CN1035831C - Direct reduction process for oxygen-rich fusion gasifying furnace - Google Patents
Direct reduction process for oxygen-rich fusion gasifying furnace Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a novel technical method for directly reducing iron in an oxygen-enriched melting gasification furnace, which is suitable for the development of the steel industry in China, conforms to the national condition of the China, and belongs to the technical field of the direct reduction of steel metallurgy. Solid gasified coal is used as fuel, oxygen-enriched humidified blast with high temperature is used as a gasifying agent, and an eligible vertical furnace with high quality and high temperature for the reduction of input gas is manufactured and slag is discharged in a liquid state by a liquid deslagging gas furnace for marking metallurgical reduction gas and a dust catcher. A raw material containing iron in the vertical furnace in a movable bed type is converted into direct reduction iron under the action of high-temperature gas, and the direct reduction iron is discharged out of a cylinder after the temperature of the direct reduction iron is reduced to 50 DEG C by a cooling cylinder.
Description
The technical field of the invention is directly reduction, is the processing method and the device of oxygen-rich fusion gasifying furnace direct-reduced iron in the ferrous metallurgy.
Directly the reduction metallurgical method is meant that iron ore (iron ore) or pelletizing are being lower than the iron-making production that is reduced into sponge iron or metallized pellet (both are referred to as direct-reduced iron) under its temperature of fusion.
Direct-reduced iron is owing to be to reduce generation at low temperatures, fails complete carburizing, and its carbon content has the character of steel below 2%, and has high porosity, makes that the reactive behavior of direct-reduced iron is good.Its main application is to be used for Electric furnace steel making as the steel scrap surrogate, also can be made into iron powder, is used for powder metallurgy.
Directly the development of reduction metallurgical method has the history in year surplus in the of 100, but after the sixties, the multiple metallurgical new technology of direct reduction with actual value has just appearred in succession, especially shaft furnace process-Midrex the method that with the Sweet natural gas is primary energy source is the appearance of the direct reduction metallurgical method of representative, significant, on this basis, set up the metallurgical producer of large quantities of direct reduction the beginning of the seventies, sponge iron-electric furnace production system occurred.
Directly method of reducing mainly contains gaseous reducing agent direct-reduction process and solid reductant direct-reduction process.
1, the Midrex method is typical gas-based shaft kiln method, and it produces sponge iron with Sweet natural gas by reduction shaft furnace.Its cardinal principle is in order to CO
2For the shaft furnace furnace roof of basal component returns coal gas, add an amount of H
2O under 800 ℃ of temperature, makes CH
4Be converted into CO+H
2＞90%, H
2/ (CO+H
2)＞50%, coal gas oxidisability are no more than 5%, CH in the coal gas
4Be lower than 2% high-quality reduction gas.The coal gas of charging temperature between 750 ℃～900 ℃ is sent into reduction shaft furnace, heating also makes iron ore (or pellet) be reduced into sponge iron (or metallized pellet), after being cooled to 30 ℃, the direct-reduced iron product of producing discharges out of the furnace again, and no longer oxidized in atmosphere to guarantee it.
The characteristics of this method are facility compact, and heat energy is fully used, and the productivity height can reach better economic results.The Midrex shaft furnace was founded the factory the back development for the first time rapidly from 1969, become the metallurgical main production form of direct reduction, from 1988, there are 24 covering devices in the whole world, overall throughput is 1,115 ten thousand t/a, about 9,050,000 tons of actual annual production, single cover Michaelis device annual production at present the biggest in the world is 550,000 tons.
In addition, also have in the gas base directly reducing method:
1. De Guo Purofor method;
2. Mexican HYLIIIShi shaft furnace process;
3. the Wiberg method of Sweden and Plasmared shaft furnace process;
4. other, fixed bed process (HYL method), fluidised form method (Piar method, HIB method) etc.
2, kiln process, it is directly reducing process of most important solid reductant (coal), utilize the rotary kiln reducing iron ore to produce sponge iron by the different work temperature, granulated iron, liquid pig iron, but the rotary kiln sponge iron processes with low temp operation is most widely used, and the SL-RN method is a kind of method the most representative in the rotary kiln for directly reducing method, its cardinal principle is that (0～3mm) makes solid reductant by Bed for Fine Coal, the Wingdale of 0～3mm or white clouds masonry sweetening agent, and block iron ore (5～25mm) or the furnace charge formed of pelletizing add by the kiln tail, the kiln body has certain obliquity, rotate with the speed about 4rpm, along with the rotation furnace charge of kiln body is advanced to kiln hood.There is burner combustion fuel (coal dust, coal gas, or fuel oil) in the kiln hood outside, and heat is provided, and combustion exhaust is then discharged from the stove tail.Furnace charge is being done to be preheated earlier in the relative movement process with furnace gas, and transpiring moisture and decompose Wingdale reaches after 800 ℃ the temperature, is reduced into sponge iron by solid carbon in the bed of material.The CO that this reduction reaction is emitted is oxidized in the furnace inner space oxidation zone, also provides reduction reaction needed heat.Product enters the revolution cooling cylinder after being discharged from kiln, is cooled to divide removal residue carbon and sweetening agent through choosing below 50 ℃, obtains sponge iron.
Except that the SL-RN method, the coal-based rotary kiln method of direct reduction also has following several:
1. India's Nasuh Akar method (ACCAR);
2. German Krupp process (Krupp-CODIR);
3. India Xi Erfa (Sill);
4. Britain Dai Weifa (DRC);
5. India ladder Di Erfa (TDR);
6. other.
At present, directly also original two the important countries of development coal-based rotary kiln, one is India, one is South Africa.China develops in the direct reductive process and compares with India, still have suitable gap, past, we did a lot of work, once built up the big-and-middle-sized rotary kiln of several 30m, 40m, 76m, accumulated certain experience, particularly Foochow rotary kiln research of technique of Ministry of Metallurgical Industry's tissue obtains achievement preferably, coal consumption 842kg/t, utilization coefficient 0.413t/m
3.d, direct-reduced iron TFe92%～95%, degree of metalization 92%, S＜0.03%.These indexs all reached at that time advanced level both at home and abroad.But for various reasons, we also do not have the equipment that a cover can ordinary production so far.At present domesticly determined to build the following unit of having of coal-based direct reduction factory: 1. Tianjin Seamless Steel tube Co., Ltd, introduce Britain's Dai Wei company equipment and technology, newly-built two rotary kilns; 2. directly reduction factory of a left side is coughed up in Liaoning, uses for reference and climbs skill flower Iron And Steel Company 410 factory's test results, has technically done further improvement again, builds one in chain grate machine-rotary kiln earlier; 3. Huadian, Jilin direct-reduced iron factory, the first phase is built each one of oxidation kiln and reduction kiln earlier, produces 150000 tons of acid pellets and 2.5～30,000 tons of direct-reduced irons per year; 4. middle areas in Shandong Province mine company, the first phase is built one of reduction kiln earlier, goes into operation in 1996.
