CN104135960B - 一种子宫治疗装置 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种治疗患者子宫的方法和系统，其可包括任意数量的特征。该方法可包括将子宫装置插入子宫并执行子宫完整性测试以确定子宫完整和未穿孔的步骤。如果确定子宫未穿孔，则可以执行通畅性测试以确定子宫装置未堵塞或埋入组织。如果子宫是完整的且装置未堵塞或埋入组织，可以通过所述子宫装置治疗子宫，例如，子宫切除。本发明还公开了用于执行这些方法的系统。
Description
相关申请的交叉援引
本申请根据35U.S.C.119要求享有2011年10月7日提交的标题为“IntegrityTesting Method and Apparatus for Delivering Vapor to the Uterus(用于向子宫输送蒸气的完整性测试方法和设备)”的美国临时专利申请No.61/544,890的权益，该申请在此通过引用并入。
通过引用并入
本说明书中提到的所有公报和专利申请均通过引用并入本申请中，就如同每个单独的公报或专利申请具体地和单独地通过引用并入本申请中。
技术领域
本发明总体上涉及结合有能与内窥镜手术或诸如超声波或荧光透视的其他可视化系统一起使用的、诸如流体或气体的膨胀介质的子宫手术。本发明特别适合于子宫内膜的子宫内膜切除。更具体地，本发明涉及通过加热的蒸气进行子宫内膜切除。
背景技术
子宫内膜切除(即，子宫的内膜衬层的去除或破坏)被用作治疗月经失调或其它子宫疾病的子宫切除的替代方案。一种现有的用于执行子宫内膜切除的技术采用经宫颈插入子宫内的切除器(即，带有内置线环或其它切除装置的宫腔镜)，并使用射频电流(RF电流)来去除或电凝子宫内膜组织。这些标准技术通常在医疗场所中执行，重要的是，在治疗子宫内膜时利用宫腔镜以使手术可视化。
一些方法利用加热的流体来切除子宫内膜。例如，早期的期刊文献描述了使用蒸汽来治疗子宫出血。基于该目的使用蒸汽后来由于高的患者发病率和死亡率而明显受到质疑。参见例如Fuller的美国专利No.6,139,571。较近期已描述将热流体喷射到子宫内。采用被容纳的流体的子宫疗法也已被描述。
为了简化手术，已开发出不需要同步宫腔镜可视化的方案。在实践中，许多这种技术建议医生或用户采用宫腔镜以在进行子宫内膜切除前可视和检查宫腔。另外，宫腔镜可以在子宫内膜切除结束后作为检查宫腔后处理的方法。在该宫腔镜检查期间，需要医生验证子宫腔未穿孔，尽管即使使用宫腔镜可视化穿孔也可能不是很明显。通常，医生寻求避免穿孔的原因有很多，包括对相邻器官造成意外伤害的可能性，和在子宫内膜切除手术的情况下将治疗区域明确地维持或限制在子宫腔中。
治疗操作过程中不需要主动的宫腔镜可视化的子宫内膜切除术通常被称作“盲的”技术，因为医生使用触觉感受，或者使用子宫内膜切除装置上的标志和标记表征该装置在子宫腔中的正确放置。这些特定装置中的一个利用使用超声波作为能量源的基于囊的系统。高频或射频(RF)能量也被用来执行子宫内膜组织的热切除。当前用于执行子宫内膜切除的产品包括新泽西州Somerville的Ethicon公司的以商标销售的系统和方法。低温切除或“冷冻消融”、如AmericanMedical Systems公司的HER是另一种子宫内膜治疗方法。以上所有产品的特征是在治疗过程中是“盲的”或不需要直接的宫腔镜可视化。
在利用不需要宫腔镜可视化的子宫内膜切除技术时，有益的是，在执行治疗之前采用一个测试来验证子宫腔是完整的或未穿孔的。这种测试被称为子宫完整性(integrity)测试，这些测试可以通过子宫内膜切除手术和子宫或中空体腔或器官的任何手术执行。此外，这些测试可以与宫腔镜手术一起使用，因为即使在直视的情况下穿孔也可能不容易被检测到。
完整性测试采用盐水或气体、优选二氧化碳气体作为介质以验证子宫 腔在保持流体或气体压力方面是否完整。气体或流体在压力下被供给至子宫腔，可以分辨子宫腔中的泄漏是否是穿孔、未密闭的宫颈管或者过量流体排出输卵管的影响。Stern等人(US5,562,720)和Sampson等人(US6,554,780、US6,743,184、US6,872,183和US7,063,670)描述了这种压力技术，而其他方法使用体积测量检查输入源和输出收集器之间的流体不平衡。其他方法提到使用流量和压力测量。
在实践中，对医生有益的是，在“盲的”手术过程中具有关于子宫内膜治疗装置的正确位置的指示器。
在完整性测试期间，有益的是子宫收缩不影响完整性测试的读数或解释。
发明内容
在某些实施例中，提供了一种对患者的子宫执行手术的方法，该方法包括：执行子宫完整性测试，该完整性测试包括：将子宫装置插入患者的子宫内；将气体或流体从子宫装置的流入腔输送到子宫内；测量气体或流体在被输送进入子宫内时的流量；如果该流量下降到低于流量阈值，则确定子宫是密闭的，和在执行子宫完整性测试并确定该子宫是密闭的之后，对子宫装置执行通畅性(patency)测试，该通畅性测试包括：将气体或流体从子宫装置的流入腔输送到子宫内；通过子宫装置的流出腔从子宫去除气体或流体；如果在子宫装置的流出腔中观察到气体或流体的流量，则确定子宫装置未堵塞或埋入组织。
在一实施例中，所述子宫装置是子宫切除装置。
在另一实施例中，在流出腔的流量计中观察流体流动。
在某些实施例中，确定子宫是密闭的步骤还包括：如果流量在预定的时间段内下降到低于流量阈值，则确定子宫是密闭的。
在具体实施例中，子宫装置的流入腔中的单向阀减小或消除从子宫经子宫装置返回的逆流。在一实施例中，所述单向阀防止响应于子宫收缩形成的逆流和正弦波。
在某些实施例中，确定子宫是密闭的步骤还包括：如果流量在预定时间段后减小到零，则确定子宫是密闭的。
