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CN104339175A - 具有至少两个独立加工单元的用于加工工件的机床和方法 - Google Patents

具有至少两个独立加工单元的用于加工工件的机床和方法 Download PDF

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CN104339175A
CN104339175A CN201410386921.6A CN201410386921A CN104339175A CN 104339175 A CN104339175 A CN 104339175A CN 201410386921 A CN201410386921 A CN 201410386921A CN 104339175 A CN104339175 A CN 104339175A
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processing
lathe
plant
tooth
processing unit
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CN104339175B (zh
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托马斯·泽勒
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Liebherr Verzahntechnik GmbH
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23F—MAKING GEARS OR TOOTHED RACKS
    • B23F17/00—Special methods or machines for making gear teeth, not covered by the preceding groups
    • B23F17/006—Special methods or machines for making gear teeth, not covered by the preceding groups using different machines or machining operations
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23Q—DETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
    • B23Q1/00—Members which are comprised in the general build-up of a form of machine, particularly relatively large fixed members
    • B23Q1/01—Frames, beds, pillars or like members; Arrangement of ways
    • B23Q1/012—Portals
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23Q—DETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
    • B23Q1/00—Members which are comprised in the general build-up of a form of machine, particularly relatively large fixed members
    • B23Q1/25—Movable or adjustable work or tool supports
    • B23Q1/44—Movable or adjustable work or tool supports using particular mechanisms
    • B23Q1/48—Movable or adjustable work or tool supports using particular mechanisms with sliding pairs and rotating pairs
    • B23Q1/4804—Movable or adjustable work or tool supports using particular mechanisms with sliding pairs and rotating pairs a single rotating pair followed perpendicularly by a single sliding pair
    • B23Q1/4819—Movable or adjustable work or tool supports using particular mechanisms with sliding pairs and rotating pairs a single rotating pair followed perpendicularly by a single sliding pair followed perpendicularly by a single sliding pair
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23Q—DETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
    • B23Q1/00—Members which are comprised in the general build-up of a form of machine, particularly relatively large fixed members
    • B23Q1/25—Movable or adjustable work or tool supports
    • B23Q1/44—Movable or adjustable work or tool supports using particular mechanisms
    • B23Q1/50—Movable or adjustable work or tool supports using particular mechanisms with rotating pairs only, the rotating pairs being the first two elements of the mechanism
    • B23Q1/52—Movable or adjustable work or tool supports using particular mechanisms with rotating pairs only, the rotating pairs being the first two elements of the mechanism a single rotating pair
    • B23Q1/522—Movable or adjustable work or tool supports using particular mechanisms with rotating pairs only, the rotating pairs being the first two elements of the mechanism a single rotating pair which is perpendicular to the working surface
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23Q—DETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
    • B23Q3/00—Devices holding, supporting, or positioning work or tools, of a kind normally removable from the machine
    • B23Q3/155—Arrangements for automatic insertion or removal of tools, e.g. combined with manual handling
    • B23Q3/15506—Arrangements for automatic insertion or removal of tools, e.g. combined with manual handling the tool being inserted in a tool holder directly from a storage device (without transfer device)
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23Q—DETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
    • B23Q41/00—Combinations or associations of metal-working machines not directed to a particular result according to classes B21, B23, or B24
    • B23Q41/04—Features relating to relative arrangements of machines
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23B—TURNING; BORING
    • B23B3/00—General-purpose turning-machines or devices, e.g. centre lathes with feed rod and lead screw; Sets of turning-machines
    • B23B3/30—Turning-machines with two or more working-spindles, e.g. in fixed arrangement
