CN104220458B - 结合有含半胱氨酸残基的基序的修饰抗体,含该修饰抗体的修饰抗体-药物缀合物以及其制造方法 - Google Patents
结合有含半胱氨酸残基的基序的修饰抗体,含该修饰抗体的修饰抗体-药物缀合物以及其制造方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种抗体,其中由包括一个或多个半胱氨酸残基的氨基酸或肽序列组成的基序结合于亲本抗体的末端,特别是亲本抗体的重链末端。并且,本发明涉及一种包括结合于所述抗体的药物的修饰抗体‑药物缀合物(mADC),以及一种用于制造所述抗体或所述修饰抗体‑药物缀合物的方法。由于其对抗原的高度特异性,根据本发明的修饰抗体‑药物缀合物能够准确地递送药物至靶细胞,因而能够提高药物的治疗效果。并且,其能够提高药物,特别是抗癌药物的可用性,所述抗癌药物尽管具有高功效,但由于其毒性而使用受到限制。而且,本发明涉及用于治疗疾病,特别是癌症的组合物,所述组合物包括修饰抗体‑药物缀合物。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种修饰抗体,该修饰抗体包括结合于亲本抗体,优选所述亲本抗体的末端,更优选所述亲本抗体的重链或轻链的末端,最优选所述亲本抗体的重链或轻链的C末端的含半胱氨酸(Cys)的基序(motif);一种包括结合于所述修饰抗体且用于诊断或治疗的药物的修饰抗体-药物缀合物(mADC);以及一种用于制造所述修饰抗体或所述修饰抗体-药物缀合物的方法。
由于包括在缀合物中的亲本抗体的高度抗原特异性,根据本发明的修饰抗体-药物缀合物能够准确地将药物递送至靶细胞,因而能够提高药物的治疗效果。而且,其能够提高药物,特别是具有高抗癌功效的抗癌药物的效用,所述具有高抗癌功效的抗癌药物由于毒性而使用受到限制。
此外,本发明涉及一种治疗疾病(特别是癌症)的组合物,所述组合物包括所述修饰抗体-药物缀合物,本发明还涉及一种利用所述修饰抗体-药物缀合物来治疗疾病的方法。
根据本发明的修饰抗体-药物缀合物可含有许多能够用于与药物缀合的半胱氨酸残基,因为含有一个或多个半胱氨酸残基的基序结合于亲本抗体。因而,其能够包含大量结合于其上的药物,且该大量的结合药物能够被有效地递送至靶细胞或靶组织。此外,由于能够容易地控制结合于亲本抗体的半胱氨酸残基的数量,所以能够将包含在该修饰抗体-药物缀合物(mADC)内的药物的量容易地控制在所希望的水平。
背景技术
在生物制药当中,对利用抗体的治疗剂被进行了最为积极的研究,该治疗剂特异性地结合于在特定疾病中特异性地表达的靶标(即抗原)。特别地,正在积极地进行对在癌细胞表面上表达的肿瘤相关抗原的识别,并且利用结合于所述抗原以抑制细胞生长或诱导细胞死亡的抗体(即抗癌抗体)来诊断和治疗肿瘤的方法正在被广泛使用,这些方法的领域也具有非常好的前景。
这种抗癌抗体具有非常高的靶特异性,但它们在癌细胞上的细胞毒性效应通常低于现有的细胞毒性药物(即抗癌药物或抗癌剂)的细胞毒性效果。故在许多情况下,这些抗癌抗体被用于与细胞毒性药物或其它细胞增殖抑制药物的组合治疗。
关于上述组合治疗,对修饰抗体-药物缀合物(mADC)进行了积极的研究,其中结合的细胞毒性药物的治疗效果提高同时毒性降低。人们认识到,当使用修饰抗体-药物缀合物时,能够减少药物的全身毒性并且能够增加药物的细胞毒性,尤其是在其中具有过表达的靶标的细胞中(特别是癌细胞中),从而提高药物的治疗效果。
事实上,已经成功地开发出用于治疗非霍奇金淋巴瘤(non-Hodgkin lymphoma)或急性骨髓性白血病的、包含缀合于抗体的细胞毒性药物或放射性同位素的修饰抗体-药物缀合物,如EVALINTM[Witzig等人,J.Clin.Oncol,2002,20(15):3262-3269]或MYLOTARGTM[Drugs of the Future,2000,25(7):686]。此外,已经进行了许多尝试以将高毒性的美坦新(mertansine)(如莫坎妥单抗美坦新(cantuzumab mertansine)(Immunogen,Inc.[Xie等人,J.of Pharm.and Exp.Ther.2004,308(3):1073-1082])或曲妥单抗美坦新(trastuzumab mertansine)(Roche[Isakoff等人,J.Clin.Oncol.2011,29(4):351-4]))与抗体缀合,或者将其它的细胞毒性药物,例如多拉司他汀(dolastatin)衍生物,如奥里斯他汀肽(auristatin peptides)、奥里斯他汀E(auristatin E,AE)、单甲基奥里斯他汀(MMAE)或MMAF与抗体缀合,所述抗体如cBR96(特异于癌上的Lewis Y)、对血液系统恶性肿瘤上的CD30特异的cAC1O、或用于治疗表达CD20癌症的抗CD20抗体、或针对免疫失调的Rituxan、用于治疗结肠癌的抗EphB2R抗体、2H9、抗IL-8或E选择素(E-selectin)抗体([Klussman等人,Bioconjugate Chemistry,2004,15(4):765-773];[Doronina等人,NatureBiotechnology,2003,21(7):778-784];[Francisco等人,Blood,2003,102(4):1458-1465])US2004/0018194A1)WO04/032828A3;[Mao等人,Cancer Research,2004,64(3):781-788];[Bhaskar等人,Cancer Res,2003,63:6387-6394])。
另外,还已经对开发利用道诺霉素(daunomycin)、多柔比星(doxorubicin)、甲氨蝶呤(methotrexate)或长春地辛(vindesine)的修饰抗体-药物缀合物进行了尝试。已知诸如白喉毒素的细菌毒素、诸如蓖麻毒素的植物毒素或诸如格尔德霉素([Mandler等人,J.ofthe Nat.Cancer Inst,2000,92(19):1573-1581];[Mandler等人,Bioorganic&Med.Chem.Letters,2000,10:1025-1028];[Mandler等人,Bioconjugate Chem,2002,13:786-791]),类美坦素(maytansinoid)([EP1391213A1];[Liu等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,1996,93:8618-8623])或卡奇霉素(calicheamicin)([Lode等人,Cancer Res,1998,58:2928];[Hinman等人,Cancer Res,1993,53:3336-3342])的小分子可以用作抗体-药物缀合物中的药物。这些细胞毒性药物通过诸如微管蛋白结合、DNA结合或拓扑异构酶抑制之类的机制来表现细胞毒性和细胞增殖抑制效果。
当采用用于诱导药物与抗体之间共价键连接的常规工艺来制备如上所述的抗体-药物缀合物时,药物将结合于抗体中的许多位点,产生非均匀性的混合物。例如细胞毒性药物很可能通过包含在抗体中的许多赖氨酸残基而结合于抗体,从而产生非均匀性的抗体-药物缀合物混合物。而且,该非均匀性的混合物根据反应条件可能具有范围从0到大约8的不同药物结合分布,这意味着每单位抗体所结合的药物分子的数量有所变化。
而且,对于具有限定数量的药物结合的抗体药物缀合物而言,根据不同的缀合位点,还可能有另一种潜在的非均匀性。对这种非均匀性的混合物进行均匀性纯化并不适合用于药物的大规模生产([Hamblett等人,Clin.Cancer Res,2003,10,7063-7070],[Wang等人,Protein Sci.2005,14,2436-2446])。
将药物缀合于抗体的另一种方法是通过还原剂来还原抗体中半胱氨酸残基之间的二硫键,然后将药物缀合于被还原的半胱氨酸残基的游离巯基基团。这种方法同样具有缺点,即抗体固有的特性可能失去且产生大量的非均匀性的混合物。具体而言,免疫球蛋白M是一个二硫键连接的五聚体的实例,而免疫球蛋白G是一个以内部二硫桥将亚基键接在一起的蛋白质的实例。在这种蛋白质中,用诸如二硫苏糖醇(DTT)或硒醇之类的试剂还原二硫键会生成反应性游离巯基([Singh等人,Anal.Biochem.2002,304:147-156])。这种途径可导致抗体三级结构和抗原结合特异性的丧失([Jagath等人,Nature Biotechnology,2008,26(8):925-32])。
如上所述的常规的抗体-药物缀合方法的代表性缺点在于难以精确地控制抗体中的药物缀合位点和缀合药物的数量。在一种为克服这一问题并引入游离巯基基团的尝试中,特定的氨基酸被半胱氨酸所取代,而取代的半胱氨酸不会损害抗体功能。为此,在预测抗体中每个可能的突变位点中的巯基基团的反应性之后,开发了针对最佳半胱氨酸突变体的筛选方法(韩国专利公开第2007-0054682号,“ThioFab technology”)。通过该方法生产的曲妥单抗美坦新的抗体-药物缀合物在临床试验中用于治疗转移性乳腺癌([Burris III等人,J.Clin.Oncol,2011,29(4):398-405])。上述ThioFab技术具有这样的优点,即对亲本抗体中二硫键的破坏能够通过将新的半胱氨酸引入抗体而最小化,但是关于结构修饰和亲本抗体功能的担心仍然存在,因为亲本抗体中的一些氨基酸被半胱氨酸突变。
因此,迫切需要开发一种新的抗体-药物缀合物及其制造方法,其中能够准确地控制缀合于亲本抗体的药物分子的数量和位置,同时保持亲本抗体的结构和功能特征。
发明内容
为解决上述存在于现有技术中的问题而做出本发明,本发明的一个目标在于提供一种新抗体(下文中称为“修饰抗体”),该抗体包括含有一个或多个结合于亲本抗体的半胱氨酸残基以提供多个药物结合位点的基序。本发明的另一目标在于提供一种包含结合于所述修饰抗体的药物的修饰抗体-药物缀合物。
根据本发明的修饰抗体能够高效地缀合与各种药物,同时保留亲本抗体的特征,因而其具有高度的靶特异性并且提高了所述缀合药物的治疗效果。
本发明的修饰抗体具有如下优点:其包括含有一个或多个半胱氨酸残基的基序,因而药物能够缀合于这些半胱氨酸残基并且缀合的药物能够被有效地递送至靶组织。另外,能够准确地控制能结合药物的半胱氨酸残基的数量,因而能够控制在修饰抗体-药物缀合物中药物分子的数量或用量。因此,本发明的修饰抗体-药物缀合物能够用作优异的药物递送系统,该药物递送系统克服了常规抗体-药物缀合物的问题并能够高效地用于治疗诸如癌症之类的疾病。
另外,由于根据本发明的修饰抗体-药物缀合物对抗原的高度特异性,从而能够准确地将药物递送至靶细胞,故其能够提高药物的治疗效果,并且还改善了药物,特别是抗癌药物的效用,所述抗癌药物尽管具有高抗癌功效,但由于毒性而使用受到限制。
附图说明
图1是包括含半胱氨酸的曲妥单抗的修饰抗体表达载体的载体图谱。
图2示出在曲妥单抗(右边两道)和含半胱氨酸的曲妥单抗变体(HR-Cys,左边两道)纯化后的HR-Cys的Western印记图像。
图3示出进行UV-VIS光谱(A)和SDS-PAGE(B)的结果以证实多柔比星是否缀合于HR-Cys。
图4示出针对Her-M2(Cys)-Alexa488,即Her-M2(Cys)抗体变体与Alexa 488的缀合物,(A)SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳和(B)结合于重链和轻链每个的Alexa488染料的相对荧光强度分析的结果。
图5示出进行抗增殖MTS测试以检查HR-Cys-DOX与赫赛汀(Herceptin)、赫赛汀与多柔比星1:2的混合物以及多柔比星相比较在表达HER2的BT-474细胞中的细胞生长抑制效果的结果。
图6示出进行抗增殖测试以检查HER-M(Cys)-MMAE,即赫赛汀-MMAE抗体-药物缀合物,与赫赛汀(Herceptin)相比较在表达HER2的SK-BR3细胞中的细胞生长抑制效果的结果。
图7示出为检查HR-Cys2-MMAE与赫赛汀相比较在表达HER2的SK-BR-3细胞中的细胞死亡(细胞凋亡)效果,在各种处理浓度下观察半胱天冬酶(caspase)活性的结果。
图8示出为检查缀合于赫赛汀抗体变体的MMAE与赫赛汀相比较在表达HER2的SK-BR3细胞中的细胞凋亡效果,在各种处理浓度下观察半胱天冬酶活性的结果。
具体实施方式
下文将描述本发明的进一步细节。
本发明提供了一种新的修饰抗体,其包括含有一个或多个结合于亲本抗体的半胱氨酸残基以提供多个抗体药物位点的基序,以及一种包括所述修饰抗体的修饰抗体-药物缀合物。这种修饰抗体能够缀合于各种药物,同时保留亲本抗体的特征,因而能够高效地用作修饰抗体-药物缀合物。
如本文所使用,术语“亲本抗体”是指不具有含半胱氨酸的基序的常规“抗体”。任何对特定抗原具有结合亲和性和特异性的亲本抗体都可无局限性地用于本发明。可用于本发明的亲本抗体包括单克隆或多克隆抗体,例如来自诸如小鼠之类的动物的抗体、嵌合抗体、人源化抗体和利用转基因小鼠或噬菌体展示技术开发的人抗体。另外,对于本领域技术人员而言显然的是,诸如双特异性抗体或抗体片段之类的修饰抗体也可用于本发明。
