CN103864307B - Utilize the method that mine tailing prepares crystallization building materials - Google Patents
Utilize the method that mine tailing prepares crystallization building materials Download PDFInfo
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- CN103864307B CN103864307B CN201410022265.1A CN201410022265A CN103864307B CN 103864307 B CN103864307 B CN 103864307B CN 201410022265 A CN201410022265 A CN 201410022265A CN 103864307 B CN103864307 B CN 103864307B
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- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 60
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 51
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 44
- 239000004566 building material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000010456 wollastonite Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052882 wollastonite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- CNLWCVNCHLKFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum;lithium;dioxido(oxo)silane Chemical class [Li+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O CNLWCVNCHLKFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052612 amphibole Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical class O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O KZHJGOXRZJKJNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000010433 feldspar Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000010450 olivine Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052609 olivine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910052566 spinel group Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000006911 nucleation Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 241000555268 Dendroides Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002241 glass-ceramic Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000004579 marble Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000008676 import Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 11
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000009477 glass transition Effects 0.000 description 3
- KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Na2O Inorganic materials [O-2].[Na+].[Na+] KKCBUQHMOMHUOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 208000031481 Pathologic Constriction Diseases 0.000 description 2
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 210000001215 vagina Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003698 anagen phase Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052925 anhydrite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- WUKWITHWXAAZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium difluoride Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[Ca+2] WUKWITHWXAAZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010459 dolomite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000514 dolomite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010436 fluorite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002667 nucleating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Glass Compositions (AREA)
- Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)
Abstract
The method that the present invention relates to prepare crystallization building materials, according to the crystal composition of mine tailing composition design crystallization building materials, described crystal composition is the one kind or two or more mixture in wollastonite class, mussite class, amphibole, olivine class, spinels, feldspar, spodumene class, mullite class crystalline phase.The present invention has prepared direct crystallization method and has been difficult to prepare the sintered glass ceramics with natural stone texture, spot effect, solves the problem that sintering crystallization method technique power consumption is high, the goods porosity is high.And use the mine tailing of up to 70 99% that production cost can be greatly lowered, reach the purpose turned waste into wealth.Crystallization building materials either aesthetics or performance indications obtained by the present invention are superior to lithotome, and its cost is only the 1/3 1/2 of lithotome, and selling price can be suitable with domestic import natural marble, has wide market prospect.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to crystallization building materials preparation method, particularly relate to utilize mine tailing preparation to have lithotome stricture of vagina
Reason, the method for crystallization building materials of spot effect.
Background technology
Mine tailing is one of product of separation operation in ore dressing, and the part that the most useful target components content is minimum claims
For mine tailing.Under current condition of technology and economy, should not further sort.But along with production, science,
The development of technology, useful target components there may also be the economic worth of recycling further.Mine tailing is not
Completely written-off waste material, often contains the component that can make other purposes, can comprehensively utilize.Realize no waste mine
Discharge, is the mineral resources needs being fully used and preserve the ecological environment.Can prepare as being utilized as mine tailing
Devitrified glass.
Utilize mine tailing to prepare devitrified glass and replace stone material, as construction wall surface lining and floor tile, traditionally
Having two kinds of methods: the first is direct crystallization method, technical process is fusing shaped sheet heat treatment crystallization
Change.As CN103224328A discloses a kind of devitrified glass and preparation method thereof, it is prepared raw material and includes:
Containing vanadium ferrotianium mine tailing 10～90wt%, fluorite mine tailing 5～50wt%, dolomite 1～50wt%, pure
Alkali 0～20wt%, and use following method to prepare: raw material is uniformly mixed according to a ratio melted obtaining and melts glass
Glass liquid；By lowering the temperature after melten glass liquid molding, carry out heat treatment and i.e. obtain described devitrified glass.The present invention is carried
The devitrified glass of confession can be widely used for manufacturing high abrasion, acid and alkali-resistance corrodes, impact resistance product, and its performance is the highest
In cast stone, not only solve the pollution problem of mine tailing, also prepared high technology content, high value-added product.
And this kind of direct crystallization method hardly results in the sintered glass ceramics with natural stone texture, spot effect.Former
Cause is not control the addition of nucleus, amount of precipitation and crystallization process well.