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23F—MAKING GEARS OR TOOTHED RACKS
    • B23F21/00—Tools specially adapted for use in machines for manufacturing gear teeth
    • B23F21/12—Milling tools
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23F—MAKING GEARS OR TOOTHED RACKS
    • B23F23/00—Accessories or equipment combined with or arranged in, or specially designed to form part of, gear-cutting machines
    • B23F23/02—Loading, unloading or chucking arrangements for workpieces
    • B23F23/04—Loading or unloading arrangements
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23F—MAKING GEARS OR TOOTHED RACKS
    • B23F5/00—Making straight gear teeth involving moving a tool relatively to a workpiece with a rolling-off or an enveloping motion with respect to the gear teeth to be made
    • B23F5/20—Making straight gear teeth involving moving a tool relatively to a workpiece with a rolling-off or an enveloping motion with respect to the gear teeth to be made by milling
    • B23F5/205—Making straight gear teeth involving moving a tool relatively to a workpiece with a rolling-off or an enveloping motion with respect to the gear teeth to be made by milling with plural tools
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23Q—DETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
    • B23Q3/00—Devices holding, supporting, or positioning work or tools, of a kind normally removable from the machine
    • B23Q3/155—Arrangements for automatic insertion or removal of tools, e.g. combined with manual handling
    • B23Q3/15513—Arrangements for automatic insertion or removal of tools, e.g. combined with manual handling the tool being taken from a storage device and transferred to a tool holder by means of transfer devices
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23Q—DETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
    • B23Q3/00—Devices holding, supporting, or positioning work or tools, of a kind normally removable from the machine
    • B23Q3/155—Arrangements for automatic insertion or removal of tools, e.g. combined with manual handling
    • B23Q3/1552—Arrangements for automatic insertion or removal of tools, e.g. combined with manual handling parts of devices for automatically inserting or removing tools
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23Q—DETAILS, COMPONENTS, OR ACCESSORIES FOR MACHINE TOOLS, e.g. ARRANGEMENTS FOR COPYING OR CONTROLLING; MACHINE TOOLS IN GENERAL CHARACTERISED BY THE CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICULAR DETAILS OR COMPONENTS; COMBINATIONS OR ASSOCIATIONS OF METAL-WORKING MACHINES, NOT DIRECTED TO A PARTICULAR RESULT
    • B23Q3/00—Devices holding, supporting, or positioning work or tools, of a kind normally removable from the machine
    • B23Q3/155—Arrangements for automatic insertion or removal of tools, e.g. combined with manual handling
    • B23Q3/157—Arrangements for automatic insertion or removal of tools, e.g. combined with manual handling of rotary tools
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/51—Plural diverse manufacturing apparatus including means for metal shaping or assembling
    • Y10T29/5104—Type of machine
    • Y10T29/5109—Lathe
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T408/00—Cutting by use of rotating axially moving tool
    • Y10T408/36—Machine including plural tools
    • Y10T408/365—Axes of tools moving with work during operation
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T408/00—Cutting by use of rotating axially moving tool
    • Y10T408/91—Machine frame
    • Y10T408/93—Machine frame including pivotally mounted tool-carrier
    • Y10T408/935—Machine frame including pivotally mounted tool-carrier including laterally movable tool-carrier
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10T409/00—Gear cutting, milling, or planing
    • Y10T409/10—Gear cutting
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10T409/00—Gear cutting, milling, or planing
    • Y10T409/10—Gear cutting
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10T409/105883—Using rotary cutter
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10T409/306776—Axially
    • Y10T409/307168—Plural cutters
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10T409/308288—Linear adjustment including gantry-type cutter-carrier
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10T409/308568—Plural cutters
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10T483/1733—Rotary spindle machine tool [e.g., milling machine, boring, machine, grinding machine, etc.]

