size and weight of such systems, solar panel arrays are difficult and expensive to implement in remote locations. When large installations are required, it becomes very difficult to install solar panel arrays in environmentally sensitive areas without significantly affecting the surrounding habitat. Typically, such support systems do not allow for the secondary use of the solar panel array.

Photovoltaic technology continues to advance, not only in the energy efficiency of PV cells to convert solar energy into electricity, but also in the underlying structures used in PV panels in various installations. One advancement of PV panels includes tubular or cylindrical PV elements. These types of PV elements have the ability to capture sunlight across greater angles and also provide increased surface area for capturing sunlight when the elements are packed closely together.

Despite advances in PV technology, there remains a need for solar panel systems that use fewer and less expensive materials for supporting the panels. There has also developed a need for solar panel systems to provide electrical energy in locations where solar panel systems have traditionally not been possible due to uneven terrain or due to an inadequate amount of land available for installation.

Contents of the invention

In a preferred embodiment, the present invention includes a system for supporting a solar panel array. The system includes at least two pairs of vertical columns, where each pair includes a long column and a short column. Pairs of vertical uprights are arranged a distance apart. The first support cables are fixed between the short uprights, and the second support cables are fixed between the long uprights. Guy wire or other anchoring devices may be attached to the columns to provide lateral support to the columns against the tension created by the support cables suspended between spaced columns. The system also includes a solar panel receiver or pod secured to the two support cables. The solar panel container or pod is used to support the solar panel. The containers/pods may include maintenance catwalks or other elements that enable access to each container/pod for maintenance.

In another exemplary embodiment, the invention includes a system for providing both shading and electricity. The system may include columns, support cables, and one or more solar panel containers to support the solar panels as in the solar panel array support system described above. The uprights are sized to enable activity below the solar panel container. For example, if the desired activity is to provide a sheltered parking lot, the columns may be of a height that enables vehicles to park beneath the solar panel receptacle, and the columns may be spaced apart to create a sheltered area sized to correspond to the desired area of the parking lot .

In another exemplary embodiment, the present invention includes a system for supporting a solar panel array, the system comprising at least four anchor points, wherein a first support cable is suspended between a first pair of anchor points, a second The support cables are suspended between the second pair of anchor points. The system also includes a solar panel container supported by the first and second support cables, the solar panel container also adapted to receive one or more solar panels.

In another embodiment, the invention includes a method of supporting a solar panel array. The method includes the step of supporting a solar panel container adapted to receive one or more solar panels using cables. In another embodiment, the invention includes a method of creating a sheltered space using an array of solar panels that generate electricity, wherein the method also includes using electricity to cool an area beneath the array. For example, electricity generated from the array can be used to power a water pump that delivers water to a water-misting device secured to the array. A network of water pipes and mist nozzles can be distributed throughout the array to provide cooling below the array, which when combined with the shading created by the array above, can be used to effectively cool the area below the array.

In another embodiment, various combinations of curved and planar shaped panel containers are used in solar arrays sized to meet specific installation requirements.

In other embodiments, the invention includes systems that include various combinations of support cables, anchor lines, anchors, and support posts.

Systems and methods for supporting solar cell panel arrays may be configured such that the panel arrays are supported by members in tension, compression, or a combination of both. To support a solar panel in tension, the main support cables are suspended from uprights or other stationary supports, and the cables are allowed to hang over the opposite uprights by a curvature determined by the amount of tension applied to the cables / between stationary supports. These main cables include an upper cable and a lower cable arranged vertically below the upper cable. A vertically oriented interconnection cable interconnects the upper and lower cables. The combination of upper cables, lower cables, and interconnecting cables can be defined as a truss. A plurality of trusses may be used to support the solar panel array, wherein the trusses may be spaced apart from each other and extend generally parallel to each other. The pods or containers are arranged such that they extend transversely between adjacent trusses. When cables are used for all elements of the truss, the truss can be further characterized as a tension truss. It is also contemplated that a rigid interconnecting member may be used between the upper and lower cables to create a truss that places the interconnecting member in compression, such that the truss may be further characterized as a compression truss.

The pod or container may be curved in shape or planar so that the solar panel conforms to the general curvature or extends in a flat, planar configuration. One way of mounting the pod is to create a generally convex pod installation that follows the convex bend of the upper or main cable. Another way of mounting the pod is to create a generally concave pod installation that follows the concave bend of the lower main cable. Combinations of convex and concave mounting are also considered. The system of the present invention is also well suited for creating solar panel arrays that may have complex curved shapes. In this complex curved shape aspect of the invention, spacers can be used where the struts connect to the main cables, thus enabling the pods to maintain irregular orientations relative to the cables, which can be parallel to each other or to each other. extend non-parallel. Alternatively, a ball joint connection may be used where the strut is connected to the main cable, enabling the pod to maintain an irregular orientation relative to the cable.

In several embodiments of the invention, the solar panel array may be a freestanding structure in which the array is supported only by a system of cables and posts. In other embodiments, solar panel arrays of the present invention may be supported in part directly by existing structures, such as buildings. In other embodiments, the columns and cables can be used to create portable and permanent structures, where the trusses are used to support not only the solar panel array, but also the roof of the structure.

Solar panel arrays are ideal in conjunction with windmills to supplement electricity production due to the advantageous wind deflecting characteristics achievable by airfoils disposed at selected ends of the solar panel array. In one preferred form, the windmill may be a vertical axis windmill mounted directly to a column or other support of the solar panel array. The aerodynamic properties of the solar panel array can be controlled to cause an increase in the velocity of the airflow as it passes over the solar panel, the airflow being captured as useful wind energy for powering the windmill.

In other systems and methods of the invention, the pods or containers may be mounted such that the pods are rotatable along a single or multiple axes so that the panels can better track the movement of the sun, thereby enhancing power output. Thus, the present invention can incorporate single and dual tracking devices to selectively rotate the orientation of solar panels.

The present invention also provides a mechanism for selectively adjusting the tension in interconnected cables caused by tensioning devices mounted directly to the cable truss. For example, tensioning devices may be mounted on adjacent upper or lower main cables, and interconnecting cables extending diagonally or vertically pass through the roller mechanism of each tensioning device.

In another aspect of the invention, the type and arrangement of the pods/containers and the type of PV cells are selected based on the specific intended use of the invention, such as whether the invention is intended for power generation only, or also for secondary Essential functions such as providing shelter, serving as a structure with a canopy, and others. For example, the solar panels may be conventional planar solar panels mounted on the container/pod in a desired arrangement. In another example, the solar panel may comprise cylindrical PV cells, such as those manufactured by Solyndra™ of Fremont, California. As mentioned, one advantage of tubular/columnar PV elements is that they provide increased surface area for the photovoltaic cells compared to planar PV cells, and that tubular cells are self-tracking because when sunlight is in the A portion of the outer surface of the tube can be more easily oriented in direct relation to the sunlight as the angle changes throughout the day.

Because many different arrangements of solar panels can be created from cable and pole combinations, the invention has the ability to be applied in many different land uses. The system of the present invention can be easily constructed in wide open spaces and is also suitable for installation in urban environments subject to constraints of land spacing and sloped topography. The system of the present invention can also be easily integrated for a variety of secondary purposes including, for example, the generation of shading, the support of underlying structures, supplementary power generation through the incorporation of windmills.

Further advantages and features of the systems and methods of the present invention will become apparent upon examination of the following drawings and detailed description.

Description of drawings

Figure 1 is a perspective view of a solar panel array supported according to an exemplary embodiment;

Figure 2 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a solar panel array supported according to an exemplary embodiment;

Figure 3 is a horizontal cross-sectional view of a solar panel array supported according to an exemplary embodiment;

Figure 4 is a rear perspective view of an exemplary solar panel array;

5 is a side perspective view of an exemplary solar panel array;

Figure 6 is a rear perspective view of an exemplary pod showing several struts and cords to create rigid members;

Figure 7 is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary pod including several optional features;

Figure 8 is a front perspective view of several solar panel receivers linked together;

Fig. 9 is a front view of several solar cell panel containers connected together;

10 is a front side perspective view of an exemplary solar panel array including a central support member;

11 is a cross-sectional view showing an exemplary solar cell panel array including a central support member;

Figure 12 is a front view of an exemplary solar panel array suspended across a canyon;

13 is a top plan view of an exemplary solar panel array suspended across a canyon;

14 is a perspective view of a solar cell panel array according to another embodiment of the present invention;

Figure 15 is a rear view of the exemplary solar panel array shown in Figure 14;

16 is a side view of the exemplary solar panel array shown in FIG. 14;

Figure 17 is a perspective view of a solar cell panel array in yet another embodiment of the present invention;

Figure 18 is a rear view of the embodiment of Figure 17;

Figure 19 is a perspective view of yet another embodiment of a solar cell panel array according to the present invention;

Figure 20 is a rear view of the embodiment of Figure 19;

Figure 21 is an enlarged side view of the embodiment of Figure 19;

Figure 22 shows another embodiment of a solar panel array according to the present invention;

23 is a perspective view of a multi-row solar panel array;

Figure 24 is another perspective view of a multi-row solar panel array;

Figure 25 is a side view of a solar cell panel array in yet another embodiment of the invention;

26 is an enlarged perspective view of another exemplary pod for supporting a plurality of solar cell panels in accordance with the present invention;

Figure 27 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the present invention showing a three row panel container/pod with both convex and concave curvature when viewed from above;

Figure 28 is an elevational view of the embodiment of Figure 27;

Figure 29 is a top plan view of the embodiment of Figure 27;

Figure 30 is a bottom plan view of the embodiment of Figure 27;

Figure 31 is a side view of the embodiment of Figure 27;

Figure 32 is an enlarged fragmentary perspective view of the embodiment of Figure 27 showing the pod structure, cable connections, and manner in which the solar panels are mounted to the curved (curved) struts of the panel receptacle/pod row the details;

Figure 32A is a greatly enlarged detail of Figure 32 showing the intersection of four panel receptacles/pods and showing the gap between each pod and the cable arrangement providing support;

Figure 33 is another enlarged fragmentary perspective view of the embodiment of Figure 27 but showing an alternative configuration for curved struts extending continuously across rows of pods;

Figure 34 is a perspective view of yet another embodiment of the present invention showing a three row panel container/pod with a convex curvature when viewed from above;

Figure 35 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the present invention showing a three row panel container/pod with a concave curvature when viewed from above;

Figure 36 is a perspective view of yet another embodiment of the present invention showing a plurality of three-row configurations joined to form an array with three main spans;

Figure 37 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the present invention showing a plurality of three-row formations joined to form an array having three main spans;

Figure 38 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the present invention showing multiple three-row configurations joined to form an array with three main spans, and multiple rows formed in the array by removing selected panel pods/pods. open mouth

Figure 39 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the present invention, showing three groups of three rows of compartments spaced apart from each other;

Figure 40 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the present invention showing a plurality of three-row formations joined to form an array having three main spans and incorporating different columns;

Figure 41 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the invention showing a plurality of three-row formations joined to form an array with three main spans similar to the embodiment in Figure 41, but incorporating angularly extending outer columns.

Figure 42 is a perspective view of another embodiment particularly suitable for installation over an aqueduct.

Figure 43 is a plan view of the embodiment of Figure 42;

Figure 44 is an elevational view taken along line 44-44 of Figure 42;

Figure 45 is another elevational view taken along line 45-45 of Figure 4;

Figure 46 is a perspective view of the embodiment of Figure 42 with the solar panel and container removed to better illustrate the cable placement;

Figure 47 is another perspective view as in Figure 46, but also showing the protective film mounted to the lower support cable;

Figure 48 is yet another perspective view of yet another embodiment of the present invention;

Figure 49 is a plan view of the embodiment of Figure 48;

Figure 50 is a perspective view of another pod or container structure according to another embodiment of the present invention;

Figure 51 is a perspective view of the container of Figure 50 with solar panels installed;

Figure 52 is a reverse perspective view of the container/pod and solar panel of the embodiment of Figures 50 and 51;

Figure 53 is an elevational view taken along line 53-53 of Figure 51;

Figure 54 is another elevational view taken along line 54-54 of Figure 51;

Figure 55 is a plan view of another pod or container structure according to another embodiment of the present invention;

Figure 56 is a perspective view of the embodiment of Figure 55 showing the pod/container structure;

Figure 57 is a perspective view of an array incorporating the triangular-shaped pods/containers shown in the embodiment of Figures 55 and 56;

Figure 58 is a perspective view according to another embodiment of the present invention;

Figure 59 is a side view taken along line 59-59 of Figure 58 showing more detail of this embodiment;

Figure 60 is a perspective view of yet another embodiment of the invention incorporating a pair of airfoils at each end of the array;

Figure 60A is an enlarged fragmentary perspective view of one of the airfoils, and specifically showing an example pod/container structure;

Figure 61 is a side view of one of the arrays of the present invention, and specifically shows the pressure pattern exerted on the array based on the air flow running over and through the array;

Figure 62 is another elevational view of the array shown in Figure 61, but incorporating airfoils that alter the airflow pattern created when air contacts the array;

Figure 63 is a perspective view of the embodiment shown in Figure 14, but also incorporating a flexible seal bracket between the containers;

Figure 64 is an enlarged fragmentary perspective view taken along line 64-64 of Figure 63 showing details of the seal bracket;

Figure 65 is an elevational view of another preferred embodiment of the present invention including an adjustable tensioning device;

Figure 66 is an enlarged view of a portion of Figure 65 showing the adjustable tensioning device;

Figure 67 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 67/67 of Figure 66 showing more detail of the adjustable tensioning device;

Figure 68 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the invention comprising a plurality of vertical axis windmills mounted to columns of a solar panel array;

Figure 69 is an elevational view of the embodiment of Figure 68 taken along line 69-69, the embodiment further comprising airfoils attached to opposite ends of the array, the airfoils altering the airflow over the array and thereby enhancing the windmill's ability to generate electricity;

Figure 70 is a plan view of the embodiment of Figure 68;

Figure 71 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 71/71 of Figure 68 showing more detail of the embodiment of Figure 68;

Figure 72 is an elevational view of another embodiment of the invention incorporating a combination of tension and compression members in a truss to enable both convex and concave mounting of solar panels;

