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CN1030043A - Injection molding forming method with the reactant gas processing - Google Patents

Injection molding forming method with the reactant gas processing Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1030043A
CN1030043A CN88100454A CN88100454A CN1030043A CN 1030043 A CN1030043 A CN 1030043A CN 88100454 A CN88100454 A CN 88100454A CN 88100454 A CN88100454 A CN 88100454A CN 1030043 A CN1030043 A CN 1030043A
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China
Prior art keywords
die cavity
mole
polymer
atmosphere
reactant gas
Prior art date
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Pending
Application number
CN88100454A
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
贝纳德·包曼
戴维·罗素·鲁普雷希特
保罗·唐纳德·马殊
马克·阿伦·威廉斯
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Air Products and Chemicals Inc
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Air Products and Chemicals Inc
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Air Products and Chemicals Inc filed Critical Air Products and Chemicals Inc
Publication of CN1030043A publication Critical patent/CN1030043A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
    • C08J5/12—Bonding of a preformed macromolecular material to the same or other solid material such as metal, glass, leather, e.g. using adhesives
    • C08J5/124—Bonding of a preformed macromolecular material to the same or other solid material such as metal, glass, leather, e.g. using adhesives using adhesives based on a macromolecular component
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C37/00—Component parts, details, accessories or auxiliary operations, not covered by group B29C33/00 or B29C35/00
    • B29C37/0053—Moulding articles characterised by the shape of the surface, e.g. ribs, high polish
    • B29C37/0057—Moulding single grooves or ribs, e.g. tear lines
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C45/17—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
    • B29C45/1701—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations using a particular environment during moulding, e.g. moisture-free or dust-free
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C2791/00—Shaping characteristics in general
    • B29C2791/004—Shaping under special conditions
    • B29C2791/005—Using a particular environment, e.g. sterile fluids other than air
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J2323/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
    • C08J2323/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after treatment
    • C08J2323/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of propene
    • C08J2323/12—Polypropene

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Injection Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Processing And Handling Of Plastics And Other Materials For Molding In General (AREA)
  • Moulds For Moulding Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Blow-Moulding Or Thermoforming Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Treatments Of Macromolecular Shaped Articles (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to a kind of thermoplasticity or thermosetting polymer be injected die cavity to make the method for moulded products, this method changes the physics of resulting product and the measure of chemical characteristic comprises: when above-mentioned polymer injected die cavity, the atmosphere in this die cavity kept containing the F between 0.1% (mole)～50% (mole) 2At least 20ppmO 2

Description

Injection molding forming method with the reactant gas processing
The present invention is the injection moulding process that has the moulded products that has improved physics and chemical property about preparation.
Injection mo(u)lding has become the main method of all thermoplastic polymer articles of preparation.Typical injection moulding process comprises several main steps.The first step is but that thermoplastic polymer is plasticized to pour point under pressure.This step is normally passed through mastication by reciprocating screw, is heated to formation temperature height and even simultaneously, and the also uniform melt of viscosity is finished.Then this liquid is expelled in the die cavity, in die cavity, makes it be shaped to required product.In mould, this liquid is solidified down in pressure, open mould then, take out goods.
United States Patent (USP) 4,435,453 disclose a kind of method, and it can improve the barrier performance of the container made from common Shooting Technique.Saturated gas with controlled quentity controlled variable under pressure joins in the melt polymerization material flow, and this materials flow is present in the screw channel of screw type plasticizing machine used in the preformed injection machine.This gas, the amount that reaches capacity with the chamber wall that can make plastics adds, and therefore, when the beverage that contains this gas is encapsulated in this container, can not be absorbed in this chamber wall from the gas of beverage.
United States Patent (USP) 4,550,043 discloses the prefabrication of making by the injection heat plastic material, and wherein this prefabrication comprises inside and outside ground floor thermoplastic resin, the second layer thermoplastic between inside and outside second layer impervious material and the impervious barrier.Thereafter, this prefabrication is used for the moulded products of blow molding operation.
For the physics that changes thermoplastic polymer articles and/or a lot of other trials of chemical property, through with blow molding operation or to include aftertreatment technology be target.
