CN104167982A - Photovoltaic power generation device - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种光伏发电装置，包括：光伏支架，在光伏支架上设有光伏阵列，在相邻两排组件之间设有反光板且所述反光板用于将太阳光反射到第二排组件上。所述反光板由导光板和反射膜或光谱选择性薄膜组成，导光板背面设有微结构，所述反射膜或光谱选择性薄膜覆盖于微结构上，实现将更多的太阳光选择性的均匀反射到组件表面。本发明中反光板倾角为28.7°时，光伏组件发电量可提高21.94％，反光板成本价格仅为0.6元/W。本发明提出的增加反光板的光伏发电系统结构布置方式，可以在提高系统有效发电量的同时，降低发电成本，具有高效的性价比。
A photovoltaic power generation device, comprising: a photovoltaic support, a photovoltaic array is arranged on the photovoltaic support, a reflective plate is provided between two adjacent rows of components, and the reflective plate is used to reflect sunlight to the second row of components. The reflective plate is composed of a light guide plate and a reflective film or a spectrally selective film. The back of the light guide plate is provided with a microstructure, and the reflective film or spectrally selective film is covered on the microstructure, so as to realize the selective reflection of more sunlight. Reflects evenly onto component surfaces. In the present invention, when the inclination angle of the reflective plate is 28.7°, the power generation of the photovoltaic module can be increased by 21.94%, and the cost price of the reflective plate is only 0.6 yuan/W. The structural layout of the photovoltaic power generation system with reflective plates added in the present invention can reduce power generation costs while increasing the effective power generation of the system, and has high cost performance.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及一种光伏发电系统，特别涉及到通过改变现有光伏发电系统的结构布局来达到提高有效发电量目的的光伏发电装置。The invention relates to a photovoltaic power generation system, in particular to a photovoltaic power generation device for improving the effective power generation by changing the structural layout of the existing photovoltaic power generation system.
背景技术Background technique
随着能源危机和环境问题的日益加剧，光伏发电技术越来越受到世界各国的高度重视。太阳能光伏发电已经从起初作为小功率电源发展到现在作为公共电力的并网发电，其应用范围几乎遍及所有的用电领域，如气象、通讯、长距离管线、公路、铁路等。如今的太阳能已不仅仅是“补充能源”，而是逐渐向“替代能源”过渡。With the increasing energy crisis and environmental problems, photovoltaic power generation technology has been paid more and more attention by countries all over the world. Solar photovoltaic power generation has developed from being a low-power power source to being a grid-connected power generation for public power. Its application range covers almost all fields of electricity consumption, such as meteorology, communications, long-distance pipelines, roads, railways, etc. Today's solar energy is not just a "supplementary energy source", but is gradually transitioning to an "alternative energy source".
目前光伏发电系统效率偏低是其大规模推广应用的瓶颈。为提高光伏发电系统效率，当前研究主要侧重在太阳能电池光电转换效率的提高、自动跟踪系统以及最大功率点跟踪方面。占据太阳能电池市场80％以上份额的硅太阳能电池标准测试条件下的转化效率可以达到25％，已十分接近硅基太阳能电池29％-31％的理论极限转化效率。跟踪系统分为单轴跟踪和双轴跟踪两大类，王斯成等设计的主动双轴跟日系统由单片机进行系统控制，能提高发电量40％；Abdallh等开发了一种PLC控制主动式单轴跟踪系统，根据试验得出跟踪式获得能量比固定倾斜式高出22％，在此基础上他们还设计了一种主动式双轴跟踪系统，与固定式相比其发电量多出41.34％。光伏电站安装跟踪系统可使电站的发电量增加20％-40％，其中单轴跟踪系统成本价格为2-3元/W，双轴跟踪系统成本为单轴的1.5倍左右。跟踪系统虽能使电站的发电量有较大幅度的提高，但同时系统成本也增加很多。当前的主要技术研究实现在提高系统有效发电量的同时降低发电成本的目的十分困难。At present, the low efficiency of photovoltaic power generation system is the bottleneck of its large-scale promotion and application. In order to improve the efficiency of photovoltaic power generation system, the current research mainly focuses on the improvement of photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells, automatic tracking system and maximum power point tracking. The conversion efficiency of silicon solar cells, which occupies more than 80% of the solar cell market, can reach 25% under standard test conditions, which is very close to the theoretical limit conversion efficiency of 29%-31% for silicon-based solar cells. The tracking system is divided into two categories: single-axis tracking and dual-axis tracking. The active dual-axis