CN104010651A - 通过靶向Sirt5治疗癌症的方法 - Google Patents
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- CN104010651A CN104010651A CN201280054564.2A CN201280054564A CN104010651A CN 104010651 A CN104010651 A CN 104010651A CN 201280054564 A CN201280054564 A CN 201280054564A CN 104010651 A CN104010651 A CN 104010651A
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- sirt5
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Abstract
本申请证明了抑制Sirt5能够抑制细胞的恶性转化。因此,公开了基于抑制Sirt5治疗癌症的方法。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求2011年9月7日提交的美国临时专利申请为61/531,671的优先权,其整体内容通过引用并入本文。
关于美国联邦资助研究或开发的声明
本发明在合同号为GM086703和CA163255的美国国立卫生研究院基金的政府支持下完成。美国政府对本发明拥有一定权利。
发明领域
本发明确定了用于癌症治疗的新靶点。更具体地,本发明涉及基于Sirt5抑制的癌症治疗。
背景技术
去乙酰化酶(Sirtuin)是一类具有NAD依赖性蛋白脱乙酰基酶活性的在进化上保守的酶(图1)(Sauve等,Annu.Rev.Biochem.75:435-465(2006),Michan等,Biochem.J.404:1-13(2007))。自从最初报道了去乙酰化酶显示出脱乙酰基酶活性以来,已揭示了其参与多项细胞和生物学功能,包括调控生命周期、转录和代谢(Sauve等,Annu.Rev.Biochem.75:435-465(2006),Michan等,Biochem.J.404:1-13(2007))。哺乳动物有7种去乙酰化酶,Sirts1-7;然而,仅Sirt1-3显示出具有强大的脱乙酰基酶活性的能力。Sirt4和7缺乏可检测的脱乙酰基酶活性(Michishita等,Mol.Biol.Cell16:4623-4635(2005),Haigis等,Cell126:941-954(2006)),而已报道Sirt5和Sirt6仅具有较弱的活性(Michishita等,Mol.Biol.Cell16:4623-4635(2005),Schuetz等,Structure15:377-389(2007),Schlicker等,J.Mol.Biol.382:790-801(2008),Michishita等,Nature452:492-496(2008))。最近发现,人Sirt5是NAD依赖性脱琥珀酰基酶和脱丙二酰基酶(Du等,Science334:806-809,2011)。还发现了多种线粒体代谢酶均为琥珀酰基化的,并且Sirt5能够通过脱琥珀酰基化调节某些酶的活性。
已发现一些去乙酰化酶在癌症发展或肿瘤抑制中起重要作用(Verdin等,TrendsBiochem.Sci.35:669-675(2010),Ota等,Oncogene25:176-185(2005),Heltweg等,CancerRes.66:4368-4377(2006),Lara等,Oncogene28:781-791(2008),Zhang等,Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun.386:729-733(2009),Kalle等,Biochemical and Biophysical ResearchCommunications401:13-19(2010))。但仍不清楚是否抑制去乙酰化酶以及哪种去乙酰化酶能够作为潜在的抗癌疗法(Verdin等,Trends Biochem.Sci.35:669-675(2010))。
发明概述
本申请已将Sirt5确定为癌症治疗的新靶点。因此,本申请提供了基于Sirt5抑制的治疗癌症的方法和组合物。
在一个方面,本申请涉及在主体中通过给予主体有效量的Sirt5抑制剂治疗癌症的方法。
