CN103255169A - 复制缺陷型沙粒病毒载体 - Google Patents
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- CN103255169A CN103255169A CN2012104612347A CN201210461234A CN103255169A CN 103255169 A CN103255169 A CN 103255169A CN 2012104612347 A CN2012104612347 A CN 2012104612347A CN 201210461234 A CN201210461234 A CN 201210461234A CN 103255169 A CN103255169 A CN 103255169A
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种感染性沙粒病毒颗粒,其被改造成包含能在被感染细胞中扩增和表达其遗传信息但不能在正常的非基因工程细胞中进一步产生感染性后代颗粒的基因组。沙粒病毒的四个开放阅读框即糖蛋白(GP)、核蛋白(NP)、基质蛋白Z和RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶中的一个或更多个被除去或突变,以阻止在正常细胞中进行复制,但是仍然可允许在被沙粒病毒载体感染的细胞中进行基因表达,编码抗原或其他目的蛋白质的外源基因或或者调节宿主基因表达的核酸在沙粒病毒启动子、内部核糖体进入位点的控制下进行表达,或者在可被病毒RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶、细胞RNA聚合酶I、RNA聚合酶II或RNA聚合酶III读出的调控元件的控制下进行表达。所述经修饰的沙粒病毒可用作针对多种疾病的疫苗和治疗剂。
Description
本申请是中国专利申请200880123157.6的分案,后者是2008年12月22日提交的PCT申请PCT/EP2008/010994于2010年6月28日进入中国国家阶段的申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及适合用作疫苗或基因治疗之载体的经基因修饰沙粒病毒(arenavirus)以及利用这些病毒进行疫苗接种和疾病治疗的方法。
背景技术
预防性疫苗代表了现代医学最成功的篇章之一,其使天花在世界上消失,并且控制了脊髓灰质炎、麻疹和许多其他破坏性感染性疾病。最近,出现了预防癌症的疫苗,人们正在努力开发治疗形式的“疫苗”,希望其可用于感染和恶性肿瘤。历史上,疫苗接种策略包括多种方法:从最开始利用野生型传染源和自(再)接种肿瘤细胞,然后用减毒活传染剂和死肿瘤组织,随着时间的推移,临床医学越来越倾向于使用分别来自传染源或肿瘤的(惰性)蛋白质和/或其它提取物(一般称为“抗原”)。这个逐渐的过程代表了寻找更安全的疫苗制剂的过程,然而,这常常伴随着疫苗效力的相对损失。近年来,生物工程技术的发展使得另一种方法成为可能,所述方法目前被广泛认为是最具有前景的方法之一:给用作“船渡”(称为“载体”)的传染源装备来自所选病原体或肿瘤的抗原。由此,在所述载体赋予的强免疫增强(“免疫原性”)情形下,疫苗接种者的免疫应答识别目的抗原。
这种“载体方法”已经可在组织培养物水平下将外源基因直接引入活细胞中,也可在多细胞生物(包括人)中将外源基因直接引入活细胞中,因此,载体还可用于在培养细胞中或在基因治疗中表达基因。
目前有很多载体用于实验研究中,包括疫苗接种和基因治疗,最终目的是优化针对临床应用(疫苗和基因治疗)或生物技术(细胞培养物中的基因转移)的效力和安全性。
一般认为,载体常具有其来源生物(例如病毒)的一般性状。因此,开发用于载体设计的新病毒家族提供了发现新的性状组合的前景,所述性状组合可赋予这种新型载体以空前的能力以及在生物医学应用中的 相应应用。然而,载体设计需要将所用生物的安全性考虑在内,所以必须提出如何以不干扰期望的性状(比如作为疫苗施用的免疫原性)的方式消除所述生物的致病潜能的策略。
70多年以来,已知一般的沙粒病毒(特别是淋巴细胞脉络丛脑膜炎病毒(LCMV))能引发特别强和持久的体液和细胞介导的免疫应答。值得注意的是,尽管如此,针对病毒包膜糖蛋白(GP)的保护性中和抗体免疫性极低,感染导致的针对再感染的抗体介导保护作用极低(如果有的话)。而且,几十年来已经稳固地确定,由于其非细胞溶解性(不破坏细胞的特性),沙粒病毒可在某些条件下于动物中维持长期的抗原表达而不引起疾病。最近,已经描述了用于操作感染性沙粒病毒基因组的反向遗传系统(L.Flatz,A.Bergthaler,J.C.de la Torre,and D.D.Pinschewer,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:4663-4668,2006;A.B.Sanchez and J.C.dela Tore,Virology 350:370,2006),但是,到目前为止,沙粒病毒还未被用作疫苗载体。这主要是因为两个主要障碍:i)沙粒病毒可引发极严重的感染,这可随后导致严重的疾病和免疫抑制。ii)还不能引入选定的外源抗原。