在一实施例中，输送步骤还包括将气体或流体以由安全阈值压力界定的恒定压力从子宫装置的流入腔输送至子宫内。在某些实施例中，安全阈值压力是大约70mm Hg。
在某些实施例中，所述流量阈值介于2ml/min和5ml/min之间。
在一实施例中，所述方法还包括：在通畅性测试期间，如果没有在子宫装置的流出腔中观察到气体或流体的回流，则确定子宫装置被堵塞或埋入组织。
在某些实施例中，所述方法还包括：在子宫完整性测试过程中，如果流量在低水平和高水平之间振荡，则确定子宫具有在较低压力下密闭并在较高压力下打开的穿孔。
在另外的实施例中，在子宫完整性测试过程中，确定子宫是密闭的步骤还包括：如果在预定时间段上流量的平均值大致为零或流量平均值低于阈值，则确定子宫是密闭的。
在某些实施例中，所述方法还包括：在确定子宫为密闭的并且子宫切除装置未堵塞或埋入组织之后，将加热的可冷凝蒸气输送到子宫以切除子宫组织。
在一个实施例中，该方法还包括评估在完整性测试中输送的气体或流体的体积，以估计子宫的尺寸。
在另外的实施例中，该方法还包括：评估在完整性测试中输送的气体或流体的体积，以估计子宫装置的远侧末端在子宫内的位置。
某些实施例还包括：评估在完整性测试中所输送的气体或流体的流量，以估计子宫装置的远侧末端在子宫内的位置。在其它实施例中，评估体积指示远侧末端位于错误通路中。另外的实施例包括评估流量指示远侧末端位于错误通路中。在某些实施例中，评估体积指示远侧末端位于患者的腹腔内。在其它实施例中，评估流量指示远侧末端位于患者的腹腔内。
在一实施例中，子宫完整性测试的输送气体或流体的步骤还包括将气 体或流体从子宫装置的流入腔和流出腔输送至子宫。
在另一实施例中，执行子宫完整性测试的步骤还包括：通过子宫切除装置的流出腔从子宫去除气体或流体；测量流出腔中的气体或流体的流出流量；和将输送至子宫内的气体或流体的流量与流出腔中的流出流量进行比较，以提供对子宫中是否存在泄漏的动态测量。
在某些实施例中，通畅性测试的去除气体或流体的步骤还包括通过子宫装置的定位于远离子宫装置的流入腔的流出腔从子宫去除气体或流体。
在另一个实施例中，输送步骤由子宫切除装置的模块控制器自动启动。
提供了一种用于为子宫切除装置执行通畅性测试的方法，该方法包括：将子宫切除装置插入患者的子宫内；将气体或流体从子宫切除装置的流入腔输送至子宫内；通过子宫切除装置的流出腔将气体或流体从子宫去除；和如果在子宫切除装置的流出腔中观察到气体或流体的回流，则确定子宫切除装置未堵塞或埋入组织。
还提供了一种用于对患者的子宫执行手术的方法，该方法包括：执行子宫完整性测试，该完整性测试包括：将子宫切除装置插入患者的子宫内；将气体或流体从子宫切除装置的流入腔输送至子宫内；测量气体或流体在被输送进入子宫内时的流量；如果该流量下降到低于流量阈值，则确定所述子宫是密闭的；和在执行子宫完整性测试并确定子宫为密闭的之后，监测子宫内压力的变化以确定是否正在发生收缩。
在某些实施例中，对患者的子宫执行手术的方法包括：执行子宫完整性测试，该完整性测试包括：将子宫切除装置插入患者的子宫内；将气体或流体从子宫切除装置的流入腔输送至子宫内；测量气体或流体在被输送进入子宫内时的流量；如果该流量下降到低于流量阈值，则确定子宫是密闭的；和通过单向阀消除响应于子宫收缩所产生的经流入腔的逆流。
在某些实施例中，单向阀减少由子宫收缩或松弛、患者的运动或者医生或医护人员对患者或流入腔的操作所引起的流入腔的流量计中的噪音。
提供了一种用于对患者的子宫执行手术的方法，该方法包括执行子宫完整性测试，所述完整性测试包括：将子宫装置插入患者的子宫内；将流 体从子宫装置的流入腔输送至子宫内；测量流体在被输送进入子宫内时的输送流量；如果该流量下降到低于流量阈值，则确定子宫是密闭的；和通过子宫装置以已知的流量向子宫提供流体；使流体经接近子宫装置的已知孔口转向；和测量被转向的转向流量，以评估子宫腔的完整性。
在某些实施例中，所述子宫装置是子宫切除装置。
提供了一种对患者的子宫执行手术的方法，该方法包括：将子宫切除装置插入患者的子宫内；将气体或流体从子宫切除装置的流入腔输送至子宫内；测量气体或流体在被输送进入子宫内时的流量；通过所输送的气体或流体使子宫扩张；如果所述流量下降至低于流量阈值，则确定子宫是密闭的；通过单向阀消除响应于子宫收缩所产生的经流入腔的逆流；如果在子宫切除装置的流出腔中观察到气体或流体的逆流，则确定子宫切除装置未堵塞或埋入组织；在确定子宫切除装置未堵塞并且子宫为密闭的步骤之后，立即通过子宫切除装置治疗患者的子宫而不降低扩张压力。
在一实施例中，一种对患者的子宫执行手术的方法包括：将子宫切除装置插入患者的子宫内；将气体或流体从子宫切除装置的流入腔输送至子宫内；测量气体或流体在被输送进入子宫内时的流量；通过所输送的气体或流体流使子宫扩张；如果该流量下降至低于流量阈值，则确定子宫是密闭的；通过单向阀消除响应于子宫收缩所产生的经流入腔的逆流；如果在子宫切除装置的流出腔中观察到气体或流体的回流，则确定子宫切除装置未堵塞或埋入组织；在确定子宫切除装置未堵塞且子宫为密闭的步骤之后立即通过子宫切除装置治疗患者的子宫，而不降低患者的子宫中的扩张压力。
提供了一种子宫治疗装置，该装置包括：定尺寸成和构造成用于插入到患者的子宫内的轴；沿着所述轴的长度布置的流入腔和流出腔；布置在所述流入腔的远侧端部处的至少一个流入端口；布置在所述流出腔的远侧端部处的至少一个流出端口；可操作地联接至所述流入腔和流出腔的气体/流体源；布置在所述气体/流体源和所述轴之间的至少一个流量计；以及控制器，所述控制器构造成将气体或流体从气体/流体源通过流入腔输送至子宫内，通过至少一个流量计检测气体或流体被输送进入子宫内时的完整性流量，和如果该完整性流量降低至低于完整性流量阈值，则确定该子宫是密闭的，所述控制器还构造成，如果确定子宫是密闭的，则经流入腔将气体或流体输送至子宫内，通过流出腔从子宫去除气体或流体，通过所述至少一个流量计检测气体或流体的通畅性流量，和基于该通畅性流量确定子宫治疗装置未堵塞或埋入组织。