如本文所使用,术语“抗体片段”是指至少保留了对抗原的结合亲和性的抗体。抗体片段的实例包括单链抗体、双价抗体、三价抗体、四价抗体、Fab片段、F(ab’)2片段、Fd、scFv、结构域抗体、微抗体(miniantibodies)、单链抗体(scAb)、抗体恒定区的衍生物以及基于蛋白支架(protein scaffold)的人工抗体。
另外,可用于本发明的亲本抗体的实例包括所有类型的免疫球蛋白分子(例如IgG、IgE、IgM、IgD和IgA)及其亚型(IgG1、IgG2、IgG3、IgG4、IgAl和IgA2)。另外,亲本抗体可以是来自任何物种的抗体。
本发明中的亲本抗体具有对以下物质的结合亲和性和特异性:诸如肿瘤相关抗原(TAAs)的癌症特异性抗原、细胞表面受体蛋白、除受体之外的细胞表面蛋白和分子、跨膜蛋白、信号蛋白、细胞存活调节因子、细胞增殖调节因子、与组织发育或分化相关(例如已知或怀疑功能上有助)的分子、淋巴因子、细胞因子、参与细胞周期调节的分子、参与血管发生(vasculogenesis)的分子和与血管新生(angiogenesis)有关(例如已知或怀疑功能上有助)的分子。
具体而言,本发明中的亲本抗体能够结合的抗体包括但不限于:
(1)BMPRIB(骨形态发生蛋白受体IB型;Genbank登录号No.NM_001203);
(2)E16(LAT1,SLC7A5;Genbank登录号No.NM_003486);
(3)STEAP1(前列腺六次跨膜上皮抗原;Genbank登录号No.NM_012449);
(4)0772P(CA125,MUC16,Genbank登录号No.AF361486);
(5)MPF(MPF,MSLN,SMR,巨核细胞促进因子,间皮素;Genbank登录号No.NM_005823);
(6)Napi3b(NAPI-3B,NPTIIb,SLC34A2,溶质携带物家族34(磷酸钠),成员2,II型钠依赖的磷酸盐转运蛋白3b;Genbank登录号No.NM_006424);
(7)Sema5b(FLJ10372,KIAA1445,Mm.42015,SEMA5B,SEMAG,壁板蛋白(Semaphorin)5b Hlog,sema结构域,七个血小板反应蛋白(thrombospondin)重复(类型1和类型1样),跨膜结构域(TM)和短胞质结构域,(壁板蛋白)5B;Genbank登录号No.AB040878);
(8)PSCA hlg(2700050C12Rik,C530008O16Rik,RIKEN cDNA2700050C12,RIKENcDNA2700050C12;Genbank登录号No.AY358628);
(9)ETBR(内皮素B型受体;Genbank登录号No.AY275463);
(10)MSG783(RNF124,假定蛋白质FLJ20315,Genbank登录号No.NM_017763);
(11)STEAP2(HGNC_8639,IPCA-1,PCANAP1,STAMP1,STEAP2,STMP,前列腺癌相关基因1,前列腺癌相关蛋白1,前列腺六次跨膜上皮抗原2,六次跨膜前列腺蛋白,Genbank登录号No.AF455138);
(12)TrpM4(BR22450,FLJ20041,TRPM4,TRPM4B,瞬时受体电位阳离子通道,M亚家族,成员4;Genbank登录号No.NM_017636);
(13)CRIPTO(CR,CR1,CRGF,CRIPTO,TDGF1,畸胎瘤衍生生长因子;Genbank登录号No.NP_003203or NM_003212);
(14)CD21(CR2(补体受体2)或C3DR(C3d/Epstein Barr病毒受体)或Hs.73792;Genbank登录号No.M26004);
(15)CD79b(CD79B,CD79β,IGb(免疫球蛋白相关β),B29,Genbank登录号No.NM_000626);
(16)FcRH2(IFGP4,IRTA4,SPAP1A(含SH2结构域磷酸酶锚蛋白1a),SPAP1B,SPAP1C;Genbank登录号No.NM_030764);
(17)HER2(Genbank登录号No.M11730);
(18)NCA(Genbank登录号No.M18728));
(19)MDP(Genbank登录号No.BC017023);
(20)IL20Rα(Genbank登录号No.AF184971);
(21)Brevican(Genbank登录号No.AF229053);
(22)EphB2R(Genbank登录号No.NM_004442);
(23)ASLG659(Genbank登录号No.AX092328);
(24)PSCA(Genbank登录号No.AJ297436);
(25)GEDA(Genbank登录号No.AY260763);
(26)BAFF-R(B细胞活化因子受体,BLyS受体,BR3,NP_443177.1);
(27)CD22(B细胞受体CD22-B同种型;NP-001762.1);
(28)CD79a(CD79A,CD79α,免疫球蛋白相关α,与Igβ(CD79B)共价相互作用并在表面上与IgM分子形成复合物的B细胞特异性蛋白,转导参与B细胞分化的信号;Genbank登录号No.NP_001774.1);
(29)CXCR5(Burkitt's淋巴瘤受体1,由CXCL13趋化因子活化的G蛋白偶联受体,在淋巴细胞迁移和体液防御中发挥功能,在HIV-2感染中起作用并参与AIDS、淋巴瘤、骨髓瘤和白血病的发展;Genbank登录No.NP_001707.1);
(30)HLA-DOB(与肽结合并将肽递呈到CD4+T淋巴细胞的MHC II类分子的β亚单元(la抗原);Genbank登录号No.NP_002111.1);
(31)P2X5(嘌呤能受体(Purinergic receptor)P2X配体门控离子通道5,由细胞外ATP门控的离子通道,可参与突触传递和神经发生,缺乏可导致特发性逼尿肌不稳定的病理生理学;Genbank登录号No.NP_002552.2);
(32)CD72(B细胞分化抗原CD72,Lyb-2;Genbank登录号No.NP_001773.1);
(33)LY64(淋巴细胞抗原64(RP105),富含亮氨酸重复(LRR)家族的I型膜蛋白,调节B细胞活性和细胞凋亡,功能丧失与在系统性红斑狼疮患者中增加的疾病活性相关;Genbank登录号No.NP_005573.1);
(34)FcRH1(Fc受体样蛋白1,含类C2型Ig免疫球蛋白Fc结构域和ITAM结构域的假定受体,可在B淋巴细胞分化中起作用;Genbank登录号No.NP_443170.1);
(35)IRTA2(免疫球蛋白超级家族受体转运相关蛋白2,在B细胞发育和淋巴瘤发生中可能起作用的假定免疫受体;通过转运对基因的失调控在一些B细胞恶性肿瘤中发生;Genbank登录号No.NP_112571.1);和
(36)TENB2(假定跨膜蛋白聚糖,与生长因子和卵泡抑素的EGF/heregulin家族有关;Genbank登录号No.AF179274)。另外,抗原的实例包括可用于治疗和诊断的所有抗原。
在优选的实施方式中,本发明中的亲本抗体对ErbB受体具有结合亲和性和特异性,所述ErbB受体选自EGFR、HER2、HER3和HER4以及其它癌症抗原。
特别地,用于本发明的亲本抗体包括选自以下抗体组的一种或多种:曲妥单抗(商品名:赫赛汀)、利妥昔单抗(rituximab,商品名:美罗华(Rituxan))、贝伐单抗(bevacizumab,商品名:安维(Avastin))、西妥昔单抗(cetuximab,商品名:尔必得舒(Erbitux))、cBR96、cAClO、抗CD20抗体、抗EphB2抗体、抗IL-8、E-选择素抗体、抗MUC16抗体和抗CD30抗体,但本发明的亲本抗体并不限于此。
HER2是指一种表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)家族的成员,是涉及乳腺癌细胞的增殖和存活的一种重要的信号级联放大。已知EGFR家族的受体酪氨酸激酶是由erb1、erb2/HER2、erb3和erb4组成,并且除了细胞增殖和增殖之外还涉及细胞的粘附(adhesion)、迁移和分化。
没有与erb家族四个成员中的erb2/HER2相结合的配体,但erb2/HER2已知是乳腺癌中最可能的癌基因(oncogene)。如果HER2的水平正常,则其涉及正常乳腺组织的生长和发育,但如果HER2非正常地过表达或扩增,则将打破正常细胞调控,从而在乳腺组织中将形成侵略性的癌细胞。换而言之,如果HER2被EGFR家族其他成员的寡聚化而活化,则它将使许多下游分子磷酸化,这将导致许多信号级联放大的活化。涉及细胞增殖的SOS-Ras-Raf-MEK-MAPK通路和抑制细胞死亡的PI-3K/Akt通路是与癌细胞增殖相关的代表性机制。
临床前试验和临床试验的结果表明,HER2的过表达是从癌症发展初始状态出现的重要生物标记物,并且在癌症生长和进程中起着重要作用。已知HER2的过表达出现在约20-30%的侵润性乳腺癌中,并且还与具较高侵略性和恶性的乳腺癌的不良预后相关。
根据本发明,含一个或多个半胱氨酸残基的基序与对生长因子受体具特异性的亲本抗体结合,所述生长因子受体选自HER2受体或EGF受体。并且将常规的抗癌药物与基序缀合,以获得本发明的修饰抗体-药物缀合物。当将修饰抗体-药物缀合物以有效抑制患者中肿瘤细胞生长的量施用于患者时,其能够通过抑制过表达所述生长因子受体的肿瘤细胞的生长同时诱导细胞死亡而表现出优异的治疗癌症效果。
另外,本发明中的亲本抗体优选为曲妥单抗。尽管曲妥单抗被制备成基本上没有C末端赖氨酸(Lys),但本发明的修饰抗体-药物缀合物能够应用于含赖氨酸(Lys)的曲妥单抗或在其C末端区域不含赖氨酸(Lys)的曲妥单抗,其中含半胱氨酸(Cys)的基序可以与其结合。
本发明的氨基酸以其已知的三字母或一字母缩写表示。存在于各种核酸片段中的核苷酸以本领域通常使用的标准单字母名称来指代。
本发明中的含半胱氨酸的基序具有1-100个氨基酸残基,优选为1-50个氨基酸残基,更优选为1-30个氨基酸残基,最优选为1-10个氨基酸残基,并且含有一个或多个半胱氨酸残基。特别地,本发明中的含半胱氨酸的基序含有1-20个半胱氨酸残基,更优选1-10个半胱氨酸残基,甚至更优选1-5个半胱氨酸残基。
本发明中的含半胱氨酸的基序可以是不具有特定功能的简单肽基序或者二级或三级结构,优选为具有特定功能的基序或者二级或三级结构。所述特定功能优选是能够保持/保护半胱氨酸残基的化学缀合能力的性质,但并不限于此。特别地,含半胱氨酸的基序由于与特定配体或者肽基序本身的二级或三级结构结合,通过防止或减速半胱氨酸残基的氧化而能够更加有效地保持半胱氨酸残基的功能。
本发明中的含半胱氨酸的基序具有下式1所表示的结构:
Xa-[(MCys)n-Xbn]n 式(1)
其中(MCys)n表示简单半胱氨酸残基或者含有半胱氨酸残基并具有特定功能的肽基序或二级或三级结构,Xa和Xbn各独立地表示包括0到20个除半胱氨酸以外的氨基酸残基的肽,n是1到20范围的整数。
式(1)中,(MCys)n,即(MCys)1、(MCys)2…(MCys)n,可以彼此相同或不同。同样,Xbn,即Xb1、Xb2…Xbn,可以彼此相同或不同。
另外,如果式(1)中的(MCys)n是简单半胱氨酸残基,则根据本发明的含半胱氨酸的基序具有下式(2)所表示的结构:
式(2)
Xa-(Cys-Xbn)n
其中Xa、Xbn和n的定义与式1中相同。
同样,如果式(1)中的(MCys)n是含有半胱氨酸残基并具有特定功能的肽基序或二级或三级结构,则(MCys)n可优选为含有半胱氨酸残基的金属离子结合基序。已知含有半胱氨酸残基的金属离子结合基序能够结合金属离子,以抑制半胱氨酸残基的氧化,从而有效地保留半胱氨酸残基的烷基化反应性(Van Horn等人(2003)J.Biol.Inorg.Chem.8:601-610)。
可用于本发明的含有半胱氨酸残基的金属离子结合基序包括但不限于,用于控制体内金属离子浓度的金属离子螯合剂(Zhang等人(2012)Biochem.Genet.50(7-8):585-599),作用为将金属离子传递到细胞外或内的特定位置的分子伴侣(Ansbacher和Shurki,J.Phys.Chem.B(2012)116(15):4425-4432;Allen等人(2012)Biochemistry51(7):1439-48;Click等人(2012)H.Comput.Chem.33(11):1142-51),根据金属离子浓度调节转录的转录调节因子(Gunther等人(2012)Biochim.Biophys.Acta.1823(2):476-483;Sitthisak等人(2012)FEMS Microbiol.Lett.327(2):126-133),广泛地存在于许多蛋白质中并参与蛋白质与蛋白质相互作用或蛋白质与DNA相互作用的锌指基序(MacPherson等人(2006)Microbiol.Mol.Bio.Rev.70(3):583-604;Schaeffer等人(2012)Nucleic Acids Res.40(18):9298-9307),和来自各种酶的基序(Zielazinski等人(2012)Biochemistry51(40):7891-7900;Zhou等人(2012)FEBS J.279(2):285-298;Cochran等人(2011)Nat.Struct.Mol.Biol.19(1):122-127)。金属离子结合基序包含半胱氨酸残基作为其必要的结合基团,这种金属离子结合基序可用于生产本发明的修饰抗体-药物缀合物。
