CN103675702A - Method for evaluating state of health battery in real time - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提出了一种实时评估电池健康状态的方法，属于电池技术领域。本方法实现了对于电池健康状态的实时估计的方法。解决了充放电法，电压微分法/容量增量法和内阻测量法的共性问题，突破了在线估计电池健康状态(SOH,StateofHealth)的难题。为电动汽车电池管理系统提供了先进的算法。如摘要附图所示，该算法包括两个阶段，第一个阶段是测试标定阶段，类似于内燃机的MAP图标定，一般在实验室中进行，该阶段使用了概率密度函数(PDF，ProbabilityDensityFunction)；第二个阶段是在线估计阶段，是电池健康状态(SOH)在线估计算法的实施流程。在本发明的一个实施例中，算法的实时估计误差在大部分情况下小于2%。
The invention provides a method for evaluating the health status of a battery in real time, which belongs to the technical field of batteries. This method realizes the method for real-time estimation of the state of health of the battery. It solves the common problem of charge and discharge method, voltage differential method/capacity incremental method and internal resistance measurement method, and breaks through the problem of online estimation of battery state of health (SOH, State of Health). Provides advanced algorithms for electric vehicle battery management systems. As shown in the attached figure, the algorithm includes two stages. The first stage is the test calibration stage, which is similar to the MAP map calibration of internal combustion engines. It is generally carried out in the laboratory. This stage uses the probability density function (PDF, ProbabilityDensityFunction) ; The second stage is the online estimation stage, which is the implementation process of the battery state of health (SOH) online estimation algorithm. In one embodiment of the present invention, the real-time estimation error of the algorithm is less than 2% in most cases.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to battery technology field, be specifically related to a kind of method of On-line Estimation cell health state.
Background technology
Cell health state (SOH, State of Health) has reflected the life-span attenuation degree of battery.The life-span attenuation degree of battery affects power performance, continual mileage and the security performance of electric automobile, need to effectively assess.In order effectively to manage for electric battery, improve the usability of power battery pack under vehicle-mounted condition, in cell health state algorithm for estimating battery management system, need one of key algorithm comprising.
At present, the quantitative definition for cell health state (SOH) is the ratio of battery remaining power and initial capacity.In order to estimate the health status (SOH) of battery, a kind of conventional method is to charge and discharge electrical method: first, for battery, discharge and recharge, obtain the initial capacity of battery; Then, for the battery in using, discharge and recharge, obtain the real surplus capacity of battery; According to the definition of cell health state (SOH), with the real surplus capacity of battery, divided by initial capacity, obtain normalized cell health state (SOH) estimated value.
Another kind of conventional method is voltage derivative method (DVA, Differential Voltage Analysis) and capacity increment method (ICA, Incremental Capacity Analysis), by discharging and recharging for battery, obtain the real time capacity-voltage curve of battery, for curve, carry out differential, draw the curve of differential result.Peak in differential result curve and size have correlativity with the residual capacity of battery, and the differential curve in contrast initial situation and certain moment situation, can estimate for cell health state (SOH).
Also having a kind of method is internal resistance measurement method, by apply pulse current excitation or high-frequency current for battery, encourages, and measuring voltage corresponding, to obtain the real-time internal resistance of battery.According to the relation between the internal resistance of cell and cell health state (SOH), for cell health state (SOH), estimate.Internal resistance measurement method is more effective for power-type electrokinetic cell.
But, when above three kinds of methods are applied to the real-time estimation of the cell health state (SOH) under vehicle-mounted condition, all there is certain problem.Charging and discharging electrical method need to carry out complete charge and discharge cycles test for battery, expends time in longer, is unfavorable for the On-line Estimation of cell health state (SOH).For electric automobile, battery generally all can owing to there is inconsistency between battery, charge and discharge electrical method and can not make all batteries all complete once and discharge and recharge in groups, can not test battery group in the health status (SOH) of each batteries.Voltage derivative method (DVA) and capacity increment method (ICA) need to, before carrying out Numeric differential, be carried out data fitting for charging and discharging curve.The algorithm of data fitting is comparatively complicated, is difficult to be applied to the On-line Estimation of cell health state (SOH).Internal resistance measurement method need to be carried out special current excitation in battery operation process, comparatively complicated for detecting in real time.In addition, the internal resistance of cell changes with the difference of battery charge state (SOC, State of Charge), and internal resistance measurement method need to be based on SOC algorithm for estimating comparatively accurately.Moreover the internal resistance of cell is also relevant with the electrochemical equilibrium state of inside battery, the quantitative description of the current formation for the internal resistance of cell is still unintelligible, and these bring larger difficulty all to internal resistance measurement method, are let alone applied to the On-line Estimation of battery SOH.
