CN103757460B - There is brush alloy and the purposes of aging hardening effect - Google Patents
There is brush alloy and the purposes of aging hardening effect Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及一种金属材料，特别涉及一种含有Cu3Pt和/或Cu3Au有序相的时效硬化效应的银钯系高温滑动式电接触合金及用途。The invention relates to a metal material, in particular to a silver-palladium series high-temperature sliding electrical contact alloy containing Cu 3 Pt and/or Cu 3 Au ordered phase with age hardening effect and its application.
背景技术Background technique
换向器和电刷片是小型直流电动机的核心部件，工作中其承受的主要载荷是载电条件下的滑动摩擦，滑动摩擦磨损和电弧侵蚀对材料造成的损伤是换向器和电刷失效，并最终导致微电机失效的主要原因。而且，电接触过程中由于机械摩擦和电流作用所产生的温升会使加工硬化的材料产生再结晶，降低其硬度和耐磨性，进一步加剧了材料的机械磨损。The commutator and the brush plate are the core components of the small DC motor. The main load it bears during work is the sliding friction under the load condition. The damage caused by the sliding friction wear and arc erosion to the material is the failure of the commutator and the brush. , and eventually lead to the main reason for the failure of the micro-motor. Moreover, the temperature rise due to mechanical friction and current action during the electrical contact process will cause recrystallization of the work-hardened material, reducing its hardness and wear resistance, and further aggravating the mechanical wear of the material.
特别地，当直流微电机工作于高温环境时（80℃以上），由于环境温度高，电机的散热效果下降，电刷和换向器接触面的温升较常温条件下显著升高，材料的软化和磨损更加严重，常常导致电刷贵金属层早期磨耗，并进而加剧电弧，造成材料的严重电弧侵蚀甚至断裂，使微电机寿命显著缩短。因此，在这种条件下，电刷材料的高温耐磨性显得尤其重要。In particular, when the DC micromotor works in a high-temperature environment (above 80°C), due to the high ambient temperature, the heat dissipation effect of the motor decreases, and the temperature rise of the contact surface between the brush and the commutator is significantly higher than that at normal temperature. The softening and wear are more serious, often leading to early wear of the precious metal layer of the brush, which in turn intensifies the arc, resulting in severe arc erosion or even fracture of the material, which significantly shortens the life of the micro-motor. Therefore, under such conditions, the high temperature wear resistance of the brush material is particularly important.
目前普遍使用的电刷合金主要是AgPd二元合金，中国发明专利201110092385报道了添加Cu、RE和碱金属的钯银系电刷合金，较传统的AgPd二元合金具有更好的耐磨性，并且由于Cu的固溶强化、含稀土金属间化合物的沉淀强化，以及低熔点碱金属的灭弧作用，以该合金制作的电刷在温度高达70℃的环境中表现出较为优异的效果。然而，使用中发现，当环境温度升高到80～150℃时，这类电刷的磨损会显著加快，电弧侵蚀加剧，难以满足使用要求。The commonly used brush alloys are mainly AgPd binary alloys. Chinese invention patent 201110092385 reports palladium-silver brush alloys with Cu, RE and alkali metals, which have better wear resistance than traditional AgPd binary alloys. And due to the solid solution strengthening of Cu, the precipitation strengthening of rare earth-containing intermetallic compounds, and the arc-extinguishing effect of low melting point alkali metals, brushes made of this alloy show excellent effects in environments with temperatures as high as 70°C. However, it is found in use that when the ambient temperature rises to 80-150°C, the wear of this type of brush will be significantly accelerated, and the arc erosion will be intensified, making it difficult to meet the use requirements.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明针对背景技术所述的现有电刷合金材料的不足，提供一种具有时效硬化效应的电刷合金，该材料含有Cu3Pt和Cu3Au有序相，具有较高的硬度，在电刷工作条件下，其硬度随温度升高的下降很小，在80～150℃的工作环境中仍然可以保持较高的硬度和耐磨性，满足了高温微电机的使用要求。The present invention aims at the deficiencies of the existing brush alloy materials described in the background technology, and provides a brush alloy with age hardening effect. The material contains ordered phases of Cu 3 Pt and Cu 3 Au, and has relatively high hardness. Under the working conditions of the brush, its hardness decreases very little with the increase of temperature, and it can still maintain high hardness and wear resistance in the working environment of 80-150 ° C, which meets the requirements of high-temperature micro-motors.