3, the direct reduction shaft furnace method of water-gas, be in the smelting process that does not melt the direct reducing and smelting sponge iron under the slag making situation, its technical process and principle are: anthracite is through the chain ring type crusher in crushing, allocate an amount of water and yellow mud (or white clay) into, behind the helical stir batch mixing, send into the solid coal bar that Coal strip maker has been pressed into 50 millimeters of φ, the coal bar is added 150 millimeters fixed bed blue-gas generators of φ produce water-gas.Water-gas is through washing and the pressurization of D36-20 Root's blower, with H in the limonite dry removal coal gas
2S, in 1540 millimeters stone balls of φ hotblast stove, be heated to required temperature, pyritous water-gas sprays in the stove from the shaft furnace bostle pipe, through crushing and screening but unfired iron ore adds shaft furnace with the skew bridge truck from furnace roof, and move down, carry out reduction reaction under the concurrent condition that iron ore descends and hydrophily gas rises, the iron ore oxygen loss becomes sponge iron.Sponge iron carries out carburization reaction in shaft furnace and the air cooling that is cooled in the bottom is but discharged the back.The coal gas that participates in after the reduction reaction is drawn from shaft furnace top, imports gas holder after the scrubbing dust collection, for stone ball Combustion of Hot Air Furnace, sponge iron cooling be blended into unstripped gas and recycle.
4, begin test at the beginning of external 1977, set up pilot plant in 1981, the Corex method of formally founding the factory in 1987 and coming into operation, be in fusing oven, to produce satisfactory reducing gas with 100% oxygen enrichment, reducing gas delivered to produce solid-state sponge iron in the reduction shaft furnace, then, sponge iron is fallen and is smelted into molten iron in the melting gasification furnace.Though this method initial stage has the feature that directly iron ore is smelt the single stage method of steel, and the finished product are liquid pig irons of smelting, so this method should belong to smelting reduction process.The Corex method has realized suitability for industrialized production in South Africa, its ability is the 1000t/d. stove, and Korea S has introduced the 2000t/d. furnace apparatus, and China Ningbo Steel Plant also intend introducing.
Development along with China's Iron And Steel Industry, the rise of short flow process, electric furnace develops rapidly, the steel scrap shortage according to the preliminary statistics, will lack 200～3,000,000 tons of steel scraps every year from now on, and along with the raising of continuous casting ratio of steelmaking, significantly reduced the circulation of the high-quality steel scrap of Steel Plant self, unrenewable construction(al)steel accounts for sizable ratio again in the iron and steel consumption of China, and supply falls short of demand more to make the Chinese commodity steel scrap.Particularly smelt high-quality special steel, need in the furnace charge that electric furnace uses, allocate a certain proportion of pure steel scrap into, this is because contain trace inevitably in the steel scrap non-ferrous metal element Cu, Al, As, Pb, Zn, Sb etc. to be arranged, even these harmful element content seldom, for example other harmful elements of Cu＜0.01%＜0.001% also can cause serious harm to some steel grade, this just requires to use the more purified steel scrap of a part, and direct-reduced iron can replace this part steel scrap.Therefore, we must develop the direct-reduced iron technology energetically, make it be converted into productivity as soon as possible, strive for replacing a part of steel scrap with direct-reduced iron, particularly replace the high-quality steel scrap, produce high-quality steel, need to solve to produce.
At present, existing direct reduction technique existing questions:
(1) though the Midrex method is the most sophisticated direct method of reducing of technology in the world, need to use Sweet natural gas as primary energy source, this is difficult to promote the use of for the country that resembles the such natural gas source shortage of China.
2. the coal-based rotary kiln method is 1. strict to reactivity, ash content fusing point, the sulphur content of going back raw coal and coal combustion, (reactivity will be got well, and it is high that the ash content fusing point is wanted, and general＞1350 ℃, sulphur content is low).2. coal dust or lump coal directly contact with powdered iron ore or lump ore, will bring a large amount of detrimental impurity into, sulphur especially, and this is unfavorable for smelting special steel with its product.Be easy to take place technical errors such as ring formation of rotary kiln again, productivity is low.3. stove tail spent air temperture produces excessive waste gas up to more than 800 ℃, and thermo-efficiency is low.4. invest higherly, economic benefit is relatively poor.Introduce complete rotary kiln device and technology as a certain weldless steel tube company, produce 300000 tons of sponge iron per year, planned investment is 100,000,000 dollars, and ton iron is invested nearly 350 dollars.
3. the direct reduction furnace of water-gas, because the energy consumption height, productivity is low, does not reach the industrial production stage as yet.
Along with the progress of direct reduction technique, the reduction shaft furnace of Corex smelting reduction process, in the development of method hot whirlwind coal gas dust removal technology and oxygen enriched blast coal injection slag tap technology, all for gasification shaft furnace The Application of Technology provides can be for the experience of using for reference.And the progress of oxygenerating technology, the reduction significantly of system oxygen cost, feasible exploitation with the oxycoal gas technology becomes possibility.
Meaning of the present invention and purpose are, employing is a fuel with the solid gasification of coal, high temperature blast with the oxygen enrichment humidification is a vaporized chemical, by making the liquid deslagging gas furnace and the fly-ash separator of metallurgical reducing gas, produce qualified high-quality coal gas of high temperature input reduction shaft furnace, with iron content pellet or iron ore reaction, produce direct-reduced iron.
Ultimate principle of the present invention and content be, the coal gas of high temperature of producing with the slag tap formula fixed bed coal gas producer of the suitable metallurgical reducing gas of system provides the thermal barrier of heat, input reduction shaft furnace as the reductive agent of capturing oxygen in iron ore or the pelletizing with for reduction; Iron-bearing material in the moving-bed type shaft furnace finally transforms into direct-reduced iron and gets rid of outside the shaft furnace under the reducing gas effect.