发明概述
本发明涉及一种感染性沙粒病毒颗粒,其被改造成包含能在被感染细胞中扩增和表达其遗传信息但不能在正常的非基因工程细胞中进一步产生感染性后代颗粒的基因组。
更具体地,本发明涉及这样的沙粒病毒颗粒,其包含可以编码目的蛋白或调节宿主基因表达的额外的核糖核酸。
本发明的沙粒病毒包含经修饰的基因组,其中:
i)沙粒病毒的四个开放阅读框即糖蛋白(GP)、核蛋白(NP)、基质蛋白Z和RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶L中的一个或更多个被除去或突变,
以防止感染性在正常细胞中传播,但是仍然允许在这些细胞中进行基因表达;
ii)引入编码一种或多种蛋白质或调节宿主基因表达的外源核糖核酸,并且通过沙粒病毒的四个启动子(S节段的5’UTR和3’UTR以及 L节段的5’UTR和3’UTR)之中的一个或更多个进行转录,或者通过额外引入的可分别被病毒RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶、细胞RNA聚合酶I、RNA聚合酶II或者RNA聚合酶III读出的启动子进行转录,其中编码蛋白质或调节宿主基因表达的核糖核酸可自身进行转录或通过与沙粒病毒蛋白质开放阅读框融合而被通读(read-through);以及任选地
iii)将一个或者多个内部核糖体进入位点引入到病毒转录序列中,来增强被沙粒病毒感染的细胞中蛋白质的表达。
此外,本发明还涉及含有这种基因工程化沙粒病毒的疫苗和药物制剂以及利用这些基因工程化沙粒病毒进行疫苗接种和基因治疗的方法。
此外,本发明还涉及在细胞培养物中表达目的蛋白质或在细胞培养物中调节基因表达,其中利用基因工程沙粒病毒感染所述细胞培养物。
附图说明
图1是显示由于对野生型沙粒病毒基因组进行了改造,所以所得沙粒病毒载体仅在回补细胞(complementing cell)中复制的图。
A:沙粒病毒载体(1)可感染正常细胞(2)或回补细胞(C细胞,3)。C细胞被感染后,可形成进一步的感染性后代载体,而正常细胞被感染后不产生载体颗粒或非感染性颗粒。
B:利用表达绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)而不是LCMV-GP的基于LCMV的载体(rLCMV/GFP)感染C细胞(1)和正常细胞(2),并且在不同的时间点(3,以小时表示)收集上清样品。采用噬斑形成测定法来检测所述上清中的感染性(4,以PFU/ml表示)。
C:野生型沙粒病毒基因组由大节段(L;1)和小节段(S;2)组成。所述L节段表达L基因(3)和Z基因(4),而所述S节段携带NP基因(5)和GP基因(6)。一种产生复制缺陷型沙粒病毒载体的策略可以是利用目的基因(例如GFP(7)或卵清蛋白(OVA;8))替代GP基因。
图2是回补质粒(C质粒)、用于胞内表达反式作用因子的质粒(TF质粒)和用于胞内表达沙粒病毒载体基因组节段的质粒(GS质粒)的示意图。
A:C质粒的实例。
B:分别表达病毒NP和L蛋白的TF质粒的实例。
C:分别表达沙粒病毒载体S节段和L节段的GS质粒的实例。
1:聚合酶II启动子;2:为进行回补而表达的病毒基因;3:内部核糖体进入位点;4:哺乳动物选择性标记,例如嘌呤霉素抗性基因;5:多腺苷酸化信号;6:氨苄西林抗性盒;7:复制起点;8:病毒反式作用因子,例如NP ORF;9:病毒反式作用因子,例如L ORF;10:驱动沙粒病毒基因组节段在C-细胞中表达的启动子,例如聚合酶I启动子;11:所述S节段的5’UTR;12:目的抗原;13:所述S节段的IGR;14:NP基因;15:所述S节段的3’UTR;16:聚合酶I终止子;17:所述L节段的5’UTR;18:Z基因;19:所述L节段的IGR;20:L基因;21:所述L节段的3’UTR。
图3是显示沙粒病毒载体在接种后数天内被清除,因此不会在免疫接种者中引起免疫抑制的图。
A:第0天,用rLCMV/GFP(1)静脉内免疫小鼠。其后,在不同的时间点(2;以天数表示),测量脾脏中病毒基因组拷贝数(3;以log10表示)。