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Machine Tool Units (AREA)
  • Gear Processing (AREA)
  • Milling Processes (AREA)

Abstract

一种具有至少两个独立加工单元的用于加工工件的机床和方法。本发明涉及在小型生产中用于制造或加工内或外啮合的大齿轮或大齿轮圈的装置以及方法，其中为了在这些工件的精度相关表面进行完整加工并且同时实现尽可能短的生产时间的目的，使用至少两种加工方法。

Description

具有至少两个独立加工单元的用于加工工件的机床和方法
技术领域
本发明涉及在小型生产中用于制造或加工内或外啮合的大齿轮或大齿轮圈的装置以及方法，其中为了在这些工件的精度相关表面进行完整加工并且同时实现尽可能短的生产时间的目的，使用至少两种加工方法。
背景技术
从现有技术已知一般可以机械加工直径为16,000mm或更大的工件的大型切齿机。所述切齿机可以是滚齿和仿形铣削机以及刨齿机。这些机器还可以是用于直径稍小的工件的磨齿机和插齿机。
由于用于切齿工艺的工件来自诸如锻造操作的预处理或者由多个非常大的工件组装而成，所以它们在切齿加工之前首先必须进行车削、铣削和/或钻孔加工，以便提供用于这些齿轮的功能表面。对于这类工件，用于这些加工操作的时间包括准备时间可能花费一天甚至有时会几天。
大批量生产中通常将预加工操作和切齿操作分开到多个单独机器上进行，这意味着在制造大齿时在多个机器方面的大量投资成本并且由此还导致对放置各个单独机器的大空间需求。整个生产车间则迅速被规划用于这些机器。这种尺寸的机器通常还需要巨大的额外地基，这样使得这些机器不能毫无问题地在生产区域中改变位置。当需要提供相应的空间时，就会导致大量投资资金。
在齿非常大或空间不合适的情况下，可以考虑可以执行切齿操作和预备切割操作(诸如，车削、铣削或钻孔)二者或其他额外的操作(诸如，平面和/或外圆磨削)的组合式机器。
已经存在用于加工大齿的各种装置，所述装置通常定位在大型立式加工中心的门楣式构造上，诸如由例如DE 20 2007 012 450所披露的方案。
在所示出的被称作双立柱型的立式加工中心中，两个立柱平行于工件移动(Y方向)，且因此在工件上方移动紧固在这两个立柱之间的横梁。将支撑托架安装在所述横梁上，所述支撑托架可以与立柱的行进方向成直角(X方向)沿所述横梁移动。实际上，通过沿X/Y方向的这些移动具有足够的行进路径能够行进到工件上方的所有位置。
切割工具到工件的运送通过横梁的降低移动(W方向)和具有紧固到其的铣削头的冲头式结构的竖直运送(平行于W方向的Z方向)来实现，以使工具与工件接合。此结构中的横梁必须吸收由加工力和加工头的重量产生的弯曲和扭转力。
在DE 10 2009 008 012 A.1中的一个类似的实施例中描述了竖直构造的切齿机。相对于第一次提到的出版物，在该切齿机中具有横梁的两个立柱不移动而是静止的。相反，加工台在加工头的方向上相对于工件移动。此实施例中的加工台的移动量相较于前述提到的实施例而言较小。
在大齿的情况下，特别是当研磨大模块时，产生非常大的加工力，该力导致横梁和具有冲头式结构的竖直引导件的弯曲。这些力又导致这样被磨削的齿轮的质量变差，这与切齿过程是滚齿还是仿形铣削过程无关。就精度和从切齿铣削过程的力吸收而言，在具有位于横梁上的冲头形式设置的切齿铣削头的结构远远不如根据现有技术的切齿机的典型设计。然而，对于在这些工件上执行的普通车削，铣削或钻孔操作来说，这些力却比较小，具有一个不同的力作用方向，并可以通过这样的设计被没有任何大质量损失的吸收。如果第二加工是磨削加工，则第二加工头必须承受甚至更低的力。
在此布置的情况下，横梁的长度也对其弯曲和扭转性质具有显著影响，换言之，相同构造的较短横梁就具有较好的弯曲和扭转性能。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于将根据现有技术的切齿机的优点与用于两个立柱实施例中的车削/铣削操作的立式加工中心的优点相组合，并且这种结合能同时增加整个机器的稳定性。上述目的通过具有根据权利要求1的特征的机床来实现。其他优选实施例是从属于独立权利要求的从属权利要求的主题。
通过本发明实现的优点特别包括仅仅对一个加工工具而非多个加工工具、有较小的空间要求。
从基本设计的方面，将根据现有技术的用于大工件的切齿机与具有两个立柱的竖直车削/铣削设备相组合。然而，相对于现有技术，此机器的不同之处在于横向门楣不在整个机器宽度上延伸，如果要在整个机器宽度上延伸，门楣就必须非常长且由此导致易弯曲。在根据本发明的机器中，第二立柱位于加工台的中部，由此自支撑长度可以几乎减半并且横梁变得硬性更强或者可以设置成在相同弯曲强度下横截面较小。
为了将工件装载到加工台上，根据本发明的机器中的横梁/门楣式托架配置为可向外枢转。此外，可以降低机器的加工台中部的立柱，以使得可以更容易地将工件运送到加工台上。
