CN103430811B - Irrigation method of controlling low-limit soil water of wheat - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种小麦主要生育期控制土壤低限水分的灌溉方法，其原理是根据小麦高产优质协调形成的需水规律，分生育期确定需要灌溉的土壤含水量，并以此作为灌溉的指标，使土壤水分供应与小麦高产形成的水分需求相一致。An irrigation method for controlling the lower limit of soil moisture in the main growth period of wheat. The principle is to determine the water content of the soil that needs to be irrigated according to the water demand law formed by the coordination of high yield and high quality of wheat in the main growth period of wheat, and use it as an irrigation index to make the soil Water supply is consistent with the water demand created by high wheat yields.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明属于农业技术领域，用于小麦高产节水灌溉，具体涉及一种小麦主要生育期控制土壤低限水分的灌溉方法。The invention belongs to the technical field of agriculture and is used for high-yield and water-saving irrigation of wheat, in particular to an irrigation method for controlling the lower limit moisture of soil during the main growth period of wheat.
背景技术Background technique
灌溉是小麦生产上一项重要的栽培管理技术。目前生产上存在多种灌溉模式。根据小麦一生中灌溉次数的多少，灌溉模式可分为：5水模式(小麦全生育期灌5次水)：越冬前灌水、返青期灌水、拔节期灌水、孕穗期灌水、灌浆期灌水；4水模式(小麦生育期灌4次水)：越冬前灌水、拔节期灌水，孕穗期灌水、灌浆期灌水；3水模式(小麦生育期灌3次水)：越冬前灌水、拔节期灌水，孕穗期灌水；2水模式(小麦生育期灌2次水)：越冬前灌水、孕穗期灌水；1水模式(小麦生育期灌1次水)：越冬前灌水，或孕穗期灌水，或拔节期灌水，或开花期灌水(王广兴等，1990；王旭等，2012；董超等，2012；刘丽平等，2012)。在小麦生育期灌1～3次水的方法，称之为小麦节水灌溉，或控制灌溉、或限量灌溉，或调亏灌溉(王广兴等，1990；周继华等，2008；胡相明等，2010；谭念童等，2011；McCarthy et al.，2013；Pang et al.，2013)。Irrigation is an important cultivation management technique in wheat production. At present, there are many irrigation modes in production. According to the number of times of irrigation in the life of wheat, the irrigation mode can be divided into: 5-water mode (5 times of water during the whole growth period of wheat): irrigation before wintering, irrigation at the greening stage, irrigation at jointing stage, irrigation at the booting stage, and irrigation at the filling stage; 4 Water mode (watering 4 times during wheat growth period): watering before overwintering, watering at jointing stage, watering at booting stage, irrigation at filling stage; 3-water mode (watering 3 times during wheat growth period): watering before wintering, watering at jointing stage, booting Periodic irrigation; 2-water mode (wheat irrigation twice during growth period): irrigation before wintering and booting period; 1-water mode (1 irrigation during wheat growth period): irrigation before wintering, or irrigation at booting stage, or irrigation at jointing stage , or irrigation during flowering (Wang Guangxing et al., 1990; Wang Xu et al., 2012; Dong Chao et al., 2012; Liu Liping, 2012). The method of watering 1 to 3 times during the wheat growth period is called wheat water-saving irrigation, or controlled irrigation, or limited irrigation, or adjusted deficit irrigation (Wang Guangxing et al., 1990; Zhou Jihua et al., 2008; Hu Xiangming et al., 2010; Tan Niantong et al., 2011; McCarthy et al., 2013; Pang et al., 2013).
现有灌溉模式的缺点：无论何种灌溉模式，均是凭经验或根据土壤外观形态来进行灌溉，缺乏灌溉的精确定量化指标，且土壤的类型不同，土壤的外观形态相差很大；根据土壤外观形态进行灌溉，难以做到灌溉的精确化、定量化，难以实现土壤供水与小麦植株需水的一致，难以达到高产、水分高效利用的要求。Disadvantages of existing irrigation modes: No matter what irrigation mode is used, irrigation is performed based on experience or based on the appearance of the soil, and there is a lack of precise quantitative indicators for irrigation, and the appearance of the soil varies greatly depending on the type of soil; It is difficult to achieve precise and quantitative irrigation, to achieve the consistency of soil water supply and water demand of wheat plants, and to meet the requirements of high yield and efficient water use.