tracking system designed by Wang Sicheng is controlled by a single-chip microcomputer, which can increase the power generation by 40%. Abdallh et al. developed a PLC-controlled active single-axis tracking system. Tracking system, according to the test, the energy obtained by the tracking type is 22% higher than that of the fixed tilt type. On this basis, they also designed an active dual-axis tracking system, which has 41.34% more power than the fixed type. The installation of a tracking system in a photovoltaic power station can increase the power generation of the power station by 20%-40%. The cost of a single-axis tracking system is 2-3 yuan/W, and the cost of a dual-axis tracking system is about 1.5 times that of a single-axis. Although the tracking system can greatly increase the power generation capacity of the power station, but at the same time the system cost also increases a lot. It is very difficult to achieve the goal of increasing the effective power generation of the system and reducing the cost of power generation at the same time in the main technical research.
为解决这一问题必须从其他角度对光伏发电系统进行改进，目前已有的国外研究报道仅美国麻省理工学院的杰弗里·格罗斯曼团队从系统地创新结构布置进行研究，通过建立一个塔状的立体结构，改变现有的光伏发电系统布置方式，在同样大小底面积电池板上，此结构发电量是传统结构的2-20倍，但其利用的太阳能电池板也相应的提高了数倍，其思想是基于太阳能电池板的价格进一步降低。In order to solve this problem, the photovoltaic power generation system must be improved from other perspectives. Currently, the existing foreign research reports only the Jeffrey Grossman team of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States to conduct research on systematically innovative structural arrangements, by establishing a The tower-shaped three-dimensional structure changes the layout of the existing photovoltaic power generation system. On panels with the same size and bottom area, the power generation of this structure is 2-20 times that of the traditional structure, but the solar panels it uses are also correspondingly improved. Several times, the idea is based on further reductions in the price of solar panels.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明的目的在于克服上述技术存在的问题，提供一种光伏发电装置，该装置能提高系统有效发电量，同时降低发电成本，并提高土地利用率，实现更高效的性价比。The object of the present invention is to overcome the problems of the above-mentioned technologies and provide a photovoltaic power generation device, which can increase the effective power generation of the system, reduce power generation costs, improve land utilization, and achieve more efficient cost performance.
本发明采用如下技术方案：The present invention adopts following technical scheme:
一种光伏发电装置，包括：光伏支架，在光伏支架上设有光伏阵列，其特征在于，在相邻的两排组件之间设有第一反光板且所述第一反光板用于将太阳光反射到第二排组件上。A photovoltaic power generation device, comprising: a photovoltaic support, a photovoltaic array is arranged on the photovoltaic support, and it is characterized in that a first reflective plate is provided between two adjacent rows of components and the first reflective plate is used to reflect the sun The light is reflected onto the second row of components.
有益效果：Beneficial effect:
(1)本发明中设计的反光板由导光板和反射膜组成，由于在导光板背面制作了一些微结构，反射膜覆盖在微结构上，这些微结构可以引导光的散射方向，控制出射光的均匀性，使得进入该反光板的太阳光不再以原光路返回，均匀的从反光板的上表面射出，该结构反光板通过改变光路，将入射的点光源或线光源转化为面光源均匀的射出，使光线不再杂乱无章。(1) The reflective plate designed in the present invention is made up of light guide plate and reflective film, because some microstructures are made on the back of light guide plate, and reflective film is covered on the microstructure, and these microstructures can guide the scattering direction of light and control the outgoing light Uniformity, so that the sunlight entering the reflector no longer returns in the original light path, and is evenly emitted from the upper surface of the reflector. The structure reflector converts the incident point light source or line light source into a surface light source uniformly The emission of the light makes the light no longer messy.