B:作为初次免疫/感染(1°),用rLCMV/OVA(5)免疫小鼠,或者不感染(6),或者用野生型LCMV(7)感染。在第20天,所有的小鼠经腹膜内感染水疱性口炎病毒(VSV,8)(2°)。然后,收集血液用于测量抗病毒和抗载体的T细胞应答(3)和抗病毒抗体应答(4)。在第28天,在肽再次刺激后,通过γ干扰素的细胞内染色来测量外周血中H-2Kb-SIINFEKL(来源于卵清蛋白的CD8+T细胞表位)特异性CD8+T细胞(9)和H-2Kb-VSV-NP52-29(来源于VSV-NP的CD8+T细胞表位)特异性CD8+T细胞(10)(数值以CD8+T细胞中特定细胞的百分比来表示)。在第27天(以VSV感染后的时间点为参照,以“d7”表示)、第29天(以“d9”表示)和第61天(以“d41”表示),采用50%空斑减少试验测试血清中的总VSV中和抗体(11)和β-巯基乙醇抗性IgG(12)(数值以40倍预稀释血清的log2表示),。
图4是显示沙粒病毒载体以高效价诱导高比率的具有长期记忆的CD8+T细胞和具有长期记忆的抗体的图。
A:用rLCMV/OVA免疫小鼠,并且在一段时间内(2;以天数表示)收集血液样品,用于以I类MHC四聚体检测H2Kb-OVA/SIINFEKL特异性CD8+T细胞的比率(3,数值表示为CD8+T细胞区室中四聚体阳性的CD8+T细胞的比率)。
B:通过皮下注射(s.c.)或静脉内(i.v.)途径用指定剂量的rLCMV/OVA免疫小鼠(1),在第14天(5)和第58天(6)通过ELISA测量血清中OVA特异性IgG。数值以得到两倍于背景光密度(OD)的测量值的血清稀释度表示。
图5是显示沙粒病毒载体不引发中枢神经系统疾病的图。
给小鼠脑内免疫接种rLCMV/OVA(空心方块)或者野生型LCMV(黑色圆),然后在指定的时间点(1,以天数表示)监控终末性脉络丛脑膜炎的临床体征。显示每个时间点的健康动物数/实验动物数(2)。
图6是显示沙粒病毒载体赋予了针对感染攻击的T细胞介导的和抗体介导的保护作用的图。
A)在实验的第0天,给小鼠免疫接种rLCMV/OVA(AA组)或用作阴性对照的表达无关的Cre重组酶抗原的rLCMV对照载体(BB组)。间隔16天或58天(d16,d58)后,用表达OVA的重组单核细胞增多性李斯特菌进行静脉内攻击。攻击后第四天,测量动物脾脏中的细菌效价(1)(以每个器官的菌落形成单位的对数(log10)来表示)。黑色圈表示每只小鼠的值。竖线表示每组的平均值。
B)给I类干扰素受体缺陷型小鼠免疫接种LCMV载体(实心方块)或不进行免疫接种(空心圈),所述LCMV载体表达水疱性口炎病毒包膜蛋白G的具有抗原特性但不具有功能的变体(通过在胞外结构域中插入外源多肽序列来修饰)。一个月后,用2×106PFU的水疱性口炎病毒来静脉内攻击所有的动物。在攻击后的指定时间点(2,以天数表示),监测动物的终束脑脊髓炎临床体征。在每一个时间点和组,健康存活表示为健康动物数/实验动物数(3)。
发明详述
本发明涉及感染性沙粒病毒颗粒(称为沙粒病毒载体),其被改造成包含能在被感染细胞中扩增和表达其遗传信息但不能在正常的非基因工程细胞中进一步产生感染性后代颗粒的基因组。图1A示意性显示该原理。图1B中示出了实例数据。
沙粒病毒载体的复制需要对复制缺陷型载体进行回补的基因工程细胞。细胞被感染后,沙粒病毒载体的基因组不仅表达沙粒病毒蛋白质,而且还表达额外的目的蛋白质,例如目的抗原。沙粒病毒载体是通过针对LCMV描述的标准反向遗传技术产生的(L.Flatz,A.Bergthaler,J.C.de la Torre和D.D.Pinschewer,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:4663-4668,2006;A.B.Sanchez and J.C.de la Tore,Virology 350:370,2006),但是它们的基因组是通过以下一种或更多种方法进行修饰以获得上述特征的:
i)沙粒病毒的四个开放阅读框(糖蛋白(GP);核蛋白(NP);基质蛋白Z;RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶L)中的一个或者更多个(例如两个、三个或四个)被除去或者突变,以防止在正常细胞中形成感染性颗粒,但是仍然允许在被沙粒病毒载体感染的细胞中进行基因表达。
ii)可引入编码一种或多种蛋白质的外源核酸,或者,或另外,可引入外源核酸来调节宿主基因表达。这些外源核酸包括但不限于短发夹RNA(shRNA)、小干扰RNA(siRNA)、微RNA(miRNA)及其前体。这 些外源核酸可通过沙粒病毒的四个启动子(S节段的5’UTR和3’UTR以及L节段的5’UTR和3’UTR)之中的一个或更多个(例如两个或三个)进行转录,或者通过额外引入的可被病毒RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶、细胞RNA聚合酶I、RNA聚合酶II或者RNA聚合酶III读出的启动子序列(例如天然存在于病毒UTR中的病毒启动子序列的拷贝、28S核糖体RNA启动子、β肌动蛋白启动子或5S核糖体RNA启动子)分别进行转录。编码蛋白质或调节宿主基因表达的核糖核酸可自身或者可通过与沙粒病毒开放阅读框相融合被通读而进行转录和翻译。可在病毒转录序列的合适位点引入一个或更多个(例如两个、三个或四个)内部核糖体进入位点来增强蛋白质在宿主细胞中的表达。