Related device in the technical solution of the present invention technical process, comprise two pebble stoves (3) (also can adopt pipe stove), the direct reducing gas producer (2) of high temperature liquid deslagging, with the normal temperature air is the water cooler (7) of heat-eliminating medium, hot tornado dust collector (8), gas blower (5), oxygenerator and nitrogen supercharging machine (4), the direct reduction shaft furnace of gasification (1), rotary type cooling tube (12), it is the water-cooling spiral transfer roller that the high temperature discharging device is housed between (1) and (2), finished product storage tank (13), coal gas tornado dust collector (9), steam boiler (6), dry type gas cooler (10), sack cleaner (11), and the bubble slag bath (14) of the producer gas generator of high temperature liquid deslagging.
Two pebble stoves of the present invention are commutation regularly alternately, finishes burning respectively and adds thermal regenerator and utilize accumulation of heat to add the gas of warm air and vapor mixing.Pebble stove to accumulation of heat blasts air, steam, be heated to 1000～1100 ℃, blast the reducing gas producer with its gas with by the oxygen-rich air of 30～70% oxygen again, its furnace roof adds smokeless coal cinder (or bituminous lump coal), unslaked lime and fluorite, produces 1000～1300 ℃ of temperature, contains (CO+H
2The reducing gas of) 〉=75%, and realize the hot deslagging of high temperature.The liquid coal lime-ash becomes grain slag through the bubble slag bath, also has a small amount of molten iron to discharge from the vapourizing furnace bottom, becomes the byproduct of this technology.After 30% high temperature reduction gas water cooler is cooled to 300～400 ℃, mix with 70% 1000～1200 ℃ high temperature reduction gas, the temperature of reducing gas reaches 800～900 ℃ behind hot tornado dust collector, is transported to reduction shaft furnace.Pellet (or iron ore) adds in the stove from the shaft furnace top continuously, pellet is average the stop 10～12 hours in stove, through reduction reaction pellet ore reduction is become direct-reduced iron, direct-reduced iron is TFe＞90%, MFe＞81% by weight percentage, direct-reduced iron degree of metalization≤90%, tapping temperature is 800～900 ℃, utilize to press the nitrogen machine to charge into the cooling cylinder of nitrogen, outside spray to cooling cylinder inside again, direct-reduced iron is cooled to 30～100 ℃ after outside the expelling tube.Reduction shaft furnace exhaust gas discharged temperature can reach 300 ℃, and 70% igniting is wherein diffused or is used for generating, and the part in 30% is used for heating boiler and produces steam, and another part returns pebble stove, combustion heat wind furnace by behind the bag-type dust.Handle above-mentioned coal gas through sack cleaner, handle the back dustiness and can be lower than 10mg/Nm
3, the top gas of reduction shaft furnace calorific value is 4200kj/Nm
3About, the hotblast stove throat temperature reaches more than 1350～1450 ℃.
The coal gas that the present invention produces with the producer gas generator of liquid ash melting type, be to be the gas making energy, to be slag former with unslaked lime and fluorite with solid fuel lump coal, its proportioning is corresponding to be (90～92) by weight percentage: (6.5～7.5): (1.5～1.7), with 30～35% oxygen enrichments and temperature is that 1000～1100 ℃ high temperature wet blast is a vaporized chemical, the ratio of steam, air, normal temperature oxygen by volume per-cent should be (8～10) mutually: (50～60): (30～42), the metallurgical reducing gas temperature of producing is 1000～1200 ℃, and gas composition is CO＞50%, H
2＞25%, CO
2＜3%, H
2O＜3%, N
2＜2.5%, wherein, (CO+H
2)＞75%, (CO
2+ H
2O)≤5%, ((CO+H
2)-2X (CO
2+ H
2O)) 〉=65%, the consumption 1550～1700Nm of reducing gas
3/ t, dust content of gas are 2～4g/m
3, and the continuous air feed of energy, tar and phenol are fully decomposed, the coal gas cleaning, gasification furnace coal lime-ash deslagging temperature reaches 1600～1700 ℃, and composition is by weight percentage: Al
2O
3=15～20%, CaO=30～35%, SiO
2=25～30%, CaF
2=5～10%, MgO=10～15%.
The present invention sends 1000～1300 ℃ of coal gas of high temperature that come out from the reducing gas producer of 30% into water cooler, and blowing air makes the coal gas of high temperature temperature reduce to 300～400 ℃ as refrigerant in the water cooler.Coal gas from the water cooler discharge, mix with 70% 1000～1300 ℃ high temperature reduction gas, the temperature of mixed reducing gas reaches 800～900 ℃, after cyclone dust removal (or gravitational dust collection), directly send into shaft furnace, reducing gas carries out reduction reaction with pellet in shaft furnace after, the part of its waste gas (30%) be used to burn steam boiler and pebble stove.The reduction shaft furnace waste gas that is used for combustion heat wind furnace is handled through sack cleaner, handles the back dustiness and is lower than 10mg/Nm
3
The present invention blasts pebble stove air 550～600m
3/ t, steam 200～250m
3/ t, reduction shaft furnace waste gas 680～740m
3/ t is heated to 1000～1100 ℃ and normal temperature oxygen 150～165m through stone ball hotblast stove
3/ t blasts in the stove from the producer lower end respectively, and the upper end adds the smokeless coal cinder of 540～600kg/t, 40～50kg/t unslaked lime, 8.5～9.5kg/t fluorite in the stove, and reaction generates 1000～1300 ℃, 1550～1650m
3The reducing gas of/t, composition are (CO+H
2) 〉=75%, this reducing gas 30% is reduced to 300 ℃ through chiller temperature, mix with the reducing gas of 900～1200 ℃ of 70% high temperature, the reducing gas temperature is 850 ℃ and enters reduction shaft furnace after the tornado dust collector dedusting, the reduction shaft furnace pelletizing piece 1360～1400kg/t that packs into, and the pelletizing piece is 10～12 hours at residing time in furnace, the direct-reduced iron tapping temperature of producing is 800 ℃, hourly output 3.40～3.60t is through the cylinder of diameter 1.5m, length 20m, interior inflated with nitrogen 135～155m
3/ h.t, outside spray cooling, stack shell obliquity 1.5%, below the rotating speed 1r/min, cooling reduced iron to 100 ℃, 300 ℃ of about 750～800m of reduction shaft furnace waste gas
3/ t, wherein a part of 30% is through dwarf boiler heating steam 180～250m
3/ t, 130 ℃ of temperature, pressure 0.2MPa, another part is cooled to 200 ℃ through water cooler, enter the sack cleaner dedusting after, return ball formula process furnace.