在一实施例中，子宫治疗装置包括：定尺寸成和构造成用于插入到患者的子宫内的轴；沿着所述轴的长度布置的流入腔和流出腔；布置在所述流入腔的远侧端部处的至少一个流入端口；布置在所述流出腔的远侧端部处的至少一个流出端口；可操作地联接至所述流入腔和流出腔的气体/流体源；布置在所述气体/流体源和所述轴之间的至少一个流量计；以及控制器，所述控制器构造成通过允许气体或流体从气体/流体源流入子宫内、而不允许气体或流体从子宫被去除并监测通过所述至少一个流量计测得的气体或流体的完整性流量来执行子宫完整性测试；所述控制器还构造成通过允许气体或流体从气体/流体源流入子宫内、从子宫去除气体或流体并监测通过所述至少一个流量计测得的气体或流体的通畅性流量来执行通畅性测试。
在某些实施例中，所述装置还包括：布置在气体/流体源和流入腔之间的第一阀；布置在气体/流体源和流出腔之间的第二阀；其中，所述控制器构造成通过打开第一阀和关闭第二阀来执行子宫完整性测试，其中，所述控制器构造成通过打开第一阀和第二阀来执行通畅性测试。
在其它实施例中，所述装置还包括：布置在气体/流体源和流入腔之间的第一阀；布置在气体/流体源和流出腔之间的第二阀和第三阀；其中，所述控制器构造成通过打开第一阀和第二阀并关闭第三阀以允许气体或流体经流入腔和流出腔两者流入子宫来执行子宫完整性测试，其中，所述控制器构造成通过打开第一和第三阀并关闭第二阀以允许气体或流体经流入腔流入子宫并经流出腔从子宫去除气体或流体来执行通畅性测试。
附图说明
图1A-1B示出了子宫切除装置的一个实施例。
图2示出了子宫切除装置的完整性测试。
图3示出了子宫完整性测试过程中的设备的一个构型。
图4示出了子宫通畅性测试过程中的设备的一个构型。
图5示出了蒸气治疗操作过程中的子宫切除装置的一个构型。
图6A示出了子宫完整性测试过程中的设备的一个构型。
图6B示出了子宫完整性测试过程中的设备的另一个构型。
图7A-7B示出了用于子宫完整性和通畅性测试的一个构型的算法。
具体实施方式
图1A示出了定尺寸成并构造成进入子宫内膜并将加热的蒸气输送至子宫以切除子宫组织的子宫切除装置100。该装置可以构造成切除和治疗子宫内膜，作为子宫切除术的替代方案治疗月经失调或其他子宫疾病。在某些实施例中，装置100可构造成经套管或宫腔镜插入而进入子宫。装置100可包括轴102、柄部104、远侧末端106、蒸气端口107、远侧锚固件或远侧囊108、中间或密封囊110、近侧或定位囊112和连接腔118，所述连接腔可以将子宫切除装置联接至控制系统(未示出)，该控制系统包括计算机、蒸气产生系统和构造成使囊充胀和泄放以及控制完整性气体/流体和蒸气从装置的输送和去除的机构。此外，连接腔118可以将装置100连接至气体/流体源122、压力调节器124和流量计126。靠近装置的远侧末端106的蒸气端口107可以经由流入腔和流出腔(未示出)流体联接至连接腔118。蒸气端口、流入和流出腔、连接腔、气体/流体源、压力调节器和流量计可构造成用于测试患者的子宫的完整性、装置的正确放置并验证在装置的流入腔和流出腔之间存在流动。
所述流量计可以是本领域已知的任何流量计，包括热质流量计、超声波流量计、桨轮或可变面积流量计。在一个实施例中，利用时差和多普勒流量读取的超声波流量计是有利的，因为其是不需要与完整性测试所采用的液体或气体介质在物理上相互作用的非接触式系统。超声波流量计可以 容易地适合于流入腔的外部尺寸。此外，在完整性测试指示密闭的子宫腔时，流入腔内的滴流室可用于手动观察或记录来自流体源的液滴或流量。在一些子宫处理中，可能有利的是使用除盐水外的其它类型的流体，包括乳酸盐林格溶液、用于某些电外科手术的非等渗溶液、凝胶、泡沫、用于一些超声波造影处理的可变粘度流体，或在子宫手术中使用的其它流体。
在一个实施例中，可以在流入腔中、从气体/流体源的刚好远侧或超过流量计放置单向阀。该单向阀可允许气体/流体(例如，盐水)从气体/流体源流动至装置和子宫腔。单向阀不应干扰流量计的操作及其读数。在操作中，当存在子宫胀大时或当子宫腔填充有气体/流体特别是例如盐水的流体时，子宫腔会经受肌肉显著收缩。这些收缩能推动流体通过盐水腔和穿过流量计逆行返回。在这种情况下，流量计的测量可能变得难以解释或可能在输出读数中产生正弦波。在该位置放置单向阀可以消除逆行流体流并在子宫收缩发作时稳定流量计的读数。
柄部104可以是符合人体工程学的柄部，并且可以包括用于使用所述装置的特征和控制件(例如，按钮、杆、用于提供插入深度的反馈的标记、阀等)，包括用于控制囊108、110和112的充胀的特征，以及用于控制输送和去除来自所述装置的完整性测试气体/流体和加热的蒸气的特征。所述柄部还可包括用于测试患者的子宫的完整性、装置的正确放置和验证在装置的流入腔和流出腔之间存在流动的特征和控制件。
本文所述的囊可以是任意类型的柔性囊，例如橡胶、乳胶、聚氨酯、硅树脂、PET、LDPE、聚对二甲苯、尼龙、PE、这些聚合物的组合，或者可以由本领域已知的任何其它合适的材料制造的囊。应注意的是，在某些实施例中，所述远侧锚固件包括囊，但在其他实施例中，所述远侧锚固件包括可膨胀的锚固件或膨胀机构诸如可膨胀的框架、过滤器、网或笼，或者增加子宫切除装置的轴的直径的不可膨胀的部件。然而，为了公开的目的，所述远侧锚固件可被称作远侧锚固件或远侧囊。