本发明的技术方案是：Technical scheme of the present invention is:
具有时效硬化效应的电刷合金，各组分的重量百分含量为：Brush alloy with age hardening effect, the weight percentage of each component is:
上述电刷合金含有Cu3Pt和Cu3Au有序相，为了保证Cu3Pt和Cu3Au有序相的析出，上述组分制作的材料需进行固溶处理和时效处理，其中固溶处理的保温温度为850～950℃，保温时间≥2min，随后水冷或空冷至室温；时效处理的保温温度为350～500℃，保温时间≥2min，随后水冷或空冷至室温。The above-mentioned brush alloy contains Cu 3 Pt and Cu 3 Au ordered phases. In order to ensure the precipitation of Cu 3 Pt and Cu 3 Au ordered phases, the materials made of the above components need to undergo solution treatment and aging treatment. The holding temperature for aging treatment is 850-950°C, holding time ≥ 2min, then water-cooled or air-cooled to room temperature; the holding temperature for aging treatment is 350-500°C, holding time ≥ 2min, then water-cooled or air-cooled to room temperature.
用于小型直流电动机电刷用滑动电接触复合材料，以上述合金为工作层，铜合金为基层，其中，所述工作层全部或部分覆盖在铜合金的表面。The sliding electrical contact composite material used for brushes of small DC motors uses the above-mentioned alloy as the working layer and the copper alloy as the base layer, wherein the working layer covers the surface of the copper alloy in whole or in part.
上述电刷合金或复合材料可以用于小型直流电动机电刷。The above-mentioned brush alloys or composite materials can be used for small DC motor brushes.
上述电刷可以用于小型直流电动机。The brushes described above can be used in small DC motors.
本发明中Ag是导电性最好的金属元素，并且具有良好的耐腐蚀性能，是滑动式电接触合金的首选元素，为电刷材料提供导电和耐腐蚀的基本保证，但纯Ag的力学性能不足、抗硫化性能差，易受电弧侵蚀和熔焊，因此必须与其它元素进行合金化才能发挥其优势。在具有时效硬化效应的耐高温电刷合金中，如果Ag的含量低于30%，则合金的导电性下降，影响电机的输出扭矩；如果Ag的含量大于40%，则抗电弧侵蚀能力降低，电刷容易被电弧烧蚀乃至断裂。In the present invention, Ag is the metal element with the best electrical conductivity, and has good corrosion resistance. It is the preferred element of the sliding electrical contact alloy, which provides the basic guarantee of electrical conductivity and corrosion resistance for the brush material, but the mechanical properties of pure Ag Insufficient, poor anti-sulfurization performance, vulnerable to arc erosion and welding, so it must be alloyed with other elements to exert its advantages. In the high temperature resistant brush alloy with age hardening effect, if the Ag content is less than 30%, the conductivity of the alloy will decrease, which will affect the output torque of the motor; if the Ag content is greater than 40%, the arc erosion resistance will be reduced, The brushes are easily ablated or even broken by the arc.
本发明中Cu也是导电性非常优秀的元素，并且可以对合金产生优良的强化作用。在本发明的合金中，部分Cu溶解在Pd和Ag的固溶体中，产生固溶强化作用；更重要的是，还有一部分Cu可以与合金中的Pt形成有序相Cu3Pt，并与Au形成有序相Cu3Au，通过适当的固溶和时效处理，这两种有序相可以在时效过程中析出，产生显著的时效强化效果，提高合金的硬度和耐磨性，而且这些有序相高温稳定性很好，当本电刷合金工作温度达到80～150℃时，仍然能够很有效地保持其强化作用，因而大大提高了电刷的高温耐磨性，满足电机的高温使用要求。如果Cu含量低于12%，则不能有效地发挥时效强化效果，如果Cu含量高于20%，则会降低合金的抗氧化性能，在高温环境中容易出现过多的氧化膜而增加接触电阻。In the present invention, Cu is also an element with excellent electrical conductivity, and can exert an excellent strengthening effect on the alloy. In the alloy of the present invention, part of Cu dissolves in the solid solution of Pd and Ag, resulting in solid solution strengthening; more importantly, part of Cu can form an ordered phase Cu 3 Pt with Pt in the alloy, and form an ordered phase Cu 3 Pt with Au The ordered phase Cu 3 Au is formed, and through proper solid solution and aging treatment, these two ordered phases can be precipitated during the aging process, resulting in a significant aging strengthening effect, improving the hardness and wear resistance of the alloy, and these ordered The high-temperature stability of the phase is very good. When the working temperature of the brush alloy reaches 80-150°C, it can still effectively maintain its strengthening effect, thus greatly improving the high-temperature wear resistance of the brush and meeting the high-temperature use requirements of the motor. If the Cu content is lower than 12%, the aging strengthening effect cannot be effectively exerted. If the Cu content is higher than 20%, the oxidation resistance of the alloy will be reduced, and excessive oxide films will easily appear in high-temperature environments to increase contact resistance.