本发明中的金属离子结合基序优选实例包括但不限于,锌指蛋白的C2H2组(Cys2His2类:Cys-X2-4-Cys-X12-His-X3-5-His),C4组(C4类:Cys-X2-Cys-Xn-Cys-X2-Cys-Xm-Cys-X2-Cys-Xn-Cys-X2-Cys)或C6组(C6类:Cys-X2-Cys-X6-Cys-X5-12-Cys-X2-Cys-X6-8-Cys,诸如Cys-X-X-Cys或Cys-X-Cys的Cys-Xm-Cys基序,频繁地发现于转录调节蛋白中的C-Q-C-Q-C-A-C基序或Met-X-Cys-X-X-Cys基序,金属螯合蛋白,金属离子转运蛋白,超氧化物歧化酶或类似物,膜蛋白ATP酶的Ser-Pro-Cys基序等等。在上述金属结合肽基序中,X表示除Cys之外的氨基酸残基;m是1到10范围的整数,优选1到5范围的整数;Xm或Xm-q表示除Cys之外的氨基酸残基,其数量由m或m到q所标明。
更具体而言,能够用于本发明的锌指蛋白的金属离子结合基序的实例包括但不限于:
YKCKQCGKAFGCPSNLRRHGRTH(SEQ ID NO:1),
YQCNICGGKCFSCNSNLHRHQRTH(SEQ ID NO:2),
YSCGICGKSFSDSSAKRRHCILH(SEQ ID NO:3),
YTCSDCGKAFRDKSCLNRHRRTH(SEQ ID NO:4),
YRCKYCDRSFSDSSNLQRHVRNIH(SEQ ID NO:5),
YKCKECGKAFNHSSNFNKHHRIH(SEQ ID NO:6),
FKCPVCGKAFRHSSSLVRHQRTH(SEQ ID NO:7),
YRCKYCCDRSFSISSNLQRHVRNIH(SEQ ID NO:8),
YECDHCGKAFSIGSNLNVHRRIH(SEQ ID NO:9),
YGCHLCCKAFSKSSNLRRHEMIH(SEQ ID NO:10),
YKCKECGQAFRQRAHLIRHHKLH(SEQ ID NO:11),
YKCHQCGKAFIQSFNLRRHERTH(SEQ ID NO:12),
FQCNQCGASFTQKGNLNRHIKLH(SEQ ID NO:13),
YTCSYCGKSFTQSNTLKQHTRIH(SEQ ID NO:14),
YACHLCGKAFTQSSHRRHEKTH(SEQ ID NO:15),
YKCGQCGKFYSQVSHLTRHQKIH(SEQ ID NO:16),
YACHLCGKAFTQCSHLRRHEKTH(SEQ ID NO:17),
YACHLCAKAFIQCSHLRRHEKTH(SEQ ID NO:18),
YVCRECGRGFRQHSHLVRHKRTH(SEQ ID NO:19),
YKCEECEGKAFRQSSHLTTHKIIH(SEQ ID NO:20),
YECDHCGKSFSQSSHLNVHKRTH(SEQ ID NO:21),
YMCSECGRGFSQKSNLTIHQRTH(SEQ ID NO:22),
YKCEECGKAFTQSSNLTKHKKIH(SEQ ID NO:23),
FECKDCGKAFIQKSNLIRHQRTH(SEQ ID NO:24),
YVCRECRRGFSQKSNLIRHQRTH(SEQ ID NO:25),
YECEKCGKAFNQSSNLTRHKKSH(SEQ ID NO:26),
YECVQCGKSYSQSSNLFRHQRRH(SEQ ID NO:27),
YECVQCGKGFTQSSNLITHQRVH(SEQ ID NO:28),
YECNTCRKTFSQKSNLIVHQRTH(SEQ ID NO:29),
YVCSKCGKAFTQSSNLTVHQKIH(SEQ ID NO:30),
YKCDECGKNFTQSSNLIVHKRIH(SEQ ID NO:31),
YECDVCGKTFTQKSNLGVHQRTH(SEQ ID NO:32),
YKCPDCGKSFSQSSSLIRHQRTH(SEQ ID NO:33),
YECQDCGRAFNQNSSLGRHKRTH(SEQ ID NO:34),
YECNECGKFFSQSSSLIRHRRSH(SEQ ID NO:35),
YKCEECGKAFNQSSTLTRHKIVH(SEQ ID NO:36),
YECNECGKAFAQNSTLRVHQRIH(SEQ ID NO:37),
YEVHDCGKSFRQSTHTLTQHRRIH(SEQ ID NO:38),
YECHDCGKSFRQSTHLTRHRRIH(SEQ ID NO:39),
HKCLECGKCFSQNTHLTRHQRTH(SEQ ID NO:40),
YVCDVEGCTWKFARSDELNRHKKRH(SEQ ID NO:41),
YHCDWDGCGWKFARSDELTRHYRKH(SEQ ID NO:42),
YRCSWEGCEWRFARSDELTRHFRKH(SEQ ID NO:43),
FSCSWKGCERRFARSDELSRHRRTH(SEQ ID NO:44),
FACSWQDCNKKFARSDELARHYRTH(SEQ ID NO:45),
YHCNWDGCGWKFARSDELTRHYRKH(SEQ ID NO:46),
FLCQYCAQRFGRKDHLTRHMKHSH(SEQ ID NO:47),
CRCNECGKSFSRRDHLVRHQRTH(SEQ ID NO:48),
FQCKTCQRKFSRSDHLKTHTRTH(SEQ ID NO:49),
FACEVCGVRFTRNDKLKIHMRKH(SEQ ID NO:50),
YVCDVEGCTWKFARSDKLNRHKKRH(SEQ ID NO:51),
YKCMECGKAFNRRSHLTRHQRIH(SEQ ID NO:52),
YICRKCGRGFSRKSNLIRHQRTH(SEQ ID NO:53),
YECKECGKAFSSGSNFTRHQRIH(SEQ ID NO:54),
FHCGYCEKSFSVKDYLTKHIRTH(SEQ ID NO:55),
YECDHCGKAFSVSSNLNVHRRIH(SEQ ID NO:56),
YTCKQCGKAFSVSSSLRRHETTH(SEQ ID NO:57),
YECNYCGKTFSVSSTLIRHQRIH(SEQ ID NO:58),
YRCEECGKAFRWPSNLTRHKRIH(SEQ ID NO:59),
FACDICGRKFARSDERKRHTKIH(SEQ ID NO:60),
CPVESCDRRFSRSDELTRHIRIH(SEQ ID NO:61),
CDICGRKFARSDERKRHTKIH(SEQ ID NO:62),
等。锌指蛋白的金属离子结合基序可以是选自描述于http:// www.zincfingers.org,http://www.genenames.org/genefamilies/ZF,http:// www.scripps.edu/mb/barbas/zfdesign/zfdesignhome.php,https:// zifdb.msi.umn.edu:8444/ZiFDB/,或Macpherson等人(2006)Microbiol.Mol.Biol.Rev.70(3),583-604中的锌指蛋白的金属离子结合基序的任何一种,上述文献符合本发明的技术特征。
能够用于本发明的转录调节蛋白、金属螯合蛋白或类似物的金属离子结合基序的实例包括但不限于以下序列:
CadC蛋白:
CEIFCYDEEKVNRIQGDLQTVDISGVSQILKAIADENRAKITYALCQDEELCVC(SEQ ID NO:63),
AztR蛋白:DTHLVHLDNVRSSQAQILPTDKAQQMAEIFGVLADTNRIRLLSALASSELCVC(SEQ IDNO:64),
ZiaR蛋白:
CDQPLVHLEQVRQVQPEVMSLDQAQQMAEFFSALADPSRLRLMSALARQELCVC(SEQ ID NO:65),
BxmR蛋白:
CDRAHLVDCSRVGDIQTQVLNTAKAQRMAEFFSLLGDANRLRVVSVLAKQELCVC(SEQ ID NO:66),
ArsR蛋白:
LSDETRLGIVLLLREMGELCVCDLCM(SEQ ID NO:67),CCTLATGPLSSDESEHYADLFKVLGDPVRLRILSQLAAGGC(SEQ ID NO:68),YRAAMPVVRALVAYLTENCCHGTRDC(SEQ ID NO:69),
CmtR蛋白:
CLRGCGLVVATYEGRQVRYALADSHLARALGELVQVVLAVDTDQPC(SEQ ID NO:70),
LRDCGLVVTVPDGRRSRYELADERLGHALDDLRAAVVAVDADRTCPDADELECC(SEQ ID NO:71)等。
存在于膜蛋白中的参与细菌信号传导的锌(Zn)结合蛋白具有由一个半胱氨酸残基和三个组氨酸残基组成的固有金属离子结合基序(Draper等人,J.Bacteriol.2011,193(17),4338-4345)。这里,金属离子结合基序具有HXXWFYLX21-28CXLFMVIGXWFLVIX18-27HXXH的结构,其中X表示任何氨基酸,而Xm-q表示除Cys之外的氨基酸残基,其数量由m到q所标明。另外,迄今为止报道的150个或更多个锌结合蛋白可用作本发明中的金属离子结合基序。
已知的金属离子转运蛋白包括助阳离子扩散蛋白,Zrt、Irt样蛋白、阳离子交换蛋白、铜转运蛋白、重金属P型ATP酶、ATP结合盒转运蛋白等(Hanikenne等人,PlantPhysiology2005,137,428-446;Hall和Williams,J.Experimental Botany,2003,54(393)2601-2613),并且在本发明中可优选使用以下M-X-C-X-X-C基序,但不限于此:
E.coli ZntA:VSGMDCAACARKVENAVRQLAGVNQVQVLFA(SEQ ID NO:72)
Tn501MerP:VPGMTCSACPITVKKAISEVEGVSKVDVTFE(SEQ ID NO:73)
Tn501MerA:ITGMTCDSCAAHVKEALEKVPGVQSALVSY(SEQ ID NO:74)
S.aureus CadA:VQGFTCANCAGKFEKNVKKIPGVQDAKVNFG(SEQ ID NO:75)
Human Menkes:VEGMTCNSCVWTIEQQIGKVNGEHHIKVSLE(SEQ ID NO:76)
Yeast Atx1:VVMTCSGCSGAVNKVLTKLEPDVSKIDIS(SEQ ID NO:77)
Rat Wilsons:GMTCASCVANIERNLRREEGIYSV(SEQ ID NO:78)
Hum Wilsons:YEGMTCQSCVSSIEGKYRKLQGVVRYKVSL(SEQ ID NO:79)
Rice Cu ATPase:GMSCQGCAGAVRRVLTKMEGVETFDIDME(SEQ ID NO:80)
H.pylori Cu ATPase:VPSITCSHCVDKIEKFVGEIEGVSFIDANVE(SEQ ID NO:81)
Ran1:VTGMTCAACSNSVEAALMNVNGVDVGGMTCGGCSASVKKLLESQPCVASASV(SEQ ID NO:82)
Cpx89:VSGMVCAACSTAVENALLSCSGV(SEQ ID NO:83)
Paa1:DVGGMTCGGCSASVKKILESQP(SEQ ID NO:84)
Cpx1184:DVGGMKCGGCVEHVKKILEEQFGVTSAS(SEQ ID NO:85)。
另外,基于体内发现的野生型金属离子结合基序而人工设计的各种金属离子结合基序可用于根据本发明的修饰抗体-药物缀合物中。这些金属结合基序的实例包括但不限于:基于来自锌指蛋白的不含半胱氨酸残基的GGH基序设计的CGH基序(Van Horn等人,(2003)J.Biol.Inorg.Chem.8:601-610),和通过用其他氨基酸残基如苏氨酸、丝氨酸或组氨酸来取代肽基序中的一个或多个半胱氨酸残基而获得的金属离子结合基序(Jancso等人,(2011)Metallomics3(12):1331-1339)。CGH基序具有以下化学式1表示的结构,且优选具有在C末端和N末端都有ACGHA的结构:
化学式1
[其中M表示金属离子,R表示除半胱氨酸之外的氨基酸残基,优选为丙氨酸。]
即使当N末端和C末端的位置颠倒,本发明中的CGH基序仍具有金属离子结合特性。因而,对本领域技术人员显而易见的是,具有N末端和C末端颠倒位置的HGC基序落在本发明的CGH基序的范围内。
基于锌指基序人工设计的可用于本发明的金属离子结合基序包括以下金属结合肽基序(参见Roehm和Berg,J.Am.Chem.Soc.1998,120.13083-13087),其通过用甲基半胱氨酸(Me-Cys)取代PYKCPECGKSFSQKSALVKHQRTHTH中的半胱氨酸残基或者用半胱氨酸取代这一序列中的组氨酸残基而获得:
