CN103266318B - A kind of laser melting coating laminated coating one step reinforcing process method based on different melting points - Google Patents
A kind of laser melting coating laminated coating one step reinforcing process method based on different melting points Download PDFInfo
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- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 title 1
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种基于熔点差异的激光熔覆多层涂层一步强化加工方法，包括对金属基体表面进行毛化处理并清洗干净；将多层涂层材料依次预置在金属基体上，上层涂层材料的熔点高于下层涂层材料，金属基体的熔点最低；使用激光一次熔覆在多层涂层材料上，多层涂层材料同时熔化，同时达到冶金结合；激光熔覆时相邻两层材料的界面温度高于上层材料的熔点。本发明基于多层涂层系统材料之间的熔点差异，通过各涂层厚度优化设计及与激光熔覆工艺参数的合理匹配，通过一次激光熔覆就可以使各界面同时达到化学冶金结合，有效解决了通常激光熔覆多层涂层时预置一层熔覆一层的多次熔覆工艺过于复杂问题，简化了熔覆工艺，提高了多层熔覆效率，并且使熔覆层的质量比较稳定。
The invention discloses a one-step intensified processing method of laser cladding multilayer coatings based on difference in melting point, which includes roughening and cleaning the surface of a metal substrate; The melting point of the coating material is higher than that of the underlying coating material, and the melting point of the metal substrate is the lowest; the laser cladding is used on the multi-layer coating material at one time, and the multi-layer coating material is melted at the same time, and the metallurgical bonding is achieved at the same time; laser cladding is adjacent The interface temperature of the two layers of materials is higher than the melting point of the upper material. The present invention is based on the melting point difference between the materials of the multi-layer coating system, through the optimization design of each coating thickness and the reasonable matching with the laser cladding process parameters, the chemical metallurgical combination of each interface can be achieved at the same time through one laser cladding, effectively It solves the problem that the multiple cladding process of presetting one layer of cladding layer is too complicated when laser cladding multi-layer coatings, simplifies the cladding process, improves the efficiency of multi-layer cladding, and improves the quality of the cladding layer relatively stable.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及的是一种金属表面涂层的制备方法，尤其涉及的是一种基于熔点差异的激光熔覆多层涂层一步强化加工方法。The invention relates to a method for preparing a metal surface coating, in particular to a one-step strengthening processing method for laser cladding multilayer coatings based on differences in melting points.
背景技术Background technique
作为机械、材料、物理化学等学科的交叉研究前沿，表面工程在我国“十一五”规划的重点领域，如重大装备制造技术、绿色制造技术等方面，具有十分重要的作用和地位。而涂层制备技术又是表面工程领域的主要研究部分，将新技术、新材料、新工艺结合的研究已在航空、航天、机械、生物、能源、核工业、汽车、化工等方面获得了广泛的应用和飞速的发展。As the frontier of interdisciplinary research in machinery, materials, physical chemistry and other disciplines, surface engineering plays a very important role and status in the key areas of my country's "Eleventh Five-Year Plan", such as major equipment manufacturing technology and green manufacturing technology. The coating preparation technology is the main research part in the field of surface engineering. The research on the combination of new technologies, new materials and new processes has been widely used in aviation, aerospace, machinery, biology, energy, nuclear industry, automobile, chemical industry, etc. application and rapid development.
涂层制备就是采取一定的方法，将某些材料以物理或化学的方式结合在金属基体表面。可见，评价涂层的最重要指标就是该涂层能不能很好的结合在金属基体之上，这是整个涂层评价体系中的基石。随着涂层技术的发展，目前结构涂层在满足功能化的同时不断朝着多层、梯度、大厚度等方向发展。因此，在实际使用过程中，涂层系统最容易发生问题的地方基本上都在涂层的界面部分，界面成为涂层体系崩溃的起始点，而涂层系统的效果和寿命并不取决于结合强度最好的那个界面，而是由结合强度最差的那个界面决定。Coating preparation is to adopt a certain method to combine certain materials on the surface of the metal substrate in a physical or chemical way. It can be seen that the most important indicator for evaluating a coating is whether the coating can be well bonded to the metal substrate, which is the cornerstone of the entire coating evaluation system. With the development of coating technology, the current structural coatings are constantly developing in the direction of multi-layer, gradient, and large thickness while satisfying functionalization. Therefore, in the actual use process, the most prone to problems of the coating system are basically the interface part of the coating, and the interface becomes the starting point of the collapse of the coating system, and the effect and life of the coating system do not depend on the combination The interface with the best strength is determined by the interface with the worst binding strength.