本发明中Pt和Au的主要作用是与Cu形成有序相而产生时效强化效果，同时也能提高合金的抗氧化的耐腐蚀性能。两种元素配合添加的作用优于单独加入一种元素，因为两种不同有序相的配合使用有利于保持有序相的细小和均匀分布，保证强化效果在长期的高温环境使用过程中不下降。这两种元素的添加量如果低于本发明的下限，则不能得到足够的时效强化效果；如果高于上限，则一方面降低合金导电性，另一方面也增加合金成本。The main function of Pt and Au in the present invention is to form an ordered phase with Cu to produce an aging strengthening effect, and at the same time, it can also improve the oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance of the alloy. The effect of adding two elements together is better than adding one element alone, because the combined use of two different ordered phases is conducive to maintaining the fine and uniform distribution of ordered phases, ensuring that the strengthening effect will not decrease during long-term use in high-temperature environments . If the addition of these two elements is lower than the lower limit of the present invention, sufficient aging strengthening effect cannot be obtained; if it is higher than the upper limit, the electrical conductivity of the alloy will be reduced on the one hand, and the cost of the alloy will be increased on the other hand.
本发明中Zn是一种低熔点、低沸点、高蒸汽压的元素，其在合金中的主要作用是，1）Zn可以取代有序相Cu3Pt和/或Cu3Au中的部分Cu，形成更为复杂的有序相，提高这些有序相的高温稳定性，进一步强化材料，提高高温下的使用寿命；2）当电刷工作过程中产生电弧时，Zn可以挥发灭弧。如果Zn含量低于0.5%，则其强化和灭弧作用不足；如果Zn含量高于2%，则合金的导电性和抗氧化能力下降。In the present invention, Zn is an element with low melting point, low boiling point and high vapor pressure, and its main function in the alloy is that 1) Zn can replace part of Cu in the ordered phase Cu 3 Pt and/or Cu 3 Au, Form more complex ordered phases, improve the high-temperature stability of these ordered phases, further strengthen the material, and increase the service life at high temperatures; 2) When an arc is generated during the working process of the brush, Zn can volatilize and extinguish the arc. If the Zn content is lower than 0.5%, its strengthening and arc extinguishing effects are insufficient; if the Zn content is higher than 2%, the conductivity and oxidation resistance of the alloy decrease.
本发明中Pd是改善Ag抗硫化性能的主要元素，并且可进一步提高耐腐蚀性，还通过与Ag的固溶来提高合金的硬度和耐磨性，其熔点较高，也有利于改善合金的抗电弧性能，在本发明的合金中作为余量元素存在。In the present invention, Pd is the main element to improve the anti-sulfurization performance of Ag, and can further improve the corrosion resistance, and also improve the hardness and wear resistance of the alloy through solid solution with Ag, and its melting point is higher, which is also conducive to improving the alloy's Arc resistance is present as a balance element in the alloy of the present invention.
本发明的合金需要通过适当的固溶和时效处理才能有效发挥其良好作用。采用本发明所述的固溶处理，可以将尽可能多的合金元素溶解到面心立方的AgPd固溶体中，并且防止这些合金元素在冷却过程中析出；时效处理可以使Cu3Pt和/或Cu3Au有序相从基体中均匀、弥散析出，发挥其强化作用。The alloy of the present invention needs proper solid solution and aging treatment to effectively play its good role. Adopt solid solution treatment of the present invention, can dissolve as many alloying elements as possible in the AgPd solid solution of face-centered cubic, and prevent these alloying elements from precipitating in cooling process; Aging treatment can make Cu 3 Pt and/or Cu 3 The Au ordered phase is uniformly and dispersedly precipitated from the matrix, and exerts its strengthening effect.