PYKCPECGKSFSQKSALVKHQRTHTC(SEQ ID NO:86),
PYKCPECGKSFSQKSALVKHQRTHTM(SEQ ID NO:87),
PYKCPECGKSFSQKSALVKHQRTHT(Me-C)(SEQ ID NO:88),
PYK(Me-C)PECGKSFSQKSALVKHQRTHTH(SEQ ID NO:89),
PYKCPE(Me-C)GKSFSQKSALVKHQRTHTH(SEQ ID NO:90),和
PYKCPE(Me-C)GKSFSQKSALVKHQR(SEQ ID NO:91)。
在上述金属结合肽基序中,Me-C表示甲基化组氨酸残基。
此外,基于许多迄今为止报道过的金属离子结合蛋白基序人工设计的肽也可用于本发明中。
基于蛋白质的二级或三级结构的金属离子结合基序包括最频繁存在的β折叠片、混合的α/β基序和α螺旋结构。α螺旋结构包括具有单链、双链、三链或四链α螺旋结构的肽。
关于这些多链的α螺旋,例如TRI家族具有G(LKALEEK)4G结构,其具有四个LKALEEK肽序列的重复。通过用半胱氨酸取代该TRI家族中的特定氨基酸而获得的人工设计的金属离子结合肽基序已经被报道(Peakcock等人,2009.Dalton Trans.7(13).2271-2280),并且具有以下结构的人工设计的肽基序可用于本发明中,但不仅限于此:
GLKALEEKCKALEEKLKALEEKLKALEEKG(SEQ ID NO:92)
GLKALEEKLKALEEKLKACEEKLKALEEKG(SEQ ID NO:93)
GLKALEEKCKALEEKLKACEEKLKALEEKG(SEQ ID NO:94)
GLKALEEKLKALEEKCKALEEKLKALEEKG(SEQ ID NO:95)
GLKALEEKLKALEEKLKALEEKCKALEEKG(SEQ ID NO:96)
GLKALEEKLKALEEKLKALEEKLKAAEEKCKALEEKG(SEQ ID NO:97)
GLKALEEKLKALEEKCKALEEKLKAAEEKCKALEEKG(SEQ ID NO:98)
ELYALEKELGALEKELACLEKELGALEKELYALEK(SEQ ID NO:99)
KLYALKEKLGALKEKLACLKEKLGALKEKLYALKE(SEQ ID NO:100)
ELYALEKELGALEKELACLKEKLGALKEKLYALKE(SEQ ID NO:101)
KLYALKEKLGALKEKLACLEKELGALEKELYALEK(SEQ ID NO:102)。
另外,许多具有环状结构如环[K1,12](QCGVCGKCIACK)的金属离子结合肽基序(Nivorozhkin等人2000.Inorg.Chem.39(11)2306-2313)也可用于本发明。
可用于本发明的修饰抗体中的含组氨酸的金属离子结合基序总结于下表1中。
表1:可用于本发明的含组氨酸的金属离子结合基序结构
这种含半胱氨酸的基序可以不受限制地结合于亲本抗体的轻链或重链的N末端或C末端,只要靶药物能够缀合于其上同时保持该亲本抗体的特异性。基序优选结合于重链或轻链的C末端。特别地,基序结合于重链的C末端,即亲本抗体的恒定区的末端。如果使用抗体片段,则基序优选结合于片段的重链的C末端。
然而,只要保持亲本抗体的特异性,本发明中的含半胱氨酸的基序,尤其是具有金属离子结合功能或某种特定功能的半胱氨酸基序或二级或三级结构,能够连接到亲本抗体的重链和轻链之外的任何位置,并且可以通过长链肽接头引入该亲本抗体。众所周知,当通过长链烃接头将药物缀合于抗体的重链或者轻链(除CDR区外)的位点特异性突变的半胱氨酸或赖氨酸残基上时,抗体-药物缀合物,其仍然能够保留亲本抗体的结构特征和特异性。因而,通过长链肽接头连接到亲本抗体的该位置的含半胱氨酸的金属离子结合肽基序能够提供具有高度均匀性的抗体-药物缀合物同时保留亲本抗体的特异性。
在根据本发明的修饰抗体中,含半胱氨酸的基序能够通过酰胺键直接与亲本抗体融合。或者,含半胱氨酸的基序的末端功能基团能够与亲本抗体的末端功能基团化学结合。或者,所述基序还能够通过使用第一接头而以接头介导的方式与亲本抗体结合。
药物能够直接缀合于半胱氨酸残基以及结合到亲本抗体上的含半胱氨酸的基序中的半胱氨酸的硫醇基团(-SH)上,并且也可以通过第二接头连接到半胱氨酸残基上。
将药物连接到含半胱氨酸的基序的半胱氨酸残基的第二接头的结合可以通过利用烷基化反应、二硫键交换或硫酯转移反应(transthioesterification)来实现。第二接头可以是选自如下物质的一种或多种:含卤代乙酰基官能团的烷基卤化物衍生物,含马来酰亚胺基团的衍生物,环乙亚胺(aziridine)衍生物,丙烯酰基衍生物(acryloyl)和含氟代苯的芳基卤化物衍生物,等等,但并不限于此。衍生物可以通过烷基化反应基团、芳基化反应性基团、马来酰亚胺基团、环乙亚胺基团、丙烯酰基基团、或含吡啶基二硫化物和硫硝基苯甲酸(thionitrobenzoic acid)的二硫键交换反应基团而结合于所述基序中的半胱氨酸残基的巯基基团(Bioconjugate techniques,第二版,pp182-192,Gerg T.Hermanson,ELSVIER)。
例如,使用通常用于连接巯基和接头的马来酰亚胺基团将药物缀合于半胱氨酸,因为半胱氨酸残基的巯基基团对马来酰亚胺基团的亲核反应性比胺基或诸如赖氨酸残基之类的其他氨基酸残基的N末端胺基高大约1000倍。因而在包括马来酰亚胺或碘乙酰胺作为第二接头的修饰抗体-药物缀合物的情况下,半胱氨酸通过硫醚键结合于药物。一般而言,第二接头具有反应位点,所述反应位点具有与亲核半胱氨酸反应的亲电子基团。
与本发明的修饰抗体结合的药物可以是具有治疗疾病效果的任何药物。特别地,优选具有抑制肿瘤细胞增殖效果的治疗癌症药物。
具体而言,可用于本发明的修饰抗体-药物缀合物的药物包括具有细胞毒性或抑制细胞增殖的效果的任何复合物、分子(moiety)或基团,其实例包括:
(i)能够起到微管蛋白抑制剂、有丝分裂抑制剂、拓扑异构酶抑制剂或DNA嵌入剂作用的化学治疗剂;
(ii)能够起到酶作用的蛋白质毒素;
(iii)能够抑制特定癌基因表达的微小RNA(miRNA)、siRNA或shRNA;
(iv)放射性同位素。
这种药物的实例包括但不限于类美坦素、奥里斯他汀、多拉司他汀、单端孢霉烯(trichothecene)、CC1065(细胞毒性化合物)、卡奇霉素以及其它烯二炔(enediyne)抗生素、紫杉烷(taxane)、蒽环类(anthracycline)、甲氨蝶呤、阿霉素(adriamycin)、长春地辛、长春花碱(长春新碱、长春碱、依托泊苷(etoposide))、多柔比星、美法仑(melphalan)、丝裂霉素C(mitomycin C)、苯丁酸氮芥(chlorambucil)、正定霉素(daunorubicin)、道诺霉素(daunomycin)及其立体异构体、电子等排体(isosteres)、类似物或衍生物,诸如核水解酶(nucleolytic enzymes)、抗生素之类的其它嵌入剂、酶片段,和诸如细菌、真菌、植物或动物来源的小分子毒素或酶促活性毒素之类的毒素,和诸如顺铂(cisplatin)、CPT-11,多柔比星、紫杉醇(paclitaxel)和多西他赛(docetaxel)之类的各种抗肿瘤或抗癌剂。
另外,本发明中的药物部分上的亲核基团包括一种或多种选自以下种类的基团:胺、巯基、羟基、酰肼、肟(oxime)、肼、缩氨基硫脲(thiosemicarbazone)、羧酸肼和芳基酰肼基团,所述基团能够与第二接头部分和第二接头反应剂上的亲电子基团反应以形成共价键,但所述基团并不限于此。
如上所述,能够通过第二接头部分缀合于抗体的药物分子的数量可以随着结合于亲本抗体的基序中的半胱氨酸残基数量的增加而增加。
如上所述,根据本发明的修饰抗体能够包括许多半胱氨酸残基,因为含一个或多个半胱氨酸残基的基序结合于亲本抗体,优选亲本抗体的C末端。因而,大量药物能够缀合于本发明的修饰抗体,且大量缀合药物能够有效地递送至靶细胞或靶组织。
并且,因为很容易控制结合于亲本抗体的半胱氨酸残基的数量,所以能够容易地将修饰抗体-药物缀合物(mADC)中包含的药物的量控制在期望的水平。这一特征克服了常规修饰抗体-药物缀合物的缺点,并且根据本发明的新的修饰抗体-药物缀合物能够用作优异的药物递送系统,且能够有效地用于治疗诸如癌症之类的疾病。
本发明还提供了一种用于制造修饰抗体的方法,所述修饰抗体包括含有一个或多个结合于亲本抗体的半胱氨酸残基的基序。
亲本抗体能够通过如下方式来制造:构建合适的表达载体,所述合适的表达载体包含编码亲本抗体的重链或轻链恒定区的核苷酸序列,用所构建的表达载体转化原核或真核细胞以表达抗体蛋白,分离该抗体蛋白,然后纯化所分离的抗体蛋白至药物学上可接受的纯度。
本发明中合适的表达载体可包括表达调控元件、例如启动子、起始密码子、终止密码子、多聚腺苷酸信号和增强子,以及用于膜靶向或分泌的信号序列。通常存在于原核细胞中的启动子实例包括lac、tac、T3和T7启动子。存在于真核细胞中的启动子实例包括猿病毒40(SV40)启动子、鼠乳房瘤病毒(MMTV)启动子、诸如HIV长末端重复(LTR)启动子之类的人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)启动子、莫洛尼氏(moloney)病毒启动子、巨细胞病毒(CMV)启动子、epstein barr病毒(EBV)启动子、rous肉瘤病毒(RSV)启动子以及β-肌动蛋白启动子,来自人类基因的启动子,例如人、人血红素、人肌肉肌氨酸和人金属硫蛋白。
表达载体可包括允许选择包含所述载体的宿主细胞的选择性标记物。赋予选择性表型(例如对药物的抗性、营养需求、对细胞毒素剂的抗性或表面蛋白的表达)的标记物用作选择性标记物。由于只有表达选择性标记物的细胞才在用选择试剂处理过的环境中存活,故能够选择出被转化的细胞。并且,可复制的表达载体可包括具有启动复制的特定核苷酸序列的复制起点。
作为用于表达外源基因的重组表达载体,可以使用各种类型的载体,例如质粒、病毒或粘粒载体。重组载体的类型没有特别的限制,只要其起到在诸如原核细胞和真核细胞的各种宿主细胞中表达期望基因并产生期望蛋白质的功能。然而,优选使用包括表现强活性且能够以高产量产生外源蛋白质的启动子的载体,所述外源蛋白质保持了同天然存在的蛋白质的相似性。
各种表达宿主/载体组合可用于表达包括含有一个或多个半胱氨酸残基的基序的亲本抗体或修饰抗体。针对真核宿主的有用的表达载体包括但不限于:包括来自SV40、牛乳头状瘤病毒、腺病毒、腺相关病毒、巨细胞病毒和逆转录病毒的表达控制序列的载体。针对细菌宿主的有用的表达载体包括细菌质粒,例如来自大肠杆菌(E.coli)的质粒,包括pET、pRSET、pBluescript、pGEX2T、pUC、col E1、pCR1、pBR322、pMB9以及它们的衍生物,诸如RP4、噬菌体DNA之类的更广泛的宿主范围质粒,例如λ噬菌体的多种衍生物,例如λgt10、gt11、NM989,以及其他的DNA噬菌体,如M13和丝状单链噬菌体。针对酵母细胞的有用的表达载体包括2μm质粒以及其衍生物。针对昆虫细胞的有用的载体包括pVL941。
另一方面,本发明提供了用上述重组载体转化的宿主细胞。重组载体插入宿主细胞以形成转化体。待用所述载体转化的合适的宿主细胞可以是原核细胞,例如E.coli、枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、链霉菌(Streptomyces sp.)、假单孢菌(Pseudomonassp.)、奇异变形杆菌(Proteus mirabilis)或葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus sp.)。并且,宿主细胞可以是真菌细胞,例如曲霉菌(Aspergillus sp.),酵母细胞如甲醇酵母(Pichiapastoris)、酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)、粟酒裂殖酵母(Schizosaccharomycessp.)和粗糙脉胞菌(Neurospora crassa),低级真核细胞和诸如昆虫细胞之类的高级真核细胞。并且,宿主细胞可以来自植物和/或哺乳动物。宿主细胞的优选实例包括但不限于PER.C6细胞、猴肾细胞7(COS7,特别是simian COS细胞)、NSO细胞、SP2/0、中国仓鼠卵巢(CHO)细胞、W138、幼仓鼠肾(BHK)细胞、Madin-Darby犬肾(MDCK)细胞、骨髓瘤细胞系、HuT78细胞、HEK293细胞,以及其它产生根据本发明的抗体蛋白的哺乳动物宿主细胞。
特别地,为最大化表达效率,本发明中的宿主细胞优选为选自E.coli细胞、simianCOS细胞、中国仓鼠卵巢(CHO)细胞以及其它产生根据本发明的抗体蛋白的哺乳动物宿主细胞。更优选地,本发明中的宿主细胞为仓鼠卵巢细胞CHO-K1。