(2)还可将导光板背面的反射膜更换为光谱选择性薄膜，该类型的反光板不仅可以使光线均匀射出，还可选择性的反射太阳能电池光谱响应波长范围的光，避免光伏组件因接受过多其他波段的光而产生热效应。(2) The reflective film on the back of the light guide plate can also be replaced with a spectrally selective film. This type of reflective plate can not only emit light evenly, but also selectively reflect light in the wavelength range of the spectral response of the solar cell to avoid photovoltaic modules due to Receive too much light of other bands and produce thermal effect.
(3)反光板表面可为平面和非平面结构(向外凸出折面、向内凹陷折面、向外凸出波纹面、向内凹陷波纹面)，平面结构制作简单，非平面结构可充分利用凸凹面之间的二次反射和漫反射作用。(3) The surface of the reflector can be a planar or non-planar structure (outwardly convex folding surface, inwardly concave folding surface, outwardly convex corrugated surface, inwardly concave corrugated surface), the planar structure is easy to make, and the non-planar structure can Make full use of secondary reflection and diffuse reflection between convex and concave surfaces.
(4)本发明提出的增加反光板的新型光伏发电系统结构布置方式，可以在提高系统有效发电量的同时，降低发电成本，具有高效的性价比。(4) The structural layout of the novel photovoltaic power generation system with reflectors added in the present invention can reduce the cost of power generation while increasing the effective power generation of the system, and has high cost performance.
实验表明在光伏阵列之间安装由银镜制作的不同倾角的反光板后光伏阵列的发电量均有提高，发电量最小提高幅度为反光板倾角35.8°时的13.8％，最大提高幅度为反光板倾角28.7°时的21.94％。倾角为28.7°时反光板的价格为0.6元/W。光伏发电系统中加入单轴跟踪系统可提高发电量20％左右，增加的支架成本价格为2-3元/W，双轴跟踪系统可提高发电量40％左右，增加的支架成本价格为6.5元/W。本发明中增加反光板的结构布置方式与光伏发电系统中增加单轴跟踪系统提高的发电量相差无几，但本发明增加的发电成本仅为单轴跟踪系统的24％。另外所述反光板还将阵列之间的安装间距变成了可发电区，提高了土地利用率。Experiments have shown that after installing reflectors with different inclination angles made of silver mirrors between the photovoltaic arrays, the power generation of the photovoltaic arrays will increase. 21.94% at an inclination angle of 28.7°. When the inclination angle is 28.7°, the price of the reflector is 0.6 yuan/W. Adding a single-axis tracking system to the photovoltaic power generation system can increase the power generation by about 20%, and the increased support cost price is 2-3 yuan/W. The dual-axis tracking system can increase the power generation by about 40%, and the increased support cost price is 6.5 yuan /W. The structural arrangement of adding reflectors in the present invention is almost the same as that of the single-axis tracking system in the photovoltaic power generation system, but the increased power generation cost of the present invention is only 24% of that of the single-axis tracking system. In addition, the reflector also turns the installation distance between the arrays into a power generation area, which improves the land utilization rate.
本发明从光学、热力学、材料学的角度出发，设计不同结构的反光板，重置光伏发电系统的结构布置方式，构思新颖，效果显著，具有巨大的工程应用价值。From the perspectives of optics, thermodynamics, and material science, the present invention designs reflective panels with different structures and resets the structural layout of photovoltaic power generation systems. The concept is novel, the effect is remarkable, and it has great engineering application value.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1是根据本发明的一个实施例的光伏发电系统结构示意图。Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a photovoltaic power generation system according to an embodiment of the present invention.
图2是根据本发明的另一个实施例的光伏发电系统结构示意图。Fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a photovoltaic power generation system according to another embodiment of the present invention.
图3是本发明设计的反光板结构示意图。Fig. 3 is a structural schematic diagram of the reflector designed in the present invention.
