CN103873397A - Novel estimation method for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing receiving channel combining time domain and frequency domain - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to a novel estimation method for an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing receiving channel combining a time domain and a frequency domain. The method comprises the following steps that (1) frame structural design is carried out on a sending end, wherein leader characters for channel estimation and pilot frequency insertion are set at the sending end; (2) time domain channel estimation balancing is carried out at a receiving end, wherein the time domain channel estimation balancing is carried out by using the leader characters; (3) frequency domain channel estimation balancing is carried out, and residual frequency offset is corrected, wherein the frequency domain channel estimation balancing is carried out by using pilot frequency information. Through the method, sent information amount is improved, influences of noise can be restricted better, and performance of a system is improved; when the frequency domain channel estimation balancing is carried out by using pilot frequencies, division channel balancing is achieved by using multiplication channel balancing, resources are saved, and calculating time is reduced when hardware is achieved; the channel estimation balancing can be achieved correctly under a low SNR and multiple channels, and the novel estimation method for the orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing receiving channel combining the time domain and the frequency domain has strong application adaptability.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a channel estimation method, in particular to a novel method for estimating a joint time domain and frequency domain orthogonal frequency division multiplexing receiving channel, belonging to the technical field of wireless communication.
Background
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, abbreviated as OFDM in english, is actually one of MCM Multi-carrier modulation, and the main principle is to divide a channel into a plurality of Orthogonal sub-channels, convert a high-speed data signal into parallel low-speed sub-streams, and modulate the parallel low-speed sub-streams onto each sub-channel for transmission. The orthogonal signals can be separated by using correlation techniques at the receiving end, which can reduce the mutual interference ICI between the sub-channels. The signal bandwidth on each subchannel is less than the associated bandwidth of the channel, so that on each subchannel it can be seen as flat fading, so that intersymbol interference can be eliminated, and since the bandwidth of each subchannel is only a fraction of the original channel bandwidth, channel equalization becomes relatively easy. Because the OFDM technology has a high frequency band utilization ratio and a good frequency selective fading resistance, it has been widely applied to broadband wireless communication systems, broadcast audio and video fields, and civil communication systems, and the main applications include: asymmetric Digital Subscriber Loop (ADSL), ETSI standard Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB), Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB), High Definition Television (HDTV), Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), etc., but the wireless channel of broadband mobile communication exhibits time-frequency dual selective fading characteristics, and the long symbol time of OFDM makes it more sensitive to time-selective fading of the channel. With the improvement of carrier frequency of a wireless communication system and the enhancement of terminal mobility, the time variation of a channel is aggravated, and the influence of ICI is far greater than noise power, so that the accurate time variation characteristic of the channel obtained at a receiving end is the key for ensuring the reliable communication of the OFDM system.
For the OFDM system, according to different transmitted training information, the method can be divided into two types, that is, channel estimation by using a training sequence and channel estimation by using pilot frequency auxiliary modulation, wherein a known training sequence is placed at the head or middle of each frame of a transmitted data sequence by using the training sequence, the transmission is performed periodically, and channel characteristics obtained by estimating the training sequence are equalized in channel response of a data sequence at a receiving end. The method is insensitive to frequency selective fading, and is mainly used in a slow fading channel environment, pilot symbols are periodically inserted in a transmitted data sequence by using a pilot frequency estimation mode, and the channel response of non-pilot frequency subcarriers at a receiving end is obtained only by performing two-dimensional interpolation on the channel characteristics of the pilot frequency subcarriers. This approach is sensitive to frequency selective fading, and too many pilot points reduce the amount of information transmitted in order to accurately estimate the fast fading channel. Therefore, a new technical solution is urgently needed to solve the technical problems.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the technical problems in the prior art, the invention provides an OFDM receiver channel estimation and equalization method suitable for a broadband wireless channel, which can utilize a leading PN training sequence and fewer pilot frequency points to carry out LS channel estimation, and respectively complete channel estimation and equalization in a time domain and a frequency domain, thereby making up the characteristics that the number of pilot frequencies is too small, complete channel information cannot be effectively obtained, better inhibiting the influence of noise and improving the performance of a system. The channel estimation equalization can be completed correctly under lower signal-to-noise ratio SNR and Gaussian channels, itur3GVAx and hiperlan 2D', and the method has stronger application adaptability.
In order to achieve the above object, the technical solution of the present invention is as follows, a new method for estimating a joint time domain and frequency domain orthogonal frequency division multiplexing receiving channel, the method includes steps of 1) designing a frame structure at a transmitting end, the frame structure designing step setting a preamble sequence and pilot insertion for channel estimation at the transmitting end, 2) performing time domain channel estimation equalization at a receiving end, the time domain channel estimation equalization step performing channel estimation equalization using the preamble sequence, 3) performing frequency domain channel estimation equalization and correcting residual frequency offset, and the frequency domain channel estimation equalization step performing channel estimation equalization using pilot information.