Summary of the invention
In view of this, be necessary to propose a kind of being applied in battery management system, can carry out to cell health state the method for real-time assessment.
The method of a kind of real-time assessment cell health state that the present invention proposes comprises the following steps:
Following steps can be divided into again two stages, and first stage is the test calibration stage; Second stage is the On-line Estimation stage, is the implementing procedure of cell health state (SOH) On-line Estimation algorithm.
First stage comprises the following steps:
S1, for mesuring battary, carry out repeatedly battery accelerated aging loop test, the test of every primary cell accelerated aging loop test battery accelerated aging comprises treating surveys battery and carries out steady current and discharge and recharge, constant-voltage charge, and mesuring battary is carried out to accelerated life test, obtain volt-time curve;
S2, carries out voltage statistic according to the volt-time curve obtaining in step S1, draws voltage probability density function (PDF) figure;
S3, according between the peak region of voltage probability density function (PDF) figure, determines that character voltage is interval;
S4, according to the volt-time curve obtaining in step S1, the quantity of statistics electrical voltage point in character voltage interval;
S5, works out the list of the quantity of electrical voltage point in time that discharges and recharges of each test and character voltage interval according to the time that discharges and recharges of each primary cell accelerated aging loop test in step S1, the time of discharging and recharging is used for representing the residual capacity of mesuring battary;
Second stage comprises the following steps:
S6, the part of carrying out online the steady current in character voltage interval for mesuring battary discharges and recharges experiment, and obtains volt-time curve;
S7, according to the volt-time curve in step S6, the voltage for mesuring battary voltage in character voltage interval is counted and is added up;
S8, obtains according to statistics in step S7 the statistical value that voltage is counted, and uses the form obtaining in S5 to carry out linear interpolation and tables look-up, and obtains the estimated value of battery remaining power, i.e. cell health state (SOH).
Compared with the prior art, probability of use density function (PDF of the present invention, Probability Density Function) can realize the real-time estimation for cell health state based on inside battery mechanism, solved and charged and discharged electrical method, the common problem of voltage derivative method/capacity increment method and internal resistance measurement method, broken through the difficult problem of On-line Estimation cell health state (SOH), for cell management system of electric automobile provides advanced algorithm.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Above-mentioned and/or additional aspect of the present invention and advantage accompanying drawing below combination obviously and is easily understood becoming the description of embodiment, wherein:
The estimation flow process of the method for a kind of probability of use density function of Fig. 1 real-time assessment cell health state;
Fig. 2 is the voltage-time curve of the constant current charge-discharge of certain ferric phosphate lithium cell accelerated life test;
Fig. 3 is the partial enlarged drawing of the volt-time curve in Fig. 2;
Fig. 4 is the charging/discharging voltage probability density curve of certain ferric phosphate lithium cell accelerated life test;
Fig. 5 is the calibration result list schematic diagram that certain ferric phosphate lithium cell accelerated life test obtains.
Embodiment
Describe embodiments of the invention below in detail, the example of described embodiment is shown in the drawings.Below by the embodiment being described with reference to the drawings, be exemplary, be intended to for explaining the present invention, and can not be interpreted as limitation of the present invention.
The present invention proposes a kind of method of probability of use density function real-time assessment cell health state, the method can at least be estimated for carry out online health status (SOH) for electrokinetic cell.
According to embodiments of the invention, specifically comprise the following steps:
As shown in Figure 1, following steps can be divided into again two stages, and first stage is the test calibration stage, and the MAP figure that is similar to internal combustion engine demarcates, and generally in laboratory, carries out; Second stage is the On-line Estimation stage, is the implementing procedure of cell health state (SOH) On-line Estimation algorithm.