在某些实施方式中,所述Sirt5抑制剂是核酸分子。在一些实施方式中,所述核酸分子是siRNA分子或者能够表达siRNA分子的载体。在特定实施方式中,如本申请所述,所述siRNA分子选自下组:siRNA1、siRNA2、siRNA3、siRNA4、siRNA5和siRNA6。
在其他实施方式中,所述Sirt5抑制剂是小分子化合物。在一些实施方式中,所述小分子化合物是含有赖氨酸的硫代琥珀酰或硫代丙二酰肽。在特定实施方式中,所述小分子化合物如下式所示
其中:
R1是阴离子或可电离基团;
R2选自S、NR5和O,其中R5是H、甲基、乙基、异丙基、苯基或苄基;
当R1是羧基时,则R2不是O,并且当R2是O时,则R1不是羧基;
X0、X1、X2、X3、X4、X5、X6和X7独立地选自–(CH2)n–(其中n表示1、2或3)、-NR5-、-O-、-S-或键,条件是X0-X4中至少一个不是键,并且X5-X7中至少一个不是键;
R3和R4独立地选自H、烃(R)、氨基酸、二肽、三肽、寡肽、蛋白质、核碱基、核苷酸、二核苷酸、三核苷酸、寡核苷酸、单糖、二糖、寡糖、和保护基团,或其组合或其修饰形式。
其他Sirt5抑制剂包括核酸或肽适体以及抗-Sirt5抗体。
在一些实施方式中,制备所述Sirt5抑制剂以使其向线粒体靶向递送。
在另一个方面,提供了包括Sirt5抑制剂的用于治疗癌症的药物组合物。
附图简述
图1.由不同人去乙酰化酶催化的NAD依赖性脱乙酰基化反应、脱丙二酰基化反应和脱琥珀酰基化反应。
图2.Sirt5特异性存在于不同人癌细胞系的线粒体部分。在使用特异性抗-Sirt5抗体的Western印迹分析中对总全细胞裂解物(T)(25μg总蛋白)和线粒体部分(MT)(25μg总蛋白)进行了分析。
图3.Sirt5敲除抑制癌细胞生长。(A)显示SKBR3(乳腺癌细胞系)和U87(脑癌细胞系)细胞中均通过siRNA将Sirt5敲除的RT-PCR结果。(B)显示在这两种癌细胞系中Sirt5敲除抑制锚定非依赖性生长的软琼脂检测。(C)显示Sirt5敲除抑制癌细胞(SKBR3和U87)但不抑制正常细胞(MCF10A)的血清限制检测。(D)Western印迹(左图)显示Sirt1被成功敲除,但是软琼脂检测(右图)显示Sirt1敲除对SKBR3癌细胞的锚定非依赖性生长没有显著影响。
图4.癌细胞中谷氨酰胺代谢升高的工作模型。由于Warburg效应,在癌细胞中由柠檬酸(TCA)循环产生的大部分丙酮酸转化为乳酸,而非乙酰CoA和柠檬酸。因此,癌细胞依靠升高的谷氨酰胺(Gln)代谢辅助供给TCA循环。本申请认为,由Sirt5催化的脱琥珀酰基化作用导致了GLS1和/或GDH的活化。
图5.敲除Sirt5抑制MDAMB231细胞中的GLS1活化。图的上部显示了在MDAMB231细胞中siRNA介导的Sirt5敲除表达。GLS1(标记为GAC)的表达水平未受到Sirt5敲除的影响。将VADC/纽带蛋白作为上样对照。下图:在经过对照RNA或两个靶向Sirt5的siRNA处理的MDAMB231细胞的线粒体部分和全细胞裂解物(WCL)中检测GLS1的活性。
图6.使用用三苯基膦阳离子修饰的硫代琥珀酰基肽进行线粒体递送的图解。
发明详述
在本申请中已证实抑制Sirt5能够抑制细胞的恶性转化。因此,本申请提供了一种癌症治疗的新靶点。本申请提供了基于抑制Sirt5的治疗癌症的方法和组合物。
“治疗癌症”指癌症的发展、生长和/或转移被显著抑制,其反映在癌症的出现或复发减少或推迟、肿瘤体积或癌细胞数减少、肿瘤体积或癌细胞增加的程度降低和/或转移的发生减少。可以通过例如常规方法(如使用游标卡尺获得二维测量结果)检查肿瘤的体积确定肿瘤的生长。可以通过检查继发部位肿瘤细胞的外观或者在体外使用多种实验室方法检测组织活检肿瘤细胞的转移可能性来确定肿瘤的转移。
可以通过使用本申请公开的基于Sirt5抑制的方法治疗的癌症包括但不限于黑色素瘤、淋巴瘤、浆细胞瘤、肉瘤、胶质瘤、胸腺瘤、白血病、乳腺癌、前列腺癌、结肠癌、食道癌、脑癌、肺癌、卵巢癌、宫颈癌、肝癌和本领域公知的其他肿瘤。
“Sirt5的抑制”指Sirt5基因的表达、Sirt5蛋白的产生和/或Sirt5蛋白的酶活性被抑制、压抑、减少或者甚至消除。
本申请所使用的“Sirt5的酶活性”包括从赖氨酸残基上酶促除去酰基(丙二酰基、琥珀酰基、戊二酰基和乙酰基)。因此,Sirt5的活性包括赖氨酸残基的脱丙二酰基作用、脱琥珀酰基作用、脱戊二酰基作用和脱乙酰基作用。在特定的实施方式中,Sirt5的抑制使得至少Sirt5的脱琥珀酰基酶和脱丙二酰基酶活性受到抑制。“Sirt5的脱琥珀酰基酶活性”指Sirt5酶促从赖氨酸残基除去琥珀酰基。“Sirt5的脱丙二酰基酶活性”指Sirt5酶促从赖氨酸残基除去丙二酰基。Sirt5能够作用于具有乙酰基的单独的赖氨酸残基链,或者作用于肽或蛋白中的乙酰化赖氨酸残基。Sirt5的活性例如脱琥珀酰基酶和脱丙二酰基酶活性能够在体内用于含有琥珀酰基或丙二酰基赖氨酸的蛋白的翻译后修饰,以产生下游的生理事件。