As an improvement of the present invention, the specific method in the step 1 is as follows, 11) the sending end will process each frameThe leader sequence is placed at the head, the leader sequence is an L point sequence consisting of an (L-1) point PN sequence and a post-complementary bit 0, and can be expressed as m = [ P =1 P2 … PL-1 PL]TInstead of the preceding L-point cyclic prefix in the cyclic prefix OFDM (CP-OFDM) data frame, the preamble sequence is followed by the modulated N-point data symbols, where the pilot information is uniformly inserted into the data symbols.
As an improvement of the present invention, the specific method in step 2 is as follows, 21) at the receiving end, the channel estimation value obtained by using the preamble sequence of each frame based on the LS estimation principle is expressed as
，
Estimating states for time domain channels, where M is
Two-dimensional transmission block matrix, r is observation window received signal
A two-dimensional sequence matrix; 22) converting the time domain channel estimation value into the frequency domain for compensation
Rear patch
Point 0, get
Preparing to perform DFT operation, i.e. discrete Fourier transform operation, and obtaining the frequency domain channel estimation value after DFT
After frequency domain channel equalization of the preamble training sequence, the frequency domain data is output as
，
Data symbols are received for the frequency domain.
As a modification of the present invention, the specific method in step 3 is as follows, 31) using the received frequency domain output data obtained in step 22)
Extracting pre-inserted pilot data
Estimating the inverse of the channel impulse response at the pilot frequency by an LS channel estimation method
，Is the pilot information that is known to the transmitting end,
pilot frequency information extracted for a receiving end; 32) using interpolation filtering in frequency domain, i.e. estimating the inverse of the impulse response of the frequency domain channel at the position of the data sub-carrier in the data symbol by interpolation algorithm in the frequency domain direction
(ii) a 33) For the frequency domain data obtained in the step 22)
Frequency domain equalization is carried out, multiplication channel equalization is used for realizing division channelsThe balanced original transmit sequence can then be expressed as:。
as an improvement of the present invention, the transmission block matrix M in the step 21) is represented as
The received signal is represented as r
。
As an improvement of the present invention, in the step 32), interpolation is performed in the frequency domain direction, and a lagrangian interpolation algorithm is adopted, where the lagrangian interpolation formula is:
wherein,
is the input signal of the interpolator, is the corresponding sampling instant
Is determined by the sampling value of (a),
is the output of the interpolator, corresponding to the sampling instant
Respectively corresponding to the continuously inputted M known signal sampling valuesTime, calculating an arbitrary time
The signal value of (a); m is the number of sampling points participating in one-time interpolation calculation, generally called Lagrange interpolation order, and for the channel estimation of OFDM, the pilot symbols are assumed to be distributed at equal intervals and the interval distance is
Then the above lagrange interpolation formula can be expressed as:
wherein,
，
is made byA set of all pilot subcarriers over one OFDM symbol;
is the inverse of the channel response value at the pilot location;
means taken not more than
Is an integer of (1).
As an improvement of the present invention, in the lagrangian interpolation algorithm, for different lagrangian interpolation algorithms corresponding to different "M", the lagrangian interpolation algorithm has first-order linear interpolation or second-order Parabolic interpolation (Parabolic) or third-order Cubic interpolation. Theoretically, the accuracy of interpolation estimation can be improved by increasing the order of the polynomial of the interpolation algorithm, but the algorithm complexity is increased.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
obtaining a time domain channel estimation value by using a preamble training sequence; estimating a frequency domain channel estimation value of a pilot frequency position by utilizing comb-shaped pilot frequency in a data symbol, obtaining a channel estimation value of the whole data subcarrier by adopting an interpolation algorithm according to the channel estimation value of the pilot frequency position, finishing channel estimation in a time domain and a frequency domain respectively, and pre-determining a preamble sequence when a time domain LS channel estimation is carried out by adopting the preamble sequence
Calculating and storing, thus reducing resource utilization and calculation time during implementation and reducing the calculation complexity of the time domain LS estimation algorithm; meanwhile, the characteristics that the number of pilot frequencies is too small and complete channel information cannot be effectively obtained are compensated, the quantity of transmitted information is increased, the influence of noise can be well inhibited, and the performance of the system is improved; when the pilot frequency is used for carrying out frequency domain estimation equalization, the multiplication channel equalization is used for realizing division channel equalization, so that resources are saved when hardware is realized, and the calculation time is reduced; the channel estimation equalization can be completed correctly under the conditions of low signal-to-noise ratio SNR and various channels, and the method has stronger application adaptability.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a frame structure diagram;
FIG. 2 is a pilot insertion pattern;
fig. 3 is a flow chart of channel estimation.