另外，横梁/门楣式托架的可向外枢转性能提供更进一步的优点。因此，可以将另外的加工单元和/或工具架放置在机器壳体内限定的预备空间中。可以通过门楣式托架将加工头在NC控制下移动到所述空间。加工头的改变和/或工具改变可以根据选定接口的设计或者根据选定的加工操作通过自动接口在所述空间处进行。
在门楣式托架的另一个实施例中，可以将其与中间立柱和外立柱一起降低，以使得冲头式结构的线性轴在加工过程中不会过于向外突出，这样产生更加稳定的轴，并进而产生更好的加工结果或实现更高的切割性能。
横向门楣在工件上方的可移动性并不是必要的，因为优选地使用此机器来加工旋转对称的工件。通过加工台的旋转移动与第二加工单元沿加工台的径向的线性移动的组合能够到达所有希望的加工位置。
附图说明
下面将参照附图中示意性地示出的实施例来描述本发明的更进一步的细节。
附图中：
图1：根据现有技术的、特别是用于大齿的切齿机；
图2：示出根据本发明的一个实施例的、具有用于加工外齿的加工头的机床；
图3：示出根据本发明的一个实施例的、具有用于加工内齿的加工头的机床；
图4：示出根据本发明的一个实施例的、具有向内枢转的门楣结构的机床；
图5：示出根据本发明的一个实施例的、具有向内枢转的门楣结构和在其工作位置处的第二加工头的机床；
图6：示出根据本发明的一个实施例的具有向内枢转的门楣结构和在其工作位置处的第二加工头的机床；以及
图7：示出根据本发明的一个实施例的机床的截面图。
具体实施方式
图1示出根据用于加工大齿的、现有技术的用于加工内齿的切齿机1的立体图。所述切齿机具有用于加工所需的自由度，更具体而言它可以执行所示出的A1、B1、C1、X1和Z1运动。详言之，X1描述立柱托架的径向运动，Z1描述工具的轴向运动，B1描述工具的旋转运动，C1描述工件的旋转运动，并且A1描述工具的枢转运动。紧固到加工台30的工件可以在其内径上通过示出的用于加工内齿的加工头75来加工。为此目的，用于加工内齿的加工头75由机器立柱10沿X1轴线移动到加工位置，并且在加工过程中通过沿Z1轴线的线性运动进入工件中，并且加工头75绕B1轴线旋转，由此加工出齿。上述过程由具有操作单元95的NC控制来控制。如果例如要加工外齿，则可以根据需要用其他的加工头70、80来替换用于加工内齿的加工头75。在此情况下，安装用于加工外齿的加工头70而非用于加工内齿的加工头75。
图2中，示出了根据本发明的机器的一个实施例的立体图。相应地，将用于加工外齿的加工头70安装在机器立柱10上。上面安装有第二加工头60的门楣式托架50位于向外枢转后的位置处。使门楣式托架在外支撑柱45上绕C3轴线枢转，就可以到达上述位置。支撑柱40在此示出位于加工台30的中部并在其降低后的位置处。在此实施例中，第二加工头60具有竖直引导件65，通过该引导件可以使加工单元85沿Z5轴线向朝向工件25的方向被运送，并且到位后使其与工件接合。在本实施例中，工件25被夹紧在装置35上和加工台30上。
在门楣式托架的向外枢转后的位置中，可以改换加工单元85或改换用于加工单元85的工具。为此目的，在Y1轴线方向上使加工头60沿门楣式托架50移动，直到空的预备空间90位于加工头60下方。随后，通过线性单元使得加工单元85沿Z5轴线方向降低并且将不再需要的加工单元85或工具放下在所述预备空间中，在所述预备空间中，自动接口在到达放下位置之后被打开。线性单元65被再次向上移动并且加工头60行进至新工具或新加工单元所在的位置上方。线性单元65在那里向下行进直到其自动接口行进到下一个工具或下一个加工头上。接口关闭并且通过线性单元65沿Y1轴线的运动和门楣式托架绕C3轴线的向内枢转，线性单元65再次与工具或加工单元85一起回到工作位置。为安全起见，在加工过程中通过两个滑动门100一起移动关闭工作空间。
图3示出根据本发明的机器的立体图，其中中间支撑立柱被升高。现在可以通过使门楣式托架绕C3轴线枢转来将门楣式托架移动到其工作位置中。为此目的，托架的前端通过适用于此目的的连接结构与加工台中部的支撑立柱40接合，如图4中所示。为了进行加工，第二加工头60现在可以在朝向加工台中部的方向上沿Y1轴线移动到其工作位置中。这种情况在图5中示出。在此情况下，加工单元85位于与工件25接合的位置并且对所述工件的表面进行加工。
图6示出根据本发明的一个实施例的机器，其中两个立柱40、45与门楣式托架一起被降低以使得工具接合工件。由此大大减少了线性单元的向外突出量。由此可以实现更高的切割性能，或者由于线性单元的较低下垂量而改进了加工表面的质量。
图7中示出根据本发明的一个实施例的机器的截面。其中示出支撑立柱40以其降低后的位置位于在加工台30的中间。支撑立柱被支撑在其支撑位置55中，这允许支撑立柱在Z4轴线方向上的运动。利用装置35将工件25安装在加工台30上。为了加工此工件25，立柱10沿X1轴线在立柱床20上、在朝向工件25的方向上运送加工头70。托架15用来在工具形成或加工齿的期间调整加工头70在Z1方向上的高度或者在工件25的轴向方向上移动加工头70。