Figure 73 is an elevational view of the embodiment of Figure 72 showing another span of pods and vertical axis windmills incorporated in the installation of a solar panel array to a building;

Figure 74 is a perspective view of a solar panel array as in the embodiment of Figure 73, with the vertical axis windmill and the underlying roof structure removed for clarity in showing the arrangement of the array;

Figure 75 is an elevational view of another embodiment of the present invention showing a compression truss with solar panels mounted on the lower main cable to create a concave arrangement of solar panels;

Figure 76 is an elevational view of another embodiment of the present invention showing a compression truss for supporting an array of solar panels arranged in a horizontal plane and also used to support a canopy or canopy incorporated in the array (covering);

77 is another elevational view of another embodiment of the present invention showing a compression truss used to support an array of solar panels and also used to support a canopy or covering incorporated in the array, wherein the The array follows the contour of the canopy/cover;

78 is another elevational view showing a compression truss for supporting solar panels and a building canopy or covering disposed beneath the solar panels;

Figure 79 is a perspective view of one embodiment showing two spans of a compression truss arrangement;

Figure 80 is an elevational view taken along line 80-80 of Figure 79;

Figure 81 is a perspective view of a panel container or pod supporting multiple solar panels arranged to form a complex shape at different angles as the solar panels are supported between pairs of adjacent cables extend;

Figure 82 is a perspective view of the embodiment of Figure 81 with the solar panel removed to reveal the container/pod structure;

Figure 83 is a greatly enlarged fragmentary elevational view of the connection between the main support beam and the upper support cables of a pod employing a ball joint configuration;

Figure 84 is another greatly enlarged fragmentary elevation view of the connection between the main support beam and the support cables of a pod utilizing shims or wedges to achieve The desired offset orientation between the main support beam and the cable;

Figure 85 is an elevational view taken along line 85-85 of Figure 82 showing the orientation of the pod elements and support cables without solar panels installed;

Figure 86 is an elevational view taken along line 86-86 of Figure 82 showing the solar panel mounted to the container;

87 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a two-span male mounted pod incorporating compression trusses;

Figure 88 is an elevational view taken along line 88-88 of Figure 87;

Figure 89 is a perspective view of Figure 87 with the solar panel removed to expose the pod structure;

Fig. 90 is an enlarged fragmentary perspective view of the pod in the embodiment of Fig. 89 with the solar panel removed to reveal the specific configuration of the pod elements;

Figure 91 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the present invention that can incorporate dual tracking capabilities with respect to the orientation of the pod in two separate adjustments so that the pod can be adjusted by rotation along two separate axes. track the sun;

Figure 92 is an elevational view taken along line 92-92 of Figure 91;

Figure 93 is an elevational view taken along line 93-93 of Figure 91;

Figure 94 is a plan view of Figure 91;

Figure 95 is an enlarged fragmentary perspective view of a dual axis tracking mechanism provided in connection with the present invention and incorporated by way of example in the embodiment of Figure 91;

Figure 96 is an enlarged fragmentary perspective view of a single axis tracking mechanism provided in connection with the present invention and incorporated by way of example in the embodiment of Figure 91;

Figure 97 is an elevational view of a weight that may be used to stabilize a truss during construction of an array according to another aspect of the invention;

Figure 98 is an elevational view of another type of truss where weights can be used to stabilize the truss during construction of the array;

Figure 99 is an enlarged fragmentary elevational view of a temporary truss support assembly usable during construction of the truss;

Figure 99A is an enlarged view of a portion of Figure 99 detailing the connections between the temporary truss supports and the cables of the truss;

Figure 100 is an elevational view of a type of temporary or permanent truss support feature that enables a truss component such as two compression members of the truss to extend on opposite sides of a cable;

Figure 101 is a perspective view of another preferred embodiment of a solar panel array according to the present invention, wherein a single tracking capability is provided for linearly extending rows of solar panels;

Figure 102 is an elevational view taken along line 102-102 of Figure 101;

Figure 103 is an elevational view taken along line 103-103 of Figure 101;

Figure 104 is a plan view of the embodiment of Figure 101;

Figure 105 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the present invention in which a single tracking capability is provided for solar panels that are independently controllable for tracking functionality;

Figure 106 is an elevational view taken along line 106/106 of Figure 105;

Figure 107 is a plan view of the embodiment of Figure 105;

Figure 108 is an enlarged fragmentary perspective view of the pod in the embodiment of Figure 105 with the solar panel removed to reveal the structure of the pod elements;

Figure 109 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the present invention showing a two-span convex mounted pod with single axis tracking capability mounted to follow the contour of the upper cable;

Figure 110 is a side view taken along line 110-110 of Figure 109:

Figure 111 is a plan view of the embodiment of Figure 109;

Figure 112 is a perspective view of yet another embodiment of the present invention showing a two-span convex mounted pod with single axis tracking capability mounted to achieve a planar configuration;

Figure 113 is a side view taken along line 113-113 of Figure 112;

Figure 114 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the present invention showing a two-span convex mounted pod with single axis tracking capability and pod mounted to achieve a planar configuration where the pod is on the upper line of the truss The middle between the cable and the lower cable;

Figure 115 is a side view taken along line 115-115 of Figure 114;

Figure 116 is a side view showing the single tracking capability of the inventive inverted orientation pods to account for shadowing situations created by the array;

Figure 117 is an enlarged fragmentary perspective view of a representative embodiment of the invention incorporating a tubular or cylindrical shaped PV element;

Figure 118 is a schematic view of another single-axis tracking mechanism in accordance with the present invention, wherein a biasing capability is provided to allow a certain range of permissible rotation of the pod in response to high winds; and

Fig. 119 is a schematic diagram of a control system related to another aspect of the present invention.

detailed description

The following detailed description should be read with reference to the accompanying figures. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, but instead depict exemplary embodiments and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

Figure 1 is a perspective view of a solar panel array supported according to an exemplary embodiment. A solar panel array 10 is shown including a number of solar panel containers or pods 12 . Pairs of short posts 14a, 14b and long posts 16a, 16b are aligned with each other. Pairs of uprights 14 a , 16 a and 14 b , 16 b may also be connected by stabilization cables 18 running along the edges of array 10 . The solar panel container 12 remains above the surface 20 at a height 22 determined by the uprights 14a, 14b, 16a, 16b. A first main cable 24 is suspended between the short uprights 14a, 14b and a second main cable 26 is suspended between the long uprights 16a, 16b. The solar panel container 12 is designed to be supported by the cables 24, 26 so that the overall design is a lightweight, flexible, strong solar panel array 10 leaving some usable sheltered space underneath. Anchor lines 28 and anchors 30 may be used to provide further support and enable the use of lightweight columns 14a, 14b, 16a, 16b. The anchor line 28 may be a cable or a steel rod.

Surface 20 may be, for example, a generally flat area of the ground, a picnic spot in a park, a parking lot, or a playground. Height 22 may be selected to enable desired activities below array 10 . For example, if a parking lot is under the array 10, the height 22 may be sufficient to allow ordinary cars and light trucks to park under the array 10, or the height may be higher to allow commercial trucks to park under the array 10. If the playground is below the array 10, the array 10 may have a height 22 selected to allow installation of the desired playground equipment.

Any suitable material and/or structure may be used for the columns 14a, 14b, 16a, and 16b, including, for example, cement, metal, simple columns, or more complex trussed columns. In several embodiments, a footing may be provided below the base of each upright 14a, 14b, 16a, and 16b to provide stability on relatively soft ground. Cables 18, 24, and 26 and anchor wire 28 may be made of any material and design, including, for example, metals, composites, and/or polymeric fibers. In one embodiment, the primary material used in columns 14a, 14b, 16a, and 16b, cables 24 and 26, and anchor line 28 is steel. Since the primary support technology for the array 10 is the cables 24 and 26 under tension, this design is both visually and physically lightweight.

While FIG. 1 shows an embodiment in which the uprights 14a, 14b, 16a, and 16b are "short" or "long," in other embodiments all uprights may be the same height. The invention does not require a particular angle of elevation; however, the invention contemplates that, depending on latitude, time of year, and possibly other factors, certain angles are more effective at capturing incoming sunlight.

Figure 2 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of a solar panel array supported according to an exemplary embodiment. This array 10 shows the relative spacing of the rows of the array 10 and helps show how the stability cables 18 connect the columns 14 and 16 of the array 10 . A stability cable 18 may also be coupled to the anchor member, although not shown in FIG. 2 . It can be seen that the relative heights of the posts 14 and 16 help determine the angle the solar panel container 12 has with respect to incident sunlight. In several embodiments, the posts 14 and 16 or the solar panel container 12 may include a mechanism that allows the angle of the solar panel container 12 to be adjusted. To this end, for example, the length of the uprights 14 , 16 may be adjustable, or the solar panel container 12 may include a mechanism for changing the angle of individual panels or the entire container 12 . For example, as the seasons change, the height of the sun in the sky can change sufficiently to affect the solar panel container 12, so it may be desirable to change the angle of the container 12. Additionally, as the sun moves throughout the day, it may be desirable to vary the angle of the container 12 to improve light reception.

Figure 3 is a horizontal cross-sectional view of a solar panel array supported according to an exemplary embodiment. As shown, array 10 is supported by short columns 14 a and 14 b , long columns 16 a and 16 b , and cables 24 and 26 . Anchor lines 28 and anchors 30 are provided to improve stability and allow the use of lightweight posts 14a, 14b, 16a, and 16b. The solar panel container 12 is shown as a pair of individual units 32 with a gap 34 between each unit 32 . Gaps 34 allow air movement, thereby reducing the amount of windage of array 10 . Since cables 24 and 26 are somewhat flexible, gap 34 also allows for relative movement of unit 32 .

Figure 4 is a rear perspective view of an exemplary solar panel array. As can be seen, the stability cables 18 are coupled in various configurations along the length of the array 10, joining the short posts 14 and the long posts 16 to create a joined structure. The array 10 also includes various anchor cables 28 and anchor points 30 , included at the ends of the array 10 , which may assist in anchoring the stability cables 18 .

FIG. 5 is a perspective side view of an exemplary solar panel array 10 similar to that shown in FIGS. 1-4. As can be appreciated from the various views of FIGS. 1-5, the exemplary array 10 provides easy-to-use, adaptable shielding for a variety of activities.

Figures 6 and 7 illustrate a pod that can be used as a solar panel container. The "pod" shown here is intended to provide an exemplary solar panel container that may be used with the present invention. The solar panel container may of course have various other configurations to perform its function of being adapted to hold one or more solar panels while being coupled to a support cable, as shown herein.

Figure 6 is a rear perspective view of an exemplary pod showing several struts and cords to create a rigid member. Pod 40 is shown with a number of solar panels 42 which may be, for example, photovoltaic panels. A maintenance walkway (walkway) 44 is included as an optional feature of the cabin 40 . A number of curved struts 46 extend vertically along the back of the cabin 40, and a number of horizontal struts 48 are coupled to the curved struts 46 by moment connections. By using moment connections, the overall structure becomes a rigid yet lightweight frame for receiving solar panels 42 . A central post 50 extends out the back of the pod 40 and is connected to truss cables 52 which provide another lightweight but very supportive aspect of the structure. The central strut 50 and truss cables 52 enable the use of a lightweight curved strut 46 to give support to the middle of the curved strut 46 .

In another embodiment, instead of using photovoltaic panels to generate electricity, the present invention can be used to support solar cell panels that harvest solar heat. The solar heat collector can be mounted on a solar panel container as shown here, and thermal energy can be collected using a heat transfer medium pumped through flexible piping. In one such embodiment, ethylene glycol may be used as the moving heat transfer medium, however any suitable material may be used.

7 is a cross-sectional view of an exemplary pod including several optional features. The pod 40 is shown with a solar panel 42 in place. An optional service walkway 44 is again shown below the curved member 46 . Central strut 50 and truss cables 52 still provide support to curved member 46 . The pod 40 may include, for example, a nebulizer 54 that may be used to provide evaporative cooling to shaded areas beneath the solar array where the pod 40 is used. The pod 40 may also include, for example, lights 56 or security cameras. In one embodiment, a solar array may be used to provide a parking shelter, with the solar array storing electricity during the day using, for example, a fuel cell or battery, and then releasing the stored electricity at night by lighting the shelter.

Two cable receptacles 58 and 60 are also shown. While shown as simple openings through which cables may pass, cable receptacles 58 and 60 may take a number of other forms. For example, cable containers 58 and 60 may include a mechanism for releasably locking onto cables. As can be appreciated from FIGS. 6 and 7 , this exemplary pod 40 is designed such that rain is easily directed away from the solar panels as the water slides down the curve of the pod 40 . In other embodiments, the pod 40 may be approximately flat, rather than having the curvature shown, or may have a different curvature than that shown.

Figure 8 is a front perspective view of several solar panel containers joined together. The first solar panel container 70 , the second solar panel container 72 , and the third solar panel container 74 are supported by main upper support cables 76 and main lower support cables 78 . An optional service walkway 80 is also shown. Also included is a flexible electrical cable 82 that allows for the transfer of electrical energy from each of the solar panel containers 70, 72, and 74 when solar energy is captured. The flexible electrical cable 82 may also be used to distribute electrical power to equipment such as security cameras or lighting equipment that may be positioned under the solar panel containers 70 , 72 and 74 .

Figure 9 is a front view of several solar panel containers joined together. Still, solar panel containers 70 , 72 and 74 are shown supported by upper support cables 76 and lower support cables 78 and include optional service walkways 80 . Two flexible electrical cables 82a and 82b are shown in FIG. 9 and may serve the same purpose as described above with respect to FIG. 8 . As best shown in FIG. 9 , there is a gap 84 between the solar panel containers 70 , 72 and 74 . Gaps 84 allow solar panel containers 70, 72, and 74 to move independently, making the overall array less rigid and better suited to withstand high winds. The gap 84 also prevents adjacent solar panel containers (ie 70 and 72 or 72 and 74 ) from damaging each other in windy conditions.

Depending on the desired output of the array, flexible electrical cables 82a and 82b may be coupled to substations for harvesting the generated power and providing output. For example, the electricity collected is inherently DC; the array shown here could easily be used to charge batteries or fuel cells. This electricity can also be used in an electrolyzer to produce hydrogen and oxygen, and the hydrogen obtained can be used as fuel.