Detailed Description
For a better understanding and appreciation of the invention, the invention will be further illustrated and described below in connection with the accompanying drawings and detailed description.
Example 1:
a new method for estimating the channel of OFDM receiving in combined time domain and frequency domain includes such steps as designing the frame structure of transmitter, equalizing the channel estimation in time domain by the aid of preamble training sequence and equalizing the channel estimation in frequency domain by the aid of comb pilot frequency, and correcting the residual frequency offset.
1) Design of frame structure:
each transmission frame structure is as in figure 1,
the point data symbol is obtained by carrying out channel coding, subcarrier mapping, modulation and channel interleaving on the originating data, and is periodically inserted before each data symbol is sent according to the 802.11p standardPoint leader sequence m = [ 1111-1-1-11-1-111-11-10 =]The method is used for time domain channel estimation, and pilot frequency information is inserted into 4-point subcarriers of-21, 7 and 21 of data symbols sent at 64 points for frequency domain channel estimation and residual frequency offset correction; the-31, -5 point subcarriers are direct current and guard subcarriers.
2) And (3) carrying out time domain channel estimation equalization by using a preamble training sequence:
obtaining a time domain channel estimation value by utilizing the autocorrelation characteristic of a PN sequence and adopting a time domain channel estimation method based on an LS estimator principle;
at the receiving end, each frame of received OFDM symbols includes a preamble sequence
And a data sequenceThe received sequence is represented as
. Based on the principle of LS algorithm, M is formed by leading sequence M = [ P = [)1 P2 … PL-1 PL]TA transmission matrix block composed of cyclic shifts, denoted as
H is channel impulse response, w is white gaussian noise, and in order to reduce resource utilization and calculation time, the channel impulse response and the white gaussian noise can be calculated in advance
And the calculation and storage can reduce the calculation complexity of the time domain LS estimation algorithm. The received signal of the observation window is represented as
. The time domain channel estimate may be expressed as
。
Converting the channel time domain value into the frequency domain for frequency domain equalization, and converting the channel time domain value into the frequency domain for frequency domain equalizationThe later is supplemented with 0 to obtain
To facilitate DFT operation, the channel estimation after obtaining frequency domain after DFT is
The frequency domain output data after the frequency domain equalization of the preamble training sequence is
。
3) Frequency domain channel estimation equalization and residual frequency offset correction using comb pilots, frequency domain output data obtained from above
To extract pre-inserted pilot data
Estimating the inverse of the channel impulse response at the pilot frequency by an LS channel estimation method
Thus, in the following frequency domain equalization we can replace the division used by the equalization by multiplication.
Interpolation in the frequency domain direction adopts a Lagrange interpolation algorithm, Lagrange interpolation (Lagrange) is the most common interpolation algorithm, and the Lagrange interpolation formula is as follows:
wherein,
is the input signal of the interpolator, is the corresponding sampling instantIs determined by the sampling value of (a),
is the output of the interpolator, corresponding to the sampling instantSuch that the values of the M known signal samples (respectively corresponding to the M known signal samples) are successively input
Time of day), an arbitrary time of day can be calculated
The signal value of (a); m is the number of samples that participate in one interpolation calculation, commonly referred to as the lagrangian interpolation order.
The pilot symbols are assumed to be equally spaced and spaced apart by a distance of
Then the above lagrangian interpolation formula for OFDM channel estimation can be expressed as:
wherein,，
is made byA set of all pilot subcarriers over one OFDM symbol.
Is the inverse of the channel response value at the pilot location.
Means taken not more thanIs an integer of (1). For different M, different lagrangian interpolation algorithms. Commonly used lagrange interpolation algorithms are first order linear interpolation, second order Parabolic interpolation (Parabolic), and third order Cubic interpolation. Theoretically, the accuracy of interpolation estimation can be improved by increasing the order of the polynomial of the interpolation algorithm, but the algorithm complexity is increased.
The system adopts a first-order linear interpolation estimation formula,
: the above equation can be converted into:
wherein if the pilot spacing is 13, the first-order interpolation coefficient is obtained as:
whereinIs the inverse of the channel estimate being sought,the inverse of the previous pilot channel response value,
the inverse of the latter pilot channel response value. Obtaining frequency domain channel response reciprocal of all data sub-carrier position by interpolation method
，
For the output frequency domain data
Original transmission sequence output by frequency domain equalization estimator
Can be expressed as:
the above formula realizes division channel equalization by multiplication channel equalization, and can save system resources and running time when a hardware chip such as a DSP writes codes for realization.