Claims (15)

1.一种具有至少两个加工装置的用于加工工件的机床，其中至少一个加工装置被提供用于进行切割和加工，并且第二加工装置被提供用于所述工件的进一步加工，
其特征在于，
所述加工装置中的至少一个被紧固到门楣式托架上，所述门楣式托架被支撑在加工台的中部。
2.根据权利要求1所述的机床，其特征在于，所述一个加工装置被设计用于制造齿和/或加工齿。
3.根据权利要求1所述的机床，其特征在于，所述一个、所述第一加工装置被设计为对于齿的所述制造和/或加工可更换，这样使得可以为不同的齿加工安装不同的加工头。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的机床，其特征在于，所述门楣式托架被设计为能带着所述第二加工装置向外枢转。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的机床，其特征在于，用于所述门楣式托架的接收部分被设计为在所述加工台中部可降低。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的机床，其特征在于，用于所述门楣式托架的两个支撑件被设计为在高度方向上可移动。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的机床，其特征在于，所述至少两个加工装置的加工头被设计为通过自动接口可改变或可更换。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的机床，其特征在于，所述至少两个加工装置的加工头配备有用于改变工具的自动接口。
9.一种在根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的机床上加工工件的方法，其特征在于除了所述齿加工之外还在所述工件上执行其他加工。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法，其特征在于，所述齿加工是滚铣磨削、仿形铣削、磨齿、仿形磨削或插齿加工。
11.根据权利要求9所述的方法，其特征在于，所述其他加工是车削、铣削、钻孔或表面磨削加工。
12.根据权利要求9至11中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述方法除了能加工旋转对称的工件，还可以加工段和非圆工件。
13.根据权利要求9至12中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述齿加工是外齿和/或内齿的加工。
14.一种用于在根据权利要求7至8中任一项所述的机床上自动改变所述加工装置或所述工具的方法。
15.一种用于执行根据权利要求1至8中任一项所述的方法和/或用于执行根据权利要求9至14中任一项所述的方法的机床。
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