本文所用的“调节宿主基因表达”指在所有被载体靶向的细胞中(或以细胞类型特异性方式)减少或增加宿主基因的表达。这些所期望的特征可通过将核酸序列引入到载体中来实现。
沙粒病毒载体可用于改善一般生活和健康,并且可在多种情形下用于免疫(以预防形式)或治疗(以免疫治疗方式)动物(包括人),所述情形包括但不限于
i)感染:包括但不限于病毒(比如人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)、乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)、流感病毒和呼吸道合胞体病毒(RSV))、细菌(比如分枝杆菌、嗜血杆菌(haemophilus spp)和肺炎双球菌(pneumococcus spp))和寄生虫(比如疟原虫、阿米巴虫(amebia)和philaria)以及朊病毒(prion)(比如可以导致经典和变异的克罗伊茨费尔特-雅各布氏病(Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease)和疯牛病的传染剂);
ii)自身免疫病:包括但不限于1型糖尿病、多发性硬化、类风湿关节炎、红斑狼疮和银屑病;
iii)肿瘤疾病:包括但不限于黑色素瘤、前列腺癌、乳腺癌、肺癌和神经母细胞瘤;
iv)代谢疾病:包括但不限于2型糖尿病、肥胖和痛风;
v)退行性疾病:包括但不限于阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病;
vi)遗传病:包括但不限于亨廷顿舞蹈病、重症联合免疫缺陷病和脂质贮积症;
vii)物质依赖:包括但不限于烟草和酒精滥用;和
viii)变应性疾病:包括但不限于季节性或慢性鼻结膜炎、哮喘和湿疹。
出于同样目的,沙粒病毒载体可用于将目的基因(例如外源核酸)引入活体动物(包括人)的细胞中,即基因治疗,或者在生物技术应用中用于引入和表达目的基因产物。通过从其基因组缺失例如病毒颗粒释放所需的Z基因或者感染靶细胞所需的GP基因可以消除沙粒病毒载体的复制(参见图3),感染细胞的总数受到施用给例如受接种者或基因治疗接受者的接种物或者意外传播给涉及医疗应用或生物技术应用的人或动物的接种物的限制。已知野生型沙粒病毒感染中的沙粒病毒病和免疫抑制都是由不受抑制的病毒复制引起的。因此,消除沙粒病毒载体的复制可预防有目的地或意外传播载体颗粒所导致的致病性。在本发明中,一个重要的方面是为了表达一种或更多种外源蛋白质(例如目的抗原)而以有益方式利用上述消除复制的必要性:除去(例如在结构上缺失或从功能上诱变)沙粒病毒的一个或更多个基因释放了相应启动子以用于表达所选蛋白质。
本发明的沙粒病毒载体策略的多个组合优点是:值得注意的是,尽管沙粒病毒载体不能传播,但是其准确保留了免疫原性,这对于那些从事沙粒病毒免疫学研究的免疫学家来说是一个巨大的惊喜。在关键的时间段存在相当多的病毒和抗原负载通常被认为是造成沙粒病毒的卓越的免疫原性特性所必需的。就安全性而言,所述病毒(和所述载体)的非溶胞行为是优于大多数可用载体系统的主要优点,沙粒病毒一般不具有致癌潜能也是其主要优点。而且,就安全性而言,沙粒病毒载体不能进行复制也是非常重要的。特别是用作疫苗的应用中,沙粒病毒载体针对抗体中和具有高水平抗性是非常有利的。这个特点是许多沙粒病毒包膜所固有的,并且可利用相同的沙粒病毒载体进行重复免疫而获得重复加强的免疫应答。同样地,人群中预存在的针对沙粒病毒的免疫性是非常低的或可忽略不计。
沙粒病毒被认为是旧世界病毒(例如拉沙病毒、淋巴细胞脉络丛脑膜炎病毒(LCMV)、莫巴拉病毒、Mopeia病毒或伊派病毒(lppy病毒))或新世界病毒(例如阿马帕里病毒、Flexal病毒、瓜纳瑞托病毒、胡宁病毒、莱蒂罗氏病毒、马丘波病毒、Oliveros病毒、Paraná病毒、皮钦德病毒、Pirital病毒、Sabiá病毒、Tacaribe病毒、他米阿米病毒、Bear Canyon病毒或白水河病毒)。优选旧世界病毒的成员,例如拉沙病毒或LCMV,尤其是LCMV。
编码一种或多种目的蛋白质的外源核酸是例如来源于信使RNA的序列或对应于初级基因转录产物的RNA,当本发明携带此RNA的沙粒病毒颗粒感染细胞后,导致目的蛋白质的表达。此外,也可以考虑那些通过例如RNA干扰来修饰被沙粒病毒载体颗粒感染的细胞中的基因表达的外源核酸。