本发明中,“转化”到宿主细胞中包括用于将核酸引入有机体、细胞、组织或器官的任何方法,可以如本领域所知那样利用根据宿主细胞的类型所选择的标准技术来进行。该方法包括但不限于电穿孔、原生质体融合、磷酸钙(CaPO4)沉淀、氯化钙(CaCl2)沉淀、利用碳化硅纤维震荡(agitation)、农杆菌介导的转化,以及PEG、硫酸葡聚糖、脂质体(lipofectamine)或干燥/抑制所介导的转化。
如上所述表达的抗体能够从宿主细胞、培养物的上清液或裂解后的细胞中回收,并利用常规的蛋白质纯化技术纯化,以获得包括含有一个或多个半胱氨酸残基的基序的修饰抗体。
所述抗体能够通过常规免疫球蛋白纯化步骤,例如琼脂糖凝胶蛋白A法、烃基磷灰石层析法、凝胶电泳法、透析法或亲和层析法从培养基中分离。
编码含半胱氨酸的基序的核苷酸序列能够与编码亲本抗体的重链恒定区或轻链恒定区的核苷酸序列融合。利用在亲本抗体中所采用类似的方法,在原核或真核宿主细胞中转化和表达之后,以这种方式融合的重组载体能够产生修饰抗体。
另外,通过表达亲本抗体和含一个或多个半胱氨酸残基的基序中的每个,然后将亲本抗体的末端官能团化学连接到含半胱氨酸的基序的末端官能团,或者通过第一接头将亲本抗体连接到基序,能够产生本发明的修饰抗体。可以将药物结合到所产生的具有含半胱氨酸的基序的修饰抗体,从而产生修饰抗体-药物缀合物(mADC)。
具体而言,能够通过以下方式产生具有多个含半胱氨酸的基序的修饰抗体-药物缀合物:
(a)将包括含半胱氨酸的基序的亲本抗体与接头反应剂缀合,以形成共价键结合的抗体-第二接头中间产物,然后向该中间产物加入经活化的药物部分;或者
(b)将药物部分的亲核基团与第二接头反应剂缀合,以形成共价键结合的药物-第二接头中间产物,然后将修饰抗体加入含半胱氨酸的基序。
另一方面,本发明提供了一种包括修饰抗体-药物缀合物作为活性成分的治疗组合物。
在上述组合物中,缀合于修饰抗体-药物缀合物的药物可以是细胞毒性剂、细胞增殖抑制剂、化学治疗剂、免疫抑制剂、消炎剂或类似物,但并不限于此。在癌症治疗中,用于局部递送杀死或抑制肿瘤细胞药物的抗体-药物缀合物的使用使得通过抗体-抗原相互作用靶向递送药物部分进入肿瘤细胞,并且药物部分在细胞内积聚。非缀合的药物制剂可能不仅在肿瘤细胞在,也在正常细胞中引起不可接受水平的毒性。然而,根据本发明的修饰抗体-药物缀合物由于所述抗体的高度抗原特异性而能够准确地递送药物,提高了药物的治疗效果。另外,其能够扩大药物特别是抗癌剂的适用性,所述抗癌剂尽管具有高度的抗癌功效但由于其毒性而使用受到限制。根据本发明,提供了最大化药物功效同时最小化药物毒性的抗体-药物缀合物。
本发明还提供了一种通过将修饰抗体-药物缀合物作为活性成分而抑制来自癌症、自体免疫、炎症或传染性疾病的靶细胞增殖的方法。
能够由本发明治疗的癌症可以选自以下癌症中的一种或多种:肝癌、胃癌、乳腺癌、结肠癌、骨癌、胰腺癌、头颈部癌、子宫癌、卵巢癌、直肠癌、食道癌、小肠癌、肛门癌、输卵管癌、子宫内膜癌、宫颈癌、阴道癌、瓣膜癌、Hodgkin病、前列腺癌、膀胱癌、肾癌、输尿管癌、肾细胞癌、肾盂癌和中枢神经系统的癌症。在特定实例中,通过使修饰抗体-药物缀合物与细胞体外接触,能够抑制HER2-扩增的乳腺癌BT-474细胞的增殖。因而,利用修饰抗体-药物缀合物作为活性成分抑制靶细胞增殖的本发明方法明显具有杀死与上述疾病相关的细胞或减少所述细胞的增殖速率的效果。
下文中,将参考实例来更进详细地描述本发明。对本领域普通技术人员而言显而易见的是,这些实例并不构成对本发明范围的限制,在本发明的技术理念和范围之内能够做出各种修改和变化。
除非另有定义,如本文所使用的技术或科学术语具有与本发明所属的技术领域的普通技术人员所理解的相同含义。并且,本文中将省略与现有技术相同的构造和效果的详细描述。
这种含半胱氨酸的基序可以不受限制地结合于亲本抗体的轻链或重链的N末端或C末端,只要靶药物能够缀合于其上同时保持该亲本抗体的特异性。基序优选结合于重链或轻链的C末端。特别地,基序结合于重链的C末端,即亲本抗体的恒定区的末端。如果使用抗体片段,则基序优选结合于片段的重链的C末端。
然而,只要保持亲本抗体的特异性,本发明中的含半胱氨酸的基序,尤其是具有金属离子结合功能或某种特定功能的半胱氨酸基序或二级或三级结构,能够连接到亲本抗体的重链和轻链之外的任何位置,并且可以通过长链肽接头引入该亲本抗体。众所周知,当通过长链烃接头将药物缀合于抗体的重链或者轻链(除CDR区外)的位点特异性突变的半胱氨酸或赖氨酸残基上时,抗体-药物缀合物,其仍然能够保留亲本抗体的结构特征和特异性。因而,通过长链肽接头连接到亲本抗体的该位置的含半胱氨酸的金属离子结合肽基序能够提供具有高度均匀性的抗体-药物缀合物同时保留亲本抗体的特异性。
在根据本发明的修饰抗体中,含半胱氨酸的基序能够通过酰胺键直接与亲本抗体融合。或者,含半胱氨酸的基序的末端功能基团能够与亲本抗体的末端功能基团化学结合。或者,所述基序还能够通过使用第一接头而以接头介导的方式与亲本抗体结合。
药物能够直接缀合于半胱氨酸残基以及结合到亲本抗体上的含半胱氨酸的基序中的半胱氨酸的硫醇基团(-SH)上,并且也可以通过第二接头连接到半胱氨酸残基上。
将药物连接到含半胱氨酸的基序的半胱氨酸残基的第二接头的结合可以通过利用烷基化反应、二硫键交换或硫酯转移反应(transthioesterification)来实现。第二接头可以是选自如下物质的一种或多种:含卤代乙酰基官能团的烷基卤化物衍生物,含马来酰亚胺基团的衍生物,环乙亚胺(aziridine)衍生物,丙烯酰基衍生物(acryloyl)和含氟代苯的芳基卤化物衍生物,等等,但并不限于此。衍生物可以通过烷基化反应基团、芳基化反应性基团、马来酰亚胺基团、环乙亚胺基团、丙烯酰基基团、或含吡啶基二硫化物和硫硝基苯甲酸(thionitrobenzoic acid)的二硫键交换反应基团而结合于所述基序中的半胱氨酸残基的巯基基团(Bioconjugate techniques,第二版,pp182-192,Gerg T.Hermanson,ELSVIER)。
例如,使用通常用于连接巯基和接头的马来酰亚胺基团将药物缀合于半胱氨酸,因为半胱氨酸残基的巯基基团对马来酰亚胺基团的亲核反应性比胺基或诸如赖氨酸残基之类的其他氨基酸残基的N末端胺基高大约1000倍。因而在包括马来酰亚胺或碘乙酰胺作为第二接头的修饰抗体-药物缀合物的情况下,半胱氨酸通过硫醚键结合于药物。一般而言,第二接头具有反应位点,所述反应位点具有与亲核半胱氨酸反应的亲电子基团。
与本发明的修饰抗体结合的药物可以是具有治疗疾病效果的任何药物。特别地,优选具有抑制肿瘤细胞增殖效果的治疗癌症药物。
具体而言,可用于本发明的修饰抗体-药物缀合物的药物包括具有细胞毒性或抑制细胞增殖的效果的任何复合物、分子(moiety)或基团,其实例包括:
(i)能够起到微管蛋白抑制剂、有丝分裂抑制剂、拓扑异构酶抑制剂或DNA嵌入剂作用的化学治疗剂;
(ii)能够起到酶作用的蛋白质毒素;
(iii)能够抑制特定癌基因表达的微小RNA(miRNA)、siRNA或shRNA;
(iv)放射性同位素。
这种药物的实例包括但不限于类美坦素、奥里斯他汀、多拉司他汀、单端孢霉烯(trichothecene)、CC1065(细胞毒性化合物)、卡奇霉素以及其它烯二炔(enediyne)抗生素、紫杉烷(taxane)、蒽环类(anthracycline)、甲氨蝶呤、阿霉素(adriamycin)、长春地辛、长春花碱(长春新碱、长春碱、依托泊苷(etoposide))、多柔比星、美法仑(melphalan)、丝裂霉素C(mitomycin C)、苯丁酸氮芥(chlorambucil)、正定霉素(daunorubicin)、道诺霉素(daunomycin)及其立体异构体、电子等排体(isosteres)、类似物或衍生物,诸如核水解酶(nucleolytic enzymes)、抗生素之类的其它嵌入剂、酶片段,和诸如细菌、真菌、植物或动物来源的小分子毒素或酶促活性毒素之类的毒素,和诸如顺铂(cisplatin)、CPT-11,多柔比星、紫杉醇(paclitaxel)和多西他赛(docetaxel)之类的各种抗肿瘤或抗癌剂。
另外,本发明中的药物部分上的亲核基团包括一种或多种选自以下种类的基团:胺、巯基、羟基、酰肼、肟(oxime)、肼、缩氨基硫脲(thiosemicarbazone)、羧酸肼和芳基酰肼基团,所述基团能够与第二接头部分和第二接头反应剂上的亲电子基团反应以形成共价键,但所述基团并不限于此。
如上所述,能够通过第二接头部分缀合于抗体的药物分子的数量可以随着结合于亲本抗体的基序中的半胱氨酸残基数量的增加而增加。
如上所述,根据本发明的修饰抗体能够包括许多半胱氨酸残基,因为含一个或多个半胱氨酸残基的基序结合于亲本抗体,优选亲本抗体的C末端。因而,大量药物能够缀合于本发明的修饰抗体,且大量缀合药物能够有效地递送至靶细胞或靶组织。
并且,因为很容易控制结合于亲本抗体的半胱氨酸残基的数量,所以能够容易地将修饰抗体-药物缀合物(mADC)中包含的药物的量控制在期望的水平。这一特征克服了常规修饰抗体-药物缀合物的缺点,并且根据本发明的新的修饰抗体-药物缀合物能够用作优异的药物递送系统,且能够有效地用于治疗诸如癌症之类的疾病。
本发明还提供了一种用于制造修饰抗体的方法,所述修饰抗体包括含有一个或多个结合于亲本抗体的半胱氨酸残基的基序。
亲本抗体能够通过如下方式来制造:构建合适的表达载体,所述合适的表达载体包含编码亲本抗体的重链或轻链恒定区的核苷酸序列,用所构建的表达载体转化原核或真核细胞以表达抗体蛋白,分离该抗体蛋白,然后纯化所分离的抗体蛋白至药物学上可接受的纯度。
本发明中合适的表达载体可包括表达调控元件、例如启动子、起始密码子、终止密码子、多聚腺苷酸信号和增强子,以及用于膜靶向或分泌的信号序列。通常存在于原核细胞中的启动子实例包括lac、tac、T3和T7启动子。存在于真核细胞中的启动子实例包括猿病毒40(SV40)启动子、鼠乳房瘤病毒(MMTV)启动子、诸如HIV长末端重复(LTR)启动子之类的人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)启动子、莫洛尼氏(moloney)病毒启动子、巨细胞病毒(CMV)启动子、epstein barr病毒(EBV)启动子、rous肉瘤病毒(RSV)启动子以及β-肌动蛋白启动子,来自人类基因的启动子,例如人、人血红素、人肌肉肌氨酸和人金属硫蛋白。
表达载体可包括允许选择包含所述载体的宿主细胞的选择性标记物。赋予选择性表型(例如对药物的抗性、营养需求、对细胞毒素剂的抗性或表面蛋白的表达)的标记物用作选择性标记物。由于只有表达选择性标记物的细胞才在用选择试剂处理过的环境中存活,故能够选择出被转化的细胞。并且,可复制的表达载体可包括具有启动复制的特定核苷酸序列的复制起点。
作为用于表达外源基因的重组表达载体,可以使用各种类型的载体,例如质粒、病毒或粘粒载体。重组载体的类型没有特别的限制,只要其起到在诸如原核细胞和真核细胞的各种宿主细胞中表达期望基因并产生期望蛋白质的功能。然而,优选使用包括表现强活性且能够以高产量产生外源蛋白质的启动子的载体,所述外源蛋白质保持了同天然存在的蛋白质的相似性。
各种表达宿主/载体组合可用于表达包括含有一个或多个半胱氨酸残基的基序的亲本抗体或修饰抗体。针对真核宿主的有用的表达载体包括但不限于:包括来自SV40、牛乳头状瘤病毒、腺病毒、腺相关病毒、巨细胞病毒和逆转录病毒的表达控制序列的载体。针对细菌宿主的有用的表达载体包括细菌质粒,例如来自大肠杆菌(E.coli)的质粒,包括pET、pRSET、pBluescript、pGEX2T、pUC、col E1、pCR1、pBR322、pMB9以及它们的衍生物,诸如RP4、噬菌体DNA之类的更广泛的宿主范围质粒,例如λ噬菌体的多种衍生物,例如λgt10、gt11、NM989,以及其他的DNA噬菌体,如M13和丝状单链噬菌体。针对酵母细胞的有用的表达载体包括2μm质粒以及其衍生物。针对昆虫细胞的有用的载体包括pVL 941。
另一方面,本发明提供了用上述重组载体转化的宿主细胞。重组载体插入宿主细胞以形成转化体。待用所述载体转化的合适的宿主细胞可以是原核细胞,例如E.coli、枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、链霉菌(Streptomyces sp.)、假单孢菌(Pseudomonassp.)、奇异变形杆菌(Proteus mirabilis)或葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus sp.)。并且,宿主细胞可以是真菌细胞,例如曲霉菌(Aspergillus sp.),酵母细胞如甲醇酵母(Pichiapastoris)、酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)、粟酒裂殖酵母(Schizosaccharomycessp.)和粗糙脉胞菌(Neurospora crassa),低级真核细胞和诸如昆虫细胞之类的高级真核细胞。并且,宿主细胞可以来自植物和/或哺乳动物。宿主细胞的优选实例包括但不限于PER.C6细胞、猴肾细胞7(COS7,特别是simian COS细胞)、NSO细胞、SP2/0、中国仓鼠卵巢(CHO)细胞、W138、幼仓鼠肾(BHK)细胞、Madin-Darby犬肾(MDCK)细胞、骨髓瘤细胞系、HuT78细胞、HEK293细胞,以及其它产生根据本发明的抗体蛋白的哺乳动物宿主细胞。