10 is a front side perspective view of an exemplary solar panel array including a central support member. The exemplary array 100 includes a number of alternating short columns 102 and long columns 104 from which main lower and upper support cables 106 and 108 are suspended. Anchor wires 110 and anchors 112 provide additional support, and array 100 supports several solar panel containers 114 . Another addition to FIG. 10 is the inclusion of an intermediate support 116 which allows for a longer span to be spanned between the columns 102 and 104 thereby reducing the need to deploy additional anchors 112 . Furthermore, because central support 116 need not provide stability against lateral movement, but only vertical support, central support 116 may be an even lighter weight structure than outer columns 102 and 104 .

FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view showing an exemplary solar cell panel array including an intermediate support member. Still, array 100 is supported through the use of short columns 102 , long columns 104 , lower support cables 106 , and upper support cables 108 . The array 100 is secured in part by the use of anchor wires 110 and anchors 112, and a number of solar panel containers 114 are supported. The central post 116 provides central support but is not required to increase the lateral stability of the array 100 since there are portions of the array that are pulled equally on both sides of the central post 116 .

12 is a front view of an exemplary solar panel array suspended across a canyon. Array 120 is suspended across canyon 122 through the use of four anchors 124 that enable the suspension of two main support cables 126 and 128 across canyon 122 . Several solar panel containers 130 are supported by support cables 126 and 128 . By suspending the array 120 across the canyon 122, a desired height 132 above the canyon floor can be achieved by the array. The height 132 may be sufficient to allow wildlife to pass underneath.

Several potential environmental benefits of such structures can be seen, including: the structure provides a quiet and safe energy production array, the structure provides shade and/or shelter, and the structure can be installed without extensive heavy machinery. The use of arrays above eroding ground can promote leaf growth in highly exposed locations and thus slow erosion.

13 is a top plan view of an exemplary canyon-mounted solar panel array. As can be seen, array 120 is designed to fit the shape of canyon 122 . In particular, array 120 includes several individual rows of solar panel containers 130 . By varying the number of solar panel containers 130 suspended by each pair of support cables, relatively short lines 134 can fit in relatively narrow places in canyon 122, while longer lines 136 and 138 span the canyon 122. wider part.

14-16 illustrate another preferred embodiment of the invention in the form of a solar panel array 200 comprising a plurality of containers or pods 214 supported by another arrangement of cables and posts. More specifically, Figures 14 and 15 show a plurality of spaced pods 214 each including a number of solar panels 216, a first main lower cable 206 supporting one end of the pods and a second main upper cable 208 supporting the pods the opposite end of the . A first cable 206 is stringed between the short columns 204 and a second cable 208 is stringed between the long columns 202 . A pair of supplementary (supplementary) support cables are also provided to further support the pod 214 , ie front supplementary support cables 210 and rear supplementary support cables 211 . Cables 210 and 211 are particularly useful for resisting the upward force generated by wind loads. Several vertically oriented connection cables 212 interconnect the supplementary support cables 210 and 211 to their corresponding first and second cables 206 and 208 . The embodiment of FIGS. 14-16 also includes a cross-support 220 extending between uprights 202 and 204 . Members 202, 204, and 220 may be metallic and fabricated from materials such as steel or aluminum; and these members may be configured as I-beams, channels, tubular members, and the like. Gaps 222 provided between the pods 214 allow wind to pass between the pods, thus preventing damage to the system in high wind conditions. An anchor line 224 extends from each post to a respective anchor 218 . It should be understood that additional anchor wires 224 may be added to provide the necessary support to the columns. FIG. 15 is a rear view of the embodiment of FIG. 14 , better showing supplemental support cables 210 and 211 .

The side view of Figure 16 also shows that the anchor wires 224 can be placed in-line with the posts to minimize the side profile of the system. Figures 14-16 also show several other geometric features that determine the structure and overall appearance of the system. For example, the supplementary support cables 210 and 211 are coplanar with their corresponding first/second cables 206 and 208 . The panel receptacle or pod 214 has a first end at a first elevation, and a second end at a second, lower elevation. The panel receptacles or pods 214 are generally rectangular in shape and are evenly spaced from one another along the first and second cables 206 and 208 . The first cable 206 defines a first curved portion and the second cable 208 defines a second curved portion extending generally parallel to the first curved portion. The supplementary support cables 210 and 211 have substantially opposite bends compared to the first and second cables 206 and 208, and the supplementary support cables 210 and 211 also extend generally parallel to each other. The gap 222 between the panels 216 may be generally triangular in shape such that the portion of the gap adjacent the second cable 208 is smaller than the portion of the gap adjacent the first cable 206 . As also shown in FIGS. 15 and 16 , the posts 202 and 204 extend at an angle from the mounting surface such that the upper ends of the posts 202 and 204 are farther apart from each other than the lower ends of the posts 202 and 204 . Angling the columns to the exterior of the structure in this manner increases the effectiveness of the structure to resist horizontal forces such as wind or seismic loads; Reduced in size.

Depending on where the solar panel array will be installed, it may be necessary to adjust the position of the posts to take advantage of the available floor space and maximize the area covered by the solar panel array. For example, if an array of solar panels is used to shade a parking lot, it may be necessary to adjust the position of the columns based on the space available in the parking lot to maximize the overall area covered by the solar panels of the non-vertical columns. Thus, in the embodiment of Figures 14-16, the non-vertical uprights enable the cluster of pods to stretch over a larger overall area than the use of vertical uprights anchored at the same upright location. Additionally, arranging the posts in various combinations of both vertical and angular extension from the mounting surface also achieves several aesthetic benefits.

Fig. 17 shows another embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, intermediate supports 230 are provided that extend vertically from the ground, while the outer or outer uprights extend at an angle, as shown in FIG. 15 . In this embodiment, containers or pods 214 may also be identified to correspond to a first group 226 and a second group 228 . In a first set 226 , pods 214 extend between an intermediate support 230 and one of the pairs of outer uprights, while a second set 228 of pods extend between the opposite pair of outer uprights and the intermediate support 230 . FIG. 18 is a rear view of the embodiment of FIG. 17 , further disclosing specific details of this embodiment to include supplemental support cables 210 and 211 .

Fig. 19 shows another preferred embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, instead of a single post secured to the mounting surface, posts 240 and 242 are arranged in a V-shaped configuration. The lower ends of the uprights 240 and 242 are anchored at the same location, while the upper ends of the uprights 240 and 242 diverge from each other. As with the previous embodiments, the V-configuration uprights 240 and 242 may be made from tubular members or other types of metal members. Also, as shown, the anchor lines 224 for each pair of V-configured studs may be oriented such that there is a single anchor point 218 from which the anchor lines extend. The V-shaped posts minimize the number of anchors 218 required for this array configuration.

Referring to FIG. 20, a rear view of the embodiment of FIG. 19 is provided. This figure also shows the manner in which the various anchor lines 224 for each pair of studs terminate at a common anchor point 218 . Figure 21 illustrates this approach in which the anchor wire 224 can extend in a V-shaped configuration to fit the posts 240 and 242 and thus minimize the side profile of the system. Additionally, in this embodiment, a stabilizing cable 244 extending between the upper ends of the pair of uprights may be provided.

FIG. 22 shows another preferred embodiment of the invention in which V-shaped upright supports 240 and 242 are utilized in a long row of pods 214 . More specifically, a pair of outer or end uprights 246 and a pair of middle uprights 248 are provided. Based on the desired length of the solar panel array, the necessary combination of intermediate post supports can be provided for proper structural support.

Referring to Figure 23, another embodiment of the present invention is shown comprising multiple rows 250 of solar panel arrays, and wherein post supports 202 and 204 extend generally vertically from the mounting surface. In this embodiment, note that the anchor lines 224 for each pair of uprights extend to a common anchor point 218 . The rows 250 can be selectively spaced apart from each other to provide optimum area coverage for the solar panel array, as well as optimum shade where the array is used to shade a structure such as a parking lot. Accordingly, it should be understood that the rows 250 may be spaced closer to each other, or further apart, depending on the particular purpose of the installation.

FIG. 24 illustrates another preferred embodiment of the present invention showing rows 252 of solar panel arrays with a V-post configuration for post supports 240 and 242 . As with the embodiment shown in Fig. 23, the rows 252 may be spaced closer together, or further apart, depending on the particular purpose of the installation. Figure 24 also shows several additional anchor wires 225 to further stabilize the rows 252 of the solar panel array. These anchor lines 225 are particularly useful for coping with laterally oriented forces such as wind.

For the various embodiments of the present invention, it should be understood that the specific height at which the solar cell panels are located can be selectively adjusted according to the specific purpose of the installation.

Figure 25 shows another preferred embodiment of the present invention, wherein individual solar cell panels 216 may be rotatably mounted to their corresponding support pods or containers. As shown, the embodiment of FIG. 25 incorporates curved struts 260 and pivotal mounts 262 that enable each solar panel 216 to be positioned at a desired angle relative to the sun. The pivot mount 262 can take a variety of forms. For example, a pivotal chassis 262 may include a continuous member such as a steel rod or a square tubular member that extends horizontally across the corresponding container or pod and is secured to the overlying solar panel 216 . The rod is then rotatably mounted within the container or pod such that the solar panel 216 can be steered and rotated to a desired inclination corresponding to an optimal sun capture orientation. This configuration of mounting solar panels on circular or square tubes provides additional strength and rigidity to the structure of the pod and reduces the torsion imposed on the solar panels by wind loads that cause the pod to move in the wind force and in-plane force.

Figure 26 shows a container or pod 214 that may incorporate a set of linear or straight struts. As shown, a plurality of first struts 270, and a plurality of orthogonally oriented second struts 272 are provided to support the solar panel 216 mounted to the pod. The container or pod shown in Figure 26 supports a set of ten solar cell panels 216 arranged in a 2 by 5 matrix. The width of the cabin may be determined as the distance between the outermost or outer first struts 270 and the height of the cabin may be determined as the distance between the outermost or outer second struts 272 . The height of the pod can be increased by extending the length of the first strut 270 without securing the cables 206 and 208 at opposite ends of the pod, which would require the cables 206 and 208 to spread farther and thus widen The overall size of the array. For this extended pod length, the cables 206 remain attached at their normal spacing and the extended ends of the struts 270 simply extend beyond the cables in a cantilevered arrangement. In this alternative pod configuration, additional solar panels can be added to increase the energy production capability of the array without adjusting other design parameters. The spacing of the pods when mounted to the cable depends on several factors such as the weight of the pods and panels, wind conditions, snow load conditions and others. In one aspect of the invention, it may be acceptable for several installations to space the pods with a gap between the pods that does not exceed the width of the pods.

For the illustrated pod shown in FIG. 26 , cable receptacles 58 and 60 (eg, as shown in FIG. 7 ) may be incorporated on the pod to enable attachment of the pod to cables 206 and 208 . As previously mentioned, while the cable container may simply be an opening formed at the end of the pod, the cable container may take another form, such as a mechanism that selectively locks the pod to the cable and thus Enables the pod to be removed for repair or replacement. Thus, it should be understood that the pods can be removed from the cable as desired to create another different combination of pod arrangements or to selectively replace/repair defective solar panels.

FIG. 27 illustrates another embodiment of the invention, shown as a solar array 300 comprising three rows, or sets of panel containers/pods 302, 304, and 306 extending linearly. Outer rows 302 and 306 are of identical construction and are supported at their ends by corresponding uprights 316 . As such, posts 316 are located at the corners of the rectangular solar array. In this embodiment, the posts 316 are v-shaped, while their lower ends are received in a common anchor/footer, and their upper ends diverge from each other and are curved as shown. The cables used to support the pod 322 in this embodiment are similar to those shown in the embodiment of FIG. 14; however, in the embodiment of FIG. 27, the pod 322 is oriented to run more parallel to the ground surface, As explained in more detail below with reference to FIGS. 32 and 33 . Row 304 is suspended between rows 302 and 306, and does not directly support the end support columns of row 304; and also supports the respective sides of adjacent rows 302 and 306. As shown in FIG. 28 , a supplementary lower main cable 310 is disposed below the upper cable 308 and has an opposite bend to the cable 308 . A vertically oriented interconnection cable 312 connects the upper cable 308 and the lower cable 310 . The upper cable 308, the lower cable 310, and the cable 312 interconnecting the upper and lower cables may collectively be referred to as a truss. In the example of FIG. 28 , each of the truss members is in tension, so the truss can be further determined as a tension truss or a tension truss. Spanning support cables or bars 314 (shown in FIG. 32 ) are disposed between the upper diverging ends of the upright members 316 . A plurality of anchor cables 318 interconnect posts 316 with anchor points 320 , also shown in FIG. 28 .

As also shown in FIG. 27, pods 322 in row 302 and pods 322 in row 306 have a convex curvature when the array is viewed from above, while row 304 has a concave curvature when viewed from above. This composite curved section arrangement of the rows 302, 304, and 306 provides a contoured appearance and can provide certain benefits such as limiting wind and snow load conditions, as well as how the array can be oriented to best capture direct sunlight aspects to provide greater optionality.

Referring to FIG. 29, rows 302, 304, and 306 are shown extending straight or linearly and parallel to each other. The embodiment of FIG. 27 provides an array of pods configured for 3x11; however, it should be understood that the length of the array can be altered to best fit a particular installation so that rows of pods can be combined as desired. Fewer or more pods. If the length of the pod is to be increased, internal uprights may be provided between the spans, as explained below with reference to the embodiment shown eg in Figures 36-41.

The bottom plan view of Fig. 30 also shows the specific arrangement of the cables to include how the complementary lower cables 310 are secured to each column member 316 and then run in arcs or curves along the length of each row. Figure 31 also shows the convex and concave compound curvature of the array when viewed from the side view of the array.