如本申请所使用的,术语“Sirt5抑制剂”包括产生Sirt5抑制的分子,如使得Sirt5 mRNA的水平降低或抑制其活性的核酸分子、寡肽、小分子抑制化合物、适体和与Sirt5蛋白特异性结合的抗体,以使得在经过处理的细胞中Sirt5的酶活性(例如NAD依赖性脱琥珀酰基化和脱丙二酰基化活性)被有效抑制或降低。例如,如果降低至少约20%,在某些实施方式中至少约30%、40%或50%,在其他实施方式中至少约70%、80%、90%或更多,则认为降低是显著的。Sirt5抑制剂优选为Sirt5特异性抑制剂,即其抑制Sirt5但不会显著影响其他去乙酰化酶。
在一个实施方式中,所述的癌症治疗方法使用的Sirt5抑制剂是核酸分子。这种核酸分子包括反义RNA、siRNA、miRNA(或“微RNA”)或者编码并且能够在受体的靶组织中表达任意这种RNA分子的转基因。反义RNA是与内源性mRNA互补并且通过与内源性mRNA形成双螺旋阻断内源性mRNA翻译的RNA分子。反义RNA应至少约10个核苷酸,优选地至少约15或17个核苷酸,更优选地至少约50个核苷酸。siRNA是小的(典型地长度为20-25个核苷酸)双链RNA,已知其参与RNA干扰途径并且干扰特定基因的表达。给定靶基因的序列,可以设计siRNA,并且通过合成或者在外源性引入载体(例如质粒)的细胞中制备,以达到对目标基因表达的抑制。与siRNA类似,miRNA也是调节基因表达的小RNA分子(通常约21-22个核苷酸)。miRNA由来自非蛋白编码基因转录得到的较长前体加工得到,并且通过与靶mRNA不精确的碱基配对阻止翻译。使用本领域已记载的技术可以设计miRNA并将其引入细胞或组织以靶向并抑制目标基因的表达。
在一些实施方式中,所述Sirt5抑制剂是Sirt5 siRNA分子。在用于癌症受体之前,可以在培养的细胞中检测和确证siRNA分子的有效性,以确定Sirt5 mRNA是否被“沉默”或Sirt5基因已被“敲除”,如下文中的实施例1所示。Sirt5 siRNA分子示例性的例子包括:
siRNA1
5'-CCA GCG UCC ACA CGA AAC CAG AUU U-3' (SEQ ID NO: 3)
5'-AAA UCU GGU UUC UGG GUG ACG CUG G-3' (SEQ ID NO: 4)
siRNA2
5'-CCA AGU CGA UUG AUU UCC CAG CUA U-3' (SEQ ID NO: 5)
5'-AUA GCU GGG AAA UCA AUC GAC UUG G-3' (SEQ ID NO: 6)
siRNA3
5'-UGC AAA AGC AAA GCA CAU AGU CAU C-3' (SEQ ID NO: 7)
5' -GAU GAC UAU GUG CUU UGC UUU UGC A-3' (SEQ ID NO: 8)
siRNA4
5'-ACC CGU CCC GGG UGU GGG AGU UCU A-3' (SEQ ID NO: 9)
5'-UAG AAC UCC CAC ACC CGG GAC GGG U-3' (SEQ ID NO: 10)
siRNA5
5'-CUC GAU GUA CCU CUU GUG GAG UUG U-3' (SEQ ID NO: 11)
5'-ACA ACU CCA CAA GAG GUA CAU CGA G-3' (SEQ ID NO: 12)
siRNA6
5'-AAA CUU CCC CGG UGU GAA GAG GCA G-3' (SEQ ID NO: 13)
5'- CUG CCU CUU CAC ACC GGG GAA GUU U-3' (SEQ ID NO: 14)