特别地,为最大化表达效率,本发明中的宿主细胞优选为选自E.coli细胞、simianCOS细胞、中国仓鼠卵巢(CHO)细胞以及其它产生根据本发明的抗体蛋白的哺乳动物宿主细胞。更优选地,本发明中的宿主细胞为仓鼠卵巢细胞CHO-K1。
本发明中,“转化”到宿主细胞中包括用于将核酸引入有机体、细胞、组织或器官的任何方法,可以如本领域所知那样利用根据宿主细胞的类型所选择的标准技术来进行。该方法包括但不限于电穿孔、原生质体融合、磷酸钙(CaPO4)沉淀、氯化钙(CaCl2)沉淀、利用碳化硅纤维震荡(agitation)、农杆菌介导的转化,以及PEG、硫酸葡聚糖、脂质体(lipofectamine)或干燥/抑制所介导的转化。
如上所述表达的抗体能够从宿主细胞、培养物的上清液或裂解后的细胞中回收,并利用常规的蛋白质纯化技术纯化,以获得包括含有一个或多个半胱氨酸残基的基序的修饰抗体。
所述抗体能够通过常规免疫球蛋白纯化步骤,例如琼脂糖凝胶蛋白A法、烃基磷灰石层析法、凝胶电泳法、透析法或亲和层析法从培养基中分离。
编码含半胱氨酸的基序的核苷酸序列能够与编码亲本抗体的重链恒定区或轻链恒定区的核苷酸序列融合。利用在亲本抗体中所采用类似的方法,在原核或真核宿主细胞中转化和表达之后,以这种方式融合的重组载体能够产生修饰抗体。
另外,通过表达亲本抗体和含一个或多个半胱氨酸残基的基序中的每个,然后将亲本抗体的末端官能团化学连接到含半胱氨酸的基序的末端官能团,或者通过第一接头将亲本抗体连接到基序,能够产生本发明的修饰抗体。可以将药物结合到所产生的具有含半胱氨酸的基序的修饰抗体,从而产生修饰抗体-药物缀合物(mADC)。
具体而言,能够通过以下方式产生具有多个含半胱氨酸的基序的修饰抗体-药物缀合物:
(a)将包括含半胱氨酸的基序的亲本抗体与接头反应剂缀合,以形成共价键结合的抗体-第二接头中间产物,然后向该中间产物加入经活化的药物部分;或者
(b)将药物部分的亲核基团与第二接头反应剂缀合,以形成共价键结合的药物-第二接头中间产物,然后将修饰抗体加入含半胱氨酸的基序。
另一方面,本发明提供了一种包括修饰抗体-药物缀合物作为活性成分的治疗组合物。
在上述组合物中,缀合于修饰抗体-药物缀合物的药物可以是细胞毒性剂、细胞增殖抑制剂、化学治疗剂、免疫抑制剂、消炎剂或类似物,但并不限于此。在癌症治疗中,用于局部递送杀死或抑制肿瘤细胞药物的抗体-药物缀合物的使用使得通过抗体-抗原相互作用靶向递送药物部分进入肿瘤细胞,并且药物部分在细胞内积聚。非缀合的药物制剂可能不仅在肿瘤细胞在,也在正常细胞中引起不可接受水平的毒性。然而,根据本发明的修饰抗体-药物缀合物由于所述抗体的高度抗原特异性而能够准确地递送药物,提高了药物的治疗效果。另外,其能够扩大药物特别是抗癌剂的适用性,所述抗癌剂尽管具有高度的抗癌功效但由于其毒性而使用受到限制。根据本发明,提供了最大化药物功效同时最小化药物毒性的抗体-药物缀合物。
本发明还提供了一种通过将修饰抗体-药物缀合物作为活性成分而抑制来自癌症、自体免疫、炎症或传染性疾病的靶细胞增殖的方法。
能够由本发明治疗的癌症可以选自以下癌症中的一种或多种:肝癌、胃癌、乳腺癌、结肠癌、骨癌、胰腺癌、头颈部癌、子宫癌、卵巢癌、直肠癌、食道癌、小肠癌、肛门癌、输卵管癌、子宫内膜癌、宫颈癌、阴道癌、瓣膜癌、Hodgkin病、前列腺癌、膀胱癌、肾癌、输尿管癌、肾细胞癌、肾盂癌和中枢神经系统的癌症。在特定实例中,通过使修饰抗体-药物缀合物与细胞体外接触,能够抑制HER2-扩增的乳腺癌BT-474细胞的增殖。因而,利用修饰抗体-药物缀合物作为活性成分抑制靶细胞增殖的本发明方法明显具有杀死与上述疾病相关的细胞或减少所述细胞的增殖速率的效果。
下文中,将参考实例来更进详细地描述本发明。对本领域普通技术人员而言显而易见的是,这些实例并不构成对本发明范围的限制,在本发明的技术理念和范围之内能够做出各种修改和变化。
除非另有定义,如本文所使用的技术或科学术语具有与本发明所属的技术领域的普通技术人员所理解的相同含义。并且,本文中将省略与现有技术相同的构造和效果的详细描述。
1.分析方法
1.1:UV-VIS分光光度法
在本发明中,使用以接头附接到抗癌剂多柔比星(6-马来酰亚氨基己酰基)腙((6-maleimidocaproyl)hydrazone)的药物(DOX-EMCH)制造抗体-药物缀合物。当注入人体时,DOX-EMCH与血清蛋白中存在的半胱氨酸的巯基基团结合,形成血清蛋白-药物缀合物[Willner等人,Bioconjugate Chem.1993(4):521-7],并能够容易地应用于描述本发明。
为了检查药物在缀合和纯化步骤之后是否仍然结合于蛋白质,通常采用UV-VIS吸收光谱法。蛋白质在280nm波长(UV波长范围)处表现出最大吸光度,而本发明中使用的多柔比星在495nm(可见波长范围)处具有最大吸光度。蛋白质和多柔比星在特定波长区域都分别具有特征吸光度系数。因而当测得在280nm和495nm的吸光度时,就确定了蛋白质的每分子药物结合当量(美国专利第7,528,234B2号)。
1.2:体外细胞增值抑制测试
通过将具有受体蛋白的哺乳动物细胞,如SK-BR-3或BT-474细胞,暴露于细胞培养基中的修饰抗体-药物缀合物(mADC),来确定所述修饰抗体-药物缀合物(mADC)的细胞毒性或细胞增殖抑制活性。培养经mADC处理过的细胞大约6小时-5天,测量其活力(viability)。
1.3:体外半胱天冬酶3/7活性测定
赫赛汀(Herceptin)不直接诱导癌细胞死亡,但确实通过ADCC(抗体依赖性细胞的细胞毒性)而诱导Her2-阳性癌细胞死亡。然而,药物治疗直接诱导细胞凋亡性细胞死亡,从而当测定半胱天冬酶活性时,其能够确定修饰抗体-药物缀合物(mADC)是否诱导半胱天冬酶介导的细胞凋亡(Bayascas等人(2002),Cell Death and Differentiation.9:1078-1089;Preaudat等人(2002),Journal of Biomolecular Screening.7:267-274;Phillips等人(2008),Cancer Research68(22):9280-9290)。
在本发明中,为了检查经由修饰抗体-药物缀合物(mADC)的细胞凋亡机制,测定了半胱天冬酶3/7的活性。一般而言,通过将具有受体蛋白的哺乳动物细胞,如SK-BR-3或BT-474细胞,暴露于修饰抗体-药物缀合物(mADC),来确定经由修饰抗体-药物缀合物(mADC)的细胞凋亡。将经mADC处理的细胞在培养基中培养~2天,测定其半胱天冬酶活性。
2.实例
实例1.表达载体pAV4的制备
通过使用pAV4载体来进行本发明中所需的表达载体的克隆,以便用于工业领域的抗体生产,所述pAV4载体构建自亲本载体pSGHV0(GenBank登录号No.AF285183)并修饰。尽管人类蛋白质能够在诸如E.coli的细菌细胞中过表达,但难以获得作为活性物质的人类蛋白质。因而,制造所述亲本载体以在动物细胞中体外高浓度地表达生理活性的蛋白质,同时具有容易的纯化步骤。虽然其具有由该亲本载体高蛋白表达水平的最大优点,但在工业领域其使用具有限制。因而,pAV4载体由其亲本载体修饰而来,以适应于工业领域。另外,pAV4载体经充分修饰以用于表达抗体的重链区和轻链区二者的目的。
实例2.用于生产曲妥单抗和半胱氨酸修饰的曲妥单抗的载体的构建
为构建曲妥单抗(HHL002)载体,将曲妥单抗的重链和轻链的cDNA合成为密码子优化的序列,使得其在CHO细胞中的表达最大化。将基因分别克隆到pAV4载体的XhoI/NotI和ApaI/SmaI限制性位点,从而制备曲妥单抗载体(pHHL002)。
2.1:用于经修饰的曲妥单抗抗体HR-Cys和HR-Cys-Gly-Cys的载体的构建
为了构建用于经修饰的曲妥单抗抗体的载体,所述经修饰的曲妥单抗抗体为一种取代C末端处的末端赖氨酸的单个半胱氨酸突变体HR-Cys(HHL002),和另一种C末端肽由Cys-Gly-Cys(CGC)组成的曲妥单抗突变体HR-Cys-Gly-Cys(HHL002C2),使用所构建的曲妥单抗载体(pHHL002)作为模板进行PCR扩增。具体而言,使用曲妥单抗作为模板,正向引物为XhoHH(5′-GGG GGG CTC GAG ACC ATG GGT TGG AGC TGT-3′),针对HHL002C反向引物为HHNot(5′-GCG GCC GGC CGC TCA ACA ACC CGG AGA CAG-3′),或者针对HHL002C2反向引物为HHNot(5′-GCG GCC GGC CGC TCA ACA GCC ACA ACC CGG AGA CAG-3′),进行PCR扩增。用限制性酶XhoI和NotI切割经扩增的核苷酸序列并与具有XhoI/NotI切割位点的表达载体pHHL002连接,从而构建半胱氨酸修饰的曲妥单抗抗体载体(pHHL002C;pHHL002C2)。图1是所述载体的示意图。该实例中制造的含半胱氨酸的变体抗体为含半胱氨酸的曲妥单抗抗体,其包含C末端赖氨酸缺失以及单个半胱氨酸或半胱氨酸、甘氨酸和半胱氨酸的短肽的加入。
2.2:用于经修饰的曲妥单抗抗体HR-M2(Cys)的载体的构建
为构建编码具有两个金属离子结合基序(CGH)的经修饰的曲妥单抗抗体HR-M2(Cys)(HR-ACHGAACGHA;HHL002M2)的载体,使用曲妥单抗载体(pHHL002)作为模板,XhoHH正向引物(5′-GGG GGG CTC GAG ACC ATG GGT TGG AGC TGT-3′)和M2反向引物(5’CCCCGCGGC CGC CTA GGC ATG GCC ACA AGC AGC ATG GCC ACA GGC GCC GGG AGA CAG AGA 3’),进行PCR扩增。用限制性酶XhoI和NotI切割经扩增的核苷酸序列并与具有XhoI/NotI切割位点的表达载体pHHL002连接,从而构建半胱氨酸修饰的曲妥单抗抗体载体(pHHL002M2)。
2.3:经修饰的曲妥单抗抗体HR-M(Cys)的生产
为构建编码具有单个金属离子结合基序(CGH)的经修饰的曲妥单抗抗体HR-M(Cys)(HR-GGGACGHA;HHL002M)的载体,使用EzChange定点突变试剂盒(Enzynomics,Ez004S)进行PCR扩增。上面生产的经修饰的曲妥单抗抗体HR-M2(Cys)用作模板,正向引物为(5’-GGT GGA GGT GCT TGT GGC CAT TAA GC),反向引物为(3’-GCC GGG AGA CAG AGACAG TG)。从HR-M2(Cys)中的两个金属离子结合基序中去除来自C末端的一个金属离子结合基序,且在剩余基序与亲本抗体之间添加甘氨酸接头(GGG)。经EzChange PCR扩增之后,用限制酶DpnI切割原始模板HR-M2(Cys),通过连接酶将得到的5-M(Cys)连接到双链DNA载体中,从而构建经修饰的曲妥单抗抗体载体(pHHL002M)。
2.4:用于经修饰的曲妥单抗抗体HR-M2L(Cys)的载体的构建
为了构建编码具有三个氨基酸接头(GGG)嵌插在金属离子结合基序(CGH)之间的经修饰的曲妥单抗抗体HR-M2L(Cys)(HR-ACGHAGGGACGHA,HHL002M2L)的载体,接头采用PCR扩增。以上生产的针对曲妥单抗抗体HR-M2(Cys)的修饰载体用作模板,正向引物为(5’-GGTGGA GGTGCT TGT GGC CAT GCC TAA GCG),反向引物为(3’-AGC ATG GCC ACA GGC GCC)。用限制酶DpnI切割原始模板HR-M2(Cys),通过连接酶将得到的编码5-M2L(Cys)的核苷酸连接到双链DNA载体中,从而构建经修饰的曲妥单抗抗体载体(pHHL002M2L)。
2.5:用于经修饰的曲妥单抗抗体HR-Z(Cys)的载体的构建
为了构建编码具有来自I类锌指蛋白的金属离子结合基序的经修饰的曲妥单抗抗体HR-Z(Cys)(HR-CDICGRKFARSDERKRHTKIHLRQK,HHL002Z)载体,使用曲妥单抗载体(pHHL002)作为模板,XhoHH正向引物(5′-GGG GGG CTC GAG ACC ATG GGT TGG AGC TGT-3′,SEQ ID NO:1)和Z反向引物(5'-GCA TGC GGC CGC CTT ACT TCT GCC GCA GGT GGA TCTTGG TAT GCC TTT TTC GCT CGT CGG ATC TAG CAA ATT TGC GTC CAC AAA TAT CGC ATTTGC CGG GAG ACA GAG A-3'),进行PCR扩增。用限制性酶XhoI和NotI切割经扩增的核苷酸序列,并与具有XhoI/NotI切割位点的表达载体pHHL002连接,从而构建半胱氨酸修饰的曲妥单抗抗体载体(pHHL002Z)。
实例3:曲妥单抗和半胱氨酸修饰的曲妥单抗抗体的表达和纯化