Referring to Figure 32, this enlarged fragmentary perspective view shows the manner in which solar panels 334 may be mounted to the panel receptacle/pod. Solar panels 334 are mounted to a collection of curved struts 330 and vertically oriented, straight/linear struts 332 . In particular, each pod 322 is shown with a set of three curved struts 330, and three straight struts 332; however, depending on the loading conditions, the use of two curved struts 330 and two straight struts 332 may provide sufficient structural support. The spacing of this 2x2 strut arrangement can be designed to provide maximum support for the overlying solar panels. For example, it would be ideal to space the columns in a 2x2 arrangement such that the solar panels have some overhang beyond the outer edges of the columns. For rows 302 and 306, the curved struts are arranged in an orientation such that the ends are bent downward and the middle portion or region of the curved struts extends above the ends. For row 304, the curved struts are inverted so that the ends are bent upwards and the mid-region of the struts is below the ends. The curved portions of struts 330 in rows 302 and 306 provide a top-view convex appearance, while the curved portions of struts 330 in row 304 provide a top-view concave appearance.

Referring to FIG. 32A, a greatly enlarged plan view of a portion of FIG. 32 is shown. This view shows the intersection of four panel pods/pods, with longitudinal gaps 309 separating the pods between rows and transverse gaps 313 separating the three pods of the transverse groups across the width of the array. The upper cable 308 bisects the longitudinal gap 309 between facing struts 332 . Interconnecting member 311 spans gap 309 and interconnects facing ends of struts 332 . The interconnecting member 311 may be, for example, a short length of cable, or may be a more rigid member such as a rod or a plate. Where more rigid members are used, such as rods or plates, moment connections may be employed where members 311 are connected to the respective ends of struts 332 . It is also contemplated that, in order to increase the rigidity or stability of the array, additional members 311 may be provided to span the gap 313 and thus interconnect the facing curved struts 330 .

Referring now to FIG. 33 , a different arrangement of struts is shown in which curved struts 330 are continuous across the entire width or lateral portion of the array. In this embodiment, since there is no gap or separation 309 between row 304 and the outer rows 302 and 306, the array is more rigid. The array still maintains the same corrugated shape, but is more rigid in the transverse or lateral direction. Thus, this strut arrangement can increase the resistance of the structure to horizontal loads from wind or seismic events, especially if cables 308 are sized to handle such anticipated loads.

Referring now to FIG. 34 , another embodiment of a solar cell array 300 is shown in which the middle or inner rows 304 have a convex configuration, as opposed to the concave configuration shown in FIG. 27 . Accordingly, curved struts 330 for row 304 are oriented in the same manner as the curved struts used in rows 302 and 306, such that the opposite ends of the struts are bent downward. This specific arrangement of the pods may also provide benefits in terms of handling wind or snow load conditions, maximizing direct sun exposure, and providing a different aesthetic appearance. In addition, more complete drainage is achieved by providing a convex upper surface, so that this cabin arrangement is particularly suitable for climates with heavy precipitation.

Referring to FIG. 35 , another configuration of array 300 is provided wherein each row 302 , 304 and 306 has a concave configuration, such as the configuration of row 304 in FIG. 27 . Accordingly, struts 330 are each oriented such that opposite ends are bent upward. This embodiment can also provide several benefits in terms of loading, maximizing sunlight capture, and different aesthetics.

Referring to Figure 36, another embodiment of the present invention is shown that includes three main spans 342, 344, and 346 in a larger solar array system 340. A span is defined as extending transversely with respect to a row of pods. This embodiment includes multiple sets of the three-row configuration shown in Figure 27 with interconnecting rows 304 between each set. Thus, Figure 36 shows rows of pods 302, 304, and 306 connected in series with one another. FIG. 36 also shows a gap 347 between spans 342 , 344 , and 346 that receives the installation of intermediate column 316 . The embodiment of FIG. 36 is ideal for those installations where it is desired to maximize solar panel shade in a defined space, eg, to maximize power generation and/or provide shaded areas beneath the solar panels.

FIG. 37 illustrates another embodiment of the present invention, a display array 350 comprising three laterally oriented spans 352, 354, and 356. As shown in FIG. This embodiment also incorporates sets of three-row configurations of pods 302, 304, and 306 arranged in series with each other and including interconnecting rows 304 between each three-row grouping. In contrast to post 316 of FIG. 36, this post 316 is shown as a v-shaped member and has no bends. A gap 357 is provided to allow the installation of the center post 316 . Figure 37 also shows that the pod incorporates continuous struts in a lateral or transverse direction, thus eliminating gap 309 while maintaining gap 313 when looking at Figure 32A.

Figure 38 shows another embodiment of the invention showing one array 360 similar to the array 350 of Figure 37, but the array of Figure 38 also incorporates multiple A gap or open space 368 is formed. Gap 367 enables installation of center post 316 . Three spans 362, 364 and 366 are shown in this embodiment. Removing the pods in this manner may serve one of several purposes, such as to alter wind/snow loading conditions, to provide additional sunlight below the array, or to provide a desired visual impression. The increased amount of sunlight below the array will also promote better plant growth, which may be desirable in some installations where the landscaping below the array incorporates selected vegetation.

Referring to FIG. 39, another preferred embodiment of the present invention is shown showing three spaced arrays 370, and each array 370 has three main spans 372, 374, and 376, and rows 302, 304, 376 in a three-row configuration. and 306. In the embodiment of FIG. 39 , rather than providing pods of interconnected rows 304 , there is complete separation within the array 370 . Gap 377 provides mounting spacing for center post 316 . This embodiment may be used in installations where it is necessary to provide clearance between the arrays due to interfering structures or the presence of natural obstructions, such as trees, lampposts, and the like. Safety requirements can also be accommodated by this gap, so that emergency vehicles having a greater height can more easily enter the area below and between the arrays. Alternatively, it may be desirable for installations with a greater amount of sunlight between groups of pods by spaced arrays.

FIG. 40 shows another embodiment of the invention shown as an array 380 comprising three main spans 382 , 384 , and 386 . This embodiment also incorporates a three-row configuration of rows 302, 304, and 306 and an interconnect row 304 between each three-row grouping. Gap 387 provides mounting space for intermediate post 388 . In this embodiment, the columns 388 are pairs of spaced vertical members with interconnected, horizontally oriented spanning supports 389 .

Figure 41 shows another preferred embodiment of the present invention, displaying array 390 comprising three main spans 392, 394, and 396, and interconnections between rows 302, 304, and 306 of a three-row configuration and each three-row grouping The repeating arrangement of rows 304 . Spanning support cables or bars 399 are provided between the upper ends of the uprights. In this embodiment, the outermost or end set of uprights 400 extend at an angle from the ground, while the inner uprights 398 extend generally perpendicular from the ground. Gaps 397 provide mounting spacing for interior posts 398 .

The embodiment of Figures 27-41 is particularly suitable as a ground mounted solar array, meaning that the height of the columns extends a short distance above the ground, for example eight to fifteen feet. The main purpose of ground-mounted solar arrays is to generate electricity. These ground installations may be located in areas that may not be suitable for other structural purposes, or may be used to fill in non-usable bays within commercial or industrial areas to generate electricity. Because of the lower height at which the solar panel is mounted, there are fewer safety concerns than overhead mounted solar panels. As a result, less support material is required in ground mounted designs, resulting in significant cost savings. For example, row 304 is suspended between rows 302 and 306, thus eliminating the need for additional column support for the pods of this particular row.

For the embodiment of FIGS. 27-41 described above, this cable arrangement is similar to that disclosed with respect to the embodiment of FIG. 14 . The cables 308 run substantially parallel to each other and have substantially the same bends. The cables 310 are arranged below the cables 308 and also run approximately parallel to each other. In contrast to cable 308, cable 310 has a substantially opposite bend. Cable 312 extends generally perpendicularly between cables 308 and 310 . The gap 309 between adjacent rows of pods, as well as the gap 313 between adjacent pods within a row, can be adjusted to best fit a particular purpose installation, as well as provide the necessary support and penetration. Airflow through the gap to optimally cope with wind and snow load conditions.

Figure 42 shows another preferred embodiment of the present invention in a solar panel array 400 specifically designed to be installed over linearly extending ground features such as roads or aqueducts. In the southwestern United States, aqueducts are used to transport large volumes of water from reservoirs to municipalities. The aqueduct is typically a concrete-lined waterway that carries water within the bed 404 of the aqueduct. The sides of the aqueduct are defined by a bank 406 extending above the liquid level 424 of the channel. In the case of the array 400 , the array is designed to span the width of the aqueduct with the ends of the posts 420 positioned outside or outboard of the sloped channel bank 406 . Array 400 provides an efficient method of shading the aqueduct, thereby reducing evaporation that naturally occurs in the aqueduct. Preferably, the array is mounted adjacent to the aqueduct also to disturb or block the wind that would otherwise flow freely over the aqueduct, so the solar panels also act as windshields to further prevent evaporation. Since many parts of the various aqueducts are far away, the solar array can be easily installed above the aqueducts without concern for interference with other man-made structures.

FIG. 42 also shows an optional power substation 450 disposed adjacent to the array 400 in which power is downloaded from the array 400 via a power transmission line 452 . Especially in remote locations, one or more power substations 450 may be required to most efficiently store the energy generated by the array 400, or to transmit power to another substation.

Referring to FIGS. 43 and 44 concurrently, the array 400 includes a plurality of upper main support cables 408 secured to upper ends of respective end columns 420 . A supplementary lower main support cable 410 spans between the lower ends of the end uprights 420 . A plurality of anchor cables 414 provide additional support for end columns 420 . The anchors in Figures 42 and 43 are omitted for clarity. As in the previous embodiments, a plurality of interconnecting cables 412 connect to end columns 420 supporting cables 408 and 410 above and below. The upper cables, lower cables, and interconnecting cables can still be defined as end columns 420 cable trusses. At each longitudinal end of the array 400, a suspension (suspension) cable 416 spans the aqueduct and has a central portion connected at the longitudinal center 419 of the array. At this longitudinal center 419, the upper cable 408, the lower cable 410, and the suspension cable 416 cross. A plurality of interconnecting suspension cables 418 extend longitudinally and interconnect suspension cables 416 to upper support cables 408 . This array 400 comprises a plurality of pods/containers 430, each pod/container 430 comprising several solar cell panels. Pods 430 are selectively spaced apart from each other to form gap 422 . Columns 420 are arranged on the exterior of bank 406 such that array 408 effectively shades the entire width of the aqueduct.

To provide maintenance to the array, walkways 431 may be incorporated in various parts of the array to enable persons to walk to locations on the array to replace damaged solar panels or other components of the system. The walkway can replace a row of solar panels in each adjacent pod. The walkway may be made of lightweight decking material and may also include handrails (not shown). In this figure, only one walkway is shown extending laterally across the aqueduct; however additional walkways may be provided to allow direct lateral and longitudinal access to other areas of the array.

Figure 45 is a longitudinal elevational view taken along line 45-45 showing further details of the structure. Figure 45 also shows the manner in which suspension cables 416 and interconnection cables 418 extend from opposite longitudinal ends of the array. Suspension cables 416 are anchored at respective anchor points 417 which are also arranged to align columns 420 preferably longitudinally.

Figure 46 shows array 400 with the pods removed to better show the arrangement of cables, including upper cables 408, lower cables 410, drape cables 416, anchor cables 414, and various interconnecting cables. Connect the cable.

Referring to Figure 47, another feature of this embodiment is the provision of a membrane or cover suspended from the lower cable 410 such that the membrane provides additional protection to the waterway from evaporation. As shown in Figure 47, the membrane 440 extends along the entire length and width of the array to provide cover for the aqueducts. Because of the curved arrangement of the lower cable 410 , the side edge 441 of the membrane 440 extends almost touching the ground near the post 420 . Thus, the membrane effectively isolates the aqueduct from the airflow in the lateral direction, which also helps prevent evaporation.

The array 400 can extend for many miles in order to cover the aqueduct, and the repeating nature of the row of panel containers facilitates the adjustment of the length of extension. Because there is a huge amount of open space above many remote aqueducts available for array installation, the array 400 is capable of generating extremely large amounts of electricity, providing an effective means of preventing evaporation losses of water carried in the aqueducts.

With limited reference to FIG. 48 , another embodiment of the invention is shown in the form of an array 460 comprising three spans 462 , 464 , and 466 . The same reference numerals employed in this embodiment correspond to the same structural elements disclosed in the preceding embodiments. These three spans are supported by two pairs of interior column sets 458 in the middle of the array. This embodiment also includes suspension cable arrangements 416 on the longitudinal sides of the array to provide additional array support.

Figure 49 is a top plan view of the embodiment of Figure 48 showing the manner in which anchor cables 414 and suspension cables 416 surround the array to provide support on all sides of the array.

Figure 50 shows another pod or container configuration of the present invention. The pod structure is characterized by two main support beams 470 which are spaced from each other and whose opposite ends are secured to cables 408 by cable clamps 476 . A plurality of intermediate struts 472 are spaced apart from each other and fixed to the pair of beams 470 . Intermediate strut 472 is arranged transversely with respect to the main beam and extends generally parallel to cable 408 . A plurality of solar panel support legs or upper legs 474 are then secured above the middle legs 472 . Upper strut 474 extends generally parallel to beam 470 and extends transversely to intermediate strut 472 and cable 408 .

Referring to FIG. 51 , a plurality of solar cell panels 430 are shown mounted to upper legs 474 . As shown, each solar cell panel 430 is separated from each other by a longitudinal gap 475 extending parallel to the cables 408 and a transverse gap 479 extending generally parallel to the beam 470 .

FIG. 52 shows the pod structure from a rear perspective showing in more detail the manner in which the solar panels 430 are spaced and mounted to the upper strut 474 above the middle strut 472 and beam 470 .

Additionally, as shown in FIG. 52, the beams 470 each include a gusset plate 477 extending from one end of the beam. The contact plate 477 is used to interconnect adjacent panels in a row. Thus, when the pods/panel containers are arranged in series with each other, the contact plate 477 interconnects the pods. The contact plate 477 provides additional structural rigidity to the pod when the pod is mounted to the cable 408 .

Referring to FIG. 53, the side view is taken along line 53-53 of FIG. From this side view, a transverse gap 479 is shown separating the pods 430 mounted on the upper strut 474 . FIG. 53 also shows a cable clamp 476 that includes a pair of U-bolts extending below the beam 470 . The U-bolts are secured to opposite side flanges of the beam 470 and compress the cable 408 to provide a rigid connection between the beam 470 and the cable 408 .