可以将核酸Sirt5抑制剂分子如反义RNA、siRNA或miRNA直接递送至受体的靶组织。成功递送siRNA,包括在临床环境中,已记载于现有技术中(Paddison等,Proc Natl Acad SciUSA 99(3): 1443-1448 (2002); Sah, Life Sci 79 (19): 1773-1780 (2006); Zender等,Proc NatlAcad Sci USA100(13): 7797-802 (2003))。或者,可以由携带编码这种RNA分子的转基因的载体表达抑制性RNA分子,将所述载体递送至受体的靶组织。适宜的载体包括任意适用于基因治疗的载体,例如质粒、粘粒、病毒(噬菌体、动物病毒和植物病毒)和人工染色体(例如YAC)。病毒载体包括例如逆转录病毒(例如衍生自莫洛尼小鼠白血病病毒的载体(MoMLV)、MSCV、SFFV、MPSV、SNV等)、慢病毒载体(例如衍生自HIV-1、HIV-2、SIV、BIV、FIV等)、腺病毒(Ad)载体、腺相关病毒(AAV)载体、猴病毒40(SV-40)载体、牛乳头瘤病毒载体、爱泼斯坦-巴尔病毒载体、疱疹病毒载体、痘苗病毒载体、哈维小鼠肉瘤病毒载体、小鼠乳腺肿瘤病毒载体和劳斯肉瘤病毒载体。
在其他实施方式中,所述癌症治疗方法利用硫代琥珀酰基或硫代丙二酰基肽。硫代琥珀酰或硫代丙二酰肽通过形成停滞的共价中间体抑制Sirt5脱琥珀酰和脱丙二酰活性。这些肽参与Sirt5催化反应的第一步,形成不能进一步反应的共价中间体。因为其它去乙酰化酶不能识别琥珀酰和丙二酰赖氨酸肽,所以硫代琥珀酰和硫代丙二酰肽是Sirt5特异性抑制剂。
在特定的实施方式中,所述Sirt5抑制剂是小分子化合物。如本申请所使用的,“小分子”包括有机化合物、有机金属化合物、有机和有机金属化合物的盐、糖类、氨基酸和核苷酸。小分子的分子量通常低于约1200道尔顿,在某些实施方式中低于1000、800或甚至500道尔顿。小分子包括在自然界中发现的和合成的化合物。可以对所述化合物进行修饰以提高其例如有效性、稳定性或者药学上的相容性。
可以用下述通式来描述本申请所述的Sirt5抑制剂化合物:
在通式(1)中,R1是负电荷(即阴离子)或可电离基团。负电荷或可电离基团的例子包括羧酸盐(-COO-)、羧基(-COOH)、硫代羧酸盐(-CSO-)、磺酸盐(-SO3 -)、磷酸盐(-PO3 2-)和硝基(-NO2)。所述R2选自S、NR5和O,其中,R5可以是氢原子(H)或含有1到7个碳原子的烃基(例如甲基、乙基、异丙基、苯基或苄基)。基团X0、X1、X2、X3、X4、X5、X6和X7独立地选自–(CH2)n–(其中n代表1、2或3)、-NR5-、-O-、-S-或键,条件是X0-X4中至少一个不是键,并且X5-X7中至少一个不是键。通常,X5、X6和X7是-CH2-基团或键,条件是X5-X7中至少一个不是键。经常地,X0-X3中至少一个、二个、三个或所有四个都是-CH2-基团,而X4选自-CH2-、-NR5-、-O-或-S-基团。在特定实施方式中,X0-X3所有四个都是-CH2-基团,但X4选自-CH2-、-NR5-、-O-或-S-基团,并且X5-X7是-CH2-基团或键,条件是X5-X7至少一个不是键。R3和R4基团独立地选自H、烃(R)、氨基酸、二肽、三肽、寡肽(例如从4、5、6、8、10、12或15个氨基酸残基到20、25、30、35、40、45或50个氨基酸残基)、蛋白质、核碱基、核苷酸、二核苷酸、三核苷酸、寡核苷酸、单糖、二糖、寡糖和保护基团(例如tBOC或FMOC基团)或其组合物、或其修饰形式(例如脂蛋白或核蛋白),其中R4也可以是-OR、-NHR或-NC(O)R基团,并且R3也可以是-C(O)R或-C(O)NHR基团。通常,当R1是羧基时,则R2不是O,当R2是O时,则R1不是羧基。
在通式(1)的特别实施方式中,R2是S,所以产生了具有如下亚通式的化合物:
在通式(1)的其他特别实施方式中,R2是S并且R1是羧基,所以产生了具有如下亚通式的化合物:
在通式(1)的其他特别实施方式中,R2是S,R1是羧基,并且X4是-NR5-,所以产生了具有如下亚通式的化合物:
在通式(1c)中,X0-X3优选自–(CH2)n–基团(其中n代表1、2或3)或键,其中X0-X3至少一个不是键;X5-X7优选自-CH2-基团或键,并且X5-X7至少一个不是键。在一个特定实施方式中,X0-X3所有四个都是-CH2-基团,并且X5-X7是CH2-基团或键,条件是X5-X7至少一个不是键。
在通式(1)中,双键基团R2可以选择性地被两个单键基团(R5和R6)取代,如下述亚通式所示:
在通式(2)中,R5和R6独立地选自H、含有1-6个碳原子的烃基(R)、OH、OR、SH、SR和NHR,也有例外,通常R5和R6不都选自OH、OR、SH、SR和NHR(即如果R5和R6的其中一个是OH、OR、SH、SR或NHR,那么R5和R6的另一个是H或R)。在某些实施方式中,当R5和R6的其中一个是OH或OR基团时,那么R1不是羧基基团。