申请人通过系统研究合金元素之间的交互作用及其随含量和温度的变化，优化了合金的成分设计，并且结合固溶处理和时效处理，得到一种含有Cu3Pt和/或Cu3Au有序相具有时效强化效应的电刷合金。该合金在80～150℃的工作环境中仍然可以保持较高的硬度和耐磨性，其硬度随温度升高下降的很小，能满足80～150℃高温微电机服役环境要求，适合用作环境温度80～150℃下使用的小型直流电动机电刷的工作层。The applicant has optimized the composition design of the alloy by systematically studying the interaction between alloying elements and their changes with content and temperature, and combined solution treatment and aging treatment to obtain a alloy containing Cu 3 Pt and/or Cu 3 Au Brush alloys with ordered phases that have an age strengthening effect. The alloy can still maintain high hardness and wear resistance in the working environment of 80-150 ℃, and its hardness decreases very little with the increase of temperature, which can meet the service environment requirements of 80-150 ℃ high-temperature micro-motor, and is suitable for use as The working layer of brushes of small DC motors used at an ambient temperature of 80-150°C.
将该合金复合在铜合金的表面，不仅可以节约成本，而且还能够提高力学性能，使两层材料的性能得以充分发挥。Compositing the alloy on the surface of the copper alloy can not only save costs, but also improve the mechanical properties, so that the properties of the two-layer materials can be fully exerted.
本发明所述具有时效硬化效应的电刷合金，可以直接用于作为电刷材料，也可以将其符复合在铜合金的表面，作为电刷材料使用，其原则是根据电机服役环境和电机的制备工艺进行选择。The brush alloy with age hardening effect described in the present invention can be directly used as a brush material, or it can be compounded on the surface of a copper alloy to be used as a brush material. The principle is based on the service environment of the motor and the characteristics of the motor. The preparation process is selected.
本发明的优点为：The advantages of the present invention are:
1）采用本发明的材料制作微电机电刷，具有显著的时效强化效果，而且强化相的高温稳定性好，特别适合用作80～150℃高温环境下使用的电刷材料。1) Using the material of the present invention to make micro-motor brushes has a significant aging strengthening effect, and the high-temperature stability of the strengthening phase is good, and is especially suitable as a brush material used in a high-temperature environment of 80-150°C.
2）本发明的电刷合金可以采用普通真空熔炼工艺制造，设备和工艺技术不需要特殊的改造，生产中易于实施。2) The brush alloy of the present invention can be manufactured by ordinary vacuum smelting process, and the equipment and process technology do not need special modification, and it is easy to implement in production.
3）利用本发明的合金制作层状复合材料时，可以采用现有的钯银合金/铜合金电接触复合带材的工艺和设备进行生产，技术易于掌握和实施，也不会增加生产成本。3) When using the alloy of the present invention to make layered composite materials, the existing palladium-silver alloy/copper alloy electrical contact composite strip technology and equipment can be used for production, the technology is easy to master and implement, and the production cost will not be increased.
4）本发明的电刷合金中各元素在熔炼过程中烧损较少，凝固过程中成分偏析不严重，因而其成分和成分均匀性容易保证，适合于大规模生产。4) Elements in the brush alloy of the present invention have less burning loss during the smelting process, and the composition segregation is not serious during the solidification process, so its composition and composition uniformity are easy to ensure, and are suitable for large-scale production.
具体实施方式detailed description
实施例1至12的合金成分见表1。The alloy compositions of Examples 1 to 12 are shown in Table 1.
上述合金的制备及处理工艺为：The preparation and processing technology of above-mentioned alloy are:
1）采用真空感应炉熔炼制备合金，其中各元素可以中间合金形式加入，也可以纯金属形式加入；还可以利用生产过程中废弃的、成分合格的边角料作为制备新合金的原料；1) The alloy is prepared by melting in a vacuum induction furnace, in which each element can be added in the form of an intermediate alloy or in the form of pure metal; scraps discarded in the production process and qualified in composition can also be used as raw materials for preparing new alloys;
2）将制备的合金铸锭经开坯、轧制、中间退火、拉拔等工艺，制备成带材或丝材。2) Prepare the prepared alloy ingots into strips or wires through blanking, rolling, intermediate annealing, drawing and other processes.