FIG. 54 is another elevational view taken along line 54-54 of FIG. 51. FIG. From this side view, it is shown how the pods 430 are separated from each other by the longitudinal gap 475 and the manner in which the pods 430 are mounted to the underlying support structure.

The pod or container 430 shown in Figures 50-54 provides an important solution for preventing torsional forces or moments that would otherwise damage the solar panel. The solar panel is a relatively rigid member that can be damaged if bent or twisted out of plane or in a non-planar manner. More specifically, the solar cell panel is substantially flat and the flat upper or lower surface of the panel defines a plane. If the solar cell panel is twisted or twisted out of plane, the solar cell panel can be damaged. FIG. 50 shows beam 470 connected to cable 408 , beam 70 suspending pod 430 . The cable 408 will move based on various wind and other loading conditions because the cable 408 has some ability to flex or bend; however, adjacent pairs of cables 408 do not always behave in the same way. Translation or movement, which may cause torsional forces to be transmitted to the pod 430 . Beams 470 extending between cables 408 maintain a constant or rigid planar orientation when used in combination with intermediate struts 472 . Furthermore, a rigid support is provided for the panel, which prevents the transmission of out-of-plane forces to the solar cell panel. Thus, any motion imparted to the pods results in a uniform, non-torsional displacement of the entire pod, preventing damage to the panels when mounted to the pods.

Figures 55 and 56 illustrate another preferred pod structure according to the present invention. In this pod structure, a triangular configuration for the solar panel mounted to the pod 430 is realized. FIG. 55 is a bottom plan view showing the pod structure with a pair of diagonal beams 490 extending from an apex connection 492 . The beam 490 terminates at a corresponding base connection 494 . One cable 408 is attached to apex 492 and the adjacent cable 408 is attached to base connection 494 . Adjustable U-bolts can also be used at the apex connection 492 and base connection 494 to provide a rigid connection from the cable to the beam 490 . A plurality of longitudinally extending connecting struts 496 are spaced from one another and secured to the diagonal beams 490 . As shown, there are preferably two struts 496 supporting each pod 430 . This triangular shape of the pod is achieved by the selected length of the struts 496 .

Figure 56 is a perspective view showing how the pod 430 looks when installed in a triangular configuration.

FIG. 57 shows another example of an array where two spans 480 and 482 include an arrangement of solar panels mounted to triangular pod 430 . Like numbers in the figures also correspond to like structure numbers as discussed above with respect to the embodiment shown in FIG. 42 . When the pods 430 are secured to the cables 408, the triangular arrangement of the solar panels enables the pods to be installed in an overlapping configuration where the apex of one pod is mounted adjacent to one base side of an adjacent pod. Gaps 484 define the spacing between solar panels mounted to adjacent pods. Gaps 486 occur at opposite ends of the array, which illustrate the mounting arrangement of the triangular pods. In the central part of the array there is also a gap 488 of larger shape, again created by the triangular shaped pods when mounted to the cable 408 .

Figures 58 and 59 illustrate another embodiment of the present invention in the form of an array 501, which is particularly suitable for use in colder climates with snow and ice during the winter months. In this array 501, rows 503 of pods are arranged in parallel and supported by corresponding cables and columns. Still, the same reference numerals used in this embodiment correspond to the same elements explained above in relation to the previous embodiments. This embodiment shows that the pod 430 is tilted or canted at an angle. The front or leading edge of each pod includes a heating sheet or panel 505 extending continuously between the pods, one on each side of the row 503 . The heating panels 505 terminate or bisect at the middle 507 of each row 503 . Each heating panel or sheet 505 may incorporate a heating element 507, such as an electrical strip heater, to warm the panel 505 to melt snow or ice accumulated thereon. In addition, referring to FIG. 59 , the incident angle of the sun is shown by the dotted line 513 . These lines more specifically indicate the angle of the sun during the winter months where the heating panel 505 may be shaded for most of the day. If the heating panel 505 is replaced by a solar panel, the solar panel will continue to accumulate snow and ice during the winter months which will eventually cause a significant reduction in the area of the solar panel exposed to the sun. As mentioned, the heating panels 505 are used to melt snow or ice, which then helps to drain the liquid from the pods 430, thereby keeping the array free of snow or ice during insolation. Referring specifically to FIG. 58 , the directional arrows show that the melted ice/snow will travel downward to collect on the panel 505 . A crease or seam 507 in the middle constitutes a low point where water will drain into a gutter mounted to the front or facing surface of the heating panel 505 509. A drain line or downspout 511 is provided to collect water from the gutter 509 . As shown, downspout 51 is secured to lower cable 410 and traverses out to one of uprights 420 where water can drain from the array. Each row 503 includes the same drainage structure to drain water from each pod 430 in that row. Additional support may be provided between cables 408 by spanning supports 515 interconnecting adjacent columns 420 . The angle at which the pods are set can be adjusted to account for the position of the sun during the winter months. Accordingly, the area of the heating panel 505 can be minimized, thereby increasing the surface area available from the pod 430 for power generation.

Figure 60 shows another preferred embodiment of the invention which adds an airfoil feature 520 comprising multiple pods extending from one side or end of the array to the ground. As shown in FIG. 60 , there are two airfoil features, one at each longitudinal end of array 460 . Airfoil 520 may utilize the same pod and panel structure as used on array 460 . FIG. 60A shows an alternative structure for a container/pod that can be used to hold solar panels 522. FIG. As shown in FIG. 60A , a frame arrangement comprising a plurality of vertical struts 526 and a plurality of horizontal struts 528 is used to support solar cell panels 522 . Strut extensions 530 may be used to secure the pod to a set of anchors 534 in the ground. Alternatively, instead of a strut extension 530 directly connected to an anchor, a rod or cable may run coterminously with one of the vertical struts 526, securing the pod between the array 460 and the ground.

Since high wind conditions can damage array 460, the purpose of adding airfoil 520 is to stabilize array 460 in high wind conditions by making the array more aerodynamically shaped.

While the embodiment of FIG. 60 shows the airfoil 520 including additional solar cell panels, it is contemplated that the airfoil 520 could be made of fabric, or several other materials that do not function as sunlight focusing elements. The benefit of providing better aerodynamics would still be achieved with an airfoil where there is lower pressure in the area below the array and higher pressure above the array for stability in high wind conditions array.

Referring to FIGS. 61 and 62 , side views are provided to illustrate how air flow, specifically wind, creates a pressure gradient across array 460 with and without the use of airfoils 520 . Figure 61 shows an array 460 without airfoils. Directional arrows show air flow over and through the array. In FIG. 61 , areas of high pressure are indicated by circular or curved lines marked on a scale from 1 to 10, with 1 being the lowest pressure and 10 the highest pressure area. As shown, the highest pressure region is formed on the leading edge of the array. A pressure zone is also formed above each upright 458 and 420 . These higher pressure zones above columns 458 and 420 are generally beneficial for holding down the array in high wind conditions. That is, the higher pressure above the upright is transferred to the upright with a downward force, which helps keep the upright in place in high wind conditions. However, the particular high voltage area located at the leading edge of the array is problematic because this high voltage can cause damage to the front of the array and otherwise destabilize the array by lifting the front of the array off the ground sex. In addition, there is significant airflow through and below the array, which also causes additional motion and vibration of the cables and columns. Referring to Figure 62, an airfoil 520 is added to the array, since the airfoil 520 directs the airflow over the top of the array, the pressure gradient has been altered such that most of the pressure is at the top of the array and very little pressure exists below the array . A region of higher pressure is created just upstream of the airfoil 520; however, because of the angular orientation of the airfoil 520, this increases the downward force of the wind, which further stabilizes the array in high wind conditions. In fact, as the wind speed increases, the greater the downward force transmitted to the array to help stabilize the array. Figure 62 also shows several high pressure areas above posts 458 and 420 which also help anchor the array to the ground. A pressure gradient also occurs relative to the airfoil at the trailing edge of the array, but less than that at the facing side or upstream of the array.

The angle 532 formed between the airfoil 520 and the surface on which the system is mounted can be adjusted to best provide the desired air pressure over the system to avoid damage to the system in high wind conditions. This angle can be adjusted by lengthening or shortening the span of the airfoil 520 between the post 420 and the mounting surface.

For wind contacting the array in a lateral or transverse direction as opposed to the longitudinal direction, as shown in the elevational view of Figure 62, the wind has little effect on the array since the array's profile is minimized to a structure with little interference with the airflow. The symmetrical nature of how the pods in each row are aligned with each other, and the aligned arrangement of cables and uprights provides a minimal aerodynamic profile for minimal wind interference. With the placement of airfoils 520, the array is more able to withstand high wind conditions and the stability actually increases as wind speed increases.

FIG. 63 shows a modification of the embodiment of FIG. 14 . In FIG. 63 , the gaps or spaces 222 between pods 214 are filled with flexible sealing brackets 535 , as shown in detail in FIG. 64 . The flexible seal bracket 535 spans the gap 222 and seals adjacent solar panels 216 in situations where it is undesirable for water to pass through the gaps between the pods 214, such as when the array is used in a protective parking structure. The facing ends of the interconnect. The bracket 535 is shown as an I-beam having a pair of flanges 541 interconnected by a web 545 . The ends of the solar panel 216 are frictionally bonded between the upper and lower flanges 541 on each side of the web 545 . The bracket 535 may be made of a flexible and elastic material such as synthetic rubber. Because the brackets 535 are flexible, some translation or movement is allowed between facing solar cell panels 216 to dampen or absorb movement of the cables that would otherwise cause torsional forces that would be transmitted to the panels.

It should be understood that this preferred embodiment of the present invention may incorporate any pod/container configuration that best suits the needs of a particular installation. Thus, in some installations it may be preferable to have curved columns as opposed to straight columns, or vice versa. A particular pod/container structure may also be selected based on its structural rigidity and ability to accommodate a selected number of solar panels. The number of struts/beams used in any pod/container structure can be chosen to minimize the material required, yet meet the stiffness and strength requirements for a particular installation.

Additionally, it should be appreciated that the number of solar panels mounted to each pod can be configured for a particular installation. Accordingly, the pods may include more or fewer solar cell panels than shown in the preferred embodiment.

Flexible electrical cables 82a and 82b may be incorporated in various embodiments of the present invention to enable each solar panel array to be coupled to a substation for harvesting of the generated power. As also noted, the solar panel array may be electrically coupled to a source of stored electrical energy, such as a battery or fuel cell. Other arrangements of electrical cables may be used to most efficiently transmit power from the solar panels to the power storage location or to the substation.

It should also be appreciated that due to the unique way in which solar panels can be supported by the modular nature of the pods, there are virtually limitless combinations of shapes and sizes of arrays that can be configured for installation. Cables and posts can be arranged to provide the necessary support, not only for arrays of widely varying sizes and shapes, but also for ground-mounted or overhead-mounted arrays.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention may be embodied in various forms other than the specific embodiments described and contemplated herein. Accordingly, departures may be made in form and detail without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.

Figure 65 shows another embodiment of the invention in which the ability to selectively tension one or more cables used to support a solar panel is provided. This example shows a solar panel array 500 comprising a plurality of solar panels 504 mounted to respective pods/containers 502 . Vertical uprights 560 are arranged at both ends of the span in which the upper main cable 508 and the lower main cable 510 extend between the uprights 560 . A continuous interconnection cable 514 spans between the upper and lower cables. An anchor line/cable 512 is attached to the upper end of the post 560 and extends to the ground adjacent to the post.

The continuous interconnecting cables 514 are optionally tensioned to provide sufficient stiffness and support to the cantilevered pods 502 . Detail A in FIG. 65 is enlarged in FIG. 66 to show a tensioning device/mechanism 516 for selectively tensioning the cable 514 . It should be appreciated that each intersection point between cable 514 and upper cable 508 and lower cable 510 may include a corresponding tensioning device 516 . Thus, where each intersection includes a tensioning device, the cable 514 can be easily tensioned along its entire length by simply securing and manipulating the free end of the cable.

Referring specifically to Figure 66, a tensioning apparatus 516 is shown in conjunction with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The lower cable 510 serves as a mounting support in which the cable 514 is selectively tensioned. The tensioning device 516 features a base 518 in the form of a plate, and a plurality of cable clamps 521 to secure the base 518 to the lower cable 510 . Alternatively, another base plate 518 (not shown in FIG. 66 ) could be used, with the other elements of the tensioning device 516 positioned between the base plates and the base plate passed through threaded bolts instead of the cable clamps 521. And fixed to the cable 510 .

A hub 523 is rotatably fixed to the upper end of the base 518 , and the hub is equipped with rollers 524 for receiving the cables 514 . Meanwhile, referring to Fig. 67, other details of this tensioning device are shown. After the cable 514 is deployed at the desired amount of tension, the locking member 526 engages the cable 514 and holds the cable 514 against the roller 524 . The locking members 526 may be provided in pairs through the use of interconnection adjustment levers 528 that space the locking members 526 a desired distance apart for optimal engagement against the cable 514 . The locking pin/bolt 519 locks the locking member 526 in place against the cable 514 . The locking pin 519 may pass through a threaded opening (not shown) in the base 518 , or may be attached to the base 518 such that one end of the locking pin may engage the locking member 526 . As shown in FIG. 67 , a channel 530 is formed in the roller 524 to receive the cable 514 . FIG. 67 also shows an abutting pair of base plates 518 having complementary openings formed therethrough for receiving lower cables 510 . Base plates 518 are secured to each other to hold cables 510 as well as by cable clamps/bolts 521 .

The tensioning apparatus shown in Figures 66 and 67 can be used for selective tensioning of any cable in the system of the present invention. This cable tensioning capability can also be adjusted so that only selected tensioning devices have a locking feature for locking the cable to be tensioned, while other tensioning devices only have features that allow the cable to move through the device. Roller to lock the cable in place on another tensioning device.