本申请中使用的术语“烃基”和“烃基连接子”,在第一个实施方式中,是仅由碳和氢组成的。在不同的实施方式中,一个或多个烃基或连接子可以精确地包括,或者是最少量的,或者是最大量的,例如1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17或18个碳原子,或者在任何前述碳原子数量之间的碳原子的特别范围内。
烃基或者连接子可以是例如饱和的和直链的(即链烷基或亚烃基连接子)。直链烷基基团(或亚烃基连接子)的一些例子包括甲基(或亚甲基,即-CH2-或次甲基连接子)、乙基(或乙烯或二甲亚基,即-CH2CH2-连接子)、n-丙基、n-丁基、n-戊基和n-己基基团。
所述烃基或者连接子选择性地可以是饱和的和支链的(即支链烷基或亚烃基连接子)。支链烷基的一些例子包括异丙基、异丁基、sec-丁基、t-丁基、异戊基、新戊基、2-甲基戊基和3-甲基戊基。支链亚烃基连接子的一些例子是从上述示例性的支链烷基中去除氢原子获得的(例如异丙烯,-CH(CH3)CH2-)。
所述烃基或者连接子可以选择性地是饱和的和环状的(即环烷基或环亚烃基连接子)。环烷基的一些例子包括环丙基、环丁基、环戊基、环己基和环庚基。所述环烷基也可以是多环的(例如二环)基团,在两环(例如二环己基)之间通过键相连或者共用(即稠合的)边(例如十氢化萘和降莰烷)。环亚烃基连接子的一些例子是那些从上述示例性的环烷基中去除氢原子获得的。
所述烃基或者连接子可以选择性地是不饱和的和直链的(即直链烯族或烯基或连接子)。不饱和现象是通过一个或多个碳碳双键和/或一个或多个碳碳三键的存在而发生。直链烯基的一些例子包括乙烯基、2-丙烯-1-基(烯丙基)、3-丁烯-1-基、2-丁烯-1-基、丁二烯基、4-戊烯基-1-基、3-戊烯基-1-基、2-戊烯基-1-基、2,4-戊二烯基-1-基、5-己烯基-1-基、4-己烯基-1-基、3-己烯基-1-基、3,5-己二烯基-1-基、1,3,5-己三烯基-1-基、6-戊烯基-1-基、乙炔基和炔丙基(2-丙炔基)。直链烯基连接子的一些例子是那些从上述示例性的直链烯基(例如次亚乙烯基、-CH=CH-或亚乙烯基)中去除氢原子获得的。
所述烃基或者连接子可以选择性地是不饱和的和支链的(即支链烯族或烯基或连接子)。支链烯基的一些例子包括2-丙烯-2-基、3-丁烯-2-基、3-丁烯-3-基、4-戊烯基-2-基、4-戊烯基-3-基、3-戊烯基-2-基、3-戊烯基-3-基和2,4-戊二烯基-3-基。支链烯基连接子的一些例子是那些从上述示例性的支链烯基中去除氢原子获得的。
所述烃基或者连接子可以选择性地是不饱和的和环状的(即环烯基或亚环烯基(cycloalkenylene)连接子)。不饱和的和环状的烃基一些例子包括环丙烯基、环丁烯基、环戊烯基、环戊二烯基、环己烯基、环己二烯基、苯基和苄基。所述不饱和的环状烃基也可以是多环的(例如二环)基团,在两个环状基团之间通过键相连(例如二苯基)或者共用(即稠合的)边(例如萘、蒽、菲、萉和茚)。亚环烯烃基连接子的一些例子是那些从上述示例性的环烯基(例如亚苯基和二亚苯基)中去除氢原子获得的。
在某些实施方式中,一个或多个烃基或者连接子也可以包括一个或多个杂原子(即非碳和非氢原子),例如一个或多个选自氧、氮、硫、卤素和磷原子的杂原子。含氧基团的一些例子包括羟基(OH)、羰基(例如酮、醛、酯、酰胺、或尿素官能团)和碳-氧-碳(醚)基团。所述醚基也可以是聚环氧烷基团,例如聚环氧乙烷基团。含氮基团的一些例子包括伯氨基、仲氨基、叔氨基、季氨基、氰化物官能团、酰胺基团(如前所述,即-C(O)NR2,其中,R独立地选自氢原子和烃基)、硝基、尿素官能团、亚氨基和氨基甲酸酯,其中,应理解,季氨基必需带有正电荷并需要抗衡离子。含硫基团的一些例子包括巯基(例如-SH)、硫醚(例如硫化物)、二硫化物、亚砜、砜、磺酸酯、硫酸盐基团。本发明考虑的卤原子包括氟、氯和溴。
在一个特定实施方式中,所述候选化合物是硫代琥珀酰化合物。在一个特定实施方式中,所述候选化合物是H3K9硫代琥珀酰(H3K9TSu)肽,其序列为KQTAR(TSuK)STGGKA(SEQ ID NO:15)。
上述抑制剂化合物的合成依赖于已建立的本领域公知的方法。例如,将丙二酸和琥珀酸连接到赖氨酸的侧链,可以使用从胺和羧酸合成酰胺化合物的众所周知的反应条件来完成。从羰基氧原子(例如,R2)到硫代羰基的转化,可以通过,例如,使用本领域公知的方法与Lawensson试剂的反应来完成。