发明内容Contents of the invention
为了克服现有技术的不足，本发明提供了一种小麦主要生育期通过控制低限土壤水分的灌溉方法。In order to overcome the deficiencies of the prior art, the invention provides an irrigation method by controlling the minimum soil moisture during the main growth period of wheat.
本发明是一种协同提高产量和水分利用效率的灌溉方法，其原理是根据小麦高产优质协调形成的需水规律，分生育期确定需要灌溉的土壤含水量，并以此作为灌溉的指标，使土壤水分供应与小麦高产形成的水分需求相一致。The invention is an irrigation method for synergistically improving yield and water use efficiency. Its principle is to determine the water content of the soil that needs to be irrigated according to the growth period according to the water demand law formed by the high-yield and high-quality coordination of wheat, and use it as an irrigation index. Soil moisture supply coincides with the water demand for high wheat yields.
1.越冬前(冬前分蘖期)1. Before wintering (tillering period before winter)
(1)粘土：0-15cm耕层土壤含水量≤47％，灌水40mm(相当于灌溉水量400m3每公顷)；0-15cm耕层土壤含水量＞47％，不灌水；(1) Clay: 0-15cm plow layer soil moisture content ≤ 47%, irrigation 40mm (equivalent to irrigation water 400m 3 per hectare); 0-15cm plow layer soil moisture content > 47%, no irrigation;
(2)壤土：0-15cm耕层土壤含水量≤33％，灌水45mm(相当于灌溉水量450m3每公顷)；0-15cm耕层土壤含水量＞33％，不灌水；(2) Loam soil: 0-15cm plow layer soil moisture content ≤ 33%, irrigation 45mm (equivalent to irrigation water 450m 3 per hectare); 0-15cm plow layer soil moisture content > 33%, no irrigation;
(3)砂土：0-15cm耕层土壤含水量≤4.0％，灌水50mm(相当于灌溉水量500m3每公顷)；0-15cm耕层土壤含水量＞4.0％，不灌水。(3) Sandy soil: 0-15cm plow layer soil moisture content ≤ 4.0%, irrigation 50mm (equivalent to irrigation water 500m 3 per hectare); 0-15cm plow layer soil moisture content > 4.0%, no irrigation.
2.拔节期和孕穗期2. Jointing stage and booting stage
(1)粘土：0-15cm耕层土壤含水量≤45％，灌水40mm(相当于灌溉水量400m3每公顷)；0-15cm耕层土壤含水量＞45％，不灌水；(1) Clay: 0-15cm plow layer soil moisture content ≤ 45%, irrigation 40mm (equivalent to irrigation water 400m 3 per hectare); 0-15cm plow layer soil moisture content > 45%, no irrigation;
(2)壤土：0-15cm耕层土壤含水量≤31％，灌水45mm(相当于灌溉水量450m3每公顷)；0-15cm耕层土壤含水量＞31％，不灌水；(2) Loam soil: 0-15cm plow layer soil moisture content ≤ 31%, irrigation 45mm (equivalent to irrigation water 450m 3 per hectare); 0-15cm plow layer soil moisture content > 31%, no irrigation;
(3)砂土：0-15cm耕层土壤含水量≤2.5％时，灌水50mm(相当于灌溉水量500m3每公顷)；0-15cm耕层土壤含水量＞2.5％，不灌水。(3) Sandy soil: When the soil moisture content of the 0-15cm plow layer is ≤2.5%, irrigate 50mm (equivalent to irrigation water 500m 3 per hectare); if the soil moisture content of the 0-15cm plow layer is >2.5%, do not irrigate.
3.开花期3. Flowering period
(1)粘土：0-15cm耕层土壤含水量≤33％，灌水40mm(相当于灌溉水量400m3每公顷)；0-15cm耕层土壤含水量＞33％，不灌水；(1) Clay: 0-15cm plow layer soil moisture content ≤ 33%, irrigation 40mm (equivalent to irrigation water 400m 3 per hectare); 0-15cm plow layer soil moisture content > 33%, no irrigation;
(2)壤土：0-15cm耕层土壤含水量≤22％，灌水45mm(相当于灌溉水量450m3每公顷)；0-15cm耕层土壤含水量＞22％，不灌水；(2) Loam soil: 0-15cm plow layer soil moisture content ≤ 22%, irrigation 45mm (equivalent to irrigation water 450m 3 per hectare); 0-15cm plow layer soil moisture content > 22%, no irrigation;
(3)砂土：0-15cm耕层土壤含水量≤2.0％，灌水50mm(相当于灌溉水量500m3每公顷)；0-15cm耕层土壤含水量＞2.0％，不灌水。(3) Sandy soil: 0-15cm plow layer soil moisture content ≤ 2.0%, irrigation 50mm (equivalent to irrigation water 500m 3 per hectare); 0-15cm plow layer soil moisture content > 2.0%, no irrigation.