图4是本发明中反光板正面为向外凸出折面结构示意图。Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of the front surface of the reflector in the present invention with a folded surface protruding outward.
图5是本发明中反光板正面为向内凹陷折面结构示意图。Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of the front surface of the reflective plate in the present invention with an inwardly concave folded surface.
图6是本发明中反光板正面为向外凸出波纹面结构示意图。Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of the front surface of the reflective plate in the present invention with a corrugated surface protruding outward.
图7是本发明中反光板正面为向内凹陷波纹面结构示意图。Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of the front surface of the reflective plate in the present invention with an inwardly concave corrugated surface.
以上的图中有：光伏支架1，第一排光伏组件2，第二排光伏组件3，第一反光板4，维护走道5，第二反光板6，导光板7，微结构8，反射膜或光谱选择性薄膜9，向外凸出折面结构反光板10，向内凹陷折面结构反光板11，向外凸出波纹面结构反光板12，向内凹陷波纹面结构反光板13，光伏阵列最下沿距地面高度H，前后两排光伏组件间距L，光伏阵列与地面之间夹角α，第一反光板与地面之间夹角β。The above figure includes: photovoltaic bracket 1, first row of photovoltaic modules 2, second row of photovoltaic modules 3, first reflector 4, maintenance walkway 5, second reflector 6, light guide plate 7, microstructure 8, reflective film Or spectrally selective film 9, a reflective plate 10 with a folded surface structure protruding outward, a reflective plate with a folded surface structure recessed inward 11, a reflective plate with a corrugated surface structure protruding outward 12, and a reflective plate with a corrugated surface structure recessed inward 13, photovoltaic The height H from the bottom edge of the array to the ground, the distance L between the front and rear rows of photovoltaic modules, the angle α between the photovoltaic array and the ground, and the angle β between the first reflector and the ground.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
一种光伏发电装置，包括：光伏支架1，在光伏支架1上设有光伏阵列，在相邻的两排光伏组件之间设有第一反光板4且所述第一反光板4用于将太阳光反射到第二排组件3上。在第一反光板4与第二排光伏组件3之间设有维护走道5，第一反光板与地面的夹角β可以在25°～40°之间。在第一反光板4与第二排组件3之间设有第二反光板6，且所述第二反光板6与第一反光板4相面对。第一反光板4及第二反光板6采用反光板，所述反光板由导光板7和反射膜或光谱选择性薄膜9组成，在导光板7的背面设有微结构8且所述微结构用于将入射的点光源或线光源转化为面光源均匀的射出，所述反射膜或光谱选择性薄膜7覆盖于微结构上。所述微结构由凸点、凹点、圆形或方形构成。所述导光板的正面为平面、向由外凸出折面、向内凹陷折面、向外凸出波纹面或向内凹陷波纹面。A photovoltaic power generation device, comprising: a photovoltaic support 1, a photovoltaic array is arranged on the photovoltaic support 1, a first reflective plate 4 is provided between two adjacent rows of photovoltaic components, and the first reflective plate 4 is used to Sunlight is reflected onto the second row assembly 3 . A maintenance walkway 5 is provided between the first reflector 4 and the second row of photovoltaic modules 3, and the angle β between the first reflector and the ground can be between 25° and 40°. A second reflective plate 6 is provided between the first reflective plate 4 and the second row assembly 3 , and the second reflective plate 6 faces the first reflective plate 4 . The first reflector 4 and the second reflector 6 adopt a reflector, and the reflector is composed of a light guide plate 7 and a reflective film or a spectrally selective film 9, and a microstructure 8 is arranged on the back of the light guide plate 7 and the microstructure The reflective film or spectrally selective film 7 is covered on the microstructure for converting the incident point light source or line light source into surface light source for uniform emission. The microstructure is composed of bumps, pits, circles or squares. The front of the light guide plate is a plane, a folded surface protruding outward, a folded surface concave inward, a corrugated surface protruding outward, or a corrugated surface concave inward.
下面参考图1、图2描述根据本发明的实施例。An embodiment according to the present invention will be described below with reference to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 .
