CN103091214A - Under-dam seepage flow experiment apparatus - Google Patents
Under-dam seepage flow experiment apparatus Download PDFInfo
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- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 title description 6
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 75
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 71
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000000700 radioactive tracer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000001174 ascending effect Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000012780 transparent material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000008595 infiltration Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000001764 infiltration Methods 0.000 description 6
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003673 groundwater Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005325 percolation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 201000006549 dyspepsia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002706 plastid Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明用于水利工程中的坝下渗流实验装置，包括带水泵的储水箱、地质体模拟箱，地质体模拟箱内下半部有坝下透水地层、坝基伸入中部坝下透水地层上的模拟水坝，分别位于模拟水坝上、下游端的模拟水库、模拟原始河流，位于地质体模拟箱外上游端的定水头供水箱中有分别与水泵和模拟水库相通的供水腔、与储水箱相通的回流腔，位于地质体模拟箱外下游端的定水头排水箱中有通过管道与模拟原始河流相通的溢流腔、通过管道与储水箱或流量计相通的排水腔，至少三根示踪剂注入管一端分别伸入模拟水库下透水地层中同一水平面上。本发明能根据相似模拟原理以野外大坝地质实体为模拟对象，模拟坝下渗流的过程以及防止坝下渗流的措施及运用达西渗流定律分析防渗原理。
The present invention is used for the sub-dam seepage test device in water conservancy projects, comprising a water storage tank with a water pump and a geological body simulation box, the lower half of the geological body simulation box has a permeable stratum under the dam, and the dam foundation extends into the permeable stratum under the dam in the middle The simulated dam, the simulated reservoir located at the upstream and downstream ends of the simulated dam, and the simulated primitive river, the fixed head water supply tank located at the upstream end of the geological body simulation box has a water supply chamber connected with the water pump and the simulated reservoir, and a return chamber connected with the water storage tank , the constant water head drainage tank located at the downstream end of the geological body simulation box has an overflow chamber that communicates with the simulated original river through pipes, and a drainage chamber that communicates with the water storage tank or flowmeter through pipes. At least three tracer injection pipes are respectively extended at one end. into the same level in the permeable stratum under the simulated reservoir. The invention can take the field dam geological entity as the simulation object according to the similar simulation principle, simulate the seepage process under the dam and the measures to prevent the seepage under the dam, and analyze the anti-seepage principle by using Darcy's law of seepage.
Description
Technical field:
The present invention is relevant with hydraulic engineering, and is special in after building the dam on the river, and storehouse water is relevant by seepage experimental apparatus under dam sub-surface seepage flow relevant dam.
Background technology:
Any dam body all will be placed on the stratum, riverbed.The general confining stratum of nature is the soft stratums such as mud stone, shale, but the soft stratum river act as the master with lateral erosion, often form broad valley, and mechanical strength is low is unfavorable for building high dam, so dam is built mostly on the rigidity such as the high grouan of mechanical strength, ls, sandstone stratum in.But the rigidity stratum is all old stratum, has experienced repeatedly earth movement in very long geochron, makes it to produce the water-permeable passages such as crack, hole, if do not take corresponding seepage control measure, percolation phenomenon under the dam probably occurs, the harm of seepage flow under the dam; The one, the reservoir water storage is impacted, the 2nd, with generation dam dive erosion, this causes the major reason of dam catastrophic failure often.Research the dam under seepage flow often adopt mathematics and method for numerical simulation, above method is not directly perceived, with the plastid similarity is poor practically, to research make troubles, beginner's indigestion.
Summary of the invention:
The objective of the invention is in order to overcome above deficiency, provide a kind of can be according to the analog simulation principle take open-air dam geology entity as simulated object, follow boundary condition similar, the seepage field geometric configuration is similar, characteristics of motion principle of similarity is simulated the process of seepage flow under the dam and prevent the measure of seepage flow under the dam and use seepage experimental apparatus under the dam of darcy flow Thermodynamics Law Analysts antiseepage principle.