The second is sintering crystallization method, and technical process is pulverized aggregated particle for fusing and sintered entirety into, with
Time crystallization.CN101182120A discloses the manufacture method of a kind of devitrified glass, belongs to trade waste
Comprehensive utilization.Feature is by rare-earth tailing powder: Anhydrite: gangue be by weight proportion 100: 8.5～
25: 9.5～17: 8～22 are respectively charged in ball grinder, by screening, dispensing, batch mixing；Pelletize gained
Powder body is shaped as spherical；Molding: briquetting pressure: 30～100MPA；Dried sintering and controlled micro crystallization: make burning
Knot material fully separates out required principal crystalline phase, and after controlled micro crystallization heat treatment, sintered body cools to room with the furnace
Temperature.Though sintering the sintered glass ceramics that crystallization method can obtain having natural stone texture, spot effect, but its
Technique power consumption is high, goods have the shortcomings such as pore.
Summary of the invention
It is an object of the invention to provide the crystallization utilizing mine tailing preparation to have natural stone texture, spot effect
The method changing building materials.What the present invention had prepared that direct crystallization method is difficult to prepare has natural stone texture, speckle
The sintered glass ceramics of effect.The method has technique low, the imperforate feature of goods of power consumption, obtained knot
Crystallization building materials either aesthetics or performance indications are superior to lithotome, and its cost is only lithotome
1/3-1/2, selling price but can be suitable with domestic import natural marble, have wide market prospect.
For reaching above-mentioned purpose, the present invention adopts the following technical scheme that
A kind of method preparing crystallization building materials, according to the crystal composition of mine tailing composition design crystallization building materials,
Significantly utilize as far as possible mine tailing to reduce the cost of raw material, described crystal composition be wollastonite class, mussite class,
In amphibole, olivine class, spinels, feldspar, spodumene class, mullite class crystalline phase a kind or
Mixture of more than two kinds.
As optimal technical scheme, the method preparing crystallization building materials of the present invention, the crystalline substance of described crystal
Bunch size is 0.1-10mm, for example, 0.5mm, 1mm, 2.5mm, 3mm, 4mm, 5.5mm,
6mm, 7.5mm, 8.1mm, 8.8mm, 9.2mm, 9.8mm etc..
Preferably, the druse size of described crystal is 0.5-5mm.
As optimal technical scheme, the method preparing crystallization building materials of the present invention, described druse is ball
Shape.Druse is spherical in shape, can present mottled effect after final crystallization building materials polishing.
As optimal technical scheme, the method preparing crystallization building materials of the present invention, described druse is pin
Shape or dendroid.Druse is needle-like or dendroid, then can present different stricture of vaginas after final crystallization building materials polishing
Reason.
As optimal technical scheme, the method preparing crystallization building materials of the present invention, composition of raw materials is controlled
The introduction volume of nucleator processed, it is ensured that vitreous humour is made in sheet material cooling procedure and do not separated out, is simply being heat-treated to
The core stage is just in the internal a small amount of nucleation of glass basis.So can ensure that crystal growth phase quantity of formation is relative
Few crystallization or druse.
As optimal technical scheme, the method preparing crystallization building materials of the present invention, after shaping, sheet material is cold
But to below glass transformation temperature 30 DEG C-50 DEG C, for example, 32 DEG C, 35 DEG C, 38 DEG C, 41 DEG C, 43 DEG C,
46 DEG C, 49 DEG C etc., if glass transition temperature is 630 DEG C, then it is cooled to 580 DEG C-600 DEG C, insulation
10-20min, for example, 12min, 14min, 16min, 18min, 19min etc., then heat to into
Nuclear temperature, be incubated at this temperature 20-60min, for example, 22min, 26min, 29min, 31min,
34min, 38min, 40min, 44min, 47min, 50min, 54min, 59min etc. so that face
The above nucleus of ungraduated ruler cun exists and controlled amounts, it is to avoid the too much nucleus of crystallization stage makes crystallization segment
Dispersion, then be warming up to crystal fast growth temperature with fast speed, make glass at 20-50min, for example, 22
Min, 26min, 29min, 31min, 34min, 38min, 40min, 44min, 47min etc.,
Intercrystalline grows to required druse size, the most quickly drops to annealing temperature, is incubated 20-40min, for example,
22min, 26min, 29min, 31min, 34min, 38min etc., the most quickly drop to grinding at room temperature
The crystallization building materials with natural stone texture or spot effect are i.e. obtained after polishing.
Preferably, described nucleation temperature is 30 DEG C-50 DEG C of more than transition temperature, for example, 31min, 34min,
38min, 40min, 44min, 47min etc.；This temperature be different from tradition devitrified glass transition temperature with
On 50 DEG C-80 DEG C；Described crystal fast growth temperature is this temperature of below the above softening temperature of crystallization temperature
The intermediate value of degree scope, this temperature is different from the crystallization temperature of tradition devitrified glass.One-tenth in this crystallization process
Nuclear temperature and crystal fast growth temperature are all markedly different from the temperature of tradition use, prepare the present invention and have
The crystallization building materials of natural stone texture or spot effect have important effect.