使用中国仓鼠卵巢细胞(CHO-K1),分析曲妥单抗(HHL002)及其半胱氨酸修饰的抗体(HHL002C、HHL002C2、HHL002M、HHL002M2、HHL002M2L、HHL002Z)的表达。具体而言,在含10%FBS(胎牛血清)和抗生素的DMEM(Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Media)中培养CHO-K1细胞。将CHO-K1细胞以5x106个细胞/ml的浓度接种在100mm培养皿中,然后培养24小时。将800μl无FBS和抗生素的DMEM与10μg载体混合,在室温下培育1分钟,之后将所述混合物与20μg的PEI(聚乙二胺,线性,Polysciences Inc(Cat.no:23966,MW~25,000))混合,并使其在室温下静置大约10-15分钟。同时,用PBS洗涤细胞,并向其中加入6ml新鲜的DMEM。将在室温下保持了10-15分钟的所述曲妥单抗或半胱氨酸修饰的曲妥单抗抗体加入培养皿。次日,用PBS洗涤细胞,并向其中加入无FBS和抗生素的IMDM培养基(Cat.No12200-028,Gibco,Iscove′s Modified Dulbecco′s Medium),以确认抗体蛋白的表达。
上述表达的曲妥单抗和半胱氨酸修饰的曲妥单抗抗体按照以下方式纯化。具体而言,为了纯化分泌到细胞培养基中的曲妥单抗和半胱氨酸修饰的曲妥单抗抗体,将培养基离心以去除细胞,将上清液注入用平衡缓冲液平衡过的HiTrap Protein A HP柱(GEHealthcare,USA)。用平衡缓冲液充分洗涤该柱,然后用甘氨酸缓冲液(100mM甘氨酸,pH2.8)通过pH改变来洗脱所述蛋白质。所得到的溶液经磷酸盐缓冲液透析,然后使用Vivaspin20(Sartorius,USA)浓缩。
实例4:变体抗体和药物缀合物的的生产
4.1:基于曲妥单抗的变体抗体与药物(多柔比星)的缀合物的生产
一般而言,如果蛋白质的半胱氨酸残基不参与分子内二硫键,则所述蛋白质通常通过分子间二硫键形成二聚体。然而,如图2所示,如通过SDS-PAGE和Western印记分析所确定,本发明中生产的HR-Cys是以完整的单体抗体存在。另外,在所述蛋白质中具有游离巯基基团的半胱氨酸残基能够与细胞内谷胱甘肽或半胱氨酸形成二硫键。由于这种原因,为了破坏二硫键,在与药物-第二接头结合后,需要用诸如DTT(二硫苏糖醇)或TCEP(三(2-羧乙基)膦)之类的还原剂处理的步骤,但即使在室温下震荡也能够实现充分的结合反应。
本实验中使用的经第二接头缀合的药物是被称为DOXO-EMCH的多柔比星的(6-马来酰亚氨基己酰基)腙衍生物。将诸如DOXO-EMCH之类的具有马来酰亚胺基团的化合物附接到蛋白质的巯基基团的方法在文献[Klussman等人(2004),Bioconjugate Chemistry15(4):765-773,第766页;Emmanuel等人(2010)Chemistry&Biology2010(17):213-227]中有详细描述。
将本发明中纯化的HR-Cys与DOXO-EMCH以1:10的摩尔比混合并在室温下震荡4小时。然后,使用脱盐柱去除剩余的DOXO-EMCH,通过超滤洗涤剩余物质三次,从而制成HR-Cys-多柔比星缀合物(HR-Cys-DOX)。通过UV-VIS分光光度法确认所制成的缀合物,如图3所示。从基于所述蛋白质和药物的特征吸光度系数的计算,可以看出每个HR-Cys分子结合大约两分子的DOXO-EMCH。
4.2:曲妥单抗基修饰的抗体和药物(MMAE)缀合物的制造
本发明中,将已知细胞毒性比多柔比星高得多的MMAE缀合于HR-Cys-GLy-Cys,以制造赫赛汀-MMAE缀合物(HR-Cys2-MMAE)。单甲基奥里斯他汀E(见下面化学式2),即奥里斯他汀的可缀合衍生物,通过能够被细胞中的蛋白酶降解的缬氨酸-citurulline和自降解的间隔臂对苯胺苯甲酸(PABA)连接到巯基特异性的马来酰亚胺基团。这被称为MC(马来酰亚胺基己酸)-VC(缬氨酸-citurulline)-PAB-MMAE,其合成方法是已经公知的(美国专利第6214345号;美国专利第7745394号)。奥里斯他汀,一种高细胞毒性化合物,已知在细胞增殖抑制测试中具有200-300pM的IC50值。
化学式2:MC-vc-PAB-甲基奥里斯他汀E
本发明中,将2-10当量的还原剂TCEP加入到经修饰的曲妥单抗抗体中,并在4℃下反应30分钟以还原巯基基团,之后,向其中加入2-10当量的MC-vc-PAB-MMAE并在室温下反应大约2-4小时。通过加入过量的半胱氨酸终止反应,通过离心-过滤和在磷酸盐缓冲液中透析去除未反应的MC-vc-PAB-MMAE和TCEP,从而获得纯化的曲妥单抗变体-MC-vc-PAB-MMAE。
为了确认所制成的曲妥单抗变体-MC-vc-PAB-MMAE的选择性结合特异性,对所制成的HR-M2(Cys)-MC-vc-PAB-MMAE进行肽图谱绘制(ProteinWorks Co.,Ltd.,Daejeon,Korea)。肽图谱的结果表明,MC-vc-PAB-MMAE被引入到在重链C末端作为药物结合位点的肽半胱氨酸残基。没有观察到由重链或轻链的链内或链间二硫键导致的药物与半胱氨酸的结合。这表明本发明中设计的抗体变体被有效地合成,其能够显著地提高抗体-药物缀合物的均匀性,同时具有对重链C末端的药物结合特异性。
4.3:使用含马来酰亚胺的荧光染料Alexa
488对经修饰的曲妥单抗抗体
的选择性缀合性质的分析
为了检查药物是否选择性地缀合于被引入到曲妥单抗重链C末端的半胱氨酸残基,将用巯基特异性马来酰亚胺基团取代的荧光染料Alexa 488与每个经修饰的曲妥单抗抗体反应。当蛋白质的半胱氨酸残基不形成分子内二硫键时,所述蛋白质通常通过分子间二硫键形成二聚体。然而,如图2所示,如通过SDS-PAGE和Western印记分析所确定,本发明中制造的HR-Cys作为完整的单体抗体存在。另外,具有游离巯基的半胱氨酸残基能够与细胞内谷胱甘肽或半胱氨酸形成二硫键。由于这种原因,为了破坏二硫键,在与药物-第二接头结合后,需要用诸如DTT(二硫苏糖醇)或TCEP(三(2-羧乙基)膦)之类的还原剂处理的步骤,但即使在室温下震荡也能够实现充分的结合反应。2-4当量的还原剂不仅能够还原被引入到重链C末端的半胱氨酸残基,也能够还原重链和轻链每条的链内二硫键和将重链与轻链相连接的链间二硫键。因而,荧光染料能够结合于任何通过还原剂还原的半胱氨酸残基。结合于链间或链内二硫键的药物能够降低抗体-药物缀合物的均匀性,且具有相对较大尺寸的结合药物非常容易降低抗体蛋白本身的结构稳定性和抗原特异性,并且由于这种原因,其在生物药品制造中的功效能够被显著降低。
将2-4当量的TCEP加入经修饰的曲妥单抗抗体,在4℃下反应大约30分钟以还原巯基。在该过程中,在表达过程期间利用二硫键作为二聚体存在的抗体变体或者以氧化剂结合形式存在的半胱氨酸的巯基官能团被恢复成能够结合马来酰亚胺基团的还原形式。在还原反应之后,应当通过诸如离心-过滤之类的方式去除与马来酰亚胺基团反应的还原剂如DTT,但是不涉及马来酰亚胺基团与巯基基团之间的缀合反应的TCEP并不必须去除。将2-10当量的Alexa 488加入经修饰的曲妥单抗抗体,在室温下搅拌反应大约2-4小时。通过加入过量的半胱氨酸终止反应,通过离心-过滤去除未反应的染料和还原剂。磷酸盐缓冲液透析所得到的物质,从而获得经修饰的曲妥单抗抗体-Alexa488染料缀合物。
通过SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳分离上述经修饰的曲妥单抗抗体-Alexa488染料缀合物,然后通过荧光图像分析仪(Fluorescencen Image Ananlyzer,Typoon9410,AmersharmBioscience Ltd.)分析结合于重链和轻链每条上的染料的量。荧光图像分析结果表明,在HR-Cys和HR-Cys-Gly-Cys抗体变体的情况下,结合于重链的染料的量大于结合于轻链的染料的量。同样,在HR-M(Cys)、HR-M2(Cys)、HR-M2L(Cys)和HR-Z(Cys)的情况下,结合于重链的染料的量大于结合于轻链的染料的量。如图4中可见,在HR-M2(Cys)抗体变体的情况下,结合于重链的荧光染料的强度是结合于轻链的染料强度的大约6倍高。该荧光强度方面的差异表明,结合于重链的染料的量比结合于轻链的染料的量高得多,意味着马来酰亚胺基团对重链的选择性显著更高。
实例5:金属离子结合基序的金属离子结合亲和性的测定
如上面所提到,金属离子结合于具有金属离子结合基序CGH的肽,并抑制或减速半胱氨酸残基的氧化,从而防止由半胱氨酸过度氧化引起的磺化反应。半胱氨酸残基的氧化能够通过两条反应途径发生。一条反应途径中,二硫键能够通过巯基-巯基键合形成,另一条反应途径中,半胱氨酸也能够通过与空气中的过量氧气反应而被氧化,从而生成作为中间产物的次磺酸(R-S-OH)。在这种情况下,二硫化物的形成是不可逆反应,其中二硫键能够还原成巯基,但通过与氧气反应导致次磺酸的形成是不可逆的过程。当二硫化物和次磺酸长期暴露于氧气时,它们都通过不可逆反应被氧化成磺酸(R-SO3H)。由于这种次磺酸或磺酸对马来酰亚胺不具有反应性,到次磺酸或磺酸的氧化降低了抗体变体与马来酰亚胺的反应性,因而能够大大影响缀合产量和抗体-药物缀合物的均匀性。
如上所述,已经报道了含有合成的基序CGH的肽与金属离子结合并抑制半胱氨酸的磺化,所述基序衍生于频繁发现于体内的金属离子结合基序GGH,(Van Horn等人(2003)J.Biol.Inorg.Chem.8:601-610)。在表达过程期间分泌到细胞外基质之后,具有金属离子结合肽基序的抗体蛋白能够与细胞培养基中中痕量的金属离子结合,并有效地抑制半胱氨酸的磺化。为了测定具有这种金属离子结合肽基序的抗体变体的金属离子结合能力,利用Fura-2(Invitrogen,F-1200),即一种公知的金属离子螯合剂,来测定结合亲和性。通过该测定,HR-M2(Cys)具有大约20nM的电离常数(Kd),意味着其与金属离子形成了非常牢固的键。另外,为了检查具有金属离子结合基序的抗体变体是否结合于金属离子且保护半胱氨酸残基,测定了烷基化速率。观察到抗体变体与锌金属离子形成了非常牢固的键,因而与没有金属离子相比,将半胱氨酸的烷基化抑制了多达24小时。镍离子不像锌离子那样牢固地与CGH基序结合,意味着抑制半胱氨酸烷基化的效果低于锌离子的效果。然而,当与无金属离子的缓冲液相比较时,镍离子降低了半胱氨酸的烷基化速率。当加入强金属离子螯合剂EDTA以从HR-M2(Cys)中去除锌离子时,观察到半胱氨酸的烷基化迅速发生,如同在没有外源添加金属离子的情形一样。
实例6:针对细胞增殖抑制的体外测试
6.1:变体抗体和多柔比星缀合物的细胞增殖抑制测试
用含10%FBS的DMEM/F12培养基稀释BT-474细胞,并将100μl经稀释的细胞悬液以1x104个细胞/孔的密度接种到96孔板的每个孔中。接种之后,将孔板在5%CO2的孵育箱中于37℃培育24小时。在培养基中稀释赫赛汀、赫赛汀与多柔比星的1:2混合物、上面实例中制备的HR-Cys-DOX和多柔比星中的每一种,然后将100μl每种稀释液以1000nM、100nM、10nM、1nM和0.1nM的各种浓度加入所述板的各个孔中。并且,将培养基(不具有药物)加入另一些孔中用于阴性对照。培育大约5天之后,向每个孔中加入20μl单溶液96孔细胞增殖检测试剂(CellTiter96-AQueous One Solution reagent)[基于MTS的测试,通过由MTS形成的紫色甲瓒(formazan)的量来测定细胞增殖,所述由MTS形成的紫色甲瓒是由于活细胞脱氢酶所导致],接着在孵育箱中于37℃培育2小时。向每个孔中加入20μl的10%SDS溶液以停止反应,接着充分混合以诱导细胞裂解。通过分光光度计测定每个孔的吸光度,图5图示出了基于吸光度的活力(%)。结果表明,低浓度使用的HR-Cys-DOX的细胞生长抑制效果与赫赛汀以及赫赛汀与多柔比星的1:2混合物的细胞生长抑制效果类似,且高浓度下的HR-Cys-DOX表现出与多柔比星类似的细胞毒性。这些结果表明,即使多柔比星通过第二接头结合于赫赛汀,HR-Cys-DOX也保留了赫赛汀和性质功能并充分地表现出多柔比星的特征性细胞毒性。
6.2:变体抗体和MMAE缀合物的细胞增殖抑制测试
将SK-BR3细胞在含10%FBS的DMEM/F12培养基中稀释,并将100μl的细胞稀释悬液以1x104个细胞/孔的密度加入96孔板的每个孔中。然后,将孔板在5%CO2的孵育箱中于37℃培育24小时。在培养基中稀释赫赛汀和上面实例中制备的赫赛汀变体抗体-MC-vc-PAB-MMAE缀合物中的每一种,然后以66.7nM、33.3nM、6.7nM、3.3nM、0.67nM、0.33nM、0.067nM和0.0067nM的各种浓度加入所述板的各个孔中。另外,将培养基(不具有药物)加入对照孔中用于阴性对照。培育5天之后,向每个孔中加入20μl单溶液96孔细胞增殖检测试剂[基于MTS的测试,通过由MTS形成的紫色甲瓒的量来测定细胞增殖,所述由MTS形成的紫色甲瓒是由于活细胞脱氢酶所导致],接着在孵育箱中于37℃培育2小时。通过分光光度计测定490nm下每个孔的吸光度以确定细胞活力(%)。结果,与亲本抗体赫赛汀相比较,HR-Cys-MC-vc-PAB-MMAE、HR-Cys-Gly-Cys-MC-vc-PAB-MMAE、HR-M2(Cys)-MC-vc-PAB-MMAE、HR-M(Cys)-MC-vc-PAB-MMAE、HR-M2L(Cys)-MC-vc-PAB-MMAE和HR-Z(Cys)-MC-vc-PAB-MMAE均表现出优异的细胞增殖抑制能力。如图6所示,HR-M2(Cys)-MC-vc-PAB-MMAE的IC50值比亲本抗体赫赛汀低至少五倍(取最高值与最低值之间的中间值作为赫赛汀的IC50,因为在赫赛汀的情况下活力不会降低到50%或更低)。并且,对于所述抗体-药物缀合物而言,在高浓度下细胞活力减少了大约85%,但对于亲本抗体赫赛汀而言仅降低了大约40%。这些结果表明,与亲本抗体相比较,所述抗体药物缀合物具有非常高的细胞毒性和非常低的IC50值。