可引入到本发明的基因工程沙粒病毒中的目的核糖核酸是编码蛋白或者调节宿主基因表达的任意序列,所述序列可通过替换糖蛋白GP、基质蛋白Z、核蛋白NP或者聚合酶蛋白L的开放阅读框或者与其融合而被引入到沙粒病毒载体基因组中,即其可在沙粒病毒的四个启动子(S节段的5’UTR和3’UTR以及L节段的5’UTR和3’UTR)或者插入了可分别被病毒RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶、细胞RNA聚合酶I、RNA聚合酶II或者RNA聚合酶III读出的调控元件(例如天然存在于病毒UTR中的病毒启动子序列的拷贝、28S核糖体RNA启动子、β肌动蛋白启动子或5S核糖体RNA启动子)的核糖核酸的控制下进行转录和/或表达。所述蛋白或核酸可自身进行转录和/或表达或者可分别通过与沙粒病毒开放阅读框融合被通读和/或与一个或更多个(例如两个、三个或四个)内部核糖体进入位点相组合被通读而进行转录和/或表达。如利用GFP和卵清蛋白基因替换GP所证实的,所插入的基因的长度和所表达蛋白的特性不是关键性的,这使得表达多种目的蛋白质成为可能。
优选的目的蛋白质是肽抗原或蛋白性抗原。本发明的肽抗原或蛋白性抗原可例如选自(a)适用于诱导或调节针对感染性疾病的免疫应答的蛋白质或者肽;(b)适用于诱导或调节针对肿瘤疾病即癌细胞的免疫应答的蛋白质或者肽;和(c)适用于诱导或调节针对变应原的免疫应答的蛋白质或者肽。可将抗原组合(例如来自一种或更多种感染性生物或者 肿瘤或变应原的抗原的组合)进行组合以分别诱导或者调节用于保护或治疗多于一种的感染、肿瘤类型或变应性疾病的免疫应答。
本文所用的“调节免疫应答”是指i)在质量或数量上提高患者的有益的免疫应答。这是所期望的,例如,在对被感染个体进行免疫治疗的情形下增强HIV特异性T细胞和抗体免疫应答时。术语“调节免疫应答”还指ii)通常称为脱敏的过程,例如通过抑制变应类型的免疫应答(例如免疫球蛋白E同种型中的一种)来对变应原进行脱敏,目的是替代或者加强保护性免疫应答或者减轻致病性免疫应答。
在本发明的一个具体的实施方案中,所述抗原是可用于预防感染性疾病的抗原。抗原或抗原决定簇的具体实例包括HIV抗原gp41、gp120、gag和pol,丙型肝炎病毒的非结构(NS)蛋白,流感抗原血球凝集素和神经氨酸酶,乙型肝炎表面抗原和疟疾的环子孢子蛋白。
优选地,所述抗原选自呼吸道合胞体病毒抗原、人免疫缺陷病毒抗原、丙型肝炎病毒抗原、水痘带状疱疹病毒抗原、单纯疱疹病毒抗原、巨细胞病毒抗原和来源于结核分枝杆菌的抗原。
对用于治疗癌症的组合物和方法中的抗原的选择是治疗这种疾病的医学领域中技术人员公知的。此类抗原的代表性实例包括:HER2/neu(乳腺癌)、GD2(神经母细胞瘤)、EGF-R(恶性胶质瘤)、CEA(甲状腺髓样癌)、CD52(白血病)、MUC1(在血液系统恶性肿瘤中表达)、gp100蛋白、MELAN-A/MART1或者肿瘤抑制基因WT1的产物。
对用于治疗变态反应的组合物和方法中的抗原的选择是治疗这种疾病的医学领域中技术人员公知的。此类抗原的代表性实例包括但是不限于桦树花粉Bet v1和猫变应原Fel d1。
对用于治疗肥胖的组合物和方法中的抗原的选择是治疗这种疾病的医学领域中技术人员公知的。此类抗原的代表性实例包括但是不限于生长激素释放肽(ghrelin)和抑胃肽(GIP)。
沙粒病毒载体基因组的设计
从野生型沙粒病毒基因组开始(图1C),设计沙粒病毒载体基因组以 保留所述两个节段的5’和3’非翻译区(UTR)中至少必需的调控元件,优选还保留基因间隔区(IGR)。在被感染细胞中进行基因表达所需的最小反式作用因子作为可表达开放阅读框保留在所述载体基因组中,但是它们可位于基因组中的不同位置并且可受控于与天然启动子不同的启动子,或者可由内部核糖体进入位点进行表达。四个病毒基因(NP,L,GP,Z)中的至少一个被除去或者在功能上失活。可将一个或更多个额外目的基因或者核酸区段插入到沙粒病毒载体基因组中,其位置和取向使它们能在四个病毒启动子(S节段的5’UTR和3’UTR以及L节段的5’UTR和3’UTR)或者内部核糖体进入位点或者可被病毒RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶、细胞RNA聚合酶I、RNA聚合酶II或者RNA聚合酶III读出的启动子的控制下在受感染的细胞中进行表达。图1C显示一个实例,其中沙粒病毒GP开放阅读框(ORF)被卵清蛋白(OVA)或绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)ORF替换。
回补细胞系的产生
由于“缺失”(是指除去或者在功能上失活)了沙粒病毒载体中的一个或更多个病毒基因(在这里以缺失糖蛋白GP为例),因此沙粒病毒载体必须在反式(in trans)提供缺失病毒基因(例如本实例中的GP)的细胞中产生并扩增。这样的回补细胞系(本文称为C细胞)是通过用表达目的病毒基因的一种或更多种质粒(回补质粒,称为C质粒)转染哺乳动物细胞系(比如BHK-21、HEK293、VERO或者其他细胞系(在这里以BHK-21为例))而产生的。所述C质粒(示例见图2A)表达沙粒病毒载体中被缺失的病毒基因,其是在一个或更多个适于在哺乳动物细胞中表达的表达盒(例如哺乳动物聚合酶II启动子,比如带有多腺苷酸化信号的CMV或者EF1α启动子)的控制下产生的。此外,回补质粒的特征是哺乳动物选择性标记,例如如嘌呤霉素抗性,其受控于适于在哺乳动物细胞中进行基因表达的表达盒(例如上文所述的聚合酶II表达盒),或者在病毒基因转录本之后接内部核糖体进入位点(如脑心肌炎病毒的内部核糖体进入位点),然后再接哺乳动物抗性标记。就在大肠杆菌(E.coli)中产生而言,质粒的其它特征是细菌选择性标记,如氨苄西林抗性盒。