(1) metallurgical with liquid ash melting type producer gas generator.
(1) oxygen-enriched air smelting bed reducing gas producer (2), this vapourizing furnace great advantage is that melting media has the effect that prolongs coal residence time in the molten bath, temperature of reaction height in addition, tar and phenol are fully decomposed, the coal gas cleaning, purify simply, simultaneously the combustibleconstituents in the coal is all gasified, the gasification efficiency height.
Furnace bottom adopts the ceramic cup structural shape, and the experience according to blast furnace uses can improve about 20 ℃ of furnace bottom slag iron temperature.Help discharging slag iron, lower furnace is cooled off with water jacket.
Burner hearth bottom is the row's of establishing iron mouth and slag notch respectively, all regular discharge.Liquid molten iron is discharged the back and is cast little iron block with the sand pit.Build the bubble slag bath, after liquid slag is emitted, flow directly into bubble by slag runner and be granulated into grain slag in the slag bath.
(2) hot tornado dust collector of reducing gas (8) and water cooler (7).After reducing gas comes out in the producer, must be through the thick dedusting of tornado dust collector.Reducing gas temperature when producer comes out is 900～1200 ℃, enters reduction shaft furnace after must reducing to 850 ℃, therefore must establish water cooler.The water cooler ability suitably strengthens, and reaches the cooling requirement with it as far as possible, for prevention contingency, introduces source nitrogen, mixes small amount of nitrogen fine setting temperature in case of necessity.
(3) stone ball hotblast stove (3).With the air blast of stone ball hotblast stove heater blower (5), pressure of blast 0.1Mpa, setting wind-warm syndrome is 1050 ℃, establishes two on stove, air-supply of a burning.Regenerator top silica fire resistant ball, bottom high alumina matter refractory ball.
(4) oxygenerator (4).Produce pure oxygen and purity nitrogen simultaneously.Nitrogen is used to finely tune aspects such as reducing gas temperature, cooling cylinder pressurising and sealing compress.It is 0.1～0.15MPa that oxygen pressure requires, and with nitrogen supercharging machine pressurize, it is 0.6～0.7MPa that nitrogen pressure requires.
(2) processing of direct reduction shaft furnace of gasification (1) and top gas of reduction shaft furnace.
(1) gasification reduction shaft furnace (1), top charging equipment adopt the two bell formulas of blast furnace, hydrostatic transmission.Oven body part adds thermal insulation material, is requiring to keep the long period quality and the quantity of assurance product under the temperature of reaction as far as possible to guarantee reduction reaction.A plurality of discharge ports are evenly established to guarantee the even blanking of whole furnace lines in middle band bottom, and material charging and discharging device under each discharge port, discharge nozzle are with lower housing, and all water spray cools off.It is about 12 hours that pellet residence time in reduction shaft furnace drafts.
The key position and the operation of this technology reduction shaft furnace have: 1. control reduction shaft furnace bottom furnace temperature between 800～900 ℃, iron-bearing material is reduced and the phenomenon that do not bond smoothly.2. control the pressure of band in the middle of the reduction well, the pressure in the district that joins of control reducing gas and cold gas guarantees that reduction and cooling carry out smoothly.3. reduction shaft furnace high temperature discharging device.The finished product tapping temperature is about 800 ℃, and drawing mechanism had both required high temperature resistant, can not get stuck this process using water-cooling spiral transfer roller again.
(2) processing of top gas of reduction shaft furnace, top gas of reduction shaft furnace come out to handle through tornado dust collector (9), and the tornado dust collector internal diameter is tentative for φ 1.3m, is welded steel plate, the inner face sprayable refractory.Gas temperature is estimated not to be higher than 300 ℃, and pressure is about 10000Pa.Treated coal gas about 30% is sent to hotblast stove and boiler acts as a fuel, and rest part considers to be used to generating or igniting is diffused.
(3) sack cleaner (11), the used coal gas of combustion heat wind furnace are to adopt the reduction furnace stock gas, and the stock gas temperature out is given and being counted about 300 ℃, in case of necessity with mixing cold nitrogen cooling or adopting water cooler (10) cooling that it is maintained in 200～250 ℃ of scopes.Adopt alkali free glass fibre filter bag sack cleaner to handle above-mentioned coal gas, handle the back dustiness and can be lower than 10mg/Nm
3, can guarantee cleanliness factor requirement to combustion heat wind furnace coal gas.The top gas of reduction shaft furnace calorific value is 4200kj/Nm
3About, can guarantee that the hotblast stove throat temperature reaches more than 1350 ℃.The filtration area of sack cleaner is pressed 20Nm
3/ m
2.h consider, give meter and allow incendiary coal gas amount to can be 1000Nm
3/ h.The blowback of cloth bag is swept and is considered to adopt the nitrogen source of the gas, carries out when changing stove, establishes nitrogen basin buffering nitrogen use level.
(3) cooling cylinder (12) and charging/discharging device.
Adopt the cooling cylinder type of cooling, make sponge iron that reduction furnace comes out direct-reduced iron through the blocky pore-free of cooling cylinder roll extrusion, be difficult for oxidation after going out cooling cylinder, sponge iron enters the cooling cylinder head temperature and is expected to be 800 ℃, and drop temperature can be 30 ℃～100 ℃ after cooling process.Cooling cylinder stack shell obliquity 1.5%, the adjustable 1～4r/min of rotating speed.Use the oil motor transmission, also available direct-current motor transmission.The special tightness system of cooling cylinder two ends installing, inlet end ramming refractory materials.The cooling cylinder shell can be placed on two pairs of support rolls, by geartransmission.Product adopts the indirect water-cooling mode in cooling cylinder, the trickle groove is installed directly over cooling cylinder, in order to strengthen cooling, is welded with fin in the tube.The worm conveyor of the adjustable screw rod hollow water-cooled of traffic capacity is adopted in the cooling cylinder charging, uses the oil motor transmission, also available direct-current motor transmission.The double plate valve is adopted in the cooling cylinder discharging, has been the chamber between two disk valve, to guarantee the even discharging of cooling cylinder and nitrogen malleation in cooling cylinder.Finished product regularly each approximately 10 clocks effluxes once, also is connected with adhesive tape conveyor by skip hoist, delivers to stockyard and stores.