轴102可以构造成将加热的蒸气从远处的沸器(未示出)经所述装置输送并从远侧末端106中的蒸气端口107输出。所述轴也可以构造成使已 离开装置的蒸气包括体液、子宫物质返回，并通过蒸气端口冷凝返回和进入轴。在图1A中，蒸气端口107示出为包括蒸气输送端口和蒸气返回端口两者。然而，在其它实施例中，蒸气输送端口可以是单独的并远离蒸气返回端口。例如，蒸气输送端口用于在腔体内提供均匀分布的加热的蒸气，并可以在轴的端部上包括小的腔或孔。与此相对，蒸气返回端口用于返回被使用的蒸气和冷凝物，并且可以包括较大的槽，以防止血液、组织等阻塞或堵塞返回腔。该装置包括气体和/或流体的流入和流出输送通道，以进行子宫完整性和通畅性测试。在某些实施例中，用于输送和返回蒸气的腔与用于输送和返回用于子宫完整性和通畅性测试的气体和/或流体的通道是相同的。
仍参见图1A，子宫切除装置100示出为处于塌缩输送构型，其中远侧囊108、密封囊110和定位囊112被泄放以减小装置的截面直径，所述直径在插入过程中可以是6mm或更小。当装置处于输送构型时，减小的轮廓允许更容易进入以穿过阴道、宫颈管和宫颈而得以进入子宫，并且在插入过程中降低了患者的不适感。在某些实施例中，子宫切除装置的外部直径使得可以在不需要在装置引入之前对口进行机械或药物扩张的情况下将装置引入子宫腔。
图1B示出了图1A的子宫切除装置100，其中全部三个囊充胀，所述三个囊包括远侧囊108、中间密封囊110和定位囊112。中间囊可以利用流体如盐水进行充胀，或者替代地用空气进行充胀。虽然图1B中示出了三个囊，但在其它变型中，可以提供一个、两个、四个或更多囊，并且可以使用其他囊形状。所述定位囊可以用室温介质、冷却介质或替代地加热介质进行充胀。在某些实施例中，中间密封囊包括沿轴102大约15mm至25mm的长度。中间囊可布置在介于远侧囊或锚固件与近侧囊之间的轴上。在某些实施例中，中间囊邻近远侧囊和近侧囊两者。在其它实施例中，一个或多个囊之间具有小的间隙或空间。中间囊在轴上的长度和位置可确保当被充胀时中间囊在靠近宫颈内口处将宫颈与子宫密封隔开，但该囊不会延伸到患者的子宫内或阴道内。中间囊和近侧囊可包括任意直径，但优选 应具有足够大以便能够接合一般女性患者的宫颈壁和/或阴道壁的直径。例如，中间囊可具有10mm的被充胀外径并在实际使用中接纳9.5psi的压力。近侧囊可具有较大的直径如17毫米和7psi的较低充胀压力。
现将描述图1A-1B的切除装置的放置。切除装置的远侧末端可经宫颈外口插入患者的宫颈管，并经过患者的宫颈内口而得以进入子宫。在一实施例中，远侧囊可定位在子宫内，远离宫颈内口，密封囊可以定位在或靠近宫颈内口并延伸进入宫颈管，定位囊可以定位在宫颈管内并朝近侧延伸到阴道内或朝向阴道延伸。
一旦切除装置的远侧末端被布置在子宫内，恰好远离宫颈内口，所述远侧囊可被充胀到所需的压力。在某些实施例中，囊可被充胀到高达约20至30psi的压力，以便防止切除装置从子宫意外退出。应注意的是，在这一点上，远侧囊定位成略微超过宫颈内口。所述远侧囊的充胀可在之后用作锚固件以防止装置朝近侧滑出子宫。
远侧囊充胀后，近侧囊可被充胀成使装置呈被定位的构型，其中远侧囊完全坐靠在宫颈内口上，定位囊或近侧囊在宫颈内膨胀并经过宫颈外口延伸进入阴道。当近侧囊被充胀时，囊可以从宫颈向外膨胀到阴道的相对不受约束的空间，这会产生一拉动所述装置的压缩力，并且所述远侧囊向近侧接合抵靠宫颈内口(还称为宫颈口或宫颈腔)的内部部分。图2示出将切除装置100插入患者的子宫内，其中囊108、110和112如上述那样被充胀。
在将切除装置定位后但输送蒸气之前，有利的是，评估子宫的完整性，以通过执行完整性测试和通畅性测试来测试所述装置的蒸气输送末端定位在密闭的子宫内和测试流入腔与流出腔之间存在流动。流入子宫腔的流体的体积和流量可以为医生提供子宫腔的尺寸的指示以及所述装置是否处于错误的通路中。完整性测试可评估子宫是密闭的，并确定1)从子宫壁穿孔产生泄漏，或2)从宫颈口处密封不足而泄漏或从输卵管泄漏。
进行的通畅性评估、也称为装置腔通畅性测试或通畅性测试的第二测试可以向医生提供设备是否被碎屑堵塞或处于错误通路内的指示。这个提 供给医生的附加信息与完整性测试结合可以在“盲的”子宫内膜切除手术期间向医生提供装置位置的更大保证。
在临床使用中，子宫完整性和通畅性测试对于除了子宫切除手术之外的另外的子宫手术例如设备、植入物、诊断介质或治疗介质的植入是有用的。在这些情况下，可以在不具有子宫切除装置或系统的情况下，采用具有单独的子宫腔引导器的、能按顺序地、单独地或个别地进行子宫完整性和通畅性测试的单独的单元或模块。
在一个实施例中，子宫完整性测试可以包含以下因素和步骤。参见图1A-1B和图2，气体/流体源122可以连接至包括一个调节器或附加的背压调节器的压力调节器124。气体/流体源可以容纳诸如CO2或惰性气体之类的气体或者诸如盐水、林格乳酸盐、非等渗溶液、甘油和矿物油之类的流体。调节器124构造成将外部气源的压力保持在安全阈值以下。在一实施例中，安全阈值可以是约70mm Hg。实际压力值或梯度可能不被检测并且可能不需检测。来自气体/流体源122的流体或气体能够在由安全阈值界定的恒定压力(例如，可以由治疗过程中子宫将承受的例如70mm Hg的最大压力界定)下被驱动。此外，在比进行子宫内膜切除或其他子宫手术所需压力高的压力下操作子宫完整性测试是有用的。
在使用中，可通过将气体/流体源升高至高于子宫腔的高度距离以产生压力来获得气体/流体压力。这个高度升高可以通过测量棒、尺或激光来验证。用于盐水袋的临床使用的高度的示例是在患者子宫高度上方的32英寸处。在这个高度，所述压力将介于50mm Hg和70mm Hg之间。这个压力足够低，以低于所报告的输卵管的开口压力。此外，子宫腔内的压力传感器能验证为完整性测试和通畅性测试施用了适当的量的压力。可以采用自调节反馈机构以响应于从子宫腔内获取的压力测量值来提高或降低盐水源的压力。作为一个示例，该反馈机构可以响应于从宫腔内获取的压力测量来提高或降低盐水源的高度。