Described first stage comprises the following steps:
S1, for mesuring battary, carry out repeatedly battery accelerated aging loop test, every primary cell accelerated aging loop test comprises that mesuring battary is carried out to steady current to be discharged and recharged, constant-voltage charge process, and mesuring battary is carried out to accelerated life test, obtain volt-time curve;
S2, for mesuring battary is carried out to the data segment that steady current discharges and recharges acquisition analyze in step S1, draws probability density function (PDF) figure;
S3, the feature of analysis probability density function (PDF) figure, determines that character voltage is interval;
S4, for the data result of different accelerated aging circulations, the quantity of electrical voltage point in statistical nature voltage range;
S5, for the data result of different accelerated aging circulations, determines battery remaining power under steady current charge status, and works out the list of the quantity of electrical voltage point in residual capacity and character voltage interval, for tabling look-up.
In step S1, mesuring battary can be to be any battery in prior art.In the present embodiment, this mesuring battary is lithium ion battery, and this lithium-ion battery lithium iron phosphate is anodal, and graphite is negative pole.In practical application, be not limited to this, can also select and take any materials such as cobalt acid lithium, LiMn2O4, ternary lithium ion as anodal, the battery that any materials such as graphite, lithium titanate of take are negative pole.
In step S1, the test of every primary cell accelerated aging loop test battery accelerated aging comprises treating surveys battery and carries out steady current and discharge and recharge, and mesuring battary is carried out to accelerated life test.In one embodiment of the invention, for certain ferric phosphate lithium cell, carry out the as shown in table 1 accelerated aging loop test that steady current discharges and recharges that comprises.Each circulation comprises a steady current charge and discharge process, a constant-voltage charge process, and an accelerated aging implementation procedure.In table 1,1-4 is steady current charge and discharge process, and object is battery capacity test calibration, and data are for drawing and the list work of step S2 to S5; The 6th, accelerated life test process, is placed in battery that under extreme high/low temperature condition, (temperature is higher than 45
oc or lower than 5
oc), by adopting 0.3C to charge, 1.5C electric discharge circulates, and accelerates the life-span decay of battery.Process 6 has comprised the circulation of 30 0.3C charging 1.5C electric discharge, after every 30 circulations, utilizes method in process 2 ~ 5 to obtain the volt-time curve of a battery, for test capacity with draw probability density figure.Cyclic process 2-6 continues always, until the residual capacity of battery is not as good as 80% of initial testing capacity.In continuous current I=C/3, C refers to the initial capacity of battery, is also the rated capacity of battery.
Battery accelerated aging loop test rules in table 1 one embodiment of the invention
| Step number | Step title | Duration/termination condition | Experiment condition | Loop termination condition |
| 1 | Standing | 60min | ? | ? |
| 2 | Constant-current discharge | To 2.5V | Continuous current I=C/3 | ? |
| 3 | Standing | 60min | ? | ? |
| 4 | Constant-current charge | To 3.6V | Continuous current I=C/3 | ? |
| 5 | Constant-voltage charge | ? | Constant voltage V=3.6V | ? |
| 6 | Accelerated life test | ? | ? | ? |
| 7 | Circulation, step 2 ~ 6 | ? | ? | Battery capacity decays to 80% |
| 8 | Finish | ? | ? | ? |
In step S2, for carrying out the drafting of probability density function (PDF) figure, data need to have the feature of " uniformly-spaced, data volume is large for sampled point ".Quantitative " sampled point uniformly-spaced " refers to sampling interval and equates, for guaranteeing that data volume is enough large, and data analysis is undistorted, and sampling interval is answered reasonable selection, and common set point value is 1s." data volume is large " refers to the data volume collecting and is at least 10
3the order of magnitude, is less than 10
3the probability statistics result of the order of magnitude cannot effecting reaction battery operating condition.
In one embodiment of the invention, for the constant current charge-discharge data segment of certain ferric phosphate lithium cell accelerated life test, analyze, can first draw voltage-time curve as shown in Figure 2.In one embodiment of the invention, accompanying drawing 3 be accompanying drawing 2 in 1185 ~ 1199s interval the enlarged drawing for 0-C curve, as shown in Figure 3, the voltage sample of the voltage discharge curve of this ferric phosphate lithium cell is discrete, can count and add up for the voltage under a certain voltage value.For the voltage curve in accompanying drawing 2, carry out voltage statistic, can obtain the probability density function figure of voltage, as shown in Figure 4.