As optimal technical scheme, the method preparing crystallization building materials of the present invention, according to mine tailing composition
Design crystallization building materials crystal composition, described crystal composition be wollastonite class, mussite class, amphibole,
One kind or two or more in olivine class, spinels, feldspar, spodumene class, mullite class crystalline phase
Mixture；The druse size of described crystal is 0.1-10mm；Described druse is spherical in shape, or in needle-like or tree
Dendritic；Composition of raw materials controls the introduction volume of nucleator, it is ensured that vitreous humour is made in sheet material cooling procedure and do not analysed
Go out, simply at heat treatment nucleation stage just in the internal a small amount of nucleation of glass basis；After shaping, sheet material is cooled to glass
Below glass transition temperature 30 DEG C-50 DEG C, it is incubated 10-20min, then heats to nucleation temperature, for changing temperature
More than Du 30 DEG C-50 DEG C, are incubated 20-60min at this temperature so that nucleus more than critical dimension is deposited
And controlled amounts, it is to avoid the too much nucleus of crystallization stage makes crystallization segment dispersion, then with fast speed
It is warming up to crystal fast growth temperature, in this temperature range below the above softening temperature of crystallization temperature
Between be worth, make glass grow to required druse size at 20-50min intercrystalline, the most quickly drop to annealing temperature,
Insulation 20-40min, i.e. obtains having natural stone texture or speckle after the most quickly dropping to grinding at room temperature polishing
The crystallization building materials of effect.
The present invention has prepared direct crystallization method and has been difficult to prepare the crystallization with natural stone texture, spot effect
Glass, avoids the problem that sintering crystallization method technique power consumption is high, the goods porosity is high simultaneously.And use height
The mine tailing reaching 70-99% can be greatly lowered production cost, reaches the purpose turned waste into wealth.Obtained by the present invention
Crystallization building materials either aesthetics or performance indications are superior to lithotome, and its cost is the most natural
The 1/3 1/2 of stone material, selling price can be suitable with domestic import natural marble, before having wide market
Scape.
Detailed description of the invention
Technical scheme is further illustrated below by detailed description of the invention.
Embodiment
Assume the local iron tailings having following composition, be shown in Table 1, then according to this composition in line with the most significantly profit
With mine tailing to reduce the purpose of the cost of raw material, design crystalline phase is wollastonite, and druse designed size is 2-5mm,
Using F as Nucleating Agent, druse is spherical, and after polishing, sheet material is rendered as the speckle form of natural marble.Table
The composition that 2 is the sintered glass ceramics building materials of design.
Table 1
| SiO2 | Al2O3 | CaO | MgO | K2O | Na2O | Fe2O3 | Fugitive constituent |
| 58.0 | 10.0 | 12.0 | 6.8 | 3.5 | 1.0 | 3.5 | 5.2 |
Table 2
| SiO2 | Al2O3 | CaO | MgO | K2O | Na2O | Fe2O3 | F |
| 55.5 | 8.5 | 17.4 | 8.0 | 3.9 | 2.2 | 3 | 1.5 |
Introducing iron tailings and be up to 85%, crystallization process is as follows: 600 DEG C are incubated 20 minutes；With 5 DEG C/minute of clock rates
Degree is warmed up to 670 DEG C and is incubated 40 minutes；It is warmed up to 930 DEG C with 4 DEG C/min and is incubated 60 minutes；With 15 DEG C/
Minute cool to 620 DEG C and be incubated 20 minutes；Room temperature is cooled to 10 DEG C/min.After cutting and grinding polishing
Black marble sample crystallization building materials to the spot effect that druse is about 3-5mm.
Applicant states, the present invention illustrates detailed process equipment and the technique of the present invention by above-described embodiment
Flow process, but the invention is not limited in above-mentioned detailed process equipment and technological process, i.e. do not mean that the present invention
Have to rely on above-mentioned detailed process equipment and technological process could be implemented.Person of ordinary skill in the field should
This understands, any improvement in the present invention, and the equivalence of raw material each to product of the present invention is replaced and auxiliary element
Interpolation, concrete way choice etc., within the scope of all falling within protection scope of the present invention and disclosure.