将待使用的细胞(如BHK-21、HEK293、MC57G或者其他细胞) 保持在培养物中,并通过任何常用的策略(例如基于磷酸钙、脂质体的方法或者电穿孔法)用回补质粒转染。数天后,加入合适浓度的合适的选择剂,例如嘌呤霉素。根据标准的方法分离存活的克隆并进行亚克隆,然后利用针对目的病毒蛋白的抗体,通过Western印迹或者流式细胞术鉴定高表达的C细胞克隆。作为使用稳定转染的C细胞的替代方案,对正常细胞进行瞬时转染可在下面使用C细胞的每个步骤中回补被缺失的病毒基因。
用于回收沙粒病毒载体的质粒
需要两种类型的质粒:
i)用于在C细胞中胞内表达沙粒病毒的最小反式作用因子的两个质粒,称为TF-质粒(实例见图2B),所述载体来自例如本实施例中LCMV的NP蛋白和L蛋白。
ii)用于在C细胞中胞内表达沙粒病毒载体基因组节段(例如图1C中所述的经设计修饰的节段)的质粒,称为GS质粒(实例见图2C)。TF质粒表达相应沙粒病毒载体的NP蛋白和L蛋白,其受控于适于在哺乳动物细胞中进行蛋白质表达的表达盒(例如哺乳动物聚合酶II启动子,比如CMV或者EF1α启动子,其中任何一个优选与多腺苷酸化信号组合)(图2B)。GS质粒表达所述载体的小(S)和大(L)基因组节段。通常,可使用聚合酶I驱动的表达盒(图2C)或者T7噬菌体RNA聚合酶(T7)驱动的表达盒,后者优先与3’末端核酶一起用于加工初级转录物,从而获得正确的末端。在利用基于T7的系统的情形下,C细胞中T7的表达必须通过在回收过程中包含额外的表达质粒来提供,所述表达质粒与TF质粒的结构相似并且提供T7,或者将C-细胞构建成以稳定方式另外表达T7。
沙粒病毒载体的回收
第一天:用两种TF质粒和两种GS质粒的混合物转染C细胞(通常在M6孔板中的汇合度为80%)。就此而言,可采用任何常用的策略,比如基于磷酸钙、脂质体的方法或者电穿孔法。
3-5天后:收获培养物上清(沙粒病毒载体制备物),分成等份式样, 并根据使用前沙粒病毒载体应当储存的时间的长短,分别贮存在4℃、-20℃或者-80℃下。然后通过免疫噬斑实验评价C细胞上沙粒病毒载体制备物的感染性效价。
沙粒病毒载体感染性的滴定
为了测定沙粒病毒载体的感染性,按照病毒学中常用的原理,将C细胞用于典型的免疫噬斑实验,如下文所述:
用10倍稀释的沙粒病毒载体制备物感染C细胞单层(通常在M24孔板中,80%汇合度)90分钟。然后,在所述细胞层上覆盖补充有1%甲基纤维素的合适的细胞培养基。2~3天后,根据所用的C细胞系的许可性,除去培养物上清,通常用乙醇/丙酮或者4%福尔马林固定所述细胞层,然后用柔和的去污剂来增加细胞层的通透性。随后用针对待测试沙粒病毒载体中蛋白质之一或者所引入抗原的单克隆或多克隆抗体制备物鉴定沙粒病毒载体感染的细胞噬斑。采用合适的试剂(比如与显色体系(如辣根过氧化物酶)缀合的抗同种型或者抗种属抗体)检测结合抗体,然后与合适的发色团(如邻苯二胺)进行颜色反应。对所述板上的所得噬斑进行计数以计算每单位体积沙粒病毒载体制备物中感染性噬斑形成单位(FFU)的数量。
疫苗和药物制剂
本发明还涉及含有上述基因工程化沙粒病毒的疫苗和药物制剂。根据本领域中的标准方法制备用于其它用途的疫苗和药物制剂。
用于肠内施用(例如鼻腔、口含、直肠或者口服施用)和用于胃肠外施用(例如静脉内、肌内、皮内或者皮下施用)给温血动物(特别是人)的组合物是优选的。特别优选的是用于胃肠道外施用的组合物。所述组合物包含单独的基因工程沙粒病毒,或者优选包含基因工程沙粒病毒和可药用载体。活性成分的剂量取决于免疫接种的类型、待治疗的疾病以及种属、年龄、体重和个体状况、个体的药代动力学数据和施用方式。
所述药物组合物包含约103至约1011个噬斑形成单位的基因工程化沙粒病毒。用于胃肠道外施用的单位剂量形式比如为安瓿或者西林瓶, 例如含有约103至1010个噬斑形成单位或105至1015个基因工程沙粒病毒物理颗粒的西林瓶。
优选使用基因工程化沙粒病毒的悬浮液或者分散体,尤其是等张含水分散体或悬浮液。所述药物组合物可以是无菌的和/或可含有赋形剂,例如防腐剂、稳定剂、润湿剂和/或乳化剂、增溶剂、用于调节渗透压的盐和/或缓冲剂,而且可以本身公知的方法进行制备,例如通过常规的分散和悬浮方法。所述分散体或者悬浮液可包含粘性调节剂。所述悬浮液或者分散体在约2-4℃的温度下保存,或者优选地,可冷冻以长期保存,然后在使用前不久解冻。
本发明还涉及用于制备药物制剂形式的疫苗的方法以及基因工程化沙粒病毒制备药物制剂形式的疫苗中的用途,所述疫苗包含基因工程沙粒病毒用作活性成分。本发明的药物组合物可以本身公知的方法进行制备,例如通过传统的混合和/或分散方法。