替代地，可以通过检测已知条件下的子宫装置或子宫切除装置的远侧腔的流量来进行子宫完整性测试，以确定气体/流体源的适当压力或高度。 例如，可以在气体/流体源处于一定高度并且子宫装置被维持在已知条件下或处于自由空间中时获取流量读数。由于气体/流体源的高度被升高或降低，气体/流体的流量会相应地响应，直到气体/流体源被放置在所需流量的高度处，或者被加压至所需的量。同样，可以通过响应于所测量的流量的自调节反馈机构来升高或降低气体/流体源。
在某些实施例中，子宫切除装置还可包括具有用于终端用户的读出机构(未示出)的流量计126。在某些实施例中，流量计被布置在装置的远侧末端106附近。在其它实施例中，流量计可以被布置在装置的流出腔(未示出)内。在又一实施例中，流量计可以被布置在装置的外部，但沿气体/流体源122和切除装置之间的流动路径布置。所述流量计可以构造成测量和报告穿过子宫切除装置的流体/气体或蒸气的流量。所述读出机构可以是基于数字的、图形的或图标的。其他变型包括各种音频和视频信号、标记、定性标记、警报和颜色标识。过滤器可以附接至流量计或可以不附接至流量计。
参见图2和3，为了执行子宫完整性测试，诸如CO2的气体或诸如盐水的流体可以从气体/流体源122经压力调节器124并经流量计126被输送至子宫切除装置100内。如图3所示，气体/流体可以经由流入腔129和流出腔131两者被输送到子宫内。
在一个实施例中，可以在流量计126和子宫切除装置100之间具有如图3所示的单向阀127。在其它变型中，单向阀127以及其它部件如流量计126和阀903可以位于子宫切除装置100的柄部中。所述单向阀可以减少或消除子宫收缩过程中盐水的逆流。单向阀的特征是对一个方向上的流动(朝向子宫腔)提供较低的阻力和对逆行方向的流动(朝向气体/流体源)提供较高的阻力。有利的是，单向阀可以稳定流量值，因为逆行的流量值被消除。通过减少了可通过子宫收缩或松弛、患者的运动、或者医生或医护人员对输入线路或患者本人疏忽操作造成的正弦波图案，手术时间被缩短。这种将负流量值过滤出去使得隔离出流量的正的部分降低了流量值的噪音，从而加速了对流量数据的解释并减少了手术时间。
子宫切除装置的控制器(未示出)可以构造成打开和关闭阀128a、128b和128c，以允许气体或流体从源122流入切除装置100的流入腔129和流出腔131。在子宫完整性测试期间，该控制器可以构造成打开阀128a和128b并关闭阀128c。这允许气体或流体从源122流出，通过流量计126，通过单向阀127和阀128a和128b，并进入流入腔129和流出腔131。当气体或流体进入子宫时，流量计可以测量气体或流体的完整性流量。如果流量降低至低于完整性流量阈值，则控制器可确定子宫是密闭的。在某些实施例中，所述完整性流量阈值可以是大约5ml/min。
气体/流体可以离开装置的蒸气端口107并进入子宫腔。这些蒸气出口端口也可被称为流体输注末端和流体流出末端，如上所述的，对于完整性测试，子宫切除装置的流入腔和流出腔两者可以用来向子宫腔提供流体/气体。当子宫内的压力增加时，流体或气体通过子宫切除装置的流量应减少为数值为零或减少至低于完整性流量阈值的值，这在子宫内的压力等于系统的驱动压力时发生。在装置插入患者的过程中使用流入腔和流出腔两者用于气体/流体的流动可以帮助防止蒸气端口在插入过程中被堵塞或阻塞。
对于通畅性测试，流入腔可用于气体/流体流入子宫，而流出腔用于气体/流体从子宫返回。
对于完整性测试，通过用流量计126测量流入子宫的气体或流体的流量，更具体地，通过测量气体/流体进入子宫的下降的流量或子宫中的稳定状态流量，系统或用户可以确定子宫的状态和装置在子宫中的正确定位。例如，1)如果流量不降低或降低至比阈值流量如5ml/min高的流量，则在子宫或者装置中存在泄漏，或者该装置在子宫内未正确定位；2)如果流量立即下降至零，则子宫切除装置的远侧末端可能被阻塞或埋入组织；3)如果流量下降到零以上的水平，并保持该水平(例如，～30mL/min)，则可能存在小的泄漏。泄漏的尺寸可以与所测量的流量成比例；4)如果流量在低水平和高水平之间振荡，则可能存在在较低压力下密闭或闭合但在较高压力下打开的孔或泄漏；和5)如果流量在由最小时间和最大时间界定的 一定的时间期限内下降至低于阈值或下降至零，则该装置被正确地定位在密闭的子宫内。在一实施例中，用于确定在密闭的子宫内的正确定位的最小和最大时间可以发生在10至60秒的测试窗内、优选15秒的窗。流量阈值可设定为数值5ml/min，其中在时间窗内降低至低于5ml/min的流量可以作为用于密闭的子宫腔的阈值使用，而大于或等于5ml/min的流量可以作为用于检测泄漏或未密闭的子宫腔的阈值使用。作为用于完整性测试的密闭的阈值或未密闭的阈值的数值5ml/min已被证明对利用蒸气的子宫切除装置是有效的。在测试子宫中有意设置的穿孔被证明在低于5ml/min的值时不允许蒸气横穿该穿孔。建立用于密闭的或未密闭的子宫腔的阈值必须考虑到流量传感器和计量器的分辨率的限制，以及子宫腔中的盐水吸收速率。
在分析用于泄漏或非完整的阈值的完整性测试数据中，经验检验表明，在确定为“合格”(流量<5ml/min)或“失败”(流量>5ml/min)的测试之间具有在统计上显著的差异。盐水流量的平均最小变化与最大盐水流量是显著不同的，表明完整性测试可以有效辨别在穿孔被有意施加到测试子宫腔的测试环境中是否存在泄漏，如下面的表格中所示的。当通过使用单向阀消除负的流量值时(对于最小Δ流量P<.001，对于最大流量p<.001)，该统计上显著的差异进一步改进。基于这种分析，可以建立用于泄漏检测的5ml/min完整性测试阈值并应用于临床使用。此外，可以开发为了确定子宫完整性的能力而自动分析数据的算法。
表1：具有有意设置的穿孔的测试子宫中的子宫腔完整性测试结果：