The object of the present invention is achieved like this:
experimental apparatus forb simulating seepage under dam of the present invention, comprise the reserve tank with water pump, the geologic body simulation box, in the geologic body simulation box, Lower Half has permeable stratum under the dam, the dam foundation stretches into the simulation dam in permeable stratum under the dam, middle part, lay respectively on the simulation dam, the simulation reservoir of downstream end, simulate original river, the head supply tank of deciding that is arranged in the outer upstream extremity of geologic body simulation box has the water chamber that communicates with the simulation reservoir of water storage tank water pump and geologic body simulation box by pipeline respectively, the back cavity that communicates with reserve tank by water return pipeline, the head discharge casing of deciding that is arranged in the outer downstream end of geologic body simulation box has the spill cavity that communicates with the simulation of geologic body simulation box original river by pipeline, the drain chamber that communicates with reserve tank or flowmeter by pipeline, at least three equidistant vertically is contained in geologic body simulation tank wall and relatively simulates tracer agent ascending pipe one end of dam upstream end and stretch into respectively under the simulation reservoir in permeable stratum on same level, place silica sand in geologic body simulation box the latter half and be used for simulating permeable stratum under following dam, riverbed, blocked water by dam in the geologic body simulation box and form the water-head of simulation reservoir and the original river of simulation, downstream river, under this water-head effect, simulation reservoir water storage is by the riverbed seepage flow downstream of pervious bed under the dam, underground water seepage flow in underground hole can't be observed, in order to manifest under the dam dankly water seepage flow characteristics, the lower end of tracer agent ascending pipe is arranged on the same level of the permeable stratum below dam upstream simulation reservoir.When storehouse water begins seepage flow, open tracer agent, this moment tracer agent with infiltrate storehouse water simultaneously to dam underwater bed seepage flow, the current trace that forms by tracer agent, can clear observation seepage flow characteristics under the dam,
Bottom above-mentioned simulation dam, upstream end has the seepage proof curtain that is arranged in permeable stratum under the dam, is used for increasing penetration route, reducing infiltration capacity and seepage velocity.
Above-mentioned tracer agent ascending pipe is four, forms respectively 1～4 current trace according to the test needs.
Above-mentioned geologic body simulation tank wall is outside upper, downstream end has respectively and can regulate the water-level regulator of deciding the head supply tank, deciding head discharge casing height, come the required reservoir level height of Control experiment by deciding the lifting of head supply tank, come the required simulation of Control experiment original river stream stage height by deciding the lifting of head discharge casing, thereby can the balancing reservoir water level and the water-head that forms of underwater bed water level, reach the purpose of controlling the hydraulic gradient of infiltration current under the dam.
The upper bracket, the undersetting that are contained in geologic body simulation box upper and lower end are arranged in above-mentioned water-level regulator, with decide the head supply tank or decide the tapped journal stirrup that the head discharge casing is connected, adjusting screw(rod) one end pass successively upper bracket, with journal stirrup on threaded engagement after stretch in undersetting and can rotate.
Under above-mentioned dam, the thickness of permeable stratum is at least 70cm, the highest reservoir level of simulation reservoir is 110cm, simulate the minimum stream stage in original river and be set to 65cm, the difference with 10cm changes hydraulic gradient 3 times at least, can satisfy the requirement of trying to achieve hydrogeological parameter in test.
Above-mentioned geologic body simulation box adopts transparent material to make, and is convenient to observe dam structure, the seepage state of underground water etc.
During apparatus of the present invention (without seepage proof curtain) work, to decide the head supply tank, decide the head discharge casing and adjust to the Simulated Water reservoir level higher than simulating original river desired location, pump working, water in reserve tank enters in the simulation reservoir through deciding the head supply tank, until the water level water-head in Simulated Water reservoir level and the original river of simulation, dam downstream is in dynamic balance state, at this moment tracer agent is injected each tracer agent ascending pipe, As time goes on, can clearly see the situation of finding seepage flow under the dam.As observing at this moment at the simulation seepage proof curtain of packing in dam that under the dam, the seepage flow the flowing distance increases in the present invention, seepage velocity is slack-off, amount of seepage reduces, and seepage flow is impacted to reservoir water storage and Dam safety be improved.
The present invention follows the principle of analog simulation:
1. geometric similarity
In model and nature geology entity, all length element should be proportional.
If with
Expression length ratio coefficient has
Wherein
,
,
Length, width and the thickness of expression nature geology entity,
,
,
Length, width and the thickness of expression model are if the geologic body of simulation contains underground water,
Be natural seepage flow head,
Head for model.
Satisfy the model of formula (1), will keep geometric similarity with nature geology entity.
2. boundary condition is consistent
Be that on model and natural geology entity corresponding border, initial time should be consistent with the boundary condition in whole experimentation.
3. kinematic similitude
Be model with the nature dam under the trace of respective liquid particle should be similar in seepage flow, and fluid particle flow through respective traces section required time should be proportional.
4. dynamic similarity
Be model with the nature dam under in seepage flow the character of the suffered power of respective liquid particle identical, and should keep certain proportion.