68-71 illustrate another preferred embodiment of the present invention. Two spans of pods 502 are cantilevered between an outer row of columns 560 and an inner row of columns 560 . Suspension cables 542 are also shown with their corresponding suspension interconnection cables 544 . In an embodiment herein, a solar panel array 500 is provided wherein a supplementary member in the form of a vertical axis windmill 540 is provided for generating electricity, the vertical axis windmill 540 being optionally mounted to a column 560 . Vertical axis windmills in the present invention include those that rotate about a vertically extending axis to generate electricity. A vertical axis windmill of the type shown in Figure 68 has several advantages in terms of space savings, power generation efficiency and material minimization. An example of a vertical axis windmill includes the Ropatec ^™ windmill. As shown, the same uprights 560 that support the pod 502 can also be used as a central support in a windmill that remains stationary and around which the blades or fins of the windmill rotate. As best shown in FIGS. 69 and 71 , a vertical axis windmill 540 has blades or vanes configured as a circular cage 561 surrounding a column 560 . The cage 561 rotates around the upright 560 powered by the wind blowing on the blades of the cage. Thus, vertical axis windmill 540 incorporates uprights 560 of extended length to provide central support for surrounding cage 561 . Figure 69 also shows airfoils 534 that can be used to vary the airflow over the array. As discussed above with respect to FIG. 62, varying pressure gradients may be established by including or excluding airfoils. Furthermore, the air traveling over and around the array tends to have a higher pressure at the location of the post 560, whether or not airfoils are used. Thus, mounting the vertical axis windmill around the location of the mast provides increased air velocity which in turn increases the wind energy available to drive the windmill. This unique aspect of the invention can greatly enhance the overall power production of the system in terms of creating optimal pressure gradient conditions around the vertical axis windmill. Figure 70 is a plan view of the embodiment of Figure 68 showing the position of the vertical axis windmill. Figure 71 shows how a vertical axis windmill 540 is formed as part of a column 560 and wherein the vertical axis windmill extends above the height of the solar panels, thereby ensuring that the desired arrangement and spacing of the solar panels is not disturbed.

Figure 72 shows another preferred embodiment of the present invention where a compression truss structure is used to support an overlying convex arrangement pod 502 with solar panels 504. More specifically, FIG. 72 shows the upper main support member 552 and the plurality of pods/containers 502 mounted on the upper support member 552 . The upper support member 552 may be a cable, or may be a rigid member such as a tube, wherein the upper support member may also serve as a canopy or canopy support for an underlying structure (not shown) located below the solar panel array. Also provided are lower main support cables 554 and a plurality of interconnecting compression members 556 interconnecting the upper support members/cables 552 to the lower support cables 554 . Interconnecting compression members 556 may be standard pipe, structural pipe, or other rigid support. Thus, the convexly mounted solar panels 504 on the pod 502 create a compressive force against the truss formed by the combination of upper and lower cables and interconnected compressive members. Figure 72 also provides a unique arrangement where the pods mounted closest to the uprights 560 are reversed or recessed mounted. In this reverse installation, a reverse or recessed mounted pod 565 mounts to the lower wire extending above the upper wire/support 552 as the lower wire 554 continues in an upward arc as shown Cable 554 on. The point where cables/supports 552 and 554 intersect is shown as an inflection point or intersection 558 . Cables 552 and 554 may be secured to each other by pivotal connections at these inflection points 558 .

FIG. 73 shows a variation of the embodiment of FIG. 72 in which two spans and vertical axis windmills 540 at columns 560 are provided. The embodiment of FIG. 73 shows a solar panel array 500 used to shade a structure, such as a building having a canopy 566 and one or more skylights or openings 568 formed in the canopy 566 . Also in FIG. 73 , the upper main support is shown as cables 570 , where the compression truss is defined by pairs of upper and lower cables 570 and 554 , and interconnected vertical compression members 556 . The embodiment of Figure 73 also provides for a spanning arrangement of upper and lower cables with the oppositely mounted end pods 565 positioned adjacent to the uprights. The embodiment of Figure 73 is ideally suited for incorporation within architectural structures. Column 560 may be a vertical column of a building or a load-bearing wall of the building. As mentioned, the vertical axis windmill 540 provides supplemental power, and the combination of the windmill and solar panels can provide sufficient power for most of the operating needs of the substructure.

As an alternative to element 566 representing a canopy with openings, element 566 may also represent several other types of protective covering such as an impermeable membrane made of plastic or a permeable membrane made of fabric to provide Shading beneath the solar panel array. For example, if the solar array is intended to shade crops, element 566 may represent a covering of a particular density/porosity that allows the passage of the desired amount of sunlight best suited to the particular crop selected. The cover can also be used to protect crops from hail damage, so the cover can also be constructed to strength specifications to withstand potential hail damage.

Figure 74 is a perspective view of the embodiment of Figure 73 with the windmill 540 and canopy 566 removed for clarity. As shown, the reverse mounted pods 565 form humps 547 in the central region of the array and at opposite ends of the array. This reverse mounted pod 565 may be useful to prevent the end mounted pods from being inadvertently obscured by the convex pattern pods 502 located inside the peripheral pods.

Referring to Figure 75, another alternative arrangement is provided with respect to the compression truss and the manner in which the pods 502 may be mounted to the compression truss. In the example of FIG. 75 , the pods 502 are all mounted on the lower main cable 554 . This embodiment may also be incorporated above a building structure having a canopy defined by members 582, columns 560 may be vertical column supports of the building structure and/or load-bearing exterior walls of the building. The canopy/member 582 may extend outward from the building and beyond the outermost or peripheral most vertical supports 560 . Canopy extensions or overhangs 584 may be used to secure cables 586 or tension rods to create the necessary lateral anchoring for the solar panel array. Thus, the overhang 584 eliminates the need to anchor the posts with anchor lines extending to the ground. Furthermore, in the example of Figure 75, it can be noted that the vertical interconnecting members 557 below the outermost pods 502 are in compression, while the members 556 are in tension. Thus, in this embodiment, member 556 may be a cable instead of a rigid member and member 557 may be a rigid member.

Referring to Figure 76, another embodiment is provided wherein compression trusses are used to support a solar panel array. The upper member 552 in this embodiment may be the canopy of the structure, or the upper chord defining the upper main support of the defined compression truss, and the pod 502 is mounted above the canopy. Specifically, the pod 502 may be mounted on a horizontally extending rigid support member 590 resting on the upper member 552 along an apex or upper ridge 592 .

Referring to Figure 77, another embodiment is shown in which the pod 502 is mounted on an upper support 552 which may also be the canopy of the structure or a separate support. In this configuration, the pods 502 follow the contours of the canopy and, in the view according to this figure, assume a wedge-shaped configuration.

Referring to Figure 78, another arrangement is shown for compression trusses where the pods 502 are mounted to the upper main cables 570 and the trusses with solar panel arrays are placed above the canopy 566 of the structure.

FIG. 79 shows a double span of the embodiment of FIG. 78 where the upper main cable 570 receives each pod/container 502 directly. FIG. 80 is an elevational view of the embodiment of FIG. 79 .

Referring to FIG. 81 , in another embodiment of the present invention, it is contemplated that solar cell panels can be arranged in complex curved or irregular shapes. A solar panel may need to cover an irregularly shaped structure or object, or an array may need to avoid an irregularly shaped underlying structure. Instead of simply removing the solar panel at a particular location, the present invention provides means by which the solar panel can be kept in continuous tension, thereby producing a solar panel array of complex shape. As shown in Fig. 81, within the pod 502, adjacent sets of panels 504 extend at different angles, thereby creating a pod of complex shape. Also, as shown, the sets of panels 504 extend at these different angles based on the orientation of the cables 570 extending in a non-parallel manner.

This rotational/irregular arrangement of the pods 502 can be achieved by an angularly adjustable connection between the pod members and the cables, as discussed with respect to FIGS. 83 and 84 .

FIG. 82 shows the embodiment of FIG. 81 with panel 504 removed to expose components of pod 502 . The structure of the pod in FIG. 82 is similar to that shown in the embodiment of FIG. 50 , and the same reference numerals are used in FIG. 82 to denote the same structural components as shown in FIG. 50 . The difference between FIGS. 50 and 82 is that the supports 474 in FIG. 82 are not shown extending continuously between the cables 570 , but are separated and mounted to the supports 472 individually. The separate mounting of supports 472 allows adjacent groups of panels 504 to be spaced apart from one another in desired irregular configurations.

Figure 83 is an enlarged fragmentary elevation view showing details of the connection between the beam 470 and the cable 570 utilizing an angularly adjustable connection in the form of a ball and socket combination. In particular, this figure shows the splint 687 used to support the connection. Bolts 688 secure the splint 687 to the cable 570 . Ball socket 689 is integrally formed with splint 687 and receives ball extension 684 extending from beam 470 . The rotation control pin 686 is used to limit or otherwise determine the ability of the beam 470 to rotate relative to the cable 570 . Thus, beams 470 may be secured to cables 570 as shown, but may be oriented in a desired angular direction to create a pod having a complex shape. Furthermore, it is contemplated that the pin 686 is removable to allow the beam 470 to rotate freely within the geometrical constraints of the ball joint connection.

FIG. 84 is another enlarged fragmentary elevation view of the connection details between the beam 470 and the cable 570, where the desired orientation of the beam relative to the cable is provided in the form of a spacer 690 embedded between the splint 687 and the beam 470. Another type of angle adjustable connection is achieved. The spacer 690 is simply bolted between the beam exposed surface of the splint 687 and the facing surface of the beam flange. Spacer 690 may be a single piece or multiple spacer elements stacked on top of each other to provide the desired orientation of the beam relative to the cable.

FIG. 85 is an elevational view taken along line 85-85 of FIG. 82 showing how intermediate struts 472 are arranged in their unique angular orientation relative to cable 570. FIG. In the example of FIG. 85 , the orientation of strut 472 causes the appearance of the strut to rotate progressively about axis 691 .

Figure 86 is an elevational view taken along line 86-86 of Figure 82 showing the panel 504 mounted to the pod. The beams 470 are connected to cables 570 extending out of plane from each other, resulting in an irregularly shaped set of panels 504 on the pod.

Figure 87 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the present invention in which compression struts are used to mount a pod 502 in a convex two-span pod. Furthermore, referring to the elevation view of Figure 88, the convex arrangement of the spans creates a trough or lowered region 594 extending between the spans. Thus, this embodiment differs from the embodiment shown in FIGS. 72-74 in that the upper cables 570 and lower cables 554 do not cross each other between the uprights 560, so there are no inflection points, and there are no reverse mounted pods. , such as those capsules 565 shown in FIG. 72 .

Figure 89 is another perspective view of the embodiment of Figure 87, but with the panel removed to reveal the array, exposing the pods.

Figure 90 is an enlarged perspective view of a pod, particularly showing the pod structure including various supports and struts. Specifically, Figure 90 shows a pod structure comprising a pair of main beams 470 extending between cables 570 and a set of four elevated (elevated) strut assemblies, the elevated struts This causes the panels to be oriented at a desired angle relative to a plane defined to extend along beams 470 between cables 570 . Each strut assembly includes risers 623 extending above beams 470, spanning struts 622 extending orthogonally and interconnecting beams 470, and panel support struts 624 directly mounting solar panels. The angled connection between the straddle strut 622 and the upper end of the lifter 623 is selectively adjustable using replaceable spacers, such as those in the latch arrangement shown in FIG. In the lock arrangement, a shim is fixedly mounted between the upper end of the lifter and the facing surface of the post.

Figure 91 illustrates another preferred embodiment of the invention with a solar panel array 610 providing the pod 502 with dual axis tracking capability. More specifically, the pod 502 may be rotatable along two distinct axes to enable the panels to track the position of the sun as the earth rotates, as detailed with respect to FIG. 95 . One axis of rotation is about the vertical support 618 and the other about the horizontal plane, thereby enabling the pod to be tilted or tilted in a desired angular direction.

The embodiment of Figure 91 is particularly suitable for large open areas where solar panels can be arranged in very large arrays for maximum power generation with minimal disturbance to the ground beneath the arrays inviting a double Land (dual land) use application. The spacing of the pods is generally greater than in the previous embodiments, so that less shadowing is produced by the array. The increased sunlight penetration between the pods allows for a wide variety of crops that can be grown directly below the array. The overall support structure for the pods 502 requires minimal material, thereby minimizing disturbance of the soil below the array. The only columns 560 required are those that extend around the perimeter of the array, thereby leaving the ground between the perimeter columns undisturbed.

Referring also to Figures 92-94, the outer columns 560 and anchor lines 512 are shown providing perimeter support for the array 610, while a series of suspended trusses support the pods in the inner portion of the array. A rigid horizontal support member 612 interconnects the upper ends of the columns 560 and also spans the array longitudinally and laterally, thereby tying the array together as a unitary structure. A series of trusses are arranged to extend in the interior portion of the array, thereby eliminating the need for intermediate columns in the interior of the array. The trusses are each defined by a combination of horizontal supports 612 , upper main cables 614 , lower main cables 616 , and a plurality of interconnected and diagonally extending cables 620 . A vertical support 618 carries the pod 502 and, as shown, is suspended above ground level with a lower end fixed to the lower main cable 616 . Upper main cables 614 provide upper stability to the vertical supports, while horizontal supports 612 further stabilize supports 618 .

Figure 95 is an enlarged fragmentary perspective view with the solar panel removed to show details of the pod structure for dual tracking functionality. The pod structure in this embodiment includes horizontally and orthogonally oriented struts 622 and 624, respectively. This strut arrangement is similar to that shown, for example, in the pod shown in FIG. 26 . Rotation of the pod about a vertical axis defined by vertical support 618 is achieved by a tracking mechanism defined by a rotatable cap 630 driven by a motor 632 mounted to an adjacent strut 622 made. The motor 632 has a drive shaft (not shown) that interfaces with a series of external gears 639 arranged on the upper periphery of the rotating cap member 630 to provide incremental movement of the pod about this vertical axis. rotate. Tilt mechanism 634 is provided with tilt support 636 , hydraulic lift 640 , and pinned connection 638 for rotating the pod about horizontal axis A-A. The hydraulic lift 640 raises and lowers the movable upper support 636, thereby enabling the pod to be arranged in a desired angular orientation. The hydraulic lift 640 itself may be powered by another electric motor (not shown) so as to provide independent rotational capabilities along two different axes.