在表1中，最小Δ流量指的是在15秒的流量窗上的流量的最小变化，以ml/min示出。最大流量指的是在15秒的流量窗中观察到的最大流量，以ml/min示出。无负流量值指的是只计算正的流量的数据点。当单向阀就位时不会出现负的流量值。
作为另一考虑，子宫的尺寸和/或形状在完整性测试期间将可能发生变化。因此，在某些实施例中，可以使用平均流量来确定子宫的完整性或装置的定位。例如，在一实施例中，如果在例如5秒的预定时间段上的平均流量是零或低于阈值流量，则子宫很可能是密闭的。在另一变型中，可以采用15秒的时间窗，其中对于每个15秒时间增量列出伴随的数据点的平均值。其它时间窗的增量可以用作数据收集的标准。
在某些实施例中，返回通道包括阀128c，诸如电磁阀，该阀可以基于完整性测试的起动来关闭气体/流体通过返回通道的出口。替代地，可以利用一单向泵。当气体/流体通过返回通道的回流被阀停止时，可以通过在输入线路上的流量计126检测流量的变化。除了确定是否有泄漏或装置是否正确定位，流量变化的细节(例如，流量如何响应以通过阀关闭返回线路)在一些情况下可以提供如下的指示：a)子宫腔的尺寸；和b)系统中存在泄漏或缺乏完整性。例如在临床使用不同尺寸的子宫时，流量随时间变化的图形曲线下的积分提供了子宫腔的尺寸的体积评估。体积的量可以向医生提供的信息不仅在于子宫的尺寸，而且在于装置是否被不适当地埋入在错误通路中(较小的体积量)或者埋入在腹膜腔中(较大的体积量)。
参见图4，在某些实施例中，流入和流出通道中的流量值可以用来确定是否存在可在切除手术期间影响蒸气的流动的障碍物。基于这种确定或通畅性测试，该装置可以在输送蒸气之前被重新定位或被取代。例如，在一个实施例中，仍参见图4，执行通畅性测试的方法可包括将气体或流体从子宫装置的流入腔129——也称作流体注入末端——输送至子宫内，通过子宫装置的流出腔131——也称作流体流出末端——从子宫去除气体或流体，如果在子宫装置的流入腔的流量计中观察到气体或流体的流量，则确定子宫装置未堵塞或埋入组织。在图3和图4中，阀128a和128b控制气体/流体向子宫切除装置100的流动，阀128c控制气体/流体从流出腔131进入流出罐或废料容器133的流动。对阀128a和128b和128c的控制可以通过示出为123的单独的控制器和软件单元来执行。
如果已经基于所执行的并在图3中描述的完整性测试确定子宫是密闭的，则控制器还可以构造成执行通畅性测试。在一个实施例中，参见图4，控制器可以构造成打开阀128b和128c，但关闭阀128a。这允许气体或流体从源122流出，通过流量计126，通过单向阀127和阀128b，并进入流入腔129。气体或流体可通过流出腔131、通过阀128c被去除，并经由管道135进入废料容器133。当气体或流体进入子宫和从子宫去除时，流量计可以测量气体或流体的通畅性流量。如果通畅性流量保持在高于通畅性流量阈值，则控制器可以确定该装置未堵塞或埋入组织。在某些实施例中，观察或测量流体或气体在流出腔131中的流动可用于确定该装置是否堵塞或埋入组织。
图7描述了一利用用于子宫切除手术的子宫完整性和通畅性测试的算法的示例。首先，可以将如上所述的子宫装置插入到患者的子宫内。在某些实施例中，在子宫切除装置插入患者期间，盐水可以流经流量计和子宫切除装置的流入腔和流出腔。一旦该装置已经被放置在子宫腔中，宫颈可由一个或多个囊如上述的远侧、中间和近侧囊进行密封。在密封宫颈之后，可以启动完整性测试。如上所述，可以通过流量计来测量来自子宫切除装置的气体/流体流，并且该系统可以监测经流量传感器降低至流量阈值的流 量。一旦达到流量阈值，(例如，在一个实施例中5ml/min)，则可以确定子宫是密闭的，然后系统可以开始通畅性测试。通畅性测试通过装置的流入腔维持向子宫腔内的流动，但反转流出腔以将气体/流体从子宫腔去除到废料容器内。然后在通畅性测试过程中监测流量阈值。高于通畅性测试阈值的流量(例如，在一个实施例中大于5ml/min)可以指示该腔未堵塞或子宫切除装置的远侧端部未埋入到组织中。如果不满足通畅性测试阈值，医生应在启动子宫切除之前重复插入步骤并重复完整性测试和通畅性测试。如果满足所述通畅性测试阈值，子宫切除治疗可以开始，如图7所示。
在某些另外的实施例中，用于完整性测试的返回通道与在治疗模式中使用以从子宫排出蒸气和体液/组织的返回线路可以是相同的线路或可以是不相同的线路。更具体地，在某些实施例中，所述装置可以具有其自身的专门用于进行完整性测试的专用返回通道系统。在另一实施例中，返回通道可以具有其自身的被动的流出调节器。在又一实施例中，返回通道可以具有第二流量计(未示出)，其能用于将进入子宫腔(经由流量计126)的流量与从子宫腔的出口(经由返回通道内的第二流量计)上监测的流量进行比较。比较流出与流入可以提供对子宫中是否存在泄漏或是否缺乏完整性的动态测量。
在另外的实施例中，可以采用在返回通道中结合有电磁阀和第二流量计两者的系统。在本实施例中，由电磁阀关闭一系列返回通道与在开放循环期间测量流量相结合能提供子宫腔完整性的指示和该空间中的体积的量。在某些实施例中，可以结合记录和数据分析系统以分析流量测量值，并基于子宫的完整性和切除装置的位置提供动作的自动化。该分析系统记录了治疗的不同阶段的流量，并向用户和切除装置提供适当的反馈。
一旦装置已经适当地定位并且完整性测试和通畅性测试确定子宫是密闭的，则该装置被正确地放置并且输送腔与返回腔之间存在开放式连通，可以将加热的可冷凝蒸气从切除装置100的远侧末端106通过(图1A-1B的)蒸气端口107输送至子宫以切除子宫组织。图5示出了向子宫输送蒸气的切除装置的另一视图。在一实施例中，蒸气可以经由蒸气源123被输 送至切除装置。在另一实施例中(未示出)，气体/流体源122可以用来向装置提供流体例如盐水，在该装置中，该流体随后转化成蒸气以输送至子宫。一旦蒸气已通过流入腔129被输送至子宫，蒸气可以从子宫经流出腔131被去除，并经由管道135沉积在废料容器133中。