激光熔覆技术是新兴的激光技术与历史悠久的金属热处理相结合的产物，是在材料表面施加极高的能量，使之发生物理化学变化，从而显著地改变材料的表面硬度、耐磨性、耐蚀性和高温性能的技术。激光熔覆技术已广泛的应用于表面涂层制备。熔覆材料通常采用预置和送粉两种方式引入激光熔池，其中，送粉多见同轴送粉，而常用的粉末预置方法主要有热喷涂法（如等离子喷涂）、化学粘结法以及压片法等。对于金属表面等离子喷涂陶瓷涂层，为了减小陶瓷材料与基体金属之间的物理性能差异，在喷涂陶瓷涂层前常先喷涂一层金属过渡层，然后再喷涂陶瓷涂层，但在通常的激光一次熔覆强化时一般只是使陶瓷涂层表面熔化，再结晶而获得表面性能的提升，但界面结合强度并没有显著提高，这将成为限制涂层在一些恶劣、极端条件下的工作，如燃气涡轮机、火箭发动机、汽轮机、燃油发动机、承力轴承等环境。在激光熔覆多层涂层系统时，为了使各子涂层界面达到较高的结合强度，通常采用预置一层熔覆一层的多层（次）熔覆工艺，涂层制备工艺复杂，熔覆效率较低。如中国专利200710131168.6对热喷涂梯度涂层采用多次激光重熔方法进行复合加工，虽然克服了在无激光重熔或一次激光重熔下梯度涂层的各个子涂层不能全都达到冶金结合、涂层中梯度结构破坏、梯度涂层中热喷涂片层不能削除等缺点，但制备工艺相对复杂，而且重熔涂层质量稳定性较差。因此，寻求一种即能够强化涂层系统内部各个薄弱界面，又有较高的加工效率而具有实际应用价值的多层涂层加工方法是当前的迫切需要。Laser cladding technology is the product of the combination of emerging laser technology and long-standing metal heat treatment. It applies extremely high energy on the surface of the material to cause physical and chemical changes, thereby significantly changing the surface hardness, wear resistance, technology for corrosion resistance and high temperature performance. Laser cladding technology has been widely used in surface coating preparation. Cladding materials are usually introduced into the laser molten pool by means of presetting and powder feeding. Among them, coaxial powder feeding is more common in powder feeding, and the commonly used powder presetting methods mainly include thermal spraying (such as plasma spraying), chemical bonding method and tablet method. For the plasma spraying ceramic coating on the metal surface, in order to reduce the difference in physical properties between the ceramic material and the base metal, a metal transition layer is often sprayed before spraying the ceramic coating, and then the ceramic coating is sprayed, but in the usual Laser one-time cladding strengthening generally only melts the surface of the ceramic coating and recrystallizes to improve the surface properties, but the interface bonding strength does not increase significantly, which will limit the work of the coating under some harsh and extreme conditions, such as Gas turbines, rocket engines, steam turbines, fuel engines, bearings and other environments. In the laser cladding multi-layer coating system, in order to achieve a higher bonding strength at the interface of each sub-coating, a multi-layer (secondary) cladding process is usually used, which is a pre-clad layer cladding process, and the coating preparation process is complicated. , and the cladding efficiency is low. For example, Chinese patent 200710131168.6 adopts multiple laser remelting methods for composite processing of thermal spray gradient coatings. However, the preparation process is relatively complicated, and the quality stability of the remelted coating is poor. Therefore, it is an urgent need to seek a multi-layer coating processing method that can strengthen each weak interface inside the coating system, has high processing efficiency and has practical application value.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明的目的在于克服现有技术的不足，提供了一种基于熔点差异的激光熔覆多层涂层一步强化加工方法，对多层涂层实现一次性激光熔覆。The purpose of the present invention is to overcome the deficiencies of the prior art, and provide a one-step laser cladding multi-layer coating strengthening processing method based on the difference in melting point, and realize one-time laser cladding on the multi-layer coating.
