CN103555104B - The special macromolecular material of steel anti-corrosive and its preparation method and application technique - Google Patents
The special macromolecular material of steel anti-corrosive and its preparation method and application technique Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种钢铁防腐专用高分子材料，按质量百分比计，由以下组分组成：1%～5%消泡剂，1%～5%分散剂，1%～5%防锈剂，1%～5%防腐剂，30%～60%水性丙烯酸树脂，5%～15%水性饱和聚酯树脂，1%～5%色浆，其余为水。本发明还公开了所述高分子材料的制备方法和应用工艺。本发明所提供的高分子材料能够高效地利用钢铁工件加工后的残余热量，通过气相沉积及热聚合反应在钢铁工件表面获得一层附着力强、致密性好的高分子薄膜，从而提高钢铁工件的耐腐蚀性。本发明所提供的高分子材料制备方法操作简易；应用工艺简单，可与锻造设备及热处理设备配套生产，降低生产劳动强度，减少能耗，提高效率，且成本低、安全环保。The invention discloses a special polymer material for iron and steel anticorrosion, which consists of the following components in terms of mass percentage: 1%-5% defoamer, 1%-5% dispersant, 1%-5% antirust agent, 1%-5% preservative, 30%-60% water-based acrylic resin, 5%-15% water-based saturated polyester resin, 1%-5% color paste, and the rest is water. The invention also discloses the preparation method and application process of the polymer material. The polymer material provided by the present invention can efficiently utilize the residual heat after the steel workpiece is processed, and obtain a layer of high-molecular film with strong adhesion and good compactness on the surface of the steel workpiece through vapor deposition and thermal polymerization reaction, thereby improving the quality of the steel workpiece. corrosion resistance. The polymer material preparation method provided by the invention is easy to operate; the application process is simple, and it can be produced in conjunction with forging equipment and heat treatment equipment, reducing production labor intensity, reducing energy consumption, improving efficiency, low cost, safety and environmental protection.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及钢铁防腐技术领域，具体涉及一种钢铁防腐专用高分子材料及其制备方法和应用工艺。The invention relates to the technical field of iron and steel anticorrosion, in particular to a special polymer material for iron and steel anticorrosion, a preparation method and an application process thereof.
背景技术Background technique
钢铁工件经过锻造工艺后，往往需要进行防锈防腐处理，以此来提高工件的防腐蚀性。传统的工艺为碱煮发蓝，即利用NaOH、NaNO2、Na3PO4等强氧化剂在钢铁表面形成一层Fe3O4薄膜，这层薄膜能够阻止钢铁内部的氧化腐蚀，从而起到保护工件的作用。然而，碱煮发蓝的工艺前处理工序非常繁琐，工艺耗能大，效率低，同时工作环境恶略，污染严重。目前，碱煮发蓝工艺已经逐渐被更加节能环保的余温发黑工艺所取代。After the steel workpiece has been forged, it often needs anti-rust and anti-corrosion treatment to improve the corrosion resistance of the workpiece. The traditional process is alkali boiling bluing, that is, using NaOH, NaNO 2 , Na 3 PO 4 and other strong oxidants to form a layer of Fe 3 O 4 film on the surface of steel. This film can prevent oxidation and corrosion inside the steel, thereby protecting The role of artifacts. However, the pre-treatment process of alkali boiling bluing is very cumbersome, the process consumes a lot of energy, has low efficiency, and at the same time, the working environment is harsh and the pollution is serious. At present, the soda boiling bluing process has been gradually replaced by the more energy-saving and environmentally friendly residual temperature blackening process.