向疫苗接种者和基因治疗接受者施用
本发明还涉及利用基因工程化沙粒病毒进行疫苗接种和基因治疗的方法,如上文所述。
施用沙粒病毒载体用于提高生活质量,包括但不限于疫苗接种、免疫治疗和基因治疗,以预防、治疗或改善以下情况:
i)感染:包括但不限于病毒(比如人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)、乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)、流感病毒和呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV))、细菌(比如分枝杆菌、嗜血杆菌和肺炎双球菌)、寄生虫(比如疟原虫、阿米巴虫和philaria)以及朊病毒(比如可以导致经典和变异的克罗伊茨费尔特-雅各布氏病和疯牛病的传染剂);
ii)自身免疫疾病:包括但不限于1型糖尿病、多发性硬化、类风湿关节炎、红斑狼疮和银屑病;
iii)肿瘤疾病:包括但不限于黑色素瘤、前列腺癌、乳腺癌、肺癌和神经母细胞瘤;
iv)代谢疾病:包括但不限于2型糖尿病、肥胖和痛风;
v)退行性疾病:包括但不限于阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病;
vi)遗传病:包括但不限于亨廷顿舞蹈病、重症联合免疫缺陷病和脂质贮积症;
vii)物质依赖:包括但不限于烟草和酒精滥用。
特别地,本发明涉及预防由病毒、细菌、寄生虫和朊病毒引起的感染的方法,其包括向有此需求的患者施用含有基因工程化沙粒病毒的疫苗,同样地,本发明还涉及预防上文所述的肿瘤疾病和退行性疾病的方法。
此外,本发明还涉及治疗由病毒、细菌、寄生虫和朊粒引起的感染、自身免疫疾病、肿瘤疾病、代谢疾病、退行性疾病、遗传病或物质依赖的方法,其包括向有此需求的患者施用含有基因工程化沙粒病毒的药物制剂。
可以通过一种或者更多种可用的途径向受接种者施用沙粒病毒载体,所述途径包括但不限于肌肉内、真皮内、皮下、口服、鼻内或静脉内途径,例如,如图3A中列举的实验中。这将导致细胞被感染以及病毒基因组节段在这些高度相同的初始感染细胞中进行扩增,例如在静脉内接种后。这包括脾脏中可诱发T细胞应答的树突细胞。由于沙粒病毒载体不能在受接种者的细胞中复制(因其缺乏C细胞中存在的回补病毒蛋白质),所以沙粒病毒载体RNA水平会随时间迅速下降,病毒基因组将在接种沙粒病毒载体后数天内消失(图3A)。由于沙粒病毒载体不能复制且持久存在,因此与利用相同剂量的野生型病毒进行的感染相比,沙粒病毒载体免疫接种不会引起免疫抑制(图3B)或者疾病(图5)。这在感染了野生型LCMV或者表达OVA而不是LCMV-GP的基于LCMV的载体(rLCMV/OVA;与图1C的结果进行比较)的小鼠中进行测试。随后,水疱性口炎病毒感染在之前用rLCMV/OVA免疫的动物中引发了正常的CD8T细胞和抗体应答,但是在之前用野生型LCMV感染的动物中则被抑制。同样地,当颅内施用时,野生型LCMV在小鼠中引起致死性脉络丛脑膜炎,而rLCMV/OVA没有引起任何临床上可检测的疾病体征(图5)。
尽管其具有短暂的性质,然而目的抗原的表达确实诱发了强烈和长期的T细胞应答(见图4A),并且诱发了高效价的特异性抗体(图4B)。这个反应是剂量依赖性的,但是即使小剂量也有效(图4B)。在小鼠中测试了由基于LCMV的疫苗载体诱发的T细胞免疫应答的保护能力。免疫接种rLCMV/OVA可对表达OVA的重组单核细胞增多性李斯特菌(rLM/OVA)的感染性攻击提供保护。这表现为在进行疫苗接种的动物的脾脏中rLM/OVA的效价显著下降或者检测不到(见图6A)。在I型干扰素受体缺陷型小鼠中测试了LCMV载体对抗体介导的保护作用的诱导。这些小鼠对水疱性口炎病毒(VSV)非常敏感,其50%致死剂量(LD50)在50PFU范围左右。就针对VSV的免疫而言,利用表达水疱性口炎病毒包膜蛋白G的具有抗原性但不具有功能性的变体(通过在其胞外结构域中插入一个外源肽序列进行修饰)LCMV载体。经免疫的小鼠可在感染2×105PFU VSV(即>10000倍LD50)后仍然存活,而未免疫的对照小鼠在VSV攻击后2~3天内出现了终末性脉络丛脑膜炎(图6)。但是,值得注意的是,通过UV辐射使沙粒病毒载体基因组失活导致其免疫原性消失,表明了病毒载体在感染细胞中的复制和基因表达是疫苗保持效力所必需的。此外,可通过重复利用同样的(同源的)或不同(异源的)沙粒病毒载体(即通过加强免疫接种的形式)来增强T细胞和抗体免疫应答。在同源性初免-加强方案中,其中不存在中和抗体诱导,这使得加强免疫特别有效。
当用于基因治疗时,沙粒病毒载体可全身施用(例如静脉内)或者局部施用(例如利用合适的装置进行定位注射)用于靶向和递送至其中应当表达目的抗原的特定组织中。由于其非溶胞的性质,沙粒病毒载体不会对其感染的细胞有害,并且可在功能上替代目的基因。