本发明是通过以下技术方案实现的，本发明包括以下步骤：The present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions, and the present invention comprises the following steps:
（1）对金属基体表面进行毛化处理并清洗干净；(1) Texturize and clean the surface of the metal substrate;
（2）将多层涂层材料依次预置在金属基体上，上层涂层材料的熔点高于下层涂层材料，金属基体的熔点最低；(2) The multi-layer coating materials are sequentially placed on the metal substrate, the melting point of the upper coating material is higher than that of the lower coating material, and the melting point of the metal substrate is the lowest;
（3）使用激光一次熔覆在多层涂层材料上，多层涂层材料同时熔化，同时达到冶金结合；激光熔覆时相邻两层材料的界面温度高于上层材料的熔点。(3) Laser cladding is used on the multi-layer coating material at one time, and the multi-layer coating material is melted at the same time to achieve metallurgical bonding; during laser cladding, the interface temperature of the adjacent two layers of materials is higher than the melting point of the upper material.
作为本发明的优选方式之一，所述步骤（1）中，毛化处理为喷砂处理或切削加工毛化。As one of the preferred modes of the present invention, in the step (1), the texturing treatment is sandblasting or texturing by cutting.
作为本发明的优选方式之一，所述步骤（2）中，预置的方法为热喷涂法、化学粘结法或模压法。As one of the preferred modes of the present invention, in the step (2), the preset method is a thermal spraying method, a chemical bonding method or a molding method.
作为本发明的优选方式之一，所述热喷涂法为等离子喷涂法。As one of the preferred modes of the present invention, the thermal spraying method is a plasma spraying method.
所述多层涂层的厚度小于或等于2mm时，采用激光一步熔覆；多层涂层的厚度大于2mm时，采用辅助加热配合激光一步熔覆。当多层涂层厚度小于或等于2mm时，激光一步熔覆的能量能够满足涂层熔覆的需求。When the thickness of the multi-layer coating is less than or equal to 2 mm, one-step cladding with laser is used; when the thickness of the multi-layer coating is greater than 2 mm, one-step cladding with auxiliary heating and laser is used. When the thickness of multi-layer coating is less than or equal to 2mm, the energy of laser one-step cladding can meet the requirements of coating cladding.
所述辅助加热配合激光一步熔覆选自感应加热辅助激光熔覆、微波辅助加热激光熔覆、电磁搅拌辅助加热激光熔覆、脉冲电流辅助加热激光熔覆中的一种或几种。The one-step cladding with auxiliary heating and laser is selected from one or more of induction heating-assisted laser cladding, microwave-assisted heating laser cladding, electromagnetic stirring-assisted heating laser cladding, and pulse current-assisted heating laser cladding.
本发明相比现有技术具有以下优点：本发明基于多层涂层系统材料之间的熔点差异，通过各涂层厚度优化设计及与激光熔覆工艺参数的合理匹配，通过一次激光熔覆就可以使各界面同时达到化学冶金结合，涂层具有很高的结合强度，另外又可有效控制熔覆层的稀释率，保证熔覆涂层的性能，从而可服役一些要求比较高的环境；有效解决了通常激光熔覆多层涂层时预置一层熔覆一层的多次熔覆工艺过于复杂问题，简化了熔覆工艺，提高了多层熔覆效率，并且使熔覆层的质量比较稳定。Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following advantages: the present invention is based on the difference in melting point between the materials of the multi-layer coating system, through the optimization design of each coating thickness and the reasonable matching with the laser cladding process parameters, through one laser cladding It can make each interface achieve chemical metallurgical bonding at the same time, and the coating has a high bonding strength. In addition, it can effectively control the dilution rate of the cladding layer to ensure the performance of the cladding coating, so that it can serve some environments with relatively high requirements; effective It solves the problem that the multiple cladding process of presetting one layer of cladding layer is too complicated when laser cladding multi-layer coatings, simplifies the cladding process, improves the efficiency of multi-layer cladding, and improves the quality of the cladding layer relatively stable.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1是本发明的结构示意图；Fig. 1 is a structural representation of the present invention;
图2是激光熔覆涂层厚度方向温度分布示意图。Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the temperature distribution in the thickness direction of the laser cladding coating.
具体实施方式detailed description
下面对本发明的实施例作详细说明，本实施例在以本发明技术方案为前提下进行实施，给出了详细的实施方式和具体的操作过程，但本发明的保护范围不限于下述的实施例。The embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below. This embodiment is implemented on the premise of the technical solution of the present invention, and detailed implementation methods and specific operating procedures are provided, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited to the following implementation example.