余温发黑，即利用热处理工艺中工件的余热和高分子物质的热聚合反应在钢铁表面快速形成一层膜层，从而减缓或阻止金属的腐蚀，增强金属的防腐能力。余温发黑工艺能够高效的利用热处理工艺中工件所携带的残余热量，节能高效，同时工艺简单，安全环保。基于以上的优点，余温发黑工艺目前得到了广泛的运用。但是，余温发黑的运用也有值得改善之处，主要是此工艺所得到的薄膜附着力往往不是很理想，同时薄膜的致密性不稳定。Residual temperature blackening, that is to use the residual heat of the workpiece in the heat treatment process and the thermal polymerization of polymer substances to quickly form a film on the surface of the steel, thereby slowing down or preventing the corrosion of the metal and enhancing the anti-corrosion ability of the metal. The residual temperature blackening process can efficiently utilize the residual heat carried by the workpiece in the heat treatment process, which is energy-saving and efficient, and at the same time the process is simple, safe and environmentally friendly. Based on the above advantages, the residual temperature blackening process has been widely used at present. However, the use of after-temperature blackening also has something to be improved, mainly because the adhesion of the film obtained by this process is often not very ideal, and the compactness of the film is not stable at the same time.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明的目的是提供一种钢铁防腐专用高分子材料，解决现有技术中余温发黑工艺中所得到的薄膜附着力不高，同时薄膜的致密性不稳定等不足。本发明还提供了该高分子材料的制备方法和应用工艺。The purpose of the present invention is to provide a special polymer material for iron and steel anticorrosion, which solves the problems of low film adhesion and unstable compactness of the film obtained in the residual temperature blackening process in the prior art. The invention also provides a preparation method and an application process of the polymer material.
为解决上述问题，本发明采用以下技术方案：In order to solve the above problems, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions:
一种钢铁防腐专用高分子材料，按质量百分比计，由以下组分组成：1%～5%消泡剂，1%～5%分散剂，1%～5%防锈剂，1%～5%防腐剂，30%～60%水性丙烯酸树脂，5%～15%水性饱和聚酯树脂，1%～5%色浆，其余为水，其中，水性丙烯酸树脂的粘度为500～5000mPa·s，玻璃化温度为70～100℃；水性饱和聚酯树脂的粘度为3500～5500mpa·s。A special polymer material for steel anti-corrosion, which is composed of the following components by mass percentage: 1%-5% defoamer, 1%-5% dispersant, 1%-5% rust inhibitor, 1%-5% % preservatives, 30%-60% water-based acrylic resin, 5%-15% water-based saturated polyester resin, 1%-5% color paste, and the rest is water. Among them, the viscosity of water-based acrylic resin is 500-5000mPa·s, The glass transition temperature is 70-100°C; the viscosity of the water-based saturated polyester resin is 3500-5500mpa·s.
上述钢铁防腐专用高分子材料的制备方法，包括如下步骤：加入配方量的水，之后加入配方量的消泡剂搅拌5～10min，加入配方量的分散剂搅拌10～30min，加入配方量的防锈剂搅拌10～30min，加入配方量的防腐剂搅拌10～30min，加入配方量的水性丙烯酸树脂搅拌30～90min，加入配方量的水性饱和聚酯树脂搅拌30～60min，加入配方量的色浆搅拌60～120min。The preparation method of the above-mentioned special polymer material for steel anticorrosion comprises the following steps: adding the formulated amount of water, then adding the formulated amount of defoamer and stirring for 5-10 minutes, adding the formulated amount of dispersant and stirring for 10-30 minutes, adding the formulated amount of anti-foaming agent Stir the rust agent for 10-30 minutes, add the prescribed amount of preservative and stir for 10-30 minutes, add the prescribed amount of water-based acrylic resin and stir for 30-90 minutes, add the prescribed amount of water-based saturated polyester resin and stir for 30-60 minutes, add the prescribed amount of color paste Stir for 60-120 minutes.
上述钢铁防腐专用高分子材料的应用工艺，包括如下步骤：The application process of the above-mentioned special polymer material for steel anticorrosion includes the following steps:
步骤一、将所述钢铁防腐专用高分子材料用水稀释，其中钢铁防腐专用高分子材料的质量浓度为8％～12％；Step 1, diluting the special polymer material for steel anticorrosion with water, wherein the mass concentration of the special polymer material for steel anticorrosion is 8% to 12%;
步骤二、钢铁工件经过锻造加工后，直接将钢铁工件浸入到步骤一得到的钢铁防腐专用高分子材料的溶液中2～5min，其中锻造加工温度为700～1000℃；或者钢铁工件经过回火工艺后，直接将钢铁工件浸入到步骤一得到的钢铁防腐专用高分子材料的溶液中20s～2min，其中回火工艺温度为200℃～550℃；Step 2. After the steel workpiece is forged, directly immerse the steel workpiece in the solution of the steel anti-corrosion polymer material obtained in step 1 for 2-5 minutes, wherein the forging temperature is 700-1000°C; or the steel workpiece is tempered. Finally, directly immerse the iron and steel workpiece into the solution of the special polymer material for iron and steel anticorrosion obtained in step 1 for 20s to 2 minutes, wherein the tempering temperature is 200°C to 550°C;
步骤三、将步骤二得到的钢铁工件利用120℃～150℃热风进行烘干。Step 3, drying the iron and steel workpiece obtained in Step 2 with hot air at 120° C. to 150° C.