可以执行或不执行在完整性和通畅性测试期间以及恰在蒸气治疗开始之前维持子宫胀大或宫腔内的压力而不收缩。在某些实施例中，在低于70mmHg的压力下膨胀而不收缩的子宫腔将在治疗之前在子宫切除装置的流入腔和流出腔内经历较少的血和碎屑堆积。减少血和碎屑在返回或流出腔中的堆积将减少手术时间并改进治疗效率。减少血和碎屑在返回或流出腔中的堆积可在包括从将装置插入到子宫腔内到切除治疗的启动的持续时间上发生，根据不同情况，该持续时间可以是1至5分钟。较长的持续时间还受益于减少的血和碎屑的堆积。
蒸气治疗的启动可以在完成完整性和通畅性测试之后立即开始。在某些实施例中，该动作可以通过主发生器单元内的软件进行控制。替代地，完整性和通畅性测试可以由独立于主发生器的单元或模块进行，所述主发生器提供治疗手术已准备好利用图7所示的算法开始进行的指示。各个腔在完整性和通畅性测试过程中的打开和关闭可通过夹断所述腔的电磁阀或囊来执行。
在一个实施例中，利用盐水代替气体作为用于执行完整性和通畅性测试的介质具有以下优势。已据经验确定的是，施用加热的蒸气可能无法贯穿子宫腔中有意设置的穿孔，而在完整性测试期间，盐水介质可以贯穿同样有意设置的穿孔。此外，在测试条件下的活体患者的子宫腔中，主动的出血可挡住或阻碍气体贯穿有意设置的穿孔的能力，从而向医生提供子宫完整性的错误指示。例如，穿刺器具可以是直径3mm的宫颈扩张器并且穿刺的角度可以是与子宫表面的法线或垂线成15度。也可以使用较小和较大直径的器具。
盐水在临床使用中也容易获得。在实践中，气体如二氧化碳在通常低于100ml/min的安全阈值流量内被施用至患者，在该速率下的气体在去除 子宫腔中的可能挡住或阻碍潜在的穿孔的显现的血或其他碎屑方面可能是无效的。
此外，在临床使用中，结合盐水取代气体作为用于完整性和通畅性测试的介质提供了用于体内腔的冲洗源。该冲洗或稀释作用可在蒸气治疗前促进子宫切除装置的输入腔和输出腔之间的开放连通。
替代地，可使用完全流动驱动的系统执行完整性和通畅性测试。在流动驱动的系统中，如图6A中可见，流体950可被朝向装置和子宫向远侧输送。流体950可以是例如盐水。流体950可以容纳在容器951中。容器951可以驱动已知或可变速率的流体。例如，在一个实施例中，容器951可以是注射器或蠕动泵。流体950可以是气体，容器951可以包含螺旋桨以推进流体。具有设定的断裂压力的阀952可以定位成接近流量传感器901。阀952可具有例如设定在60-70mmHg的断裂压力。在子宫中的压力达到阀952的断裂压力之前，流量传感器901可以感测到非零的流量值。一旦子宫907内部的压力等于阀952的断裂压力，则流体950将不再流入子宫907内，并且可替代地流入腔953内。腔953可以退出到大气中，并且不提供背压。持续的非零流量值可以指示未密闭的子宫。如果容器951处的流量值是已知的或已测量的，流量传感器可以替代地定位于线路953上。将流量传感器定位在线路953上对于将流量传感器953保持在无菌区域以外可为有利的。可以不监测或测量子宫腔内的压力而执行本文所描述的流动驱动系统。
作为另一实施例，用于执行完整性测试的系统可以独立于压力，作为示例，去掉对将盐水源的高度设置于已知水平的要求。此外，某些实施例可以去除对在具有已知断裂压力的系统内放置压力释放阀的要求。为了说明这个实施例，如图6B中可见，流体950的输送流量是已知的并可例如通过泵951设定在恒定值，然后可以将对流体具有已知阻力的孔口960放置在流体源和子宫907之间。孔口960可以是具有已知的孔口或孔尺寸的任意部件，例如，诸如具有已知口径和内径的皮下注射针。孔口960可定位在相对于子宫907的已知高度上。例如，孔口960可放置在子宫内装置 的柄部中。孔口960可以通过流体的流动被调节，以便在子宫907中产生可预测的压力。例如，如果流体950以10ml/min流动，孔口具有0.01英寸的内径和0.5英寸的长度，那么子宫内压力可能永远不会超过例如60mmHg的阈值。例如，当子宫内的压力为零(规格)时，大部分的流体950可流入子宫907内。由于子宫907填充有流体950，子宫907中的压力可能会增加并且多余的流体950可以替代地流经孔口960。最终，全部流体950可流经孔口960。流量传感器901可以如图6B所示地放置，或者可以被放置在腔953上以便测量例如流经孔口的流量。腔953和/或流量传感器901可以是完全和/或部分地在无菌区域之外。完整性测试可通过使用流量传感器901监测流体950的流动来执行。例如，如果全部流体950被通过孔960转向，则子宫可以被认为是完全密闭的。
在一些用于蒸气治疗的实施例中，子宫切除装置的轴可包括定位成接近定位囊或密封囊以感测并指示蒸气从子宫向宫颈管内的蒸气泄漏的热电偶或其它温度传感器。在某些实施例中，子宫切除装置可结合有压力传感器，以指示当切除治疗正在进行时子宫中的蒸气泄漏。在切除治疗过程中，蒸气经流入腔被输送和经流出腔离开。被输送到腔内的蒸气的量由发生器控制，以维持预定的压力。
在某些实施例中，流量计和阀可被结合在子宫装置自身内，称为柄部，而不是如附图中所示的为导管上的独立的部件。
对于关于本发明的附加的细节，可以采用本领域技术人员的水平内的材料和制造技术。就通常或逻辑上采用的另外的条款而言，同样的道理也适用于以本发明的方法为基础的方面。此外，可以设想，所述的有创造性的变型的任意可选特征可被独立地阐述和要求权利或与任意一个或多个本文所述的特征组合。同样地，参考单个项目包括存在多个相同项目的可能性。更具体地，如本文和所附权利要求中所使用的，单数形式的“一”、“和”、“所述”和“该”包括复数对象，除非上下文另有明确规定。还应注意的是，权利要求可被撰写成排除任何可选的元素。因此，这种陈述意图用于作为使用这种与引用权利要求的元素或使用“负面”限制相关联 的排他的术语如“仅”、“只”等的引用基础。除非本文另行限定，否则本文使用的所有技术和科学术语在本文中具有与被本发明所属领域的技术人员所通常理解含义相同的含义。本发明的范围并不受本说明书所限制，而是仅由所采用的权利要求项的明确含义限定。