Because the exhausted major part of seepage flow under natural dam is laminar flow, the mobile of underground water is that viscous force is playing a major role, and inertial force is more much smaller than viscous force, can ignore.Therefore, in model, seepage flow also keeps laminar flow as long as make.
No matter the occurring in nature reservoir water by water-bearing zone under the dam downstream under seepage flow motion and the dam of the present invention in riverbed in experimental apparatus forb simulating seepage reservoir water under the dam in the water-bearing zone characteristics of motion all obey the basic law-Darcy's law of ground water movement, can find the solution correlation parameter with Darcy's law.Therefore reservoir water can be described with Darcy's law by riverbed seepage flow motion downstream under the dam:
: by the total Water (cm of seepage flow under the dam
3/ s)
Under dam of the present invention experimental apparatus forb simulating seepage is exactly with after building dam on open-air river, storehouse water by seepage flow under the dam process, seepage flow characteristics and take corresponding engineering measure to reduce seepage flow under the dam, the experimental provision that is made by the analog simulation principle.
Experimental provision of the present invention can be measured relevant hydrogeological parameter, clearly represent nature and can't observe to get seepage state under the dam, can utilize the seepage flow streamline to draw drift net and analyze seepage field ground water movement key element under the dam and use Darcy's law to analyze the antiseepage principle of seepage proof curtain, and the hydraulic structure structure is had the contrast recognizing ability.Under the dam, seepage flow provides a kind of effective means in order to study.
Description of drawings:
Fig. 1 is structural representation of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the vertical view of Fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is the left view of Fig. 1.
Fig. 4 is arrangement works constitutional diagram shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 5 is another structural representation of the present invention.
Embodiment:
Embodiment 1:
Fig. 1～Fig. 4 has provided the present embodiment 1 figure.Referring to Fig. 1～Fig. 4, seepage experimental apparatus under the present embodiment 1 dam comprises the reserve tank 2 with water pump 1, the geologic body simulation box 3 that adopts transparent organic glass to make.Lower Half has permeable stratum 4 under the dam, the bottom dam foundation to stretch into the simulation dam 25 in permeable stratum under the dam, middle part in the geologic body simulation box, lays respectively at the original river 6 of simulation reservoir 5, simulation of simulation dam upstream and downstream end.The head supply tank 7 of deciding that is arranged in the outer upstream extremity of geologic body simulation box has respectively the back cavity 12 that communicates with reserve tank by pipeline 8,9 water chambers 10 that communicate with the simulation reservoir of water storage tank water pump and geologic body simulation box, by water return pipeline 11.Be arranged in the outer downstream end of geologic body simulation box decide head discharge casing 13 spill cavity 15 that communicates with the simulation of geologic body simulation box original river by pipeline 14 is arranged, by communicate with the reserve tank drain chamber 17 of (or flowmeter) of pipeline 16.Four equidistant vertically is contained in geologic body simulation tank wall and relatively simulates tracer agent ascending pipe 18 1 ends that operation valve is arranged of dam upstream end and stretch into respectively under the simulation reservoir in permeable stratum on same level.Simulation dam dam foundation upstream end has and stretches into the seepage proof curtain in pervious bed 19 under the dam.
Referring to Fig. 1, geologic body simulation tank wall is outside upper, downstream end has respectively and can regulate the water-level regulator 20 of deciding the head supply tank, deciding head discharge casing height.The upper bracket 21, the undersetting 22 that are contained in geologic body simulation box upper and lower end are arranged in water-level regulator, and decide the head supply tank or decide the tapped journal stirrup 23 that the head discharge casing is connected.Adjusting screw(rod) 24 1 ends pass successively upper bracket, with journal stirrup on threaded engagement after stretch in undersetting and can rotate.
Under the dam, the thickness of pervious bed is 70cm, and the highest reservoir level of simulation reservoir is 110cm, simulates the minimum stream stage in original river and is set to 65cm.
During the work of the present embodiment device:
1, switch on power, open water valve, regulate the upstream and decide head supply tank height (being adjustable to minimum) and make storehouse water be in lowest water level;
2, there is water-head in Simulated Water reservoir level and dam downstream simulation riverbed, original river, and storehouse water will be by the riverbed seepage flow downstream of permeable stratum under the dam.
3, after seepage stability under the dam, open four operation valves on the tracer agent ascending pipe, tracer agent forms continuous current trace (because underground water is laminar condition, this moment, the current trace was streamline) as shown in Figure 4 slowly by the riverbed seepage flow downstream of permeable stratum under the dam.