Vapourizing furnace direct reduction unit of the present invention comprises two pebble stoves (3), producer gas generator (2), water cooler (7), tornado dust collector (8), gas blower (5), oxygenerator and nitrogen supercharging machine (4), directly reduction shaft furnace (1), rotary type cooling tube (12), coal gas tornado dust collector (9), steam boiler (6) dry type gas cooler (10), sack cleaner (11), pan tank (13), bubble slag bath (14); Directly the coal gas of reduction shaft furnace discharging is through fly-ash separator, dry cooler and sack cleaner, in parallel with gas blower and steam boiler, then enter stone ball hotblast stove, again with oxygenerator and link producer gas generator, producer gas generator outlet and water cooler, the tornado dust collector series connection, tornado dust collector are connected with direct reduction shaft furnace with oxygenerator.
(4) produce qualified metallurgical reducing gas and slag tap and high-temperature dust removal technology
(1) high temperature blast of the oxygen enrichment humidification slag tap formula producer gas generator of making vaporized chemical produces the Technology of qualified reducing gas, be in producer gas generator, with solid fuel lump coal is the gas making energy, is vaporized chemical with the high wind-warm syndrome air blast of oxygen enrichment humidification, produces reducing gas by following reaction formula:
ΔH°＝-11.84864(KJ/mol) (1)
ΔH°＝12.2673(KJ/mol) (2)
, press (1) and the reaction of (2) formula of different ratios under certain condition, comprehensively make different reducing gas CO+H
2, H
2/ (CO+H
2) semi-water gas of ratio.In order to produce high CO+H
2And low CH
4Reducing gas, prevent
The carrying out of reaction according to Lu-Cha Teli principle, should be used the reaction conditions of high-temperature low-pressure.
The key of this Technology is to produce qualified metallurgical reducing gas, i.e. (CO+H in the coal gas
2)＞75%, (CO
2+ H
2O)≤5%, ((CO+H
2)-2X (CO
2+ H
2O)) 〉=65%, the consumption 1600Nm/t of reducing gas, 850～900 ℃ of gas temperatures, dust content of gas≤4g/m
3, and can continuous air feed.Its feature is:
1. for guaranteeing gas quality, adopt 30% oxygen enrichment and 1050 ℃ of hot blasts to make the slag tap producer gas generator of vaporized chemical, it has the oxidisability that reduces coal gas, eliminates the coal-tar middle oil advantage of coal gas, can guarantee following reducing gas quality:
CO H
2CO
2H
2O N
2The dustiness temperature
＞50%＞25%＜3%＜3%＜2.5% 2～4g/m
3Use this coal gas for 850-900 ℃, can satisfy the needs of iron-bearing material reduction and heating simultaneously, reduce shaft furnace coal gas requirement, thereby can make shaft furnace gas consumption amount reduce to minimum level.
2. coal for gasification is obtained easily.Can adopt Jincheng coal and shenfu coal as coal for gasification for saving investment; Also can use for reference the experience of oxygen enriched blast coal injection, promptly adopt the oxygen coal injection technology, the coal for gasification prescription of the coke of the fine coal with 70%+30% (or lump coal); Also can adopt the hard coal, gas coke, moulded coal or the blast furnace that do not split cruelly undersized (～25mm) Xiao Jiao etc. is as the gasification energy.
3. the coal gas of high temperature that comes out from producer gas generator is handled through hot tornado dust collector and can directly be sent into shaft furnace, to keep coal gas heat energy, cuts down the consumption of energy.
(2) gas furnace slag tap technology.Liquid coal ash belongs to high Al
2O
3The high viscosity slag type of content, the viscosity of the normal blast-furnace slag of its viscosity ratio is much higher, reduces the cindery viscosity of coal by slag making design, and uses way such as high wind-warm syndrome, realizes making the high-temperature liquid state deslagging of the producer gas generator of metallurgical reducing gas.
(3) high-temperature dust removal technology.Discharge 850～900 ℃ of coal gas of high temperature of lowering the temperature from producer, after cyclone dust removal (or gravitational dust collection), directly send into shaft furnace, keep the coal gas heat to cut down the consumption of energy through water cooler.
(5) the direct reduction technique of shaft furnace iron-bearing material
(1) the direct reduction of iron-bearing material in the reduction shaft furnace is in solid charge and gaseous reducing agent inverse motion process, the oxide compound reduced gas of iron reduction oxygen loss, and become direct-reduced iron.Solid charge has only iron ore or pelletizing to form, and the H in the coal gas
2Height and N
2Low, there are not slag making and melting process.More than 570 ℃, its main reduction reaction is carried out in the following order:
ΔH°＝-52.963 (KJ/mol) (3-1)
ΔH°＝-21.81312(KJ/mol) (3-2)
ΔH°＝22.399 (KJ/mol) (4-1)
ΔH°＝63.579 (KJ/mol) (4-2)
ΔH°＝-13.60711(KJ/mol) (5-1)
ΔH°＝28.00957 (KJ/mol) (5-2)
Influence furnace charge and temperature of gas field in concentration field that the reductive factor is a reducing gas in the bed and the bed, cause the operating parameters that has of these two fields variations, comprise gas-solid ratio, combustion intensity, air inlet composition, temperature etc., with the charging characteristics parameter, comprise raw material reductibility, granularity, chemical ingredients etc., these parameters of complex optimum or factor make reduction shaft furnace reach optimum regime.
(2) this technology reduction shaft furnace to the major requirement of iron-bearing material is:
1. ferrous grade height.The rich iron of fine, lump ore or acid pellet are arranged.Its iron-holder generally should be greater than 68%, acid gangue SlO
2, Al
2O
3＜3%, S, P＜0.02%, and other elements (Cu+Pb+Zn+Sn+Sb+Bi+Se)＜0.05%.Because gangue all is retained in the reduced iron, gangue is too much, will bring such as detrimentally affects such as power consumption increase, lining life shortenings Electric furnace steel making.SiO in the raw material
2Every increase by 1%, will add 20kg lime, electric power consumption per ton steel during steel-making increases nearly 20 degree.Import Australia ore deposit, Nan Feikuang, Brazilian pelletizing all can satisfy directly reduction to the requirement of ferrous grade.The contained acid gangue of wherein Brazilian pellet is minimum relatively.