Claims (7)
1. the method preparing crystallization building materials, it is characterised in that design crystallization according to mine tailing composition
The crystal composition of building materials, described crystal composition be wollastonite class, amphibole, olivine class, spinels,
One kind or two or more mixture in feldspar, spodumene class, mullite class crystalline phase；
Described method particularly as follows: after Cheng Xinging sheet material be cooled to below glass transformation temperature 30 DEG C-50 DEG C, insulation
10-20min, then heats to nucleation temperature, is incubated 20-60min at this temperature so that critical dimension with
On nucleus exist and controlled amounts, it is to avoid the too much nucleus of crystallization stage makes crystallization segment dispersion, then
It is warming up to crystal fast growth temperature with fast speed, makes glass grow to required crystalline substance at 20-50min intercrystalline
Bunch size, the most quickly drops to annealing temperature, is incubated 20-40min, the most quickly drops to grinding at room temperature polishing
After i.e. obtain the crystallization building materials with natural stone texture or spot effect；
Described nucleation temperature is 30 DEG C-50 DEG C of more than transition temperature；Described crystal fast growth temperature is brilliant
Change the intermediate value of this temperature range of below the above softening temperature of temperature.
Method the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the druse size of described crystal is
0.1-10mm。
Method the most according to claim 2, it is characterised in that the druse size of described crystal is
0.5-5mm。
The most according to the method in claim 2 or 3, it is characterised in that described druse is spherical in shape.
The most according to the method in claim 2 or 3, it is characterised in that described druse is needle-like or branch
Shape.
Method the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that control nucleator in composition of raw materials
Introduction volume, it is ensured that vitreous humour is made in sheet material cooling procedure and do not separated out, simply just exists at heat treatment nucleation stage
The internal a small amount of nucleation of glass basis.
Method the most according to claim 1, it is characterised in that design crystallization according to mine tailing composition
The crystal composition of building materials, described crystal composition be wollastonite class, amphibole, olivine class, spinels,
One kind or two or more mixture in feldspar, spodumene class, mullite class crystalline phase；Described crystal
Druse size is 0.1-10mm；Described druse is spherical in shape, or in needle-like or dendroid；Composition of raw materials is controlled
The introduction volume of nucleator processed, it is ensured that vitreous humour is made in sheet material cooling procedure and do not separated out, is simply being heat-treated to
The core stage is just in the internal a small amount of nucleation of glass basis；After shaping, sheet material is cooled to below glass transformation temperature 30 DEG C
-50 DEG C, it is incubated 10-20min, then heats to nucleation temperature, for more than transition temperature 30 DEG C-50 DEG C,
It is incubated 20-60min at this temperature so that nucleus more than critical dimension exists and controlled amounts, it is to avoid
The too much nucleus of crystallization stage makes crystallization segment dispersion, then is warming up to crystal fast growth temperature with fast speed
Degree, for the intermediate value of this temperature range below the above softening temperature of crystallization temperature, makes glass exist
20-50min intercrystalline grows to required druse size, the most quickly drops to annealing temperature, insulation
20-40min, i.e. obtains having natural stone texture or spot effect after the most quickly dropping to grinding at room temperature polishing
Crystallization building materials.
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1868946A (en) * | 2006-06-06 | 2006-11-29 | 武汉理工大学 | Waste residue microcrystal glass and its preparation method |
| CN101445325A (en) * | 2008-12-25 | 2009-06-03 | 广东博德精工建材有限公司 | Method for producing microcrystalline glass-ceramics composite board with novel microcrystalline phase |
| CN101786796B (en) * | 2009-01-24 | 2011-09-21 | 北京清迈信息材料有限公司 | Method utilizing high-ferrosilicon tailings to manufacture low-expansion microcrystalline glass |
| CN103449726A (en) * | 2013-08-07 | 2013-12-18 | 王顺军 | Production method of freehand microcrystalline glass board |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CZ324298A3 (en) * | 1996-04-09 | 1999-04-14 | Vortec Corporation | Process for producing ceramic articles from fly ash |
-
2014
- 2014-01-17 CN CN201410022265.1A patent/CN103864307B/en active Active
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1868946A (en) * | 2006-06-06 | 2006-11-29 | 武汉理工大学 | Waste residue microcrystal glass and its preparation method |
| CN101445325A (en) * | 2008-12-25 | 2009-06-03 | 广东博德精工建材有限公司 | Method for producing microcrystalline glass-ceramics composite board with novel microcrystalline phase |
| CN101786796B (en) * | 2009-01-24 | 2011-09-21 | 北京清迈信息材料有限公司 | Method utilizing high-ferrosilicon tailings to manufacture low-expansion microcrystalline glass |
| CN103449726A (en) * | 2013-08-07 | 2013-12-18 | 王顺军 | Production method of freehand microcrystalline glass board |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| 利用铁尾矿制取微晶玻璃的研究;张锦瑞等;《金属矿山》;20051130(第11期);第72页右栏最后1段-第73页右栏倒数第2段 * |
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