实施例1Example 1
本实施例是在AZ31B镁合金金属基体表面激光一步熔覆强化Ni-Cr/Ni-Al/Cr2O3三层涂层，具体步骤如下：This example is a one-step laser cladding and strengthening Ni-Cr/Ni-Al/Cr 2 O 3 three-layer coating on the surface of the AZ31B magnesium alloy metal substrate. The specific steps are as follows:
（1）将电火花线切割至一定尺寸的AZ31B镁合金金属基体表面通过喷砂进行毛化处理并清洗干净，AZ31B镁合金的熔点约为650℃；(1) The surface of the AZ31B magnesium alloy metal substrate that has been wire-cut to a certain size is roughened by sandblasting and cleaned. The melting point of the AZ31B magnesium alloy is about 650°C;
（2）在AZ31B镁合金金属基体表面采用等离子喷涂工艺依次喷涂Ni-Cr金属过渡层、Ni-Al（镍包铝）金属过渡层及Cr2O3表面陶瓷层，Ni-Cr金属过渡层的熔点约为1038℃，涂层厚约为80μm；Ni-Al金属过渡层的熔点约为1510℃，涂层厚约为80μm；Cr2O3表面陶瓷层的熔点约为2435℃，涂层厚约为120μm，等离子喷涂工艺见表1；(2) On the surface of the AZ31B magnesium alloy metal substrate, the Ni-Cr metal transition layer, the Ni-Al (nickel-clad aluminum) metal transition layer and the Cr 2 O 3 surface ceramic layer are sprayed sequentially by the plasma spraying process, and the Ni-Cr metal transition layer The melting point is about 1038°C, and the coating thickness is about 80μm; the melting point of the Ni-Al metal transition layer is about 1510°C, and the coating thickness is about 80μm; the melting point of the Cr 2 O 3 surface ceramic layer is about 2435°C, and the coating thickness About 120μm, the plasma spraying process is shown in Table 1;
（3）激光熔覆采用SLCF-X12×25型CO2激光加工机，熔覆时氩气保护，激光熔覆工艺参数见表2，通过一次熔覆后使Ni-Cr/Ni-Al/Cr2O3三层涂层同时熔化，使表面Cr2O3陶瓷层与下层Ni-Al金属过渡层界面、Ni-Al涂层与Ni-Cr涂层界面、Ni-Cr涂层与Z31B镁合金金属基体界面同时达到冶金结合，从而实现三层涂层的激光熔覆一步强化。(3) Laser cladding adopts SLCF-X12×25 CO 2 laser processing machine, argon protection during cladding, laser cladding process parameters are shown in Table 2, after one cladding, Ni-Cr/Ni-Al/Cr The 2 O 3 three-layer coating is melted at the same time, so that the interface between the surface Cr 2 O 3 ceramic layer and the lower Ni-Al metal transition layer, the interface between the Ni-Al coating and the Ni-Cr coating, and the interface between the Ni-Cr coating and the Z31B magnesium alloy The metal-matrix interface achieves metallurgical bonding at the same time, thereby achieving one-step strengthening of laser cladding of three-layer coatings.
实施例2Example 2
本实施例是在3103铝合金金属基体表面激光一步熔覆强化Ni-Cr/TiO2双层涂层，具体步骤如下：In this embodiment, laser cladding strengthens the Ni-Cr/ TiO2 double-layer coating on the surface of the 3103 aluminum alloy metal substrate in one step, and the specific steps are as follows:
（1）将电火花线切割至一定尺寸的3103铝合金金属基体表面通过喷砂进行切削加工毛化处理并清洗干净，3103铝合金的熔点约为660℃；(1) The surface of the 3103 aluminum alloy metal substrate that has been wire-cut to a certain size is cut and roughened by sandblasting and cleaned. The melting point of the 3103 aluminum alloy is about 660°C;
（2）在3103铝合金金属基体表面采用等离子喷涂工艺依次喷涂Ni-Cr金属过渡层、TiO2表面陶瓷层，Ni-Cr金属过渡层的熔点约为1038℃，涂层厚约为100μm；TiO2表面陶瓷层，熔点约为1920℃，涂层厚约为180μm，等离子喷涂工艺见表1；(2) On the surface of the 3103 aluminum alloy metal substrate, the Ni-Cr metal transition layer and the TiO 2 surface ceramic layer are sprayed sequentially by plasma spraying process. The melting point of the Ni-Cr metal transition layer is about 1038 ° C, and the coating thickness is about 100 μm; TiO 2 The surface ceramic layer, the melting point is about 1920 ° C, the coating thickness is about 180 μm, and the plasma spraying process is shown in Table 1;
（3）激光熔覆采用SLCF-X12×25型CO2激光加工机，熔覆时氩气保护，激光熔覆工艺参数见表2，通过一次熔覆后使Ni-Cr/TiO2两层涂层同时熔化，使表面TiO2陶瓷层与下层Ni-Cr金属过渡层界面、Ni-Cr涂层与3103铝合金金属基体界面同时达到冶金结合，从而实现双层涂层的激光熔覆一步强化。(3) Laser cladding adopts SLCF-X12×25 CO 2 laser processing machine, argon protection during cladding, laser cladding process parameters are shown in Table 2, after one cladding, Ni-Cr/TiO 2 two-layer coating The layers are melted at the same time, so that the interface between the surface TiO2 ceramic layer and the lower Ni-Cr metal transition layer, and the interface between the Ni-Cr coating and the 3103 aluminum alloy metal substrate are simultaneously metallurgically bonded, thereby achieving one-step strengthening of the laser cladding of the double-layer coating.