本发明的有益效果：Beneficial effects of the present invention:
1、本发明利用有机高分子在高温下雾化后得气相沉积工艺，以此来保证所得薄膜的高致密性；同时利用热量为驱动力，使高分子成膜组分发生热聚合反应，使得所获得的薄膜牢牢的吸附在钢铁工件表面，即提高薄膜的附着力，从而提高钢铁工件的耐腐蚀性。同时本发明高分子材料不受颜色限制。1. The present invention utilizes the gas phase deposition process after the atomization of organic polymers at high temperature to ensure the high compactness of the obtained film; at the same time, heat is used as the driving force to cause thermal polymerization of the polymer film-forming components, so that The obtained film is firmly adsorbed on the surface of the steel workpiece, that is, the adhesion of the film is improved, thereby improving the corrosion resistance of the steel workpiece. At the same time, the polymer material of the present invention is not limited by color.
2、替代传统碱性发蓝工艺，无排放，为清洁生产工艺，简便实用，比老工艺节能节水、消除污染，每处理1t工件可节电100～150kW·h，节约用水10m3，减排酸碱废水7～8m3，同时消除了亚硝酸盐等有害物质对人体的危害，成本为老工艺的1/6～1/5，经济效益、环境效益显著。2. It replaces the traditional alkaline bluing process, has no emissions, is a clean production process, is simple and practical, saves energy and water, and eliminates pollution compared with the old process. It can save 100-150kW·h of electricity and 10m 3 of water for each 1t of workpiece processed. It discharges 7-8m 3 of acid-alkali waste water, and at the same time eliminates the harm of nitrite and other harmful substances to the human body. The cost is 1/6-1/5 of the old process, and the economic and environmental benefits are remarkable.
3、本发明为水性体系，因此调节浓度时所用的稀释剂为水，简单、无污染。3. The present invention is a water-based system, so the diluent used to adjust the concentration is water, which is simple and pollution-free.
4、本发明高效地利用锻造加工后工件和回火工艺所携带的残余热量，降低能耗。4. The present invention efficiently utilizes the residual heat carried by the forged workpiece and the tempering process to reduce energy consumption.
5、本发明使用工艺简单，可与锻造加工设备或热处理设备配套生产，效率高，成本低。5. The process of the present invention is simple, and can be matched with forging processing equipment or heat treatment equipment for production, with high efficiency and low cost.
6、使用本发明，钢铁工件处理前不用酸洗，处理后不用冲洗，无三废排放，安全环保。6. Using the present invention, steel workpieces do not need to be pickled before treatment, and do not need to be rinsed after treatment, and there is no discharge of three wastes, which is safe and environmentally friendly.
7、利用本发明处理后的钢铁工件使用温度范围不受限制，抗老化能力强。7. The temperature range of the iron and steel workpiece processed by the invention is not limited, and the anti-aging ability is strong.
具体实施方式detailed description
下面结合实施例对本发明做更进一步的解释。下列实施例仅用于说明本发明，但并不用来限定本发明的实施范围。Below in conjunction with embodiment the present invention is further explained. The following examples are only used to illustrate the present invention, but are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
一种钢铁防腐专用高分子材料，按质量百分比计，由以下组分组成：1%～5%消泡剂，1%～5%分散剂，1%～5%防锈剂，1%～5%防腐剂，30%～60%水性丙烯酸树脂，5%～15%水性饱和聚酯树脂，1%～5%色浆，其余为水。A special polymer material for steel anti-corrosion, which is composed of the following components by mass percentage: 1%-5% defoamer, 1%-5% dispersant, 1%-5% rust inhibitor, 1%-5% % preservatives, 30% to 60% water-based acrylic resin, 5% to 15% water-based saturated polyester resin, 1% to 5% color paste, and the rest is water.