2. good reductibility should be arranged.Reduction reaction rate is a decision direct-reduction process productivity greatest factor, therefore will use good pelletizing of reducing property or natural lump ore as iron-bearing material.Experiment shows that the reductibility of three kinds of import iron-bearing materials relatively is: Brazilian pellet＞Australia ore deposit＞Nan Feikuang, and it is about 30% to adopt ore deposit, the comparable South Africa of Brazilian pellet to improve output, and a ton iron oxygen consumption also can decrease.
3. softening temperature height.The softening temperature of iron-bearing material has determined the service temperature of direct reduction shaft furnace.Because do not allow to take place between the furnace charge in the shaft furnace or furnace charge and furnace wall between bonding, and the height of service temperature is and the proportional relation of direct yied of redution, so require iron-bearing material should have high as far as possible softening temperature.The result shows according to preliminary experiment, and therefore Brazilian pelletizing, the softening temperature that the bonding phenomenon takes place in Australia ore deposit are suitable iron-bearing materials as this technology all greater than 850 ℃.
4. Heat stability is good, hot and cold intensity height.The normal temperature of iron-bearing material, hot strength and thermostability are normally carried out very importantly to what keep direct reduction process, reduce explosion and efflorescence that reduction process occurs as far as possible.Experimental study shows, Brazilian by comparison pellet strength index preferably and the Australia ore deposit is relatively poor.
5. thermal expansivity is little.Shaft furnace is very responsive to the thermal expansivity of iron-bearing material, because the serious operating barrier that it can cause the shaft furnace blanking to have some setbacks.The general requirement rate of expansion is necessary less than 20% so this technology is selected the pellet that satisfies this index for use, otherwise must reduce the pellet usage ratio by collocation lump ore mode.
Direct reduction process for oxygen-rich fusion gasifying furnace is the novel technique method of the direct-reduced iron that adapts to China's Iron And Steel Industry development, tally with the national condition.Coal for gasification is obtained easily, without China's shortage the sky hot gas as primary energy source, available shenfu coal, Jincheng coal or Datong District's coal are as coal for gasification, the also available hard coal that does not split cruelly, gas coke, moulded coal or blast furnace undersized (～25mm) Xiao Jiao etc. is as the gasification energy, also can increase the device of a cover Coal powder spray, the coal for gasification prescription of the coke of the fine coal with 70%+30% (or lump coal); Oxygen-enriched air smelting bed reducing gas producer temperature of reaction height fully decomposes tar and phenol, the combustibleconstituents in the coal is all gasified, gasification efficiency height, oxydised component CO in the coal gas
2+ H
2O reduces, and dustiness is low, uses the needs that this coal gas can satisfy iron ore or pellet ore reduction and heating simultaneously, and reduction shaft furnace coal gas requirement is little; Use high temperature,, reduce the cindery viscosity of coal, realize the high-temperature liquid state deslagging of the producer gas generator of the metallurgical reducing gas of manufacturing by reasonable slag making design; Adopt the cooling dust-removal system of dry type reducing gas, do not use water as refrigerant with air, exempt processing sewage; Adopt the cooling cylinder cooling system of direct-reduced iron, logical nitrogen in the cooling cylinder, the outer water spray of tube can guarantee to make direct-reduced iron to cool to the expelling tube of back below 100 ℃.Initial cost and production cost are low, by producing 30000 tons of calculating per year, the initial cost of unit direct-reduced iron is 76 dollars/ton, 135 dollars/ton of production costs, be lower than the cost (148 dollars/ton) of producing sponge iron from external introduction kiln process, price is more cheap, recently external one-level steel scrap free on board is 157.5 dollars/ton, if add freight charges, tariff etc., factory uses even border on the sea, also will reach 220 dollars/ton to the price at factory, the price of the direct-reduced iron of this explained hereafter can be well below this price.
Specification sheets Fig. 1 of the present invention is the direct reducing process schema of oxygen-rich fusion gasifying furnace.
The drawing explanation of specification sheets Fig. 1 of the present invention:
The direct reduction shaft furnace 2-of 1-gasification slag tap formula reducing gas producer
3-pebble stove 4-oxygenerator
5-gas blower 6-steam boiler
The hot tornado dust collector of 7-water cooler 8-
9-coal gas tornado dust collector 10-water cooler
11-sack cleaner 12-cooling cylinder
13-finished product storage tank 14-steeps slag bath
Provide Brazilian pellet with feeding device to the direct reduction furnace its top feed of gasification mouth (A), provide smokeless coal cinder, unslaked lime, fluorite to metallurgy with its top feed mouth (C) of liquid ash melting type producer gas generator, the sponge iron of B for producing, D are the byproduct grain slag and the molten iron of discharging from producer gas generator.
One of this novel process embodiment:
1. oxygen-enriched air smelting bed reducing gas producer, furnace diameter 2.5m, maximum coal gas generating capacity is 4380Nm
3/ h, reducing gas contains ((CO+H
2)-2X (CO
2+ H
2O)) 〉=65%, main unit consumption amount: reduction lump coal (Jincheng coal) 607Kg/t, unslaked lime 50Kg/t, fluorite 10Kg/t, oxygen (pressure 0.1MPa) 198Nm
3/ t, air blast (pressure 0.1MPa) 611Nm
3/ t, steam (pressure 0.3MPa) 55Kg/t.Reclaim grain slag 197Kg/t, scrap iron 28Kg/t.
2. the direct reduction shaft furnace of gasification, middle band 4.5m, pellet about 12 hours, is produced 2.4 ten thousand tons of direct-reduced irons per year, direct-reduced iron TFe～90%, MFe～80%, degree of metalization 〉=90 at the reduction residing time in furnace.Main unit consumption amount: Brazilian pellet 1424Kg/t, reduction tolerance 1550Nm
3/ t.Reclaim reduction stock gas (burning boiler part, calorific value 4850kJ/Nm
3) 40Nm
3/ t.
3. oxygen machine and nitrogen compressor, employing output is 300Nm
3Two of/h oxygenerators are produced purity nitrogen 500Nm simultaneously
3/ h, nitrogen are used for the cooling cylinder pressurising and seal the propulsion source that compresses, and as urgent cooling gas, when various coal gas hold the gas shutdown maintenance, can be used as safe pressurising and drive coal gas usefulness when the reducing gas temperature is too high.Oxygen pressure is 0.1～0.15MPa, and nitrogen pressure is 0.6～0.65MPa.