United States Patent (USP) 3,862,284 disclose a kind of method that can improve blowing thermoplastic article barrier performance, this method is the inflation stage at blow molding operation, uses to comprise about 0.1～20%(volume) fluorine gas be blown into gas.
Joffe is at United States Patent (USP) 2,811, proposes to improve the method for polyethylene film to the barrier performance of atmosphere in 468, and this method is to fluoridize by the one side at polyethylene film at least, it is contained be not more than 3.5%(weight) fluorine.
United States Patent (USP) 3,255,099 disclose a kind of modification and have improved the method for the surface characteristic of forming polymer member, and this method is that surface with this member is between positive electrode and negative electrode, in the atmosphere that mainly is electrophilic inorganic matter vapour composition, carry out discharge process.
United States Patent (USP) 3,988,491 disclose the method that a kind of dye receptiveness, biography dirt and coloring agent that improves as polyester and this fibre-like material of polyamide discharges.Make fiber in minor amounts of oxygen or do not have in the presence of the oxygen, after the fluorine that stands the short time is handled, the improvement of availability.
United States Patent (USP) 4,009,304 have proposed the fusible method of a kind of improvement with polyester yarn, tyre cord or braid in the rubber (as tire) of polyester enhancing.Before joining tire or rubber, polyester yarn, tyre cord or braid process are fluoridized, to improve its cohesive.
The present invention is the injection moulding process that a kind of manufacturing has the thermoplastic polymer moulded products that has improved physics and chemical property.This method comprises injects die cavity with thermoplastic polymer under plastifying state, the atmosphere that keeps in die cavity contains 0.1%～50%(mole) F 2At least 20ppm, preferably 100ppm O at least 2And make a kind of equipment, when the plasticizing polymerization thing injected die cavity, this equipment can allow gas discharge from die cavity.
Thermoplastic polymer will make its cooling and sclerosis before taking out from mould.The thermoplastic molding's goods that obtain show preferable performance, as coating cohesive (for example lacquer, printing ink etc.) preferably, matrix cohesive preferably can make simultaneously the polymer of the plasticizing that adds mould, can neatly rupture at fashionable formed melt run place at two interface.
Except changing physics and chemical property,, therefore can provide a kind of effective, continuous continuous-flow type production process in molding because the forming polymer goods are to handle on the spot.
The present invention is a kind of improvement to conventional injection moulding process, has the thermoplastic polymer moulded products that has improved physics and chemical property with preparation.
Conventional injection moulding process comprises, the thermoplastic or heat cured polymeric material that has plastified is injected die cavity, and this die cavity designs according to the desired shape of goods to be formed.Polymeric material is closed in the die cavity under pressure, solidifies this plastics and simultaneously heat is removed, and makes it for good and all coldly become desired shape admittedly, thereafter it is ejected from mould.
Have been found that the physics of thermoplastic article of injection moulding and/or the improvement of chemical characteristic now, in the time of can be in polymeric material injects mould, obtain that this atmosphere reactive contains 0.1%～50%(mole by in die cavity, keeping a kind of reactive atmosphere) F 2And have 20ppm at least, preferably have 100ppm O at least 2Can any suitable mode be introduced and remain in the die cavity by this atmosphere reactive, for example die cavity is found time by vacuum pumping method, feed reactant gas thereafter, perhaps on the other hand by exuberant method of a step, at this moment, this gas is introduced with the gas in the replacement die in the mould gas by one group of valve and is discharged by another group valve.If adopt common injection moulding process, when polymer raw material injects above-mentioned die cavity, must provide a cover to discharge the device of reactant gas from die cavity with air filling die cavity.
If spendable fluorine concentration is 0.1%～50%(mole), preferably its concentration remains on 2%～10%(mole).Except fluorine and 20ppm O at least 2Outside, the remainder of reactant gas can comprise can be to polymer raw material and O 2/ F 2Any component that interaction between the atmosphere has a negative impact, typical example is nitrogen and air.Other example of the gaseous atmosphere that is suitable for comprises: F 2/ Cl 2, F 2/ Cl 2/ N 2, F 2/ SO 2/ N 2, F 2/ SO 3/ N 2, F 2/ SO 2Cl 2/ N 2, F 2/ SO 2Cl/N 2With the mixture of similar gas, they all contain 20ppm oxygen at least.The source of oxygen can be the independently pure gas that is added in the admixture of gas, also can be this admixture of gas (SO for example 2) part of one of component, also can be the impurity in the fluorine source, remaining gas perhaps or even in mould.And the source of fluorine gaseous state F normally 2, other source of fluorine for example comprises PF 5, CF 4, NF 3, CH 3COF or the like.
