CN103884463B - On-line monitoring method of pretension force in composite material connection structure - Google Patents
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Abstract
Description
技术领域 technical field
本发明涉及一种复合材料连接结构预紧力的在线监测方法，尤其涉及一种适用于复合材料连接结构预紧力松弛的测量方法。 The invention relates to an online monitoring method for the pre-tightening force of a composite material connection structure, in particular to a measurement method suitable for the relaxation of the pre-tightening force of a composite material connection structure.
背景技术 Background technique
复合材料因具有较好的比刚度、比强度和耐腐蚀性广泛应用于航空、航天和建筑领域。受到工艺水平的限制以及方便拆装的需要，螺栓连接在复合材料结构中应用较多。但是复合材料厚度方向力学性能较差，在长期预紧力作用下，基体材料在自身粘弹性作用下发生塑性变形，导致预紧力不断下降，造成结构的不稳定。同时基体材料的性能下降导致螺栓孔口周边承载能力降低，容易引发螺栓连接的挤压破坏。与金属材料不同，复合材料结构在破坏过程中会表现出明显的渐进性。且其破坏模式较多，破坏机理复杂，无法判定当前复合材料结构的健康状况以及预报其未来的使用寿命。如果站在安全角度上考虑，摒弃已经表现出破坏渐进性但仍能正常服役的复合材料结构，必然会造成资源的浪费。 Composite materials are widely used in aviation, aerospace and construction fields because of their good specific stiffness, specific strength and corrosion resistance. Restricted by the technical level and the need for easy disassembly and assembly, bolted connections are widely used in composite material structures. However, the mechanical properties of the composite material in the thickness direction are poor. Under the action of long-term preload, the matrix material undergoes plastic deformation under the action of its own viscoelasticity, which leads to the continuous decrease of preload and the instability of the structure. At the same time, the degradation of the performance of the matrix material leads to a decrease in the bearing capacity around the bolt hole, which easily leads to extrusion failure of the bolt connection. Different from metallic materials, composite structures will show obvious gradualness in the failure process. Moreover, there are many failure modes and the failure mechanism is complex, so it is impossible to determine the health status of the current composite structure and predict its future service life. From the perspective of safety, abandoning composite structures that have shown progressive damage but can still serve normally will inevitably result in a waste of resources.
201310378100.3提供了一种测量螺栓组预紧力的方法，它克服了现有普通轴力计螺栓预紧力测量装置只能对单个螺纹紧固件使用的不足，能够测量多个螺栓的预紧力，但是不能实时在线的监测螺栓的预紧力。201310235117.3公开了一种能够实时在线的监测螺栓预紧力的新方法，通过在紧固件和被紧固物体之间安装一个螺纹紧固件预紧力测量装置来监测螺栓预紧力的变化，但是该方法不利于小型螺栓预紧力的测量。200720087776.7测量预紧力的原理与201310235117.3相似，不过是通过垫片传感器来监测预紧力的变化，但是由于螺栓的尺寸并不固定，预紧力测量装置需要专门定做以满足测量的需要。201320360112.9提供了一种预紧力测量机构，包括测量装置、驱动装置和为驱动装置提供动力的动力装置，该方法是一种主动测量预紧力的方法，而不是监测连接结构正常服役状态下预紧力变化情况的方法。通过上述发明和实用新型的测量对象可知，目前专门针对复合材料连接结构预紧力进行实时在线监测的方法较少。 201310378100.3 provides a method for measuring the pre-tightening force of a bolt group, which overcomes the deficiency that the existing ordinary axial force meter bolt pre-tightening force measurement device can only be used for a single threaded fastener, and can measure the pre-tightening force of multiple bolts , but cannot monitor the pretightening force of the bolts online in real time. 201310235117.3 discloses a new method capable of real-time on-line monitoring of bolt pre-tightening force, by installing a threaded fastener pre-tightening force measuring device between the fastener and the fastened object to monitor the change of bolt pre-tightening force, But this method is not conducive to the measurement of small bolt preload. The principle of 200720087776.7 is similar to that of 201310235117.3, except that the change of preload is monitored by the gasket sensor, but because the size of the bolt is not fixed, the preload measuring device needs to be customized to meet the measurement needs. 201320360112.9 provides a pre-tightening force measuring mechanism, including a measuring device, a driving device and a power device that provides power for the driving device. The method of tension change. It can be seen from the measurement objects of the above invention and utility model that there are currently few methods for real-time online monitoring of the pretightening force of composite material connection structures.