水性丙烯酸树脂的粘度为500～5000mPa·s，玻璃化温度为70～100℃，实施例采用的是佛山四喜环保材料有限公司提供的SX-0804。水性饱和聚酯树脂的粘度为3500～5500mpa·s，实施例采用的是广州产协高分子公司提供的wp530。The viscosity of the water-based acrylic resin is 500-5000mPa·s, and the glass transition temperature is 70-100°C. The embodiment uses SX-0804 provided by Foshan Sixi Environmental Protection Materials Co., Ltd. The viscosity of the water-based saturated polyester resin is 3500-5500mpa·s, and what is used in the embodiment is wp530 provided by Guangzhou Industry Association Polymer Company.
以下实施例，消泡剂采用的是道康宁公司提供的1410或1530、分散剂采用的是陶氏公司提供的AEO-10、防锈剂采用的是陶氏公司提供的TEA、防腐剂为苯甲酸钠、色浆采用的是苏州世名科技股份有限公司提供的L360-84。In the following examples, the antifoaming agent adopted is 1410 or 1530 provided by Dow Corning, the dispersant adopted is AEO-10 provided by Dow, the antirust agent adopted is TEA provided by Dow, and the preservative is sodium benzoate , The color paste is L360-84 provided by Suzhou Shiming Technology Co., Ltd.
上述钢铁防腐专用高分子材料生产工艺流程如下：加入配方量的水，之后加入配方量的消泡剂搅拌5～10min，加入配方量的分散剂搅拌10～30min，加入配方量的防锈剂搅拌10～30min，加入配方量的防腐剂搅拌10～30min，加入配方量的水性丙烯酸树脂搅拌30～90min，加入配方量的水性聚氨酯树脂搅拌30～60min，加入配方量的色浆搅拌60～120min。The production process of the above-mentioned special polymer material for steel anti-corrosion is as follows: add the formulated amount of water, then add the formulated amount of defoamer and stir for 5-10 minutes, add the formulated amount of dispersant and stir for 10-30 minutes, add the formulated amount of anti-rust agent and stir 10-30 minutes, add the prescribed amount of preservative and stir for 10-30 minutes, add the prescribed amount of water-based acrylic resin and stir for 30-90 minutes, add the prescribed amount of water-based polyurethane resin and stir for 30-60 minutes, add the prescribed amount of color paste and stir for 60-120 minutes.
上述钢铁防腐专用高分子材料的应用工艺，包括如下步骤：The application process of the above-mentioned special polymer material for steel anticorrosion includes the following steps:
步骤一、将所述钢铁防腐专用高分子材料用水稀释，其中钢铁防腐专用高分子材料的质量浓度为8％～12％，具体适合浓度须根据实际生产情况而定；Step 1, diluting the special polymer material for steel anticorrosion with water, wherein the mass concentration of the special polymer material for steel anticorrosion is 8% to 12%, and the specific suitable concentration must be determined according to the actual production situation;
步骤二、钢铁工件经过锻造加工后，直接将钢铁工件浸入到步骤一得到的钢铁防腐专用高分子材料的溶液中进行防腐处理2～5min，其中锻造加工温度为700～1000℃；或者钢铁工件经过回火工艺后，直接将钢铁工件浸入到步骤一得到的钢铁防腐专用高分子材料的溶液中进行防腐处理20s～2min，其中回火工艺温度为200℃～550℃；Step 2. After the steel workpiece has been forged, the steel workpiece is directly immersed in the solution of the special polymer material for steel anti-corrosion obtained in step 1 to perform anti-corrosion treatment for 2-5 minutes, wherein the forging temperature is 700-1000 ° C; After the tempering process, directly immerse the iron and steel workpiece into the solution of the special polymer material for steel anticorrosion obtained in step 1 for anticorrosion treatment for 20 seconds to 2 minutes, wherein the temperature of the tempering process is 200°C to 550°C;
步骤三、将步骤二得到的钢铁工件利用120℃～150℃热风进行烘干。Step 3, drying the iron and steel workpiece obtained in Step 2 with hot air at 120° C. to 150° C.
钢铁工件的保护色可根据色浆自行调配，得到的膜层均匀且薄，约15-20um。The protective color of the steel workpiece can be adjusted according to the color paste, and the obtained film layer is uniform and thin, about 15-20um.