Example 2:as a preferred scheme of the present invention, the channel estimation equalization may be implemented by using a hardware chip, such as a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or a digital signal processing chip (DSP).
Example 3:as still another preferable aspect of the present invention, the channel estimation equalization may be implemented by computer-based software.
The invention can also combine the technical schemes described in the embodiments 2 and 3 with the embodiments to form a new technical scheme.
It should be noted that the above-mentioned embodiments illustrate only the preferred embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, and that equivalents and substitutions made on the above-mentioned embodiments are included in the scope of the present invention, which is defined by the claims.
Claims (7)
1. A new method for estimating a combined time domain and frequency domain orthogonal frequency division multiplexing receiving channel comprises the following steps of 1) designing a frame structure of a sending end, setting a preamble sequence and pilot frequency insertion for channel estimation at the sending end, 2) carrying out time domain channel estimation equalization at a receiving end, carrying out channel estimation equalization by using the preamble sequence at the time domain channel estimation equalization step, and 3) carrying out frequency domain channel estimation equalization and correcting residual frequency offset, wherein the frequency domain channel estimation equalization step carries out channel estimation equalization by using pilot frequency information.
2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the specific method in step 1 is that 11) the transmitting end puts a preamble sequence at the head of each frame, the preamble sequence is an L-point sequence consisting of (L-1) point PN sequence and a bit 0 after the PN sequence, and can be expressed as m = [ P ] =1 P2 … PL-1 PL]TInstead of the preceding L-point cyclic prefix in the cyclic prefix OFDM (CP-OFDM) data frame, the preamble sequence is followed by the modulated N-point data symbols, where the pilot information is uniformly inserted into the data symbols.
3. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the specific method in step 2 is that, 21) at the receiving end, the channel estimation value obtained by using the preamble sequence of each frame based on the LS estimation principle is expressed as LS
，
Estimating states for time domain channels, where M is
Two-dimensional transmission block matrix, r is observation window received signal
A two-dimensional sequence matrix; 22) converting the time domain channel estimation value into the frequency domain for compensationRear patch
Point 0, get
Preparing to perform DFT operation, i.e. discrete Fourier transform operation, and obtaining the frequency domain channel estimation value after DFTAfter frequency domain channel equalization of the preamble training sequence, the frequency domain data is output as
，
Data symbols are received for the frequency domain.
4. The method as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein the specific method in step 3 is as follows, 31) using the received frequency domain output data obtained in step 22)
Extracting pre-inserted pilot data
Estimating the inverse of the channel impulse response at the pilot frequency by an LS channel estimation method
，
Is the pilot information that is known to the transmitting end,
pilot frequency information extracted for a receiving end;
32) using interpolation filtering in frequency domain, i.e. using interpolation algorithm to estimate inverse of impulse response of frequency domain channel at data sub-carrier position in data symbol in frequency domain direction
(ii) a 33) For the frequency domain data obtained in the step 22)
Performing frequency domain equalization, and implementing division channel equalization by using multiplicative channel equalization to the original transmission sequence can be expressed as:
。
5. the method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the transmission block matrix M in step 21) is expressed as M
The received signal is represented as r
。
6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the step 32) interpolates in the frequency domain direction by using a lagrangian interpolation algorithm, and the lagrangian interpolation formula is as follows:
wherein,
is the input signal of the interpolator, is the corresponding sampling instant
Is determined by the sampling value of (a),
is the output of the interpolator, corresponding to the sampling instant
Respectively corresponding to the continuously inputted M known signal sampling values
Time, calculating an arbitrary time
The signal value of (a); m is the number of sampling points participating in one-time interpolation calculation, generally called Lagrange interpolation order, and for the channel estimation of OFDM, the pilot symbols are assumed to be distributed at equal intervals and the interval distance is
Then the above lagrange interpolation formula can be expressed as:
wherein,
，
is made by
A set of all pilot subcarriers over one OFDM symbol;
is the inverse of the channel response value at the pilot location;
means taken not more than
Is an integer of (1).
7. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the lagrangian interpolation algorithm includes a first-order linear interpolation, a second-order Parabolic interpolation (paraolic), or a third-order Cubic interpolation, for different "M" corresponding to different lagrangian interpolation algorithms.
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| CN105577585A (en) * | 2015-12-25 | 2016-05-11 | 广东顺德中山大学卡内基梅隆大学国际联合研究院 | A High Accuracy Channel Estimation Method for MIMO-OFDM System |
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| CN102158459B (en) * | 2011-05-13 | 2013-08-07 | 清华大学 | OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) block transmission method based on time-frequency two-dimension training information |
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