实例7:半胱天冬酶3/7活化体外测试
用含10%FBS的RPMI1640培养基稀释SK-BR3细胞,并将100μl的细胞稀释悬液以1x104个细胞/孔的密度加入到96孔板的每个孔中。然后,将96孔板在5%CO2的孵育箱中于37℃培育24小时。在培养基中稀释上面实例中制备的赫赛汀和修饰抗体-药物缀合物中的每一种,然后以66.7nM、33.3nM、6.7nM、3.3nM、0.67nM、0.33nM、0.067nM和0.0067nM的各种浓度加入所述板的各个孔中。同样,将培养基(不具有药物)加入对照孔中用于阴性对照。培育48小时之后,向每个孔中加入100μl的Caspase-Glo3/7反应剂[Caspase-Glo3/7测试;测定通过细胞中形成的半胱天冬酶3/7活性对半胱天冬酶底物的降解得到的发光,其中细胞凋亡通过所述半胱天冬酶途径诱导],接着在室温下培育30分钟。通过照度计测定发光。
如图7所示,在用亲本抗体赫赛汀处理过的细胞中,没有观察到或者观察到很少半胱天冬酶活性,但在用HR-Cys2-MMAE处理过的细胞中,3/8活性随着HR-Cys2-MMAE浓度的增加而增加。这些结果意味着,不像赫赛汀,从递送到细胞中的HR-Cys2-MMAE释放的MMAE药物通过半胱天冬酶途径诱导了细胞凋亡。
另外,如图8所示,在用赫赛汀处理过的细胞中,很少或者没有半胱天冬酶活性出现,但在用HR-M2(Cys)-MC-vc-PAB-MMAE处理过的细胞中,半胱天冬酶活性随着HR-M2(Cys)-MC-vc-PAB-MMAE浓度的增加而增加。这些结果意味着,不像赫赛汀,从递送到细胞中的HR-M2(Cys)-MC-vc-PAB-MMAE释放的MMAE药物通过半胱天冬酶途径诱导了细胞凋亡。
工业实用性
如上面所述,由于其对抗原的高度特异性,本发明的修饰抗体和包括它的修饰抗体-药物缀合物能够准确地将药物递送到靶细胞,因而能够提高药物的治疗效果。另外,其能够提高药物特别是抗癌剂的可用性,所述抗癌药物尽管具有高功效,但由于其毒性而使用受到限制。
Claims (16)
1.一种修饰抗体-药物缀合物,包括结合于修饰抗体的药物,所述修饰抗体包括在亲本抗体末端处的含半胱氨酸的基序,所述含半胱氨酸的基序具有下式1的代表性结构:
Xa-[(MCys)n-Xbn]n 式(1)
其中(MCys)n表示含有半胱氨酸残基的金属离子结合基序,Xa表示包括0到20个除半胱氨酸以外的氨基酸残基的肽;Xbn表示包括0到20个选自A、G和S组成组的氨基酸残基的肽;并且n是1到20范围的整数;(MCys)1至(MCys)n独立地相同或不同,并且Xb1至Xbn独立地相同或不同;
所述含有半胱氨酸残基的金属离子结合基序是含有CGH或HGC的基序;和
所述药物缀合于所述金属离子结合基序中的半胱氨酸残基的巯基上。
2.权利要求1所述的修饰抗体-药物缀合物,其中具有由上式1表示的结构的含有半胱氨酸残基的金属离子结合基序结合到亲本抗体的重链末端。
3.权利要求2所述的修饰抗体-药物缀合物,其中具有由上式1表示的结构的含有半胱氨酸残基的金属离子结合基序结合到亲本抗体的重链的C末端。
4.权利要求1所述的修饰抗体-药物缀合物,其中所述亲本抗体是选自由单克隆抗体、双特异性抗体、嵌合抗体、人抗体和人源化抗体组成的组中的一种或多种。
5.权利要求1所述的修饰抗体-药物缀合物,其中所述亲本抗体是选自由IgA、IgD、IgE、IgG和IgM组成的组中的一种或多种。
6.权利要求1所述的修饰抗体-药物缀合物,其中所述亲本抗体具有对癌症特异性抗原、细胞表面受体蛋白、细胞表面蛋白、跨膜蛋白、信号蛋白、细胞存活调节因子、细胞增殖调节因子、与组织进化或分化相关的分子、淋巴因子、细胞因子、参与细胞周期调节的分子、参与血管发生的分子和与血管新生有关的分子的结合亲和性和特异性。
7.权利要求6所述的修饰抗体-药物缀合物,其中所述对一种或多种蛋白质具有结合亲和性的亲本抗体选自由以下物质组成的组:
(1)BMPRIB(Genbank登录号No.NM_001203);
(2)E16(Genbank登录号No.NM_003486);
(3)STEAP1(Genbank登录号No.NM_012449);
(4)0772P(Genbank登录号No.AF361486);
(5)MPF(Genbank登录号No.NM_005823);
(6)Napi3b(Genbank登录号No.NM_006424);
(7)Sema 5b(Genbank登录号No.AB040878);
(8)PSCA hlg(Genbank登录号No.AY358628);
(9)ETBR(Genbank登录号No.AY275463);
(10)MSG783(Genbank登录号No.NM_017763);
(11)STEAP2(Genbank登录号No.AF455138);
(12)TrpM4(Genbank登录号No.NM_017636);
(13)CRIPTO(Genbank登录号No.NP_003203or NM_003212);
(14)CD21(Genbank登录号No.M26004);
(15)CD79b(Genbank登录号No.NM_000626);
(16)FcRH2(Genbank登录号No.NM_030764);
(17)HER2(Genbank登录号No.M11730);
(18)选自EGFR、HER3和HER4的ErbB受体;
(19)NCA(Genbank登录号No.M18728);
(20)MDP(Genbank登录号No.BC017023);
(21)IL20Rα(Genbank登录号No.AF184971);
(22)Brevican(Genbank登录号No.AF229053);
(23)EphB2R(Genbank登录号No.NM_004442);
(24)ASLG659(Genbank登录号No.AX092328);
(25)PSCA(Genbank登录号No.AJ297436);
(26)GEDA(Genbank登录号No.AY260763);
(27)BAFF-R;
(28)CD22;
(29)CD79a(Genbank登录号No.NP_001774.1);
(30)CXCR5(Genbank登录号No.NP_001707.1);
(31)HLA-DOB(Genbank登录号No.NP_002111.1);
(32)P2X5(Genbank登录号No.NP_002552.2);
(33)CD72(Genbank登录号No.NP_001773.1);
(34)LY64(Genbank登录号No.NP_005573.1);
(35)FcRH1(Genbank登录号No.NP_443170.1);
(36)IRTA2(Genbank登录号No.NP_112571.1);和
(37)TENB2(Genbank登录号No.AF179274);
(38)MAGE-C1/CT7;
(39)雄性激素受体,PTEN,人胰舒血管素相关肽3;
(40)CD20;
(41)CD30;
(42)CD33;
(43)CD52;
(44)EpCam;
(45)CEA;
(46)gpA33;
(47)粘液素;
(48)TAG-72;
(49)碳酸酐酶IX;
(50)PSMA;
(51)叶酸结合蛋白;
(52)神经节糖苷;
(53)水合物/糖Lewis-Y;
(54)VEGF;
(55)VEGFR;
(56)aVb3;
(57)a5b1;
(58)ERB3;
(59)c-MET;
(60)EphA3;
(61)TRAIL-R1,TRAIL-R2;
(62)RANKL;
(63)FAP;和
(64)细胞粘合素。
8.权利要6所述的修饰抗体-药物缀合物,其中所述亲本抗体包括选自由以下物质组成的组中的一种或多种:曲妥单抗、利妥昔单抗、贝伐单抗、西妥昔单抗、帕尼单抗(panitumumab)、易普利姆玛(ipilimumab)、阿仑单抗(alemtuzumab)、奥法木单抗(ofatumumab)、吉姆单抗(gemtuzumab)、贝伦妥单抗(brentuximab)、90Y-替伊莫单抗(90Y-ibritumomab)、131I-托西莫单抗(131I-tositumomab)、cBR96、cAClO、抗CD20抗体、抗EphB2抗体、抗IL-8、E-选择素抗体、抗MUC16抗体、抗CD30抗体、抗CD33抗体和抗CD52抗体。
9.权利要求1所述的修饰抗体-药物缀合物,其中所述药物通过接头缀合于所述金属离子结合基序中的半胱氨酸残基,具有由上式1表示的结构的所述基序结合于所述亲本抗体上。
10.权利要求9所述的修饰抗体-药物缀合物,其中所述接头是选自由以下物质组成的组中的一种或多种:含卤代乙酰基基团的烷基卤化物衍生物、含马来酰亚胺基团的衍生物、环乙亚胺衍生物、丙烯酰基衍生物和含氟代苯的芳基卤化物衍生物或类似物。
11.权利要求10所述的修饰抗体-药物缀合物,其中所述衍生物包括烷基化反应基团、芳基化反应性基团、马来酰亚胺基团、环乙亚胺基团、丙烯酰基基团、或含吡啶基二硫化物和硫硝基苯甲酸的二硫键交换反应基团,所述一种或多种基团与所述基序中的半胱氨酸残基的巯基基团反应并共价结合于其上。
12.权利要求1所述的修饰抗体-药物缀合物,其中所述药物为选自由以下物质组成的组中的一种或多种:微管蛋白抑制剂、有丝分裂抑制剂、拓扑异构酶抑制剂或能够起到DNA嵌入剂作用的化学治疗剂、抗癌剂、能够起到酶作用的蛋白质毒素、能够抑制特定癌基因表达的微小RNA(miRNA)、siRNA或shRNA以及放射性同位素。
13.权利要求1所述的修饰抗体-药物缀合物,其中所述药物为选自由以下物质组成的组中的一种或多种:类美坦素、奥里斯他汀、氨基蝶呤、放线菌素、博来霉素(bleomycin)、他利霉索(talisomycin)、喜树碱(camptothecin)、N8-乙酰基亚精胺、1-(2氯乙基)-1,2-二甲基甲苯磺酰肼、紫杉醇、埃斯培拉霉素(esperamicin)、依托泊苷(etoposide)、6-巯基嘌呤、多拉司他汀、单端孢霉烯、CC1065、卡奇霉素及其它烯二炔抗生素、紫杉烷(taxane)、蒽环类(anthracycline)、甲氨蝶呤、阿霉素(adriamycin)、长春地辛、长春花碱、长春新碱、长春碱、依托泊苷、多柔比星、美法仑、丝裂霉素C、苯丁酸氮芥、正定霉素、道诺霉素、核水解酶、抗生素,细菌、植物或动物来源的毒素,以及诸如顺铂、CPT-11,多柔比星、紫杉醇和多西他赛。
14.一种制造修饰抗体-药物缀合物的方法,包括:
(a)将所述修饰抗体与接头反应剂反应形成抗体-接头中间产物,其中所述修饰抗体带有由下式1所表示的结构的基序;和
(b)使所述中间产物与活性药物部分反应以生成修饰抗体-药物缀合物:
Xa-[(MCys)n-Xbn]n 式(1)
其中(MCys)n表示含有半胱氨酸残基并具有特定功能的金属离子结合基序或二级或三级结构,Xa表示包括0到20个除半胱氨酸以外的氨基酸残基的肽,Xbn表示包括0到20个选自A、G和S组成组的氨基酸残基的肽;n是1到20范围的整数;
(MCys)1至(MCys)n独立地相同或不同,并且Xb1至Xbn独立地相同或不同;
所述含有半胱氨酸残基的金属离子结合基序是含有C2H2组的锌指蛋白,其是由Cys-X2-4-Cys-X12-His-X3-5-His表示的Cys2His2类,X是锌指蛋白中除了半胱氨酸以外的氨基酸残基;膜蛋白ATPase的Ser-Pro-Cys基序;或含有CGH或HGC的基序,和所述药物缀合于所述金属离子结合基序中的半胱氨酸残基的巯基上。
15.一种制造修饰抗体-药物缀合物的方法,包括:
(a)将药物部分的亲核基团与接头试剂反应以形成药物-接头中间产物;
(b)使所述中间产物与亲本抗体反应,所述亲本抗体包括结合于其上的基序,
并且其中所述基序具有由下式表示的结构:
Xa-[(MCys)n-Xbn]n 式(1)
其中(MCys)n表示含有半胱氨酸残基并具有特定功能的金属离子结合基序或二级或三级结构,Xa表示包括0到20个除半胱氨酸以外的氨基酸残基的肽,Xbn表示包括0到20个选自A、G和S组成组的氨基酸残基的肽;n是1到20范围的整数,
(MCys)1至(MCys)n独立地相同或不同,并且Xb1至Xbn独立地相同或不同;
所述含有半胱氨酸残基的金属离子结合基序是含有C2H2组的锌指蛋白,其是由Cys-X2-4-Cys-X12-His-X3-5-His表示的Cys2His2类,X是锌指蛋白的除了半胱氨酸以外的氨基酸残基;膜蛋白ATPase的Ser-Pro-Cys基序;或含有CGH或HGC的基序;和所述药物缀合于所述金属离子结合基序中的半胱氨酸残基的巯基上。
16.一种治疗组合物,包括权利要求1至13中任何一项所述的修饰抗体-药物缀合物。
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