小麦控制低限土壤水分的灌溉方法The Irrigation Method of Controlling Low Limit Soil Moisture in Wheat
本发明中所说的土壤含水量可采用土壤水分测定仪测定，土壤水分测定仪有多种型号，如土壤水分速测仪SU-LA、SU-LB、SU-LG(北京盟创伟业科技有限公司生产)，土壤水分速测仪TRSI、TRS-II等(浙江托普仪器公司生产)，选择一种即可。土壤水分测定仪测定土壤含水量方法简单，精确可靠。Said soil water content among the present invention can adopt soil moisture measuring instrument to measure, and soil moisture measuring instrument has multiple models, as soil moisture quick measuring instrument SU-LA, SU-LB, SU-LG (Beijing Mengchuang Weiye Science and Technology Co., Ltd. produced by the company), soil moisture velocity measuring instrument TRSI, TRS-II, etc. (produced by Zhejiang Top Instrument Co., Ltd.), just choose one. The method of measuring soil moisture content with the soil moisture meter is simple, accurate and reliable.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
实施例1Example 1
分别于2011-2012年在江苏扬州和连云港进行“小麦控制低限土壤水分的灌溉方法”(简称新灌溉方法)试验，以当地小麦习惯灌溉法为对照。试验地采用当地高产小麦品种，扬州试验地的品种为扬麦16和扬麦20，连云港试验地的品种为连麦6号和淮麦23。新灌溉方法与对照除灌溉方法不同外，其余栽培措施，如播种期和播种方法、施肥时期和施肥量、病虫害防治等完全一致。The "irrigation method for controlling the minimum soil moisture in wheat" (referred to as the new irrigation method) experiment was carried out in Yangzhou and Lianyungang, Jiangsu, respectively, in 2011-2012, and the local wheat customary irrigation method was used as the control. The local high-yielding wheat varieties were used in the test site. The varieties in Yangzhou test site were Yangmai 16 and Yangmai 20, and the varieties in Lianyungang test site were Lianmai 6 and Huai Mai 23. Except for the different irrigation methods, the new irrigation method and the control were completely consistent in other cultivation measures, such as sowing date and method, fertilization period and amount, and pest control.
新灌溉方法：New irrigation method:
1.越冬前(冬前分蘖期)1. Before wintering (tillering period before winter)
(1)粘土：0-15cm耕层土壤含水量≤47％，灌水40mm(相当于灌溉水量400m3每公顷)；0-15cm耕层土壤含水量＞47％，不灌水；(1) Clay: 0-15cm plow layer soil moisture content ≤ 47%, irrigation 40mm (equivalent to irrigation water 400m 3 per hectare); 0-15cm plow layer soil moisture content > 47%, no irrigation;
(2)壤土：0-15cm耕层土壤含水量≤33％，灌水45mm(相当于灌溉水量450m3每公顷)；0-15cm耕层土壤含水量＞33％，不灌水；(2) Loam soil: 0-15cm plow layer soil moisture content ≤ 33%, irrigation 45mm (equivalent to irrigation water 450m 3 per hectare); 0-15cm plow layer soil moisture content > 33%, no irrigation;
(3)砂土：0-15cm耕层土壤含水量≤4.0％，灌水50mm(相当于灌溉水量500m3每公顷)；0-15cm耕层土壤含水量＞4.0％，不灌水。(3) Sandy soil: 0-15cm plow layer soil moisture content ≤ 4.0%, irrigation 50mm (equivalent to irrigation water 500m 3 per hectare); 0-15cm plow layer soil moisture content > 4.0%, no irrigation.