实施例3Example 3
本实施例是在H68黄铜金属基体表面激光一步熔覆强化Ni-Al/Al2O3双层涂层，具体步骤如下：In this example, laser one-step cladding strengthens the Ni-Al/Al 2 O 3 double-layer coating on the surface of the H68 brass metal substrate. The specific steps are as follows:
（1）将电火花线切割至一定尺寸的H68黄铜金属基体表面通过喷砂进行毛化处理并清洗干净，H68黄铜的熔点约为938℃；(1) The surface of the H68 brass metal substrate that has been wire-cut to a certain size is roughened by sandblasting and cleaned. The melting point of H68 brass is about 938°C;
（2）在H68黄铜金属基体表面采用等离子喷涂工艺依次喷涂Ni-Al（镍包铝）金属过渡层及Al2O3表面陶瓷层，Ni-Al金属过渡层熔点约为1510℃，涂层厚约为100μm，Al2O3表面陶瓷层，熔点约为2040℃，涂层厚约为150μm，等离子喷涂工艺见表1；(2) On the surface of the H68 brass metal substrate, the Ni-Al (nickel-clad aluminum) metal transition layer and the Al 2 O 3 surface ceramic layer are sprayed sequentially by plasma spraying process. The melting point of the Ni-Al metal transition layer is about 1510°C, and the coating The thickness is about 100 μm, the Al 2 O 3 surface ceramic layer, the melting point is about 2040 ° C, the coating thickness is about 150 μm, and the plasma spraying process is shown in Table 1;
（3）激光熔覆采用SLCF-X12×25型CO2激光加工机，熔覆时氩气保护，激光熔覆工艺参数见表2，通过一次熔覆后使激光一次熔覆同时熔化Ni-Al/Al2O3双层涂层，使表面Al2O3陶瓷层与下层Ni-Al金属过渡层界面、Ni-Al涂层与H68黄铜金属基体界面同时达到冶金结合，从而实现双层涂层的激光熔覆一步强化。(3) Laser cladding adopts SLCF-X12×25 CO 2 laser processing machine, argon protection during cladding, laser cladding process parameters are shown in Table 2, after one cladding, the laser cladding can melt Ni-Al at the same time /Al 2 O 3 double-layer coating, so that the interface between the surface Al 2 O 3 ceramic layer and the lower Ni-Al metal transition layer, and the interface between the Ni-Al coating and the H68 brass metal substrate can simultaneously achieve metallurgical bonding, thereby realizing double-layer coating The layer is strengthened in one step by laser cladding.
表1等离子喷涂参数Table 1 Plasma Spraying Parameters
表2激光熔覆工艺参数Table 2 Laser cladding process parameters
如图1和图2所示，图1中，金属基体1上依次预置n层涂层2，激光束3对涂层2进行一次熔覆，第一界面为金属基体1与第一涂层2的界面，使第一界面处的温度T1略高于第一涂层2的熔点，以此类推，直到第n界面处的温度Tn略高于第n涂层2的熔点，使通过一次激光熔覆就可以同时熔化多层涂层并使各界面同时达到化学冶金结合，达到一步强化目的。As shown in Figures 1 and 2, in Figure 1, n layers of coating 2 are sequentially placed on the metal substrate 1, and the laser beam 3 cladding the coating 2 once, the first interface is the metal substrate 1 and the first coating 2 interface, the temperature T at the first interface is slightly higher than the melting point of the first coating 2, and so on until the temperature T at the nth interface is slightly higher than the melting point of the nth coating 2, so that by One laser cladding can melt multi-layer coatings at the same time and make each interface achieve chemical metallurgical bonding at the same time, so as to achieve the purpose of one-step strengthening.
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