发明内容 Contents of the invention
本发明的目的是提供一种复合材料连接结构预紧力在线监测方法，通过实时在线的监测复合材料连接结构的螺栓预紧力，为评定当前以及一定时间内的复合材料连接结构的健康状况提供依据。 The purpose of the present invention is to provide an online monitoring method for the pretightening force of a composite material connection structure, which provides a basis for evaluating the health status of the composite material connection structure at present and within a certain period of time by monitoring the bolt pretightening force of the composite material connection structure online in real time. in accordance with.
本发明的目的是通过以下技术方案实现的： The purpose of the present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions:
一种复合材料连接结构预紧力在线监测方法，需要的工具和仪器包括复合材料连接结构、金属螺栓、应变传感器、应变仪、电脑、温度补偿用应变传感器及温度补偿用金属螺栓，该方法能实时在线的监测连接结构预紧力随时间变化情况，其具体步骤如下： A method for on-line monitoring of the pretightening force of a composite material connection structure. The required tools and instruments include composite material connection structures, metal bolts, strain sensors, strain gauges, computers, strain sensors for temperature compensation, and metal bolts for temperature compensation. The method can Real-time online monitoring of the change of the preload force of the connection structure over time, the specific steps are as follows:
首先，将应变传感器埋入到金属螺栓中，温度补偿用应变传感器埋入到温度补偿用金属螺栓中，应变传感器与应变仪的测量通道相连，温度补偿用应变传感器与应变仪的温度补偿通道相连； First, the strain sensor is embedded in the metal bolt, the strain sensor for temperature compensation is embedded in the metal bolt for temperature compensation, the strain sensor is connected to the measurement channel of the strain gauge, and the strain sensor for temperature compensation is connected to the temperature compensation channel of the strain gauge ;
然后，在金属螺栓的两端施加拉伸力进行拉伸试验，测得金属螺栓的弹性模量E； Then, apply a tensile force to the two ends of the metal bolt and carry out a tensile test to measure the elastic modulus E of the metal bolt;
最后，将埋入应变传感器的金属螺栓作为检测用金属螺栓应用到复合材料连接结构中，当预紧力随着时间发生变化时，通过应变仪得到金属螺栓在预紧力作用下的应变随着时间的变化ε(t)，将金属螺栓螺杆的面积记作A，结合拉伸试验测得的金属螺栓的弹性模量E，得到复合材料连接结构的预紧力与时间关系F(t)= E×ε(t) ×A，完成复合材料连接预紧力的在线监测。 Finally, the metal bolt embedded with the strain sensor is used as the metal bolt for detection and applied to the composite material connection structure. When the pretightening force changes with time, the strain of the metal bolt under the pretightening force changes with time through the strain gauge. The change of time ε(t), the area of the metal bolt screw is recorded as A, combined with the elastic modulus E of the metal bolt measured by the tensile test, the relationship between the preload and time of the composite material connection structure is obtained F(t)= E × ε(t) × A, to complete the online monitoring of the pre-tightening force of the composite material connection.
本发明的工作原理： Working principle of the present invention:
如图1所示，首先在本构关系式为线性的金属螺栓轴向上打一个盲孔。将应变传感器埋入到盲孔中，应变传感器与应变仪相连，并封胶固化。当复合材料连接金属螺栓的预紧力发生变化时，金属螺栓在预紧力作用下长度发生变化。金属螺栓长度的变化被埋入金属螺栓的应变传感器测得，并通过应变仪传入电脑，这时可以得到金属螺栓应变随时间变化的关系曲线。 As shown in Figure 1, firstly, a blind hole is drilled in the axial direction of the metal bolt whose constitutive relation is linear. Embed the strain sensor into the blind hole, connect the strain sensor to the strain gauge, and seal and cure. When the pre-tightening force of metal bolts connected by composite materials changes, the length of metal bolts changes under the pre-tightening force. The change in the length of the metal bolt is measured by the strain sensor embedded in the metal bolt, and is transmitted to the computer through the strain gauge, and the relationship curve of the strain of the metal bolt with time can be obtained.
然后在金属螺栓的两端施加拉伸力进行拉伸试验，可以得到金属螺栓拉伸力与应变之间的关系图2所示为钛合金螺栓在拉伸力作用下的拉伸力与应变关系，可以求得钛合金螺栓的弹性模量：E= F/ Aε=1.1×1011N/m2。 Then apply tensile force to both ends of the metal bolt for tensile test, and the relationship between tensile force and strain of the metal bolt can be obtained. Figure 2 shows the relationship between tensile force and strain of titanium alloy bolts under the action of tensile force , the elastic modulus of titanium alloy bolts can be obtained: E= F/ Aε=1.1×10 11 N/m 2 .