可以在体外试验中检测和确证Sirt5抑制剂化合物的有效性,包括例如WO2012/006391A2中所述的检测(其通过引用并入本申请)。从本质上讲,所述检测基于使用与指示剂部分(荧光部分)连接的含有丙二酰基、琥珀酰基或戊二酰基赖氨酸底物。可以使用裂解剂(如蛋白酶,例如胰酶)切断赖氨酸与指示剂部分之间的键,所述裂解剂对赖氨酸残基的丙二酰基化、琥珀酰基化或戊二酰基化状态敏感。因此,当底物与Sirt5在Sirt5使底物脱丙二酰基、脱琥珀酰基或脱戊二酰基的条件下接触时,除去酰基(可能导致裂解位点暴露)使得裂解剂作用于裂解位点并释放指示剂部分,其然后产生可检测的信号(荧光)。Sirt5抑制剂化合物的存在将降低检测到的信号量。
在另一个实施方式中,所述Sirt5抑制剂是适体,其与Sirt5蛋白特异性结合并阻断Sirt5蛋白与其底物之间的相互作用。适体是分子,核酸或肽,其与特定靶分子结合。核酸适体通常是工程化的短链DNA或RNA,其通过称为SELEX(指数富集的配体系统进化技术)的体外选择重复循环与不同分子靶点结合。可以使用多种系统对肽适体进行选择,最经常的为通过酵母双杂交系统。肽适体通常由两个末端附着于蛋白支架上的可变肽环(通常由10至20个氨基酸组成)组成。这种双重结构的约束大大增加了肽适体的结合亲和性,其水平可以与抗体相媲美。
在其他实施方式中,所述Sirt5抑制剂是抗-Sirt5抗体,其特异性结合并阻断Sirt5蛋白与其底物之间的相互作用。单克隆抗体和多克隆抗体均适用于本发明的用于癌症治疗的方法。
本申请所述的任意Sirt5抑制剂,包括核酸抑制剂和小分子抑制剂,均可以被制备或修饰成具有更利于给哺乳动物主体给药的特性,例如改进稳定性、细胞渗透能力等等。例如,为了增强底物的细胞渗透性,肽链可以包含一串多个氨基酸(如8-10个精氨酸残基)。
可以使用一种或多种生理学上或药学上可接受的载体或赋形剂通过常规方法将本申请所述的Sirt5抑制剂制成制剂。载体的例子包括脂肪、油、水、盐溶液、脂质、脂质体、树脂、粘合剂、填充剂等或其组合。例如,可以将Sirt5抑制性化合物及其生理学上可接受的盐和溶剂化合物制成供例如注射(如SubQ、IM、IP、IV)、吸入或吹入(通过口或鼻)或者口服、口腔、舌下、透皮、鼻腔、胃肠外或者直肠给药的制剂。在一个实施方式中,Sirt5抑制化合物可以局部施用于靶癌细胞部位,即在一个特定的组织、器官或液体(如血液、脑脊髓液等)。Sirt5抑制性化合物可以被制备成多种给药方式使用,包括全身和外用或局部给药。一般的技术和配方可以参见Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,MeadePublishing Co.,Easton,Pa。
在一个特定的实施方式中,将Sirt5抑制剂设计和制成线粒体特异性递送。已知Sirt5主要位于线粒体中。因此,线粒体靶向Sirt5抑制剂能够改善抑制Sirt5的效能。已发现三苯基膦阳离子能够促进小分子和脂质体靶向至线粒体(参见例如Smith等,PNAS100:5407-5412(2003);Boddapati等,Nano Lett2008Aug;8(8):2559-63,Epub2008Jul9)。例如,可以将三苯基膦阳离子引入抑制剂的结构中,其暂时地遮蔽抑制剂上的负电荷。使用硫代琥珀酰基赖氨酸肽的两个具体的例子如图6所示。在一个例子中,通过形成己基酯遮蔽了硫代琥珀酰基的负电荷,而TPP阳离子附着于所述肽的C-末端上。在另一个例子中,同时实现负电荷的遮蔽和TPP阳离子的引入。酯键可以在细胞内缓慢地水解,以便在线粒体内释放活化的Sirt5抑制剂。
所述药物组合物可以包含以重量计约0.00001到100%如从0.001到10%或者从0.1%到5%的一个或多个本申请所述的Sirt5抑制性化合物。在某些外用制剂中,活性成分在制剂中的含量范围为约0.25wt.%到75wt.%,优选地在制剂中的范围为约0.25wt.%到30wt.%,更优选地在制剂中的范围为约0.5wt.%到15wt.%,最优选地在制剂中的范围为约1.0wt.%到10wt.%。
Sirt5抑制性化合物的毒性和治疗效果可以通过细胞培养或动物实验的标准药学方法来确定。LD50是使群体的50%致死的剂量。毒性和治疗效果(LD50/ED50)之间的剂量比是治疗指数。优选表现出较高治疗指数的Sirt5抑制剂。尽管可以使用存在毒副作用的Sirt5抑制剂,但应该精心设计一个递送系统,其将此类化合物靶向递送至受累组织以便将对未受累细胞的潜在损伤最小化并且以降低副作用。