对光伏发电系统而言，光伏组件表面接收到的太阳光辐射量越多，系统的发电量就越大。本发明在固定式光伏发电系统的组件安装间隙增加反光板，通过该反光板可实现将更多的太阳光更加均匀的反射到组件表面。For photovoltaic power generation systems, the more solar radiation received by the surface of photovoltaic modules, the greater the power generation of the system. In the present invention, a reflective plate is added in the component installation gap of the fixed photovoltaic power generation system, and more sunlight can be reflected to the surface of the component more uniformly through the reflective plate.
如图1所示，根据本发明的实施例光伏发电系统包括：光伏支架1，第一、二排光伏组件2、3，所述光伏阵列安装在所述光伏支架上，面向正南方，光伏阵列的安装倾角α由当地纬度决定，以组件全年接收到辐射量最大为依据；两排光伏组件的间距L由当地纬度和组件尺寸决定，以全年组件上无阴影为依据；为了给第一反光板4提供更大的安装空间，光伏阵列的最下沿距地面留有一定的高度。第一反光板独立安装在两排光伏组件之间，与第二排组件之间留有一定的距离，作为维护走道5。在本实施例中，第一反光板面向正北方且安装在第二排组件的正对面，这样可以保证把更多的太阳光均匀的反射到第二排组件上，第一反光板与地面的夹角β可以在25°～40°之间。As shown in Figure 1, the photovoltaic power generation system according to the embodiment of the present invention includes: a photovoltaic support 1, the first and second rows of photovoltaic modules 2, 3, the photovoltaic array is installed on the photovoltaic support, facing the south, and the photovoltaic array The installation inclination α is determined by the local latitude, based on the maximum amount of radiation received by the modules throughout the year; the distance L between two rows of photovoltaic modules is determined by the local latitude and the size of the modules, based on the fact that there is no shadow on the modules throughout the year; in order to give the first The reflector 4 provides a larger installation space, and the bottom edge of the photovoltaic array has a certain height from the ground. The first reflector is independently installed between the two rows of photovoltaic modules, leaving a certain distance from the second row of modules, serving as a maintenance walkway 5 . In this embodiment, the first reflector faces the north and is installed directly opposite the second row of components, which can ensure that more sunlight is evenly reflected to the second row of components, and the first reflector and the ground The included angle β may be between 25° and 40°.
在本实施例中，光伏发电系统安装地纬度为32.04°，组件尺寸为1640mm*990mm*50mm，纵向安装，选择组件安装倾角α＝25°，则两排组件的最小安装间距L＝1976mm。第一反光板由5㎜的银镜制成，当第一反光板倾角β＝28.7°时效果最好，第二排组件发电量可比第一排组件增加21.94％，实验数据如下：In this embodiment, the photovoltaic power generation system is installed at a latitude of 32.04°, the module size is 1640mm*990mm*50mm, installed vertically, and the module installation inclination angle α=25° is selected, then the minimum installation distance L of two rows of modules is 1976mm. The first reflector is made of a 5mm silver mirror. When the inclination angle of the first reflector is β=28.7°, the effect is the best. The power generation of the second row of modules can increase by 21.94% compared with the first row of modules. The experimental data are as follows:
如图2，为本发明的另一个实施例。该实施例为在图1所示实施例的基础上，再加上一块第二反光板6，该反光板可将更多的太阳光反射到第一反光板4上，从而使第二排组件得到更多的太阳光。第二反光板必须安装在第一反光板的正对面，且最上沿距地面的高度要小于H。Fig. 2 is another embodiment of the present invention. This embodiment is based on the embodiment shown in Figure 1, plus a second reflector 6, which can reflect more sunlight to the first reflector 4, so that the second row of components Get more sunlight. The second reflector must be installed directly opposite the first reflector, and the height of the uppermost edge from the ground must be less than H.