2.拔节期和孕穗期2. Jointing stage and booting stage
(1)粘土：0-15cm耕层土壤含水量≤45％，灌水40mm(相当于灌溉水量400m3每公顷)；0-15cm耕层土壤含水量＞45％，不灌水；(1) Clay: 0-15cm plow layer soil moisture content ≤ 45%, irrigation 40mm (equivalent to irrigation water 400m 3 per hectare); 0-15cm plow layer soil moisture content > 45%, no irrigation;
(2)壤土：0-15cm耕层土壤含水量≤31％，灌水45mm(相当于灌溉水量450m3每公顷)；0-15cm耕层土壤含水量＞31％，不灌水；(2) Loam soil: 0-15cm plow layer soil moisture content ≤ 31%, irrigation 45mm (equivalent to irrigation water 450m 3 per hectare); 0-15cm plow layer soil moisture content > 31%, no irrigation;
(3)砂土：0-15cm耕层土壤含水量≤2.5％时，灌水50mm(相当于灌溉水量500m3每公顷)；0-15cm耕层土壤含水量＞2.5％，不灌水。(3) Sandy soil: When the soil moisture content of the 0-15cm plow layer is ≤2.5%, water 50mm (equivalent to irrigation water 500m 3 per hectare); if the soil moisture content of the 0-15cm plow layer is > 2.5%, do not irrigate.
3.开花期3. Flowering period
(1)粘土：0-15cm耕层土壤含水量≤33％，灌水40mm(相当于灌溉水量400m3每公顷)；0-15cm耕层土壤含水量＞33％，不灌水；(1) Clay: 0-15cm plow layer soil moisture content ≤ 33%, irrigation 40mm (equivalent to irrigation water 400m 3 per hectare); 0-15cm plow layer soil moisture content > 33%, no irrigation;
(2)壤土：0-15cm耕层土壤含水量≤22％，灌水45mm(相当于灌溉水量450m3每公顷)；0-15cm耕层土壤含水量＞22％，不灌水；(2) Loam soil: 0-15cm plow layer soil moisture content ≤ 22%, irrigation 45mm (equivalent to irrigation water 450m 3 per hectare); 0-15cm plow layer soil moisture content > 22%, no irrigation;
(3)砂土：0-15cm耕层土壤含水量≤2.0％，灌水50mm(相当于灌溉水量500m3每公顷)；0-15cm耕层土壤含水量＞2.0％，不灌水。(3) Sandy soil: 0-15cm plow layer soil moisture content ≤ 2.0%, irrigation 50mm (equivalent to irrigation water 500m 3 per hectare); 0-15cm plow layer soil moisture content > 2.0%, no irrigation.
结果表明，与对照相比，新灌溉方法较对照的产量提高了11％～23％，灌溉水利用效率(产量/灌溉水量)增加了150％～165％。The results showed that compared with the control, the yield of the new irrigation method was increased by 11%-23%, and the irrigation water use efficiency (yield/irrigation water volume) was increased by 150%-165%.
扬州试点小麦控制低限土壤水分的灌溉方法(新灌溉方法)产量与灌溉水利用效率 The Yield and Irrigation Water Use Efficiency of the Irrigation Method (New Irrigation Method) to Control the Low Limit Soil Moisture of Wheat in Yangzhou
2011年的供试品种为扬麦16，2012年的供试品种为扬麦20；在对照与新灌溉方法二者间，除灌溉方法不同外，其余栽培措施相同。 The tested variety in 2011 was Yangmai 16, and the tested variety in 2012 was Yangmai 20; between the control and new irrigation methods, except for the different irrigation methods, the rest of the cultivation measures were the same.
对照：2011年分别于越冬前、拔节期和开花期灌水；2012年分别于越冬前、拔节期和孕穗期灌水，每次灌水600m3/ha。 Control: In 2011, it was irrigated before overwintering, at the jointing stage and at the flowering stage; in 2012, it was irrigated at the pre-wintering stage, at the jointing stage and at the booting stage, respectively, with 600m 3 /ha of water each time.
§小麦控制低限土壤水分的灌溉方法(新灌溉方法)，根据土壤类型、土壤含水量进行灌溉，2011年分别于越冬前和开花期进行灌溉；2012年分别于拔节期和开花期进行灌溉。§The irrigation method of wheat controlling the minimum soil moisture (new irrigation method), irrigated according to soil type and soil moisture content, irrigated before wintering and flowering stage in 2011; irrigated at jointing stage and flowering stage in 2012.
WUE＝产量/灌溉水量 WUE=yield/irrigation water
*，**表示与对照相比，分别表示在P＝0.05和P＝0.01水平上差异显著；同栏、同年、同土壤类型间比较。*, ** indicate significant difference at P=0.05 and P=0.01 levels compared with the control, respectively; comparison between the same column, the same year, and the same soil type.