从细胞培养实验和动物研究所得到的数据可以用来确定用于人类的制剂的剂量范围。这种化合物剂量可以在包括较低或无毒性的ED50的循环浓度范围内。剂量可以根据剂型和给药途径在该范围内改变。任何化合物的有效治疗剂量均可以从细胞培养实验来初步估计。制成制剂在动物模型中使用以获得循环血浆浓度的范围,包括在细胞培养中测定的IC50。这些信息可以用于更准确地确定对人类有用的剂量。可以用例如高效液相色谱法来检测血浆中的水平。
尽管本领域技术人员根据一般规律能够确定抑制剂治疗有效的精确剂量,但是抑制剂的治疗有效剂量可以在每单位剂型约0.5μg至约2克范围内。单位剂型指适于作为单一剂量用于哺乳动物治疗的物理上离散的单位:各单位含有预先经计算定量以产生所需治疗效果的活性材料以及任意所需的药学载体。本发明的方法适于同时或在一段较长的时间段内单次以及多次给药。
通过下述实施例对本申请的说明书进行了进一步解释,不应将其解释为以任何方式的限定。所有引用的参考文献(包括在本申请中通篇引用的参考文献、已授权的专利和公开的专利申请)的内容均通过引用明确地并入本申请。
实施例-1。
本实施例描述了检测Sirt5对癌细胞的恶性状态是否具有重要作用的实验。
发明人验证了Sirt5在多种不同癌细胞系的线粒体中高度和特异性表达,包括人乳腺癌细胞(SKBR3和MDAMB231细胞)、人胰腺癌细胞(MIA-PaCA和PaNC1细胞)、人成胶质细胞瘤(U87)细胞和人肺癌(A549)细胞(图2)。
基于Sirt5的变体cDNA序列(SEQ ID NO: 1)设计了两种不同的短干扰RNA分子。
siRNA1
5'-CCA GCG UCC ACA CGA AAC CAG AUU U-3' (SEQ ID NO: 3)
5'-AAA UCU GGU UUC UGG GUG ACG CUG G-3' (SEQ ID NO: 4)
siRNA2
5'-CCA AGU CGA UUG AUU UCC CAG CUA U-3' (SEQ ID NO: 5)
5'-AUA GCU GGG AAA UCA AUC GAC UUG G-3' (SEQ ID NO: 6)
在RT-PCR中确证了使用各siRNA分子敲除Sirt5(图3A),其导致癌细胞转化的表型被抑制(使用软琼脂实验进行监测以监测锚定非依赖性生长,图3B)。在几种癌细胞系中进行该检测,包括乳腺癌细胞系(SKBR3)和脑癌细胞系(U87)。血清限制检测(以检测不依赖于生长因子的细胞增殖,图3C)也显示了敲除Sirt5显著抑制癌细胞的转化表型。而且,细胞增殖和生长的抑制对癌细胞具有选择性,因为MCF10A细胞(正常细胞)的生长没有受到Sirt5敲除的显著影响(图3C)。相反地,即使通过Western印迹显示成功敲除了Sirt1,但是Sirt1的敲除对SKBR3细胞的锚定非依赖性生长也没有显著影响(图3D)。
实施例-2。
发明人随后检测了敲除Sirt5是否会影响癌细胞中GLS1的活化。GLS1是在代表伴随着恶性转化的代谢改变事件的两大链之一的关键调控结点的酶。这些变化中的第一个是加速糖酵解途径中的多个步骤,其在“Warburg效应”总称的范围内。这些改变的主要后果是糖酵解途径的正常产物丙酮酸大部分转化为乳酸而非转化为乙酰-CoA,并且最终形成柠檬酸以在线粒体中“启动”柠檬酸循环。由于癌细胞在多个生物合成过程中使用来自柠檬酸循环的组分,并且由于正常输入该循环的来自糖酵解途径的丙酮酸由于Warburg效应大大减少,因而癌细胞需要可替代的输入。实现其的一种方法是通过提高谷氨酰胺代谢,特别地通过加速谷氨酰胺通过GLS1向谷氨酸的转化,随后由谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)作为催化剂由谷氨酸产生α-酮戊二酸(图4)。
癌细胞中的基础GLS1活性反应了酶的活化情况,因为未被转化的细胞显示出极少或无可检测的基础酶活性,当检测纯化的重组GLS1时也是这种情况(Wang等,CancerCell18:207-209(2010))。此前已发现MDAMB231乳腺癌细胞系显示出较高水平的基础GLS1活性。然而,如图5所示,siRNA-介导的Sirt5敲除的表达伴随着基础GLS1活性的降低,而当通过加入100mM无机磷酸直接检测GLS1时,GLS1的水平基本上未受到影响。另一方面,Sirt4的敲除,其也存在于线粒体中并且已发现其调控GDH的活性,不会导致基础GLS1活性的显著改变(未列出)。
Sirt5完整CD(SEQ ID NO:1),核苷酸274..1206代表编码区。
Sirt5的蛋白序列(SEQ ID NO:2)