光伏发电的原理是利用太阳能电池的光生伏特效应，一般的太阳能电池，光谱响应的波长范围在320nm-1100nm。大多数太阳能电池对中波长的光响应比较好；红外光光子能量太低，不足以激发载流子，太阳电池对红外光不响应；短波长的光(紫光或紫外光)，是在非常接近电池表面的地方被吸收的，激发的载流子在前表面相当多的再结合，影响太阳能电池在该波长附近的量子效率，即太阳能电池对短波长的光利用率比较低。本发明综合利用光学、热力学、材料学基本原理，设计出如图3所示的反光板。如图中所示，该反光板由导光板7、反射膜或光谱选择性薄膜9组成，导光板以PMMA为基材，背面制作一些微结构8，反射膜或光谱选择性薄膜覆盖在微结构上。微结构基本单元可以为凸点、凹点、圆形、方形等，并按一定的规律排列，它的作用是引导光的散射方向，控制出射光的均匀性。当光线进入该结构的反光板时，由于导光板背面微结构的散射作用，光线不再以原光路返回，而是均匀的从反光板的上表面射出。该结构反光板通过导光板改变光路，将入射的点光源或线光源转化为面光源均匀的射出，使阵列表面接受的太阳辐射更加均匀。同时，导光板背面覆盖的光谱选择性薄膜可实现将太阳能电池光谱响应波长范围的光更多的反射到光伏组件上，避免光伏组件因接受过多其他波段的光而产生热效应。The principle of photovoltaic power generation is to use the photovoltaic effect of solar cells. Generally, solar cells have a spectral response wavelength range of 320nm-1100nm. Most solar cells respond well to light at medium wavelengths; the photon energy of infrared light is too low to excite carriers, and solar cells do not respond to infrared light; short-wavelength light (violet or ultraviolet light) is very close to The surface of the battery is absorbed, and the excited carriers recombine quite a lot on the front surface, which affects the quantum efficiency of the solar cell near this wavelength, that is, the light utilization rate of the solar cell for short wavelengths is relatively low. The present invention comprehensively utilizes the basic principles of optics, thermodynamics and material science to design the reflector as shown in FIG. 3 . As shown in the figure, the reflective plate is composed of a light guide plate 7, a reflective film or a spectrally selective film 9, the light guide plate is based on PMMA, and some microstructures 8 are made on the back, and the reflective film or spectrally selective film is covered on the microstructure. superior. The basic units of the microstructure can be convex points, concave points, circles, squares, etc., and are arranged according to certain rules. Its function is to guide the scattering direction of light and control the uniformity of outgoing light. When light enters the reflective plate of this structure, due to the scattering effect of the microstructure on the back of the light guide plate, the light no longer returns through the original light path, but is evenly emitted from the upper surface of the reflective plate. The structural reflector changes the light path through the light guide plate, and converts the incident point light source or line light source into a surface light source for uniform emission, so that the solar radiation received by the array surface is more uniform. At the same time, the spectrally selective film covered on the back of the light guide plate can reflect more light in the wavelength range of the solar cell's spectral response to the photovoltaic module, avoiding the thermal effect of the photovoltaic module due to receiving too much light in other wavelength bands.
反光板表面可为平面、向外凸出折面(如图4所示)、向内凹陷折面(如图5所示)、向外凸出波纹面(如图6所示)、向内凹陷波纹面(如图7所示)结构。平面结构制作简单，非平面结构(向外凸出折面、向内凹陷折面、向外凸出波纹面、向内凹陷波纹面)可利用凸凹面之间的二次反射和漫反射作用使阵列表面得到更多的太阳辐射。The surface of the reflector can be flat, outwardly protruding folding surface (as shown in Figure 4), inwardly concave folding surface (as shown in Figure 5), outwardly protruding corrugated surface (as shown in Figure 6), inwardly Concave corrugated surface (as shown in Figure 7) structure. The planar structure is easy to make, and the non-planar structure (outwardly convex folding surface, inwardly concave folding surface, outwardly convex corrugated surface, inwardly concave corrugated surface) can make use of the secondary reflection and diffuse reflection between convex and concave surfaces. The surface of the array gets more solar radiation.
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