According to another aspect of the present invention, instead of providing dual axis tracking capability, it is contemplated that the present invention may provide single axis tracking capability as shown with respect to the embodiment of FIG. 96, wherein the pod is rotatable about axis A-A. In Figure 96, the pods are mounted on horizontal supports 650 that may extend across the entire span of the array or at selected locations along the array span where single axis tracking capability is desired. Thus, instead of mounting the pod 502 to the vertical member 618 , the pod structure can be simplified by eliminating the member 618 and providing a single horizontal support 650 . Instead of eliminating the vertical support 618, the support 618 may be used to support a horizontally extending support 650 at an intermediate point along the span. A motor 654 is used to rotate the horizontally extending support 650, with a series of externally mounted gears 652 cooperating with the motor's drive shaft (not shown) for incremental rotational control.

Certain cable trusses can be difficult to install because they have a tendency to twist or rotate until they connect to the laterally extending hull beams. These difficult to erect trusses are mainly those with upper and lower main cables and compression struts to interconnect the upper and lower main cables. For ease of construction, the present invention provides a temporary truss assembly that provides the necessary stiffness to support the truss at rest when assembled. Thus, with reference to Figures 97-100, this aspect of the invention will be explained.

Referring first to Figure 97, an elevational view is provided showing the construction steps in the creation of an array incorporating compression trusses. Each compression truss includes upper cables 570 , lower cables 554 and interconnecting compression members 556 . Compression trusses may first be assembled on the ground and then erected in the vertical orientation shown. When a plurality of compression trusses are assembled, the compression trusses may be spaced apart from each other in the direction in which the compression trusses are to receive the respective capsules. When the compression truss is oriented vertically, a plurality of weights 602 may be suspended from the truss by hangers 600 . The weights 602 help stabilize the trusses in the desired vertical orientation when at least a portion of the main cabin beams are connected between the trusses in their transverse direction. The weights 602 also cause the compression trusses to be pre-compressed such that the trusses extend in the desired direction to conveniently accept the pods without significant additional movement or adjustment of the trusses or pods. Once the pods are installed between the parallel spaced trusses, the weights 602 can be selectively removed. Thus, the use of weights 602 can significantly reduce any undesired movement or misalignment of the trusses that would otherwise make installation of the pod more difficult.

Figure 98 shows another example of a truss and the manner in which a weight 602 may be suspended to stabilize the truss in construction. In this view, weights 602 may be suspended along the span such that both the upper and lower main cables receive pre-compression to properly align the truss for final positioning relative to the pod.

Referring to Fig. 99, it is also contemplated that the truss may be constructed to include the use of a plurality of temporary supports to orient each truss member in a desired location. One or more temporary supports may remain until the truss assembly is completed, where the temporary supports are compression members. The temporary support includes interconnected tubes or columns 700 that perform the same function as the interconnected compression members 556 . Thus, the tubes/columns 700 may also remain as members 556 in the final steps of truss construction, or the tubes 700 may be replaced by interconnecting cables. Tube 700 is secured to upper and lower cables 570 and 554 by a pinned connection as detailed with respect to FIG. 99A . Each end of the tube 700 is secured within the main connection bracket 702 as shown in the enlarged view of FIG. 99A . Pin 704 connects main bracket 702 to cable clamp mechanism 706 . The mechanism 706 may have a two-part construction as shown, with bolts 708 securing the mechanism 706 to adjacent cables 570 . The tube 700 may rotate about the pin 704 or, contemplated, the pin 704 may be replaced by a rigid member, thereby preventing any rotation of the tube 700 relative to the upper and lower cables when a more rigid truss structure is desired. A plurality of tubes 700 may be arranged along the truss to provide the necessary temporary rigidity to the truss, and the tubes 700 may be connected to each other by adjustable rods 710 . The end of the rod 710 is connected to the tube 700 by a second bracket 712 , which may also incorporate a pinning feature, such that the end of the rod 710 is rotatable about a pin 714 incorporated in the second bracket 712 . The length of the rod 710 is adjustable through a turnbuckle threaded arrangement of the rod, wherein threaded members 711 are received within threaded openings formed at each end of the rod 710 .

Figure 100 is an elevational view of another feature of a temporary or permanent support feature of a truss with main brackets extending on both sides of the support cables. More specifically, FIG. 100 shows that the main bracket 720 has opposing container ends 722 that receive a pair of tubes 700 . Bracket 720 may be a two-piece construction in which two halves are coupled to secure tube 700 . A series of bolts 724 interconnect the two halves as shown. This arrangement for the tubes 700 allows for temporary or permanent support of the trusses that can support overhead vertical support designs such as the vertical support 618 shown in FIGS. 92 and 93 .

101-104 provide another embodiment of the present invention. Figure 101 is a perspective view showing that the general support structure in this embodiment is the same as that shown with respect to the embodiment of Figures 91-94. More specifically, the support structure for the solar panel array in this embodiment includes uprights 560 arranged around the perimeter of the array, horizontally extending support members 612, upper cables 614, lower cables 616, and interconnecting cables 620. However, the difference in this embodiment is that the pod 502 is not mounted for dual-axis tracking capability, but instead is mounted for single-axis tracking capability, such as shown in FIG. 95 . More specifically, it is shown that vertical supports 618 provide internal support for horizontal members such as horizontal supports 650 on which pods 502 are mounted as shown in FIG. 95 . 102-104 illustrate the linear arrangement of the pods 502 and the greater spacing of the pods compared to the previous embodiments. Thus, this embodiment also facilitates the dual land use described with respect to the embodiment of Figures 91-94.

Figures 105-108 illustrate another embodiment of the invention in which single tracking of pods can be achieved. Figures 105-107 show that the pods 502 are also mounted at a greater spacing than any of the previous embodiments. The enlarged perspective view of Figure 108 provides another example of a specific pod structure that can be used for the single tracking feature of the present invention. The solar panel has been removed to show the pod structure. The pod in this example includes main beams 672 extending between adjacent cables 570 , and stiffening supports 674 spaced between beams 672 . Additional torsional resistance may be provided by crossed cables 577 . A riser 678 is connected at its lower end to one of the supports 674 , and the riser 678 extends above the cable 570 . Cable 680 may be used to support the vertical extension of lifter 678 . Struts 622 and 624 are provided for direct mounting of solar panels. Diagonal strut 676 supports struts 622 and 624 . Single axis tracking is achieved by rotation of the diagonal strut 676 caused by a motor 679 mounted adjacent to the strut 676 as shown.

Figures 109-111 show another preferred embodiment of the invention in the form of an array supported by compression trusses, and wherein the pods 502 are arranged for single axis tracking along a horizontal axis of rotation. As shown in FIGS. 109 and 110 , the pods are arranged such that they are mounted at level with the upper supports/cables 570 . The pod is intended to have the ability to rotate about a horizontal axis, and thus the pod structure shown in FIG. 96 may be suitable for this embodiment, where the pod is rotatable about one or more horizontally extending members 650 .

Figures 112 and 113 provide another embodiment similar to that shown in Figures 109-11 in which a single tracking function can be implemented. The difference between the embodiments of Figures 112 and 113 is that the pods 502 are mounted at the same height across the entire solar panel array, and the pods do not follow the shape of the compression truss. This uniform height of the pod is achieved by extending the compression member 556 beyond the upper and lower cables. This configuration is best seen in Figure 113, where the compression member 556 extends at various heights above the level of the cable 570 or above to present the pod 502 in a linear orientation. The configuration of FIG. 100 may be employed, wherein the tube 700 extending over the cable 570 may be of selected length to provide a linear orientation of the pod 502 . This particular arrangement of the pods in Figures 112 and 113 can be advantageous to prevent unintentional shadowing that might be caused by the convexly mounted arrangement of the pods. The structure of diagram 100 can also be used to provide single axis tracking capability in this embodiment.

Figures 114 and 115 illustrate another preferred embodiment of the present invention where the solar panel array incorporates single axis tracking capabilities for cells arranged in linear and horizontally extending groups/rows. Referring to FIG. 115 , the difference in this embodiment is that the pod is mounted at a height between the upper cable 570 and the lower cable 554 . Thus, the pod is at a height that roughly bisects the horizontal line extending between the upper and lower cables. This arrangement of the pods may be advantageous for premises where high winds are a concern, and a lower disposition of the pods closer to the ground may reduce wind loads on the overall structure. The structure of diagram 100 can also be used to provide single axis tracking capability in this embodiment.

Figure 116 shows another embodiment where a single tracking feature enables selected pods to rotate at opposite inclinations to allow for inadvertent shading that may arise due to the general arrangement of convexly or concavely arranged pods. As shown in this figure, pods 502 are all oriented in a right-facing direction, while pods 802 are oriented in a left-facing direction.

Figure 117 is a partially fragmented perspective view of an embodiment of the present invention wherein a tubular PV element is provided. As mentioned, there are several advantages to using tubular PV elements, and such PV elements are ideally suited for use in the cable support system of the present invention. This tubular PV element 804 can be supported by any of the pod structures shown in this invention. The linear spacing of the PV elements can be chosen to enable the desired amount of sunlight to penetrate the array. Alternatively, reflective films can be incorporated to enable reflected light to be used to supplement power generation. A film, such as the cover/film 440 shown in Figure 47, can be used for the purpose of reflecting light back onto the PV element. The film may be coated with a reflective composition, or the film may be constructed of a reflective material. While FIG. 117 shows one example of an embodiment incorporating tubular PV elements 804, it should be understood that any of the embodiments of the invention may be modified as shown in FIG. 117 to receive tubular PV elements instead of solar panels 504. Additionally, tubular PV elements may be provided in combination with panels 504 in selected portions of the array and in selected cells.

Figure 118 is a diagrammatic elevational view of another embodiment of the present invention showing single axis tracking capability where the pod 502 can be rotated slightly in an offset arrangement to compensate for sudden gusts of wind or other conditions where a rigid connection could damage the tracking hardware severe weather conditions. More specifically, Figure 118 shows the upper cable 570 of the truss and a pair of diagonal support members 810 mounted to the upper cable. The support member 810 converges and supports a horizontally extending rotating member 813 that provides rotation along a horizontal axis. Rotating member 813 may be driven in rotation by a motor (not shown), such as the arrangement of motor 654 shown in FIG. 96 to rotate horizontal member 650 . Pod 502 is mounted to rotating member 813 at a point approximately halfway along the length of the pod. FIG. 118 also provides a biasing cable 812 and a spring/biasing element 814 at the opposite end of the cable 812 . The cable 812 is secured at its opposite end to the opposite end of the pod 502 . The cables 812 pass over rollers 816 mounted to the cabin trusses or to the cables 570 . Pod 502 and other pods mounted to rotating member 813 are angularly adjusted by a single axis tracking assembly, and the gearing of the tracking assembly is such that there is some amount of small rotational capability compensated by biasing element 814 . The biasing element 814 can bias the desired rotation of the pod to prevent damage to the tracking assembly in situations where wind forces might otherwise cause undue stress on the pod or the tracking assembly. The rigid and unbiased connections between the tracking assembly and the pod and support members are more susceptible to damage in high wind conditions.

It is contemplated within the present invention that the single and dual tracking capabilities of the pods carrying the solar panels are controlled by an automated system where one or more controllers are programmed to provide output signals to the tracking mechanism. A controller automatically adjusts the orientation of the pods based on a computer program that orients the pods most efficiently for sunlight capture. Thus, the controller may be a computing device with appropriate software/firmware to generate appropriate signals/commands to the motors that control the rotation of the mounted tracking mechanism. The automated system can provide an operator with offsite control, wherein the controller communicates with the tracking mechanism via a wireless communication protocol. A web-based solution may be provided wherein the operator is provided with various user interface options for controlling the tracking mechanism. The user interface may also provide the user with the ability to manually adjust the pods to account for other circumstances in which it may be desirable to adjust the positioning of the pods.

In relation to this automated system, Figure 119 is provided to illustrate a preferred embodiment of the control system of the present invention for controlling various operating parameters of a solar panel array. Figure 119 specifically shows three separate and remotely arranged arrays of solar panels, labeled Array 1, 840; Array 2, 842; and Array 3, 844. Each array has one or more control devices that control several aspects of the operation of the corresponding array. As shown, array 1 has a control device 846 , array 2 has a control device 848 , and array 3 has two control devices, 852 and 854 . The control device may include a motor to operate the tracking mechanism to adjust the position of the pod. The control device may also be a peripheral system that enhances the operation of the array, such as an automated cleaning system that generates a water spray to clean the array. Arrays 2 and 3 are also shown with monitoring devices 850 and 856 that can be used to monitor several aspects of the operation of the arrays. For example, monitoring devices 850/856 may be devices including power monitoring devices that monitor the electrical output of the array, temperature sensors, and/or cameras that enable an operator to view the array under ambient environmental conditions.

Each control and monitoring device of the array communicates with at least one controller 862 via a communication link 858, such as the Internet. The controller 862 is depicted as a conventional computer with a user interface 860 in the form of a user screen. Controller 862 may include software/firmware that sets forth control parameters for adjusting the angular position of the array based on seasonal variations in which the sun takes different paths in the sky as the earth rotates. Controller 862 generates control signals that are sent over communication link 858 and received by the control and monitoring equipment. Each array can be continuously controlled to maximize the positioning of the array with respect to the orientation of the individual pods for receiving the most sunlight. Also, it is contemplated that a hand-held controller 864 can operate the array in the same manner as controller 862 .

A distinct advantage of the system shown in Figure 119 is the ability to remotely and centrally control multiple arrays at different locations. Individual control parameters can be generated by the controller for each array at each individual location, thereby providing great flexibility in the control system where power output is maximized.

As described above with respect to the preferred embodiment, the solar panel array may be supported by a truss arrangement featuring tension trusses, compression trusses, or combined tension/compression trusses. Tension trusses include those cable arrangements in which upper and lower cables are interconnected with flexible cable members. Compression trusses may generally be characterized as those rigid compression members extending between at least the upper and lower cables. The compression truss may further feature upper and lower members that are rigid and curved or straight to fit the desired shape of the truss. The truss has a shape to allow for a convex-mounted, female-mounted, or a combination of male-female-mounted pod. The interconnecting members may be oriented vertically or diagonally. The interconnecting members in a truss can be a combination of compression and/or tension members.