MRPLQIVPSRLISQLYCGLKPPASTRNQICLKMARPSSSMADFRKFFAKAKHIVIISGAGVSAESGVPTFRGAGGYWRKWQAQDLATPLAFAHNPSRVWEFYHYRREVMGSKEPNAGHRAIAECETRLGKQGRRV
VVITQNIDELHRKAGTKNLLEIHGSLFKTRCTSCGVVAENYKSPICPALSGKGAPEPGTQDASIPVEKLPRCEEAGCGGLLRPHVVWFGENLDPAILEEVDRELAHCDLCLVVGTSSVVYPAAMFAPQVAARGVPVAE
FNTETTPATNRFRFHFQGPCGTTLPEALACHENETVS
Claims (10)
1.一种在主体中治疗癌症的方法,所述方法包括给予所述主体有效量的Sirt5抑制剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述Sirt5抑制剂是核酸分子。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述核酸分子是siRNA分子或能够表达所述siRNA分子的载体。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法,其中所述siRNA分子选自下组:siRNA1、siRNA2、siRNA3、siRNA4、siRNA5和siRNA6。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述Sirt5抑制剂是小分子化合物。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其中所述小分子化合物如下式所示
其中:
R1是阴离子或可电离基团;
R2选自S、NR5和O,其中R5是H、甲基、乙基、异丙基、苯基或苄基;
当R1是羧基时,则R2不是O,并且当R2是O时,则R1不是羧基;
X0、X1、X2、X3、X4、X5、X6和X7独立地选自–(CH2)n–(其中n表示1、2或3)、-NR5-、-O-、-S-或键,条件是X0-X4中至少一个不是键,并且X5-X7中至少一个不是键;
R3和R4独立地选自H、烃(R)、氨基酸、二肽、三肽、寡肽、蛋白质、核碱基、核苷酸、二核苷酸、三核苷酸、寡核苷酸、单糖、二糖、寡糖、和保护基团,或其组合或其修饰形式。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法,其中所述小分子化合物是含有赖氨酸的硫代琥珀酰或硫代丙二酰肽。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中制备所述Sirt5抑制剂以实现线粒体靶向递送。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其中所述Sirt5抑制剂包含三苯基膦阳离子。
10.一种用于癌症治疗的药物组合物,所述组合物包含有效量的Sirt5抑制剂和药学上可接受的载体。
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CN114606235A (zh) * | 2022-03-25 | 2022-06-10 | 四川大学华西医院 | 环状rna sirt5及其在非酒精性脂肪性肝病诊治中的应用 |
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CN113620887A (zh) * | 2021-09-14 | 2021-11-09 | 西华大学 | 一类sirt5蛋白抑制剂及其用途 |
CN114606235A (zh) * | 2022-03-25 | 2022-06-10 | 四川大学华西医院 | 环状rna sirt5及其在非酒精性脂肪性肝病诊治中的应用 |
CN114606235B (zh) * | 2022-03-25 | 2023-04-07 | 四川大学华西医院 | 环状rna sirt5及其在非酒精性脂肪性肝病诊治中的应用 |
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US10342814B2 (en) | 2019-07-09 |
US11110107B2 (en) | 2021-09-07 |
US20190298747A1 (en) | 2019-10-03 |
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