In step S3, generally, probability density function (PDF) figure comprises one or more peak values that represent chemical reaction phase transformation, along with the variation of cell health state, chemical reaction characteristic change, will there is regular variation in the shape of part peak value accordingly.Changing value concentrates on part voltage range, and this voltage range is referred to as characteristic interval.
In one embodiment of the invention, for the character voltage interval of this ferric phosphate lithium cell, be charging 3.38 ~ 3.42V, electric discharge 3.27 ~ 3.3V.In addition, the difference of charging and discharging currents, character voltage interval is also different.Shown in 4 (a), the voltage probability density curve (PDF) of this ferric phosphate lithium cell has obvious peak value with reference to the accompanying drawings, and wherein, charging process has three peak values, and discharge process has two peak values.In the present embodiment, after the 0th, 5,10,15 accelerated aging tests, the voltage curve under different charge and discharge cycles conditions coincides together in accompanying drawing 4 (a), need to amplify and check.Black box in accompanying drawing 4 (a) is partly amplified, can obtain accompanying drawing 4 (b) and accompanying drawing 4 (c).As shown in accompanying drawing 3 (b), between 3.38 ~ 3.42V, probability density curve (PDF) is dull reduction along with the increase of cycle index, and as shown by arrows, therefore can select the character voltage interval under charge condition is 3.38 ~ 3.42V to trend.As shown in accompanying drawing 4 (c), between 3.27 ~ 3.30V, probability density curve is dull rising along with the increase of cycle index, and as shown by arrows, therefore can select the character voltage interval under discharging condition is 3.27 ~ 3.30V to trend.
In step S4, in statistical nature voltage range, the quantity of electrical voltage point is for cell health state, to estimate the form of tabling look-up for establishment in step S5.For example, in step S3, point out, the character voltage interval under discharging condition is 3.27 ~ 3.30V, with reference to the accompanying drawings 3, voltage sample numerical value between 3.27 ~ 3.30V is discrete, for take data that 1mV is sampling precision here, carries out the statistics of electrical voltage point, comprises 3.270V, 3.271V, 3.272V, 3.273V ... 3.299V, 3.300V, add up respectively in volt-time curve, there is the number of the data point of these voltage sample values.Such as in accompanying drawing 3,3.287V has occurred 6 times and 3.288V has occurred 9 times, therefore take voltage when horizontal ordinate is done probability density curve, and the height of curve that 3.288V is corresponding should be 1.5 times of height of curve that 3.287V is corresponding.Due to the discrete nature of data acquisition system (DAS), in character voltage interval, comprise limited voltage value, for the number of the voltage sample point in character voltage interval, add up, obtain the quantity of electrical voltage point.Notice that the quantity of electrical voltage point changes along with the variation of cell health state (SOH) herein.In one embodiment of the invention, can statistical nature voltage range the quantity summation of electrical voltage point between (charging 3.38 ~ 4.42V, electric discharge 3.27 ~ 3.30V).This data summation, along with the increase of cycle index, should be monotone decreasing, and correspondence is representing the decay of battery capacity.
In step S5, need to obtain the battery remaining power numerical value that the voltage in the characteristic interval obtaining with statistics of battery is counted corresponding, for tabling look-up.In certain circulation of accelerated life test, the electrical voltage point quantity in statistical nature voltage range, also need to obtain the battery remaining power under this complete steady current charge status." electrical voltage point quantity " is corresponding together with " residual capacity ", can work out the list of tabling look-up for On-line Estimation.The process of the list that establishment is tabled look-up for On-line Estimation is referred to as " demarcation " process.
In one embodiment of the invention, due to what discharge and recharge use, be constant electric current, so, discharge and recharge the time and charging and discharging currents is in direct ratio, therefore during the battery remaining power under determining steady current charge status, can represent with the time of discharging and recharging the residual capacity of this battery.For the data result of residual capacity corresponding to this battery and accelerated aging circulation, the quantity list of drawing characteristic of correspondence voltage range and electrical voltage point, as shown in table 2.Wherein data length is with to discharge and recharge the time numerically consistent, because be point of sampling per second.In table, one of probability density equals " statistics voltage is counted " divided by " data length ".According to the result of table 2, can draw the figure of the probability density-data length shown in accompanying drawing 5, can find out, along with the increase of cycle index, battery life generation monotonic decay, the voltage in character voltage interval is counted and is reduced gradually.