In addition to varying truss configurations, the present invention also offers several options in how the columns are used to support the array. The columns may be distributed in the array in a column and row arrangement. As described in several embodiments, it is also contemplated that only perimeter columns are provided, and internally the span is supported by a truss arrangement, thereby eliminating the need for internal columns.

Solar panel arrays can also be configured to cover designated areas to include areas with irregularly shaped objects, and the array can be adjusted to cover such irregularly shaped objects without removing the solar panel at that location . Individual pods can thus adopt unique configurations, allowing groups or individual panels to be mounted in offset arrangements.

While the examples primarily show a single cable as the main support element, it is also possible in the present invention to increase the overall load carrying capacity of the array by using multiple cables spanning the desired distance.

The vertical structural stability of the array is provided by a combination of trusses interconnecting the columns. The columns themselves are stabilized by anchor wires. The resulting horizontal forces perpendicular to the cable trusses are stabilized by linking the truss members of the pod between the trusses. The mechanical linkage of the hull struts between the cable trusses creates a single structural member across the array that better withstands forces generated in all directions. In addition, the manner in which the cabin column is fixed to the truss may be through a rigid connection or through a flexible connection.

The various solar panel arrays of the present invention can achieve several environmental benefits. The inherent structural efficiency of cable trusses requires less structural material. The posts and anchor lines are the only elements required to be in contact with the ground, so there is a minimum foundation footprint. The installation of the array can therefore be handled with light machinery, which also minimizes disturbance to existing soil structures and vegetation. Because of the way the solar panels are suspended, in many cases the system can be installed without requiring grading and reshaping of the land at the installation site.

The solar panel arrays of the present invention also provide several benefits with regard to moisture retention. This array reduces water evaporation below the array, which is particularly advantageous when the array is arranged to cover water surfaces such as canals, aqueducts, storage ponds, small lakes, and the like. Also, as contemplated by the discussed embodiments, a drainage system may be provided around the solar panels to collect rain/snow, and this collected water may be stored for required maintenance and cleaning of the solar panels.

Due to the extremely flexible design parameters enabled by the present invention, the spacing of solar panels can be designed in an almost infinite number of patterns, which thus enables the designer to precisely determine the amount of light that is allowed to pass through the array of solar panels for The vegetation or crops covered by the array provide ideal growing conditions. In summary, the partial shading effect provided by solar panel arrays provides ideal growing conditions for many cultivated crops. Furthermore, suitable ground-covering vegetation can be selected, for example plants that require little water and can therefore also reduce the fire hazard compared to other usual ground-covering vegetation.

Dual land use is also achieved by the solar panels of the present invention due to the flexible design provided by the present invention that encourages many types of structures that can shelter beneath the array. For example, the array offers several options for incorporating a building beneath the solar panel array, and also using supporting cables and trusses integrated into the building itself.

The repeated addition of cable trusses and pods enables arrays to be constructed in unlimited shapes and sizes, which is ideal for array installations over several other man-made structures such as parking lots, roads, and other corridors solution.

Pre-installation of cabins and trusses can be achieved off-site. Thus, for difficult-to-access locations where arrays may be installed, pre-installation of components prior to arrival at the job site greatly enhances the ability of the system to be installed in such difficult locations. Furthermore, as described with respect to the embodiment of Figures 81-86, the pods may be arranged in an irregular pattern to conceal complex shaped obstacles, or to traverse in an irregular pattern based on underlying ground conditions.

The various pod embodiments of the present invention also provide an ideal situation for supporting several types of PV panels, including not only traditional planar or panel-shaped PV panels, but also those incorporating self-tracking features columnar/tubular PV elements. It should be understood that any of the embodiments of the present invention may utilize planar solar panel structures, or columnar PV elements.

With regard to durability, the solar panel arrays of the present invention are also ideal because the arrays can incorporate desirable aerodynamic properties to prevent damage in high wind conditions. The use of airfoils enables the array to maintain a desired configuration for various wind conditions.

In addition, the present invention provides a centralized control system whereby the entire array and multiple remotely located arrays can be controlled. This remote control allows the system to output more power, protects the system from extreme weather by rotating the panels in the desired configuration to handle wind/other environmental conditions.

The solar panel arrays of the present invention can also incorporate single and dual axis tracking capabilities to optimize sunlight capture. Uniaxial and biaxial capabilities can be combined on various types of truss arrangements, including concave and convex truss arrangements.

While the invention has been explained in detail with respect to many different embodiments, it should be appreciated that other variations or modifications of the invention can be effected within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims (51)

1. A solar panel array system comprising: a plurality of panel containers each having a plurality of solar cell panels mounted thereto, the plurality of panel containers being arranged in three rows extending approximately parallel to each other and interconnected by a plurality of spaced interconnection members along respective side edges connect; four uprights supporting said panel receptacles and located at the corners of the solar panel array, wherein a first pair of uprights directly supports a first row of panel receptacles, a second pair of uprights directly supports a second row of panel receptacles, and wherein a third row of panels a container is suspended between the first row of panel containers and the second row of panel containers; a first pair of upper cables suspended between said first pair of uprights; and a second pair of upper cables suspended between the second pair of uprights, the sides of the third row of panel containers connected to both the first pair of upper cables and the second pair of upper cables A cable adjacent to the third row of panel containers. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein: The first row of panel containers and the second row of panel containers each include a plurality of curved struts each having opposite ends disposed approximately equal distances from the surface on which the system is mounted, and the curved struts have an arrangement of an intermediate region above said opposite ends, wherein said first row of panel receptacles and second row of panel receptacles provide a convex shape when viewed from above; The third row of panel containers includes a plurality of curved struts, the curved struts of the third row of panel containers have opposite ends disposed approximately equal distances from the surface on which the system is mounted, and the curved struts have an arrangement of An intermediate region below said opposite ends, wherein said third row of panel receptacles provides a concave shape when viewed from above. 3. The system of claim 1, wherein: The first pair of upper cables extend substantially parallel to each other and have substantially the same bend. 4. The system of claim 1, wherein: The second pair of upper cables extend substantially parallel to each other and have substantially the same bend. 5. The system of claim 1, further comprising: a third pair of supplemental cables suspended between the first pair of uprights and positioned below the first pair of upper cables; and A fourth pair of supplemental cables is suspended between the second pair of uprights and positioned below the second pair of upper cables. 6. The system of claim 5, wherein: The first pair of upper cables and the second pair of upper cables have a first bend and the third pair of supplementary cables and the fourth pair of supplementary cables have a second substantially opposite bend. 7. The system of claim 6, wherein: The system also includes a plurality of interconnection cables spanning between the first pair of upper cables and the third pair of supplemental cables and the second pair of upper cables and the fourth pair of supplementary cables. 8. The system of claim 1, wherein: At least one of the sets of uprights extends at a non-vertical angle from the surface on which the uprights are mounted. 9. The system of claim 1, wherein: The panel container includes a combination of curved and straight struts. 10. The system of claim 1, further comprising: A plurality of anchor lines connected to the uprights, and a plurality of anchors connected to the anchor lines for anchoring the anchor lines in a surface on which the system is mounted. 11. The system of claim 1, further comprising: A pair of spanning supports, a spanning support interconnecting a pair of column elements. 12. The system of claim 1, wherein: The uprights are V-shaped. 13. The system of claim 1, wherein: at least one row of panel receptacles, each panel receptacle comprising a plurality of curved struts, each strut having opposite ends disposed approximately equal distances from a surface on which the system is mounted, and each strut having opposite ends disposed at said opposite An intermediate region above the end to provide a convex profile when viewed from above, or have an intermediate area disposed below the opposite end to provide a concave profile when viewed from above. 14. The system of claim 1, wherein: The three-row panel container comprises a combination of curved struts and straight struts, and wherein the curved struts are used to provide a selected convex or concave shape when viewed from above, and the straight struts provide Flat appearance when viewed. 15. The system of claim 1, wherein: Selected panel receptacles in at least one row are removed from the system, thereby providing gaps to facilitate passage of light through the gaps. 16. The system of claim 1, wherein: The plurality of panel containers arranged in the three rows comprise rows of a plurality of spans, and each span is supported at its opposite ends by a corresponding plurality of uprights. 17. The system of claim 1, wherein: Each of said panel containers includes a plurality of struts, and each of said struts has a length corresponding to the width of a row of panel containers, and wherein said struts are separated between rows by gaps. 18. The system of claim 1, wherein: Each of said panel containers includes a plurality of struts, and each of said struts extends continuously between said three rows, and wherein said struts define a width of an array comprising said three rows of panel containers. 19. The system of claim 17, wherein at least one of said struts is curved. 20. The system of claim 18, wherein at least one of said struts is curved. 21. A system for supporting a solar panel array comprising: two pairs of uprights, each pair having a first upright and a second upright; a first cable suspended between the first uprights; a second cable suspended between the second uprights; a plurality of panel containers each having a plurality of solar cell panels mounted thereto, the plurality of panel containers secured to each of the two cables; each of said panel containers spaced apart from each other by a gap; and A first supplementary support cable and a second supplementary support cable span between a pair of uprights respectively, and pass between the first supplementary support cable and the first cable and between the first supplementary support cable and the second supplementary support cable. A plurality of connection cables extending between the two supplementary support cables and the second cable are respectively connected to the first or second cables. 22. The system of claim 21, wherein: The two pairs of uprights extend at non-vertical angles from the surface on which the uprights are mounted. 23. The system of claim 21, wherein: The first and second cables have a first bend and the first and second supplementary support cables have a second, different bend. 24. The system of claim 21, wherein: Each panel container includes a plurality of curved struts. 25. The system of claim 21, wherein: Each panel container includes a plurality of straight legs, and a plurality of orthogonally oriented legs connected to the straight legs. 26. The system of claim 21, wherein: The first upright is longer than the second upright. 27. The system of claim 21, further comprising: A plurality of anchor lines connected to the posts, and a plurality of anchors connected to the anchor lines for anchoring the anchor lines into the ground. 28. The system of claim 21, further comprising: A pair of spanning supports, one spanning to interconnect a pair of columns. 29. The system of claim 21, wherein: The first and second uprights of each pair of uprights are arranged in a V-shaped configuration such that the lower ends of the first and second uprights of each pair extend from a common mounting point, and the first and second uprights of the first and second uprights The upper ends are separated from each other. 30. The system of claim 27, wherein: The anchor lines secured to each pair of uprights extend to respective common mounting points on the surface on which the uprights are mounted. 31. The system of claim 21, wherein: The system includes a plurality of rows of a solar panel array, each row being selectively spaced from an adjacent row, and the plurality of rows extending generally parallel to each other. 32. The system of claim 21, wherein: At least one of said panel receptacles includes a pivot base to enable rotation of a solar panel mounted thereon to a desired angle of sun incidence. 33. The system of claim 21, wherein: At least one supplementary support cable is coplanar with said first or second cable. 34. The system of claim 21, wherein: The at least one supplementary support cable comprises a pair of supplementary support cables, one supplementary support cable is coplanar with said first cable and the other supplementary support cable is coplanar with the second cable. 35. The system of claim 21, wherein: The plurality of panel containers have a first end at a first height, and a second end at a second height, wherein the plurality of panel containers are generally rectangular and extend along the first and second cables evenly spaced from each other. 36. The system of claim 21, wherein: The first cable defines a first curved portion, the second cable defines a second curved portion extending substantially parallel to the first curved portion, and wherein the gap is substantially rectangular such that it is adjacent to the second curved portion. The gap of the cable is smaller than the gap adjacent to the first cable. 37. A method of supporting a plurality of solar cell panels, the method comprising the steps of: providing a plurality of upright pairs, each pair having uprights of different heights extending above the surface on which the uprights are mounted; spacing said uprights apart from one another; extending between two pairs of uprights a first cable suspended at a first height and a second cable suspended at a second different height; and connecting a plurality of panel containers each having a plurality of solar cell panels mounted thereto to the first and second cables, the panel containers being spaced relative to the surface on which the column is mounted. Arranged at a non-vertical angle, and the plurality of panel containers are spaced apart from each other along the first cable and the second cable by a gap having a width smaller than that of the panel container, and wherein each panel container includes a plurality of a straight pillar. 38. The method of claim 37, further comprising: The system is stabilized by providing a plurality of anchor wires secured to selected ones of the uprights, each anchor wire having one end secured to a mounting surface. 39. The method of claim 37, wherein: The solar panel is mounted at an angle to the panel receptacle and selectively rotated to a desired angle to optimize exposure of the solar panel to the sun. 40. The method of claim 37, wherein: The panel containers are arranged in multiple rows, and each row is supported by a combination of corresponding columns and cables; said rows are selectively spaced from one another; and The rows extend substantially parallel to each other. 41. The method of claim 37, further comprising: There is also provided at least one supplementary support cable spanning between one of said pair of uprights and via a plurality of connections extending between said at least one supplementary support cable and said first or second cables The cable is connected to the first cable or the second cable. 42. The method of claim 37, wherein: The pair of uprights extend at a non-vertical angle from the surface on which the uprights are mounted. 43. The method of claim 37, wherein: said first and second cables have a first bend, a supplementary support cable has a second, different bend, said supplementary support cable spans between one of said pair of uprights and passes through a plurality of connecting wires A cable is connected to the first cable or the second cable. 44. The method of claim 37, wherein: At least one upright is longer than other uprights of the plurality of upright pairs. 45. The method of claim 37, further comprising: A plurality of anchor lines connected to the uprights are provided, and a plurality of anchors are connected to the anchor lines for anchoring the anchor lines into the ground. 46. The method of claim 37, further comprising: A pair of spanning supports is provided, one spanning to interconnect a pair of uprights. 47. The method of claim 37, further comprising: At least one of said uprights is provided in a V-shaped configuration. 48. The method of claim 37, further comprising: The panel containers are arranged in a plurality of rows, each row being selectively spaced from an adjacent row, or the adjacent rows are interconnected along their length, and the rows extend generally parallel to each other. 49. The method of claim 37, wherein: The plurality of panel containers have a first end at a first height, and a second end at a second, lower height. 50. The method of claim 37, wherein: The plurality of panel receptacles are generally rectangular and evenly spaced from one another along the first and second cables. 51. The method of claim 37, wherein: The first cable defines a first bend and the second cable defines a second bend extending substantially parallel to the first bend.