4. hotblast stove and gas blower, Combustion of Hot Air Furnace adopts top gas of reduction shaft furnace after tornado dust collector are handled with coal gas, and it is maximum that to handle air quantity be 1850Nm
3/ h, heating back wind-warm syndrome can reach 850 ℃, and gas blower adopts CD36x28 type Roots to turn round and look at blower fan, and boosting is 0.1MPa.
5. hot tornado dust collector of reducing gas and water cooler, hot tornado dust collector internal diameter φ 2m, reducing gas temperature～1000 ℃ palpus when producer comes out enters reduction furnace after water cooler is cooled to 850 ℃, because water cooler long term operation at high temperature, establish variable valve at arm cold air end and regulate incorporation so adopt from arm, to draw to mix back again after 30% the reducing gas cooling, handicapping stream facility guarantees that arm cold air can mix in the person in charge simultaneously, be anti-contingency, also introduce source nitrogen, mix the small amount of nitrogen cooling in case of necessity.
6. the processing of top gas of reduction shaft furnace, top gas of reduction shaft furnace come out to handle about 300 ℃ of gas temperature through tornado dust collector, treated coal gas about 45% is sent to hotblast stove and boiler burns, the rest part igniting is diffused, and as possibility of financial resources, can consider to utilize the emission coal gas generating.The coal gas that is sent to hotblast stove needs once more through the tornado dust collector dedusting tornado dust collector internal diameter φ 1.3m.Gas temperature＜250 ℃, pressure is about 10000Pa.
7. steam supply is established two of dwarf boilers, and steam generating amount is 200-250kg/h, and pressure is 0.3MPa.
8. cooling cylinder and charging/discharging device, the cooling cylinder head temperature is expected to be 800 ℃, and drop temperature can be 30 ℃～100 ℃ after cooling process.Cooling cylinder external diameter φ 1.5m, stack shell length 20m, stack shell obliquity 1.5%, the adjustable 1～4r/min of rotating speed.Use the oil motor transmission.Installing special tightness system in cooling cylinder two ends adopts the nitrogen cold air type of cooling in the cooling cylinder, the trickle groove is installed directly over cooling cylinder, the spray cooling.The worm conveyor of the adjustable screw rod hollow water-cooled of traffic capacity is adopted in the cooling cylinder charging, uses the oil motor transmission.The double plate valve is adopted in the cooling cylinder discharging, has been the chamber between two disk valve, to guarantee the even discharging of cooling cylinder and nitrogen malleation in cooling cylinder.Finished product regularly each approximately 10 clocks effluxes once, also is connected with adhesive tape conveyor by skip hoist, delivers to stockyard and stores.
Claims (5)
1, oxygen-rich fusion gasifying furnace direct-reduced iron technology, use two pebble stoves (3), directly the reducing gas stove is the direct reducing gas producer (2) of high temperature liquid deslagging, with the normal temperature air is the water cooler (7) of heat-eliminating medium, hot tornado dust collector (8), gas blower (5), oxygenerator and nitrogen supercharging machine (4), the direct reduction shaft furnace of gasification (1), rotary type cooling tube (12), high temperature discharging device water-cooling spiral transfer roller is housed, finished product storage tank (13), coal gas tornado dust collector (9) between (1) and (2), steam boiler (6), dry type gas cooler (10), sack cleaner (11), and the bubble slag bath (14) of the producer gas generator of high temperature liquid deslagging.It is characterized in that the alternately commutation regularly of two pebble stoves, finish burning respectively and add thermal regenerator and utilize accumulation of heat to add the gas of warm air and vapor mixing.Pebble stove to accumulation of heat blasts air, steam, be heated to 1000～1100 ℃, oxygen-rich air with its gas and 30～70% oxygen by volume blasts the reducing gas producer again, and its furnace roof adds smokeless coal cinder, unslaked lime and fluorite, produces 900～1300 ℃ of temperature, contains (CO+H
2The reducing gas of) 〉=75%, and realize the hot deslagging of high temperature.The liquid coal lime-ash is handed over through the bubble slag bath and is grain slag, also has a small amount of molten iron to discharge from the vapourizing furnace bottom, becomes the byproduct of this technology.30% high temperature reduction gas is after water cooler is cooled to 300～400 ℃ by volume, mixes with 70% 1000～1300 ℃ high temperature reduction gas, and the temperature of reducing gas reaches 800～900 ℃ behind hot tornado dust collector, is transported to reduction shaft furnace.With pellet or iron ore, its iron-holder is greater than 68%, acid gangue SiO
2, Al
2O
3＜3%, S, P＜0.02%, and other elements (Cu+Pb+Zn+Sn+Sb+Bi+Se)＜0.05%, add in the stove continuously from the shaft furnace top, pellet is average the stop 10～12 hours in stove, through reduction reaction pellet ore reduction is become direct-reduced iron, direct-reduced iron TFe) 90% MFe＞81%,, direct-reduced iron degree of metalization≤90%, tapping temperature is 800～900 ℃, utilize to press the nitrogen machine to charge into the cooling cylinder of nitrogen, outside spray again to cooling cylinder inside, direct-reduced iron is cooled to 30～100 ℃ after outside the expelling tube.Reduction shaft furnace exhaust gas discharged temperature reaches 300 ℃, and wherein 70% igniting is by volume diffused or is used for generating, and the part in 30% is used for heating boiler and produces steam, and another part returns pebble stove by behind the bag-type dust, burning heat hot wind furnace.Handle above-mentioned coal gas through sack cleaner, handle the back dustiness and be lower than 10mg/Nm
3, the top gas of reduction shaft furnace calorific value is 4200kj/Nm
3About, the hotblast stove throat temperature reaches more than 1350～1450 ℃.