Claims (14)
1.一种子宫治疗装置(100)，包括：
定尺寸成和构造成用于插入到患者的子宫内的轴(102)；
设置在轴上并且用于密封子宫的密封囊(110)；
沿着所述轴的长度布置的流入腔和流出腔(129，131)；
布置在所述流入腔(129)的远侧端部处的至少一个流入端口；
布置在所述流出腔(131)的远侧端部处的至少一个流出端口；
可操作地联接至所述流入腔和流出腔的气体/流体源(122)；
布置在所述气体/流体源和所述轴之间的至少一个流量计(126)；和
控制器(123)，所述控制器构造成通过以下方式执行子宫完整性测试：将气体或流体从气体/流体源经所述至少一个流入腔输送至子宫内而不允许气体或流体从子宫被去除，通过所述至少一个流量计检测气体或流体在被输送到子宫内时的完整性流量，以及如果该完整性流量降低至低于完整性流量阈值，则确定该子宫是密闭的；
所述控制器还构造成，如果流量在低水平和高水平之间振荡，则确定子宫具有在较低压力下密闭并在较高压力下打开的穿孔；
所述控制器还构造成，如果确定子宫是密闭的，则经所述至少一个流入腔将气体或流体输送到子宫内，通过流出腔从子宫去除气体或流体，通过所述至少一个流量计检测气体或流体的通畅性流量，并基于所述通畅性流量确定子宫治疗装置是否堵塞或埋入组织。
2.根据权利要求1所述的子宫治疗装置，还包括位于流入腔中的单向阀(127)，所述单向阀构造成减小或消除从子宫经子宫治疗装置返回的逆流。
3.根据权利要求2所述的子宫治疗装置，其特征在于，所述单向阀(127)防止响应于子宫收缩形成的逆流和正弦波。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的子宫治疗装置，其特征在于，所述至少一个流量计(126)设置在所述流出腔(131)中。
5.根据权利要求1所述的子宫治疗装置，其特征在于，所述控制器(123)构造成，如果在预定时间段内完整性流量降低至低于完整性流量阈值，则确定子宫是密闭的。
6.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的子宫治疗装置，其特征在于，所述控制器(123)构造成，如果在预定时间段后完整性流量降低至零，则确定子宫是密闭的。
7.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的子宫治疗装置，其特征在于，所述控制器(123)构造成，如果通畅性流量为零，则确定子宫治疗装置被堵塞或埋入组织。
8.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的子宫治疗装置，其特征在于，所述控制器(123)构造成，在确定子宫为密闭的并且子宫治疗装置未堵塞或未埋入组织之后，将加热的可冷凝蒸气经所述至少一个流入腔(129)输送到子宫。
9.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的子宫治疗装置，其特征在于，所述控制器(123)构造成，评估在输送的气体或流体的体积或者评估完整性流量，以估计子宫治疗装置(100)的远侧末端(106)在子宫内的位置。
10.根据权利要求9所述的子宫治疗装置，其特征在于，评估体积指示远侧末端(106)位于错误通路中。
11.根据权利要求9所述的子宫治疗装置，其特征在于，评估流量指示远侧末端(106)位于错误通路中。
12.根据权利要求1所述的子宫治疗装置，其特征在于，所述控制器还构造成，通过允许气体或流体从气体/流体源流动至子宫内、从子宫去除气体或流体和监测通过所述至少一个流量计测得的气体或流体的通畅性流量来执行通畅性测试。
13.根据权利要求12所述的装置，还包括：
布置在气体/流体源(122)和流入腔(129)之间的第一阀(128b)；
布置在气体/流体源和流出腔(131)之间的第二阀(128a)；
其中，所述控制器(123)构造成通过打开所述第一阀和关闭所述第二阀来执行子宫完整性测试，其中，所述控制器构造成通过打开所述第一阀和所述第二阀来执行通畅性测试。
14.根据权利要求12所述的装置，还包括：
布置在气体/流体源(122)和流入腔(129)之间的第一阀(128b)；
布置在气体/流体源和流出腔(131)之间的第二阀和第三阀(128a，128c)；
其中，所述控制器(123)构造成通过打开所述第一阀和所述第二阀(128a，128b)并关闭所述第三阀(128c)以允许气体或流体通过流入腔和流出腔两者流入子宫内来执行子宫完整性测试，其中，所述控制器构造成通过打开所述第一阀和所述第三阀并关闭所述第二阀以允许气体或流体通过流入腔流入子宫内并通过流出腔从子宫去除气体或流体来执行通畅性测试。
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| US10881442B2 (en) | 2021-01-05 |
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| US20130090572A1 (en) | 2013-04-11 |
| EP2763617A1 (en) | 2014-08-13 |
| US20210330368A1 (en) | 2021-10-28 |
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