连云港试点小麦控制低限土壤水分的灌溉方法(新灌溉方法)产量与灌溉水利用效率 The Yield and Irrigation Water Use Efficiency of the Irrigation Method (New Irrigation Method) for Controlling Low Limit Soil Moisture of Wheat in Lianyungang
2011年的供试品种为连麦6号，2012年的供试品种为淮麦23；在对照与新灌溉方法二者间，除灌溉方法不同外，其余栽培措施相同。 The tested variety in 2011 was Lianmai 6, and the tested variety in 2012 was Huaimai 23. Between the control and the new irrigation methods, except for the different irrigation methods, the rest of the cultivation measures were the same.
对照：2011年分别于越冬前、拔节期和孕穗灌水；2012年分别于越冬前、返青期和开花期灌水，每次灌水600m3/ha。 Control: In 2011, it was irrigated before overwintering, at the jointing stage and at the booting stage; in 2012, it was irrigated before overwintering, at the greening stage and at the flowering stage, respectively, and each irrigation was 600m 3 /ha.
§小麦控制低限土壤水分的灌溉方法(新灌溉方法)，根据土壤类型、土壤含水量进行灌溉，2011年分别于越冬前、拔节期和开花期进行灌溉；2012年分别于越冬前和开花期进行灌溉。§ Irrigation methods for controlling low-limit soil moisture in wheat (new irrigation methods), irrigated according to soil type and soil moisture content, irrigated before wintering, jointing and flowering in 2011; before wintering and flowering in 2012 for irrigation.
WUE＝产量/灌溉水量 WUE=yield/irrigation water
*，**表示与对照相比，分别表示在P＝0.05和P＝0.01水平上差异显著；同栏、同年、同土壤类型间比较。*, ** indicate significant difference at P=0.05 and P=0.01 levels compared with the control, respectively; comparison between the same column, the same year, and the same soil type.
各土壤含水量与土壤水势的对应关系Correspondence relationship between soil water content and soil water potential
用土壤水势作为灌溉指标的优点是：可以克服土壤类型的局限，即不论是粘土、壤土还是砂土，只要土壤水势相同，植物对土壤水分利用的有效性就一致。用土壤水势作为灌溉指标的缺点是：测定土壤水势的技术难度大，测定的重复性较差，很难在生产上应用。The advantage of using soil water potential as an irrigation index is that it can overcome the limitations of soil types, that is, whether it is clay, loam or sandy soil, as long as the soil water potential is the same, the effectiveness of plants in using soil water is the same. The disadvantages of using soil water potential as an irrigation index are: the technical difficulty of measuring soil water potential is high, the repeatability of measurement is poor, and it is difficult to apply in production.
以上所述，仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已，并非对本发明作任何形式上的限制；凡本行业的普通技术人员均可按说明书附图所示和以上所述而顺畅地实施本发明；但是，凡熟悉本专业的技术人员在不脱离本发明技术方案范围内，可利用以上所揭示的技术内容而作出的些许更动、修饰与演变的等同变化，均为本发明的等效实施例；同时，凡依据本发明的实质技术对以上实施例所作的任何等同变化的更动、修饰与演变等，均仍属于本发明的技术方案的保护范围之内。The above descriptions are only preferred embodiments of the present invention, and are not intended to limit the present invention in any form; all those skilled in the art can smoothly implement the present invention as shown in the attached drawings and the above descriptions. However, any equivalent change, modification and evolution that can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the technical solution of the present invention by using the technical content disclosed above are all equivalent implementations of the present invention Example; at the same time, any modification, modification and evolution of any equivalent changes made to the above embodiments according to the substantive technology of the present invention still belong to the protection scope of the technical solution of the present invention.
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| CN103069997A (en) * | 2013-01-30 | 2013-05-01 | 中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所 | Water-saving irrigation method applicable to close-planting crop |
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| NZ562316A (en) * | 2007-10-09 | 2009-03-31 | New Zealand Inst For Crop And | Method and system of managing performance of a tuber crop |
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| CN1692707A (en) * | 2005-03-16 | 2005-11-09 | 中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所 | Irrigation method and device for ridge-growing wheat |
| CN101617600A (en) * | 2009-07-24 | 2010-01-06 | 新疆生产建设兵团农业建设第八师148团 | Spring wheat planting method by trickle irrigation |
| CN103069997A (en) * | 2013-01-30 | 2013-05-01 | 中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所 | Water-saving irrigation method applicable to close-planting crop |
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