2, according to the described oxygen-rich fusion gasifying furnace direct-reduced iron of claim 1 technology, it is characterized in that the reducing gas producer is the gas making energy with solid fuel lump coal, with unslaked lime and fluorite is slag former, the corresponding weight percent that connects of its proportioning is (90～92): (6.5～7.5): (1.2～1.7), with 30～35% oxygen enrichments and temperature is that 1000～1100 ℃ high temperature wet blast is a vaporized chemical, steam, air, the ratio of normal temperature oxygen by volume per-cent should be (8～10) mutually: (50～60): (30～42), the metallurgical reducing gas temperature of producing is 1000～1200 ℃, and gas composition is CO＞50%, H
2＞25%, (CO+H
2)＞75%, CO
2＜3%, H
2O＜3%, (CO
2+ H
2O)≤5%, ((CO+H
2)-2X (CO
2+ H
2O)) 〉=65%, N
2＜2.5%, the consumption 1600Nm of reducing gas
3/ t, dust content of gas are 2～4g/m
3, and the continuous air feed of energy, gasification furnace coal lime-ash deslagging temperature reaches 1600～1700 ℃, and composition is by weight percentage: Al
2O
3=15～20%, CaO=30～35%, SiO
2=25～30%, CaF
2=5～10%MgO=10～15%.
3, according to the described oxygen-rich fusion gasifying furnace direct-reduced iron of claim 1 technology, it is characterized in that 900～1300 ℃ of coal gas of high temperature that come out from the reducing gas producer of 30% are sent into water cooler, blowing air makes the coal gas of high temperature temperature reduce to 300～400 ℃ as refrigerant in the water cooler.Coal gas from the water cooler discharge, mix with 70% 1000～1300 ℃ high temperature reduction gas, the temperature of mixed reducing gas reaches 800～900 ℃, behind cyclone dust removal or gravitational dust collection, directly send into shaft furnace, reducing gas carries out reduction reaction with pellet in shaft furnace after, the part of its waste gas 30% be used to burn steam boiler and pebble stove.The reduction shaft furnace waste gas that is used for combustion heat wind furnace is handled through sack cleaner, handles the back dustiness and is lower than 10mg/Nm
3
4, according to the described oxygen-rich fusion gasifying furnace direct-reduced iron of claim 1 technology, it is characterized in that blasting pebble stove air 567m
3/ t, steam 227m
3/ t, reduction shaft furnace waste gas 740m
3/ t is heated to 1050 ℃ and normal temperature oxygen 160m through stone ball hotblast stove
3/ t blasts in the stove from the producer lower end respectively, and the upper end adds the smokeless coal cinder of 571kg/t, 46kg/t unslaked lime, 9.5kg fluorite in the stove, and reaction generates 900～1200 ℃, 1600m
3The reducing gas of/t, composition are (CO+H
2) 〉=75%, this reducing gas 30% is reduced to 300 ℃ through chiller temperature, mix with the reducing gas of 1000～1300 ℃ of 70% high temperature, the reducing gas temperature is 850 ℃ and enters reduction shaft furnace after the tornado dust collector dedusting, the reduction shaft furnace pelletizing piece 1362kg/t that packs into, and the pelletizing piece is 10～12 hours at residing time in furnace, the direct-reduced iron tapping temperature of producing is 800 ℃, hourly output 3.37t is through the cylinder of diameter 1.5m, length 20m, interior inflated with nitrogen 140m
3/ h.t, outside spray cooling, stack shell obliquity 1.5%, below the rotating speed 1r/min, cooling reduced iron to 100 ℃, 300 ℃ of about 780m of reduction shaft furnace waste gas
3/ t, wherein a part of 30% is through dwarf boiler heating steam 200m
3/ t, 130 ℃ of temperature, pressure 0.3MPa, another part is cooled to 200 ℃ through water cooler, after entering sack cleaner and removing, returns pebble stove.
5, according to the described oxygen-rich fusion gasifying furnace direct reduction unit of claim 1, it is characterized in that comprising two pebble stoves (3), producer gas generator (2), water cooler (7), tornado dust collector (8), gas blower (5), oxygenerator and nitrogen supercharging machine (4), direct reduction shaft furnace (1), rotary type cooling tube (12), coal gas tornado dust collector (9), steam boiler (6), dry type gas cooler (10), sack cleaner (11), pan tank (13), bubble slag bath (14); Directly the coal gas of reduction shaft furnace discharging is through fly-ash separator, dry cooler and sack cleaner, in parallel with gas blower and steam boiler, then enter stone ball hotblast stove, again with oxygenerator and link producer gas generator, producer gas generator outlet and water cooler, the tornado dust collector series connection, tornado dust collector are connected with direct reduction shaft furnace with oxygenerator.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 94118268 CN1035831C (en) | 1994-11-18 | 1994-11-18 | Direct reduction process for oxygen-rich fusion gasifying furnace |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN 94118268 CN1035831C (en) | 1994-11-18 | 1994-11-18 | Direct reduction process for oxygen-rich fusion gasifying furnace |
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| CN1035831C true CN1035831C (en) | 1997-09-10 |
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|---|---|---|---|
| CN 94118268 Expired - Fee Related CN1035831C (en) | 1994-11-18 | 1994-11-18 | Direct reduction process for oxygen-rich fusion gasifying furnace |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| CN2719854Y (en) * | 2004-08-16 | 2005-08-24 | 山东省冶金设计院 | Dry dust-collecting device suitable for blast furnace with heat exchanger |
| CN2719852Y (en) * | 2004-08-16 | 2005-08-24 | 山东省冶金设计院 | Dry dust-collecting device with diffusion function |
| CN101736103B (en) * | 2008-11-05 | 2013-12-18 | 中冶赛迪工程技术股份有限公司 | Iron manufacture technology |
| LU91547B1 (en) * | 2009-04-03 | 2010-10-04 | Wurth Paul Sa | Method and installation for producing direct reduced iron |
| KR101663343B1 (en) * | 2009-06-10 | 2016-10-06 | 케키 호르무스지 가르다 | Method for producing cast iron or semi steel with reducing gas |
| CN102031326B (en) * | 2010-12-20 | 2012-05-02 | 张成顺 | Iron-smelting process by direct smelting reduction of iron concentrate powder |
| CN102181595A (en) * | 2011-05-16 | 2011-09-14 | 中冶赛迪工程技术股份有限公司 | Cooling method and system of high-temperature directly reduced iron |
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| KR101561278B1 (en) * | 2013-11-04 | 2015-10-16 | 주식회사 포스코 | Apparatus and method for collecting dust of furnace gas |
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| RU2711282C1 (en) * | 2019-08-01 | 2020-01-16 | Акционерное общество «ЕВРАЗ Нижнетагильский металлургический комбинат» (АО «ЕВРАЗ НТМК») | Blast furnace main discharge chute |
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