3）采用热轧、温轧或冷轧复合技术，将上述带材或丝材与铜合金进行复合，制作成层状复合材料。3) Using hot rolling, warm rolling or cold rolling composite technology, the above-mentioned strip or wire material is composited with copper alloy to make a layered composite material.
为了保证合金中含有Cu3Pt和Cu3Au有序相，按表1中所述的配比制备的合金需要进行固溶处理：固溶处理温度为850～950℃，保温时间不小于2min，采取空冷或水冷的方式冷却到室温以达到固溶效果；时效处理的工艺为：保护气氛中加热至温度350～500℃，保温，时间不小于2min，保温后，采取空冷或水冷的方式冷却到室温，达到所需要的时效强化效果，即得到具有时效硬化的电刷合金。该合金具有较高的硬度，具有显著的时效强化效果，而且强化相的高温稳定性好，特别适合用作80～150℃高温环境下使用的电刷材料。In order to ensure that the alloy contains Cu 3 Pt and Cu 3 Au ordered phases, the alloy prepared according to the ratio in Table 1 needs to be solution treated: the solution treatment temperature is 850-950 ° C, and the holding time is not less than 2 minutes. Cool to room temperature by air cooling or water cooling to achieve the solid solution effect; the aging treatment process is: heating to a temperature of 350-500°C in a protective atmosphere, keeping the temperature for not less than 2 minutes, and cooling by air or water to At room temperature, the required aging strengthening effect is achieved, that is, an age-hardening brush alloy is obtained. The alloy has high hardness, significant aging strengthening effect, and good high-temperature stability of the strengthening phase, and is especially suitable as a brush material used in a high-temperature environment of 80-150°C.
上述时效硬化热处理温度及硬度测试结果见表2。The above age hardening heat treatment temperature and hardness test results are shown in Table 2.
通过轧制复合技术，将上述合金复合在C7701铜合金上，制作成一种层压复合材料，其中上述合金作为工作层，C7701作为基层。Through rolling composite technology, the above alloy is composited on C7701 copper alloy to produce a laminated composite material, in which the above alloy is used as the working layer, and C7701 is used as the base layer.
然后将述复合材料制作成小型直流电动机的电刷，装配在小型直流电动机中，进行高温寿命试验。其配对换向器材料为AgCu4Ni0.5RE0.5/TU1。用于对比的电刷材料为AgPd50/C7701。Then the composite material is made into a brush of a small direct current motor, assembled in the small direct current motor, and subjected to a high temperature life test. The matching commutator material is AgCu4Ni0.5RE0.5/TU1. The brush material used for comparison is AgPd50/C7701.
测试条件如下：The test conditions are as follows:
测试温度：+80～150℃Test temperature: +80～150℃
测试负荷：8g·cmTest load: 8g cm
测试电压：8VTest voltage: 8V
电机转速：4000rpmMotor speed: 4000rpm
运转方式：连续Mode of operation: continuous
测试过程中，通过检测电机转速和电流的变化来判定电机的工作状态，出现转速或电流超标或停止运转时均判定为寿命终止。During the test, the working state of the motor is judged by detecting the change of the motor speed and current. When the speed or current exceeds the standard or stops running, it is judged as the end of life.
测试结果见表3。The test results are shown in Table 3.
表3实施例1～12及比较例AgPd50/C7701寿命测试结果Table 3 Examples 1-12 and comparative example AgPd50/C7701 life test results
结论：上述测试结果表明，本发明的合金具有良好的时效硬化效果，在高温下具有优良的耐磨性。以本发明合金作工作层、铜合金为基层制成复合材料，用于制作小型直流电动机电刷，在80～150℃条件下工作，与传统的AgPd50合金所制电刷相比，具有更长的使用寿命，达到了提高小型直流电动机高温性能的目的。Conclusion: The above test results show that the alloy of the present invention has good age hardening effect and excellent wear resistance at high temperature. The composite material is made of the alloy of the present invention as the working layer and the copper alloy as the base layer. It is used to make small DC motor brushes. It works at 80-150°C. Compared with the brushes made of traditional Ag Pd50 alloys, it has The longer service life achieves the purpose of improving the high temperature performance of the small DC motor.
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| JP2555387B2 (en) * | 1987-12-08 | 1996-11-20 | 田中貴金属工業株式会社 | Method for manufacturing sliding contact brush |
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