The electrical voltage point statistics in table 2 character voltage interval
Described second stage comprises the following steps:
S6, the part of carrying out online the steady current in character voltage interval for mesuring battary discharges and recharges experiment.
S7 adds up for counting of cell voltage in character voltage interval;
S8, obtains according to statistics in S7 the statistical value that voltage is counted, and uses the form obtaining in S5 to carry out linear interpolation and tables look-up, and obtains the estimated value of battery remaining power, i.e. cell health state (SOH).
In step S6, part discharges and recharges experiment and refers to and the electric weight of whole battery need not be discharged, and does not also need the electric weight of whole battery to be full of, and while only needing steady current to discharge and recharge, the voltage of battery has comprised that character voltage is interval.Need to use the steady current identical with the electric current using in " demarcation " process to discharge and recharge experiment.
In one embodiment of the invention, for the battery that need to carry out health status (SOH) test comprised character voltage interval steady current discharge and recharge experiment.Wherein, the selection of steady current must be identical with the size of current of selecting in calibration process, and in one embodiment of the invention, the size of the steady current of selection is C/3.
For embodiments of the invention, electric discharge adopts C/3 to carry out, discharging initial voltage should be higher than 3.30V, in order to save the test duration, as long as a little more than 3.30V, as 3.31V, discharge sustain reduces to 3.27V and can stop to cell voltage, certainly, and in order to guarantee that data can use, can discharge sustain arrive cell voltage slightly lower than 3.27V, as 3.26V stops again.Although the voltage range obtaining is 3.26 ~ 3.31V, during On-line Estimation, the data of intercepting 3.27 ~ 3.30V are carried out voltage statistic; When classic method is analyzed cell health state, need to carry out complete discharging and recharging for battery, for the present embodiment, need to comprise the interval of 2.75 ~ 3.6V, and this method only need to comprise the interval of 3.27 ~ 3.30V, save the test duration.
In step S7, because the data acquisition system (DAS) of on-line testing has discrete characteristic, can count and add up for discrete electrical voltage point.Number for the cell voltage point in character voltage interval is added up, then tables look-up according to the list obtaining in S5, can obtain the estimated value of battery remaining power, i.e. cell health state (SOH).Such as under discharging condition in one embodiment, voltage within 3.27 ~ 3.30V is counted altogether 2822,2669<2822<2894, and the data length of 2669 correspondences is 10508s, the data length of 2894 correspondences is 11113s, by linear difference, the data length that obtains 2822 correspondences is 10919, and the capacity attenuation rate of corresponding battery is 10919/11113=98.3%.
In one embodiment of the invention, to adding up for counting of cell voltage, can obtain the result shown in the 2nd row and the 6th row in table 3 in character voltage interval.Such as the battery part charge-discharge test data for data sequence number 3, it is 2597 that voltage during its charging in characteristic interval is counted, and it is 2631 that voltage during electric discharge in characteristic interval is counted.
In step S8, according to the cell voltage in character voltage interval in step S7 count and step S5 in the form that obtains table look-up, linear interpolation obtains the estimated value of battery remaining power, i.e. the health status of battery (SOH).
In one embodiment of the invention, utilize respectively data in table 2 to carry out linear interpolation and table look-up, the battery remaining power estimated value obtaining is 90.0% and 94.2%, compares with 92.3% with actual capacity 91.6%, and evaluated error is less than 2%.As can be seen from Table 3, in most cases, this method is carried out the real-time error of estimating of SOH and is less than 2%.
Table 3 SOH estimates checking result
The present invention points out, probability of use density function (PDF, Probability Density Function) can realize the real-time estimation for cell health state based on inside battery mechanism, solved and charged and discharged electrical method, the common problem of voltage derivative method/capacity increment method and internal resistance measurement method, broken through the difficult problem of On-line Estimation cell health state (SOH), for cell management system of electric automobile provides advanced algorithm.
In addition, those skilled in the art can also do other and change in spirit of the present invention, and the variation that these are done according to spirit of the present invention, all should be included in the present invention's scope required for protection.
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