最后将埋入应变传感器的金属螺栓应用到复合材料连接结构中。当预紧力随着时间发生变化时，应变传感器测量的是预紧力松弛以及温度变化引起的应变力之和，温度补偿传感器测量的是温度引起的应变力，应变传感器和温度补偿用应变传感器将测量的应变力传入应变仪，应变仪的内部程序将两者相减，测得金属螺栓的应变与时间的关系，结合试验测得的金属螺栓的弹性模量，就可以得到复合材料连接结构的预紧力与时间关系F(t)= E×ε(t) ×A，完成复合材料连接预紧力的在线监测。 Finally, the metal bolts with embedded strain sensors are applied to the composite connection structure. When the pretightening force changes with time, the strain sensor measures the sum of the pretightening force relaxation and the strain force caused by the temperature change, and the temperature compensation sensor measures the strain force caused by the temperature, the strain sensor and the strain sensor for temperature compensation The measured strain force is transmitted to the strain gauge, and the internal program of the strain gauge subtracts the two to measure the relationship between the strain of the metal bolt and time, combined with the elastic modulus of the metal bolt measured by the test, the composite material connection can be obtained. The relationship between the pretightening force and time of the structure F(t)=E×ε(t)×A, completes the online monitoring of the pretightening force of the composite material connection.
本发明中，被监测的复合材料连接结构可以是搭接连接结构或者对接连接结构；可以是一个螺栓的连接结构，也可以是多个螺栓的连接结构。 In the present invention, the composite material connection structure to be monitored may be a lap connection structure or a butt connection structure; it may be a connection structure of one bolt, or a connection structure of multiple bolts.
本发明中，被监测的复合材料连接结构的材料具有一定的粘弹性，监测过程中连接结构材料的松弛是引起连接结构预紧力松弛的主要原因。 In the present invention, the material of the connected structure of the composite material to be monitored has a certain viscoelasticity, and the relaxation of the material of the connected structure during the monitoring process is the main reason for the relaxation of the pre-tightening force of the connected structure.
本发明中，埋入应变传感器的金属螺栓本构关系是线性的，根据拉伸试验可以测得其弹性模量，并能结合应变仪测得的应变值计算出连接结构的预紧力。 In the present invention, the constitutive relation of the metal bolt embedded with the strain sensor is linear, its elastic modulus can be measured according to the tensile test, and the pre-tightening force of the connection structure can be calculated in combination with the strain value measured by the strain gauge.
本发明中，整个预紧力松弛过程中，金属螺栓的刚度不发生退化。 In the present invention, the rigidity of the metal bolt does not degrade during the entire process of relaxation of the pre-tightening force.
本发明中，测量应变用的1/4桥路对温度变化非常敏感，长期测量的话就需要一个温度补偿片来消除温度对应变测量的影响。这就要求应变传感器有测量用的，还有温度补偿用的，而且要求两者相同，并且被测量的螺栓也应该相同，即：温度补偿用应力传感器与测量用的应力传感器相同且温度补偿用金属螺栓与被测量的金属螺栓材质相同。 In the present invention, the 1/4 bridge used for strain measurement is very sensitive to temperature changes, and a temperature compensation sheet is needed for long-term measurement to eliminate the influence of temperature on strain measurement. This requires the strain sensor to be used for measurement and temperature compensation, and the two are required to be the same, and the bolts to be measured should also be the same, that is, the stress sensor for temperature compensation is the same as the stress sensor for measurement and the temperature compensation for Metal bolts are made of the same material as the metal bolts being measured.
本发明解决了复合材料连接结构预紧力难于监测的问题，通过将应变传感器埋入螺栓测量螺栓应变的方法，能精确的、实时在线的监测复合材料连接的螺栓预紧力，为评定当前以及一定时间内的复合材料连接结构的健康状况提供依据。 The invention solves the problem that the pretightening force of the composite material connection structure is difficult to monitor. By embedding the strain sensor in the bolt to measure the bolt strain, the bolt pretightening force of the composite material connection can be monitored accurately and on-line in real time, so as to evaluate the current and Provide evidence for the health status of the composite material connection structure within a certain period of time.
附图说明 Description of drawings
图1为应变传感器埋入螺栓的示意图； Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a strain sensor embedded in a bolt;
图2为试验测得的钛合金预紧力与应变值之间的关系图。 Fig. 2 is a relationship diagram between the preload force and the strain value of the titanium alloy measured by the test.