实施例1Example 1
一种钢铁防腐专用高分子材料，按质量百分比计，由以下组分组成：3%消泡剂，4%分散剂，2%防锈剂，3%防腐剂，50%水性丙烯酸树脂，10%水性饱和聚酯树脂，3%色浆，其余为水。A special polymer material for steel anti-corrosion, composed of the following components by mass percentage: 3% defoamer, 4% dispersant, 2% rust inhibitor, 3% preservative, 50% water-based acrylic resin, 10% Water-based saturated polyester resin, 3% color paste, the rest is water.
上述钢铁防腐专用高分子材料用于钢铁工件防腐处理，包括如下步骤：The above-mentioned special polymer material for steel anti-corrosion is used for anti-corrosion treatment of steel workpieces, including the following steps:
步骤一、将所述钢铁防腐专用高分子材料用水稀释，其中钢铁防腐专用高分子材料的质量浓度为10％；Step 1, diluting the special polymer material for steel anticorrosion with water, wherein the mass concentration of the special polymer material for steel anticorrosion is 10%;
步骤二、钢铁工件经过锻造加工后，直接将钢铁工件浸入到步骤一得到的钢铁防腐专用高分子材料的溶液中进行防腐处理5min，其中锻造加工温度为1000℃；Step 2. After the steel workpiece has been forged, the steel workpiece is directly immersed in the solution of the special polymer material for steel anti-corrosion obtained in step 1 to perform anti-corrosion treatment for 5 minutes, wherein the forging temperature is 1000 ° C;
步骤三、将步骤二得到的钢铁工件利用140℃热风进行烘干。Step 3, drying the iron and steel workpiece obtained in Step 2 with hot air at 140°C.
本实施例制备的膜层均匀，平均厚度为17.5um。The film layer prepared in this embodiment is uniform, with an average thickness of 17.5um.
实施例2Example 2
一种钢铁防腐专用高分子材料，按质量百分比计，由以下组分组成：1%消泡剂，5%分散剂，5%防锈剂，1%防腐剂，40%水性丙烯酸树脂，10%水性饱和聚酯树脂，3%色浆，其余为水。A special polymer material for steel anti-corrosion, composed of the following components by mass percentage: 1% defoamer, 5% dispersant, 5% rust inhibitor, 1% preservative, 40% water-based acrylic resin, 10% Water-based saturated polyester resin, 3% color paste, the rest is water.
上述钢铁防腐专用高分子材料用于钢铁工件防腐处理，包括如下步骤：The above-mentioned special polymer material for steel anti-corrosion is used for anti-corrosion treatment of steel workpieces, including the following steps:
步骤一、将所述钢铁防腐专用高分子材料用水稀释，其中钢铁防腐专用高分子材料的质量浓度为10％；Step 1, diluting the special polymer material for steel anticorrosion with water, wherein the mass concentration of the special polymer material for steel anticorrosion is 10%;
步骤二、钢铁工件经过回火工艺后，直接将钢铁工件浸入到步骤一得到的钢铁防腐专用高分子材料的溶液中进行防腐处理2min，其中回火工艺温度为550℃；Step 2. After the iron and steel workpiece has undergone the tempering process, directly immerse the iron and steel workpiece in the solution of the special polymer material for steel anticorrosion obtained in step 1 for anticorrosion treatment for 2 minutes, wherein the temperature of the tempering process is 550 ° C;
步骤三、将步骤二得到的钢铁工件利用140℃热风进行烘干。Step 3, drying the iron and steel workpiece obtained in Step 2 with hot air at 140°C.
本实施例制备的膜层均匀，平均厚度为17um。The film layer prepared in this embodiment is uniform, with an average thickness of 17um.
实施例3Example 3
一种钢铁防腐专用高分子材料，按质量百分比计，由以下组分组成：1%消泡剂，1%分散剂，1%防锈剂，1%防腐剂，30%水性丙烯酸树脂，5%水性饱和聚酯树脂，1%色浆，其余为水。A special polymer material for steel anti-corrosion, composed of the following components by mass percentage: 1% defoamer, 1% dispersant, 1% rust inhibitor, 1% preservative, 30% water-based acrylic resin, 5% Water-based saturated polyester resin, 1% color paste, the rest is water.