4, observe seepage configuration under the dam by current trace under the dam.Under the observation dam, the velocity flow profile of seepage flow, can find, nearer apart from dam, water velocity is faster, analyzes its reason with Darcy's law:
,
: by the total Water (cm of seepage flow under the dam
3/ s)
: dam sub-surface infiltration coefficient (cm/s)
As can be seen from the above equation,
Value is constant, river level one timing under reservoir level and dam, percolation flow velocity
Only and seepage distance
Relevant, above-mentioned experiment discovery, shorter apart from the nearlyer current seepage distance of dam, so seepage velocity is larger.
5, decide head discharge casing water delivering orifice measurement of discharge and record data in the outside, downstream.
6, according to institute's measurement of discharge, use Darcy formula to find the solution the infiltration coefficient in water-bearing zone
7, rising upstream water supply spill box height is 2 times, and the difference with 10cm changes hydraulic gradient at every turn, repeats respectively 3～6 steps, and reason is analyzed in the variation of observed volume, flow velocity.
Embodiment 2:
Fig. 5 has provided the present embodiment 2 figure.The present embodiment 2 is basic and embodiment 1 is same.Do not exist together is without seepage proof curtain.Repeat the experiment in embodiment 1.
Contrast experiment by embodiment 1 and embodiment 2 experimental provisions, analyze the antiseepage principle of seepage proof curtain under the dam, in the darcy flow law, other parameters are constant, increase the current seepage distance to reach the purpose that reduces the seepage flow water yield and reduce seepage velocity by self-defence curtain is set.
In Practical Project, reservoir allows the outcrop area of the seepage flow water yield, reservoir level, reservoir area permeable stratum, and permeable stratum infiltration coefficient design proposal is definite, can determine the seepage proof curtain degree of depth according to above parameter.
The present invention is except the principle that is used for seepage flow characteristics and seepage proof curtain under the research dam, if according to the principle of similitude, analogue formation determines also to have directive significance to what seepage proof curtain in Practical Project arranged the degree of depth.
Above-described embodiment is that foregoing of the present invention is further described, but this should be interpreted as that the scope of the above-mentioned theme of the present invention only limits to above-described embodiment.All technology that realizes based on foregoing all belong to scope of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. seepage experimental apparatus under the dam, comprise the reserve tank with water pump, the geologic body simulation box, in the geologic body simulation box, Lower Half has permeable stratum under the dam, the dam foundation stretches into the simulation dam in permeable stratum under the dam, middle part, lay respectively on the simulation dam, the simulation reservoir of downstream end, simulate original river, the head supply tank of deciding that is arranged in the outer upstream extremity of geologic body simulation box has the water chamber that communicates with the simulation reservoir of water storage tank water pump and geologic body simulation box by pipeline respectively, the back cavity that communicates with reserve tank by water return pipeline, the head discharge casing of deciding that is arranged in the outer downstream end of geologic body simulation box has the spill cavity that communicates with the simulation of geologic body simulation box original river by pipeline, the drain chamber that communicates with reserve tank or flowmeter by pipeline, at least three equidistant vertically is contained in geologic body simulation tank wall and relatively simulates tracer agent ascending pipe one end of dam upstream end and stretch into respectively under the simulation reservoir in permeable stratum on same level.
2. seepage experimental apparatus under dam as claimed in claim 1, it is characterized in that simulating dam bottom upstream end has the seepage proof curtain that is arranged in permeable stratum under the dam.
3. seepage experimental apparatus under dam as claimed in claim 1 or 2, is characterized in that the tracer agent ascending pipe is four.
4. seepage experimental apparatus under dam as claimed in claim 1 or 2 is characterized in that geologic body simulation tank wall is outside upper, downstream end has respectively and can regulate the water-level regulator of deciding the head supply tank, deciding head discharge casing height.
5. seepage experimental apparatus under dam as claimed in claim 4, it is characterized in that having in water-level regulator the upper bracket, the undersetting that are contained in geologic body simulation box upper and lower end, with decide the head supply tank or decide the tapped journal stirrup that the head discharge casing is connected, adjusting screw(rod) one end pass successively upper bracket, with journal stirrup on threaded engagement after stretch in undersetting and can rotate.
6. seepage experimental apparatus under dam as claimed in claim 1 or 2, is characterized in that under the dam, the thickness of permeable stratum is at least 70cm, and the highest reservoir level of simulation reservoir is 110cm, simulates the minimum stream stage in original river and is set to 65cm.
7. seepage experimental apparatus under dam as claimed in claim 1 or 2, is characterized in that the geologic body simulation box adopts transparent material to make.
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