具体实施方式 Detailed ways
具体实施方式一：如图1和2所示，本实施方式按照如下步骤实时在线监测复合材料连接结构的螺栓预紧力： Specific implementation mode 1: As shown in Figures 1 and 2, this implementation mode monitors the bolt pretightening force of the composite material connection structure online in real time according to the following steps:
首先，在金属螺栓轴向上打一个盲孔，将应变传感器埋入到盲孔中，在温度补偿用金属螺栓轴向上打一个盲孔，将温度补偿用应变传感器埋入到盲孔中，应变传感器和温度补偿用应变传感器通过导线与应变仪相连，并将盲孔封胶固化； First, a blind hole is drilled in the axial direction of the metal bolt, and the strain sensor is embedded in the blind hole. A blind hole is drilled in the axial direction of the metal bolt for temperature compensation, and the strain sensor for temperature compensation is embedded in the blind hole. The strain sensor and the strain sensor for temperature compensation are connected to the strain gauge through wires, and the blind hole sealing glue is cured;
然后，在金属螺栓的两端施加拉伸力进行拉伸试验，测得金属螺栓的弹性模量E； Then, apply a tensile force to the two ends of the metal bolt and carry out a tensile test to measure the elastic modulus E of the metal bolt;
最后，将埋入应变传感器的金属螺栓应用到复合材料连接结构中，当预紧力随着时间发生变化时，应变仪测得金属螺栓在预紧力作用下的应变随着时间的变化ε(t)，通过应变仪将测得的数据传入电脑，将螺栓螺杆的面积记作A，结合拉伸试验测得的金属螺栓的弹性模量E，得到复合材料连接结构的预紧力与时间关系F(t)= E×ε(t) ×A，完成复合材料连接预紧力的在线监测。 Finally, the metal bolts embedded with strain sensors are applied to the composite material connection structure. When the pretightening force changes with time, the strain gauge measures the strain change of the metal bolts under the pretightening force over time ε( t), the measured data is transmitted to the computer through the strain gauge, and the area of the bolt screw is recorded as A, combined with the elastic modulus E of the metal bolt measured by the tensile test, the pre-tightening force and time of the composite material connection structure are obtained The relationship F(t)=E×ε(t)×A completes the on-line monitoring of the pretightening force of the composite material connection.
本实施方式中，所述的金属螺栓的本构关系应该是线性的。 In this embodiment, the constitutive relationship of the metal bolts should be linear.
本实施方式中，所述的金属螺栓的直径不应小于8mm。 In this embodiment, the diameter of the metal bolt should not be less than 8mm.
本实施方式中，所述的应变传感器的具体参数要求应该根据测量工作的实际需求确定。 In this embodiment, the specific parameter requirements of the strain sensor should be determined according to the actual requirements of the measurement work.
具体实施方式二：本实施方式与具体实施方式一不同的是，所述的盲孔直径要求为1.6-2.0mm，深度要求不小于15mm。 Embodiment 2: This embodiment differs from Embodiment 1 in that the diameter of the blind hole is required to be 1.6-2.0 mm, and the depth is required to be no less than 15 mm.
具体实施方式三：本实施方式与具体实施方式一、二不同的是，所述的盲孔直径为2.0mm。 Embodiment 3: The difference between this embodiment and Embodiments 1 and 2 is that the diameter of the blind hole is 2.0 mm.
具体实施方式四：本实施方式与具体实施方式一、二、三不同的是，所述的应变仪应能实时在线测量螺栓的应变，采集数据的频率可以根据测量工作的实际需求确定。应变测量选择的桥路应为1/4桥。 Embodiment 4: The difference between this embodiment and Embodiments 1, 2, and 3 is that the strain gauge should be able to measure the strain of the bolt online in real time, and the frequency of data collection can be determined according to the actual needs of the measurement work. The bridge selected for strain measurement should be a 1/4 bridge.
具体实施方式五：本实施方式与具体实施方式一、二、三、四不同的是，所述的温度补偿用金属螺栓应与被测量的金属螺栓材质相同，温度补偿用应力传感器与测量用应力传感器相同。 Embodiment 5: The difference between this embodiment and Embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4 is that the metal bolts for temperature compensation should be made of the same material as the metal bolts to be measured, and the stress sensor for temperature compensation should be the same as the stress sensor for measurement. The sensors are the same.
以上仅是本发明的具体应用范例，对本发明的保护范围不构成任何限制，凡采用等同变换或者是等效替换而形成的技术方案，均落在本发明权利保护范围之内。 The above are only specific application examples of the present invention, and do not constitute any limitation to the protection scope of the present invention. All technical solutions formed by equivalent transformation or equivalent replacement fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
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| CN104075831A (en) * | 2014-07-11 | 2014-10-01 | 广西大学 | Pre-tightening force measurement device of high-strength bolt |
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| CN104916210B (en) * | 2015-05-25 | 2017-10-10 | 中广核核电运营有限公司 | Bolt fastens apparatus for demonstrating and bolt tightening parameters display methods |
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