上述钢铁防腐专用高分子材料用于钢铁工件防腐处理，包括如下步骤：The above-mentioned special polymer material for steel anti-corrosion is used for anti-corrosion treatment of steel workpieces, including the following steps:
步骤一、将所述钢铁防腐专用高分子材料用水稀释，其中钢铁防腐专用高分子材料的质量浓度为8％；Step 1, diluting the special polymer material for steel anticorrosion with water, wherein the mass concentration of the special polymer material for steel anticorrosion is 8%;
步骤二、钢铁工件经过锻造加工后，直接将钢铁工件浸入到步骤一得到的钢铁防腐专用高分子材料的溶液中进行防腐处理2min，其中锻造加工温度为700℃；Step 2. After the steel workpiece has been forged, the steel workpiece is directly immersed in the solution of the special polymer material for steel anti-corrosion obtained in step 1 to perform anti-corrosion treatment for 2 minutes, wherein the forging temperature is 700 ° C;
步骤三、将步骤二得到的钢铁工件利用120℃热风进行烘干。Step 3, drying the iron and steel workpiece obtained in Step 2 with hot air at 120°C.
本实施例制备的膜层均匀，平均厚度为16.5um。The film layer prepared in this embodiment is uniform, with an average thickness of 16.5um.
实施例4Example 4
一种钢铁防腐专用高分子材料，按质量百分比计，由以下组分组成：5%消泡剂，5%分散剂，5%防锈剂，5%防腐剂，60%水性丙烯酸树脂，15%水性聚氨酯树脂，5%色浆，其余为水。A special polymer material for steel anticorrosion, composed of the following components by mass percentage: 5% defoamer, 5% dispersant, 5% rust inhibitor, 5% preservative, 60% water-based acrylic resin, 15% Water-based polyurethane resin, 5% color paste, the rest is water.
上述钢铁防腐专用高分子材料用于钢铁工件防腐处理，包括如下步骤：The above-mentioned special polymer material for steel anti-corrosion is used for anti-corrosion treatment of steel workpieces, including the following steps:
步骤一、将所述钢铁防腐专用高分子材料用水稀释，其中钢铁防腐专用高分子材料的质量浓度为12％；Step 1, diluting the special polymer material for steel anticorrosion with water, wherein the mass concentration of the special polymer material for steel anticorrosion is 12%;
步骤二、钢铁工件经过回火工艺后，直接将钢铁工件浸入到步骤一得到的钢铁防腐专用高分子材料的溶液中进行防腐处理20s，其中回火工艺温度为200℃；Step 2. After the iron and steel workpiece has undergone the tempering process, directly immerse the iron and steel workpiece in the solution of the special polymer material for steel anticorrosion obtained in step 1 to perform anticorrosion treatment for 20 seconds, wherein the temperature of the tempering process is 200° C.;
步骤三、将步骤二得到的钢铁工件利用150℃热风进行烘干。Step 3, drying the iron and steel workpiece obtained in Step 2 with hot air at 150°C.
本实施例制备的膜层均匀，平均厚度为18.5um。The film layer prepared in this embodiment is uniform, with an average thickness of 18.5um.
性能测试Performance Testing
对实施例1～4处理后的钢铁工件进行如下性能测试。The steel workpieces treated in Examples 1-4 were subjected to the following performance tests.
致密性、防锈性、防腐蚀性参照国家标准GB/T15519-2002：Compactness, rust resistance and corrosion resistance refer to the national standard GB/T15519-2002:
致密性：各实施例处理后的钢铁工件用质量分数为3%硫酸铜溶液点滴保持12min，均无红斑。Compactness: the iron and steel workpieces treated in each embodiment were dripped with 3% copper sulfate solution for 12 minutes, and there was no erythema.
防锈性：各实施例处理后的钢铁工件用质量分数为3%氯化钠溶液浸60min，均无锈斑。Rust resistance: the iron and steel workpieces treated in each embodiment were dipped in 3% sodium chloride solution for 60 minutes without rust spots.
防腐蚀性：各实施例处理后的钢铁工件用质量分数为5%草酸溶液点滴保持12min，均无腐蚀斑点。Corrosion resistance: the iron and steel workpieces treated in each embodiment were dripped with 5% oxalic acid solution for 12 minutes, and there were no corrosion spots.
附着力：按参照国家标准GB/T9286-1998《色漆和清漆漆膜的划格试验》，经检验各实施例等级均为0级。Adhesion: According to the national standard GB/T9286-1998 "Cross-cut test of paint and varnish film", the grades of all examples are 0 after inspection.
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