作为采用沙粒病毒载体来治疗多细胞生物的替代方案,将用生物相容材料包衣的回补细胞(C细胞)或者非回补(正常)细胞植入受种者体内可防止受种者的免疫排斥,但仍允许感染性(植入感染性C细胞)颗粒或者非感染性(植入被感染的正常细胞)颗粒或者蛋白质和/或核糖核酸从包裹细胞中穿过包衣层恒定释放到受种者组织中。
在细胞培养物中表达目的蛋白质
此外,本发明还涉及在细胞培养物中表达目的蛋白质,其中利用细 胞基因工程化沙粒病毒感染所述细胞培养物。当用于在培养细胞中表达目的蛋白质或者核酸区段(例如目的抗原)时,涉及以下两种方法:
i)在感染复数(MOI)为1或更高(例如2、3或者4)的情形下用沙粒病毒载体制备物感染目的细胞类型,导致在感染后不久在所有细胞中产生目的蛋白质。
ii)或者,可使用较低的MOI,并可针对其病毒驱动蛋白质表达水平来选择单细胞克隆。随后,单克隆可进行无限扩增,因为沙粒病毒载体具有非溶胞性质。不管采用哪种方法,然后可从培养物上清或者细胞本身收集目的蛋白质,这取决于所产生的蛋白质的性质。
然而,本发明不限于这两种策略,也可考虑采用基因工程化沙粒病毒作为载体来驱动目的蛋白质或者核酸之表达的其它方法。
Claims (14)
1.一种感染性沙粒病毒颗粒,其被改造成包含能在被感染细胞中扩增和表达其遗传信息但不能在正常的非基因工程细胞中进一步产生感染性后代颗粒的基因组。
2.根据权利要求1的沙粒病毒颗粒,其包含编码目的蛋白质或肽的额外的核酸。
3.根据权利要求1的沙粒病毒颗粒,其包含调节宿主基因表达的额外的核酸。
4.根据权利要求2或3的沙粒病毒颗粒,其包含经修饰的基因组,其中:
i)沙粒病毒的四个开放阅读框即糖蛋白(GP)、核蛋白(NP)、基质蛋白Z和RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶L中的一个或更多个被除去或突变,以阻止在正常细胞中复制,但是仍允许在被沙粒病毒载体感染的细胞中进行基因表达;
ii)使编码一种或更多种目的蛋白质或调节宿主基因表达的外源核糖核酸在沙粒病毒的四个启动子即S节段的5’UTR和3’UTR以及L节段的5’UTR和3’UTR之中一个或更多个的控制下进行表达,和/或在可被病毒RNA依赖性RNA聚合酶、细胞RNA聚合酶I、RNA聚合酶II或RNA聚合酶III读出的调控元件的控制下进行表达,其可自身进行表达或者通过与沙粒病毒蛋白质开放阅读框融合而被通读;以及任选地
iii)引入一个或者多个内部核糖体进入位点来增强目的蛋白质在被沙粒病毒感染的细胞中的表达。
5.根据权利要求4的沙粒病毒颗粒,其中所述沙粒病毒的开放阅读框糖蛋白(GP)被除去或突变。
6.根据权利要求5的沙粒病毒颗粒,其中所述沙粒病毒颗粒的开放阅读框糖蛋白(GP)被除去,并且替换成编码一种或多种目的蛋白质或者调节宿主基因表达的外源核糖核酸。
7.根据权利要求5的沙粒病毒颗粒,其中所述沙粒病毒颗粒的开放阅读框糖蛋白(GP)被除去,并且替换成编码来自感染性生物、肿瘤或变应原的肽或蛋白质抗原的外源核糖核酸。
8.根据权利要求5的沙粒病毒颗粒,其中所述沙粒病毒颗粒的开放阅读框糖蛋白(GP)被除去,并且替换成选自短发夹RNA(shRNA)、小干扰RNA(siRNA)和微RNA(miRNA)的外源核糖核酸。
9.根据权利要求1至8中任一项的沙粒病毒颗粒,其中所述沙粒病毒颗粒是淋巴细胞脉络丛脑膜炎病毒(LCMV)。
10.根据权利要求9的沙粒病毒颗粒,其包含编码抗原的外源核糖核酸,所述抗原选自呼吸道合胞体病毒抗原、人免疫缺陷病毒抗原、丙型肝炎病毒抗原、带状疱疹病毒抗原、单纯疱疹病毒抗原、巨细胞病毒抗原和来自结核分枝杆菌的抗原。
11.疫苗或药物制剂,其包含根据权利要求2至10中任一项的沙粒病毒颗粒。
12.预防患者中由病毒、细菌、寄生虫和朊病毒所致感染的方法,其包括向有此需求的患者施用治疗有效量的根据权利要求2至10中任一项所述沙粒病毒颗粒。
13.治疗患者中由病毒、细菌、寄生虫和朊病毒所致感染、自身免疫疾病、肿瘤疾病、代谢疾病、退行性疾病、遗传病、变应性疾病或物质依赖的方法,其包括向有此需求的患者施用治疗有效量的根据权利要求2至10中任一项所述沙粒病毒颗粒。
14.在细胞培养物中表达目的蛋白质或修饰基因表达的方法,其中利用根据权利要求2至10中任一项所述沙粒病毒颗粒感染所述细胞培养物。
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HRP20221167T1 (hr) | 2015-11-12 | 2022-12-09 | Hookipa Biotech Gmbh | Čestice arenavirusa kao cjepiva protiv raka |
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