Also can believe, at least in some instances, the SO in this mould in the atmosphere 3Can replace fluorine, and can not produce adverse influence desired result.In these examples, SO 3Can be used in combination with the fluorine source, or can use separately, or use together with other gas component.If SO 3Different fluorine use together, then SO 3Concentration preferably be at least the 0.1%(mole).
Found that this method can improve the various chemistry and/or the physical characteristic of many polymer thermoplastic matrixes.For example, injection-molded item according to the present invention's production, demonstrate it and raising has been arranged with the surperficial bonding strength of identical or other polymeric material, and improved the coating cohesive, make the polymer that adds the plasticizing in the mould simultaneously, can neatly rupture at fashionable formed melt run place at two interface.
This method can be operated with continuous continuous-flow type process, and the time of contact between this moment polymer raw material and the reactant gas is shorter, promptly in some instances, only is a second or shorter time.Shooting Technique is as follows, and when the material of plasticizing flowed in the mould, the front portion of fused materials was fixed, and therefore forms layer and new material flow is crossed the center of this part and charge into continuously in the die cavity at die wall, also is that parabola flows.This class flows and causes new material to contact with the gas that remains in the die cavity continuously, forms the surface of goods then, has guaranteed that thus the whole surface that spreads all over goods is close to processing uniformly.
The every any thermoplasticity or thermoset copolymer material that can be plastified and inject mould all can be used for the present invention.The instantiation that is applicable to the material of this method comprises: polyolefin, low density polyethylene (LDPE) (LDPE) for example, high density polyethylene (HDPE) (HDPE) and polypropylene; Polyester; Polyamide; Polyimides; Merlon; Polysulfones etc.When initial temperature was enough to make the polymer plasticizing and makes it flow into die cavity, processing temperature changed along with employed polymeric material.Briquetting pressure can maintain atmospheric pressure, though have been found that higher pressure at least in some instances, 25psig(pound/inch for example 2Gauge pressure) or higher, can cause further improving the surface characteristic of moulded products, and also can cause the chemical property on surface to play bigger variation.
Articles injection-moulded by this method preparation, the variation on physics and/or chemical characteristic believes it is because the result that the parts surface chemical composition changes.Some polypropylene (PP) plate is under atmospheric pressure in die cavity, adopts various atmosphere reactive injection molded (handling on the spot).The other plate adopts the air molding in die cavity, many such plates are to carry out post processing with the gas that contains fluorine, and untreated plate thing in contrast.The analysis result of the electronic spectrum (ESCA) of tester and treated plate is listed in the following table 1.
Table 1
Material processing method is handled gas briquetting pressure surface-element and is formed %
Form (PSIG) C F O
PP tester air 0 95.4 0.0 3.1
PP handles 1%F on the spot 2/ air 0 78.2 2.0 12.6
PP " 4%F 2/ air 0 88.3 3.6 6.9
PP ″ 10%F 2/N 20 55.8 39.0 5.0
PP ″ 10%F 2/N 254 43.5 53.4 2.9
PP post processing 1%F 2/ air 0 69.2 16.0 14.8
PP " 2%F 2/ air 0 69.4 16.6 14.0
PP " 4%F 2/ air 0 65.0 19.4 15.5
HDPE tester air 0 100.0 0.0 0.0
HDPE handles 1%F on the spot 2/ air 50 69.7 16.0 14.2
HDPE " 8%F 2/ air 0 67.0 17.0 15.6
HDPE " 8%F 2/ air 52 65.5 19.0 15.6
HDPE ″ 10%F 2/N 20 65.4 31.8 2.8
HDPE ″ 10%F 2/N 250 50.0 46.5 3.5
HDPE post processing 10%F 2/ N 20 58.2 33.6 8.0
* with 1 part of (10%F 2/ N 2) mix with 9 parts of air.
* is with 2 parts of (10%F 2/ N 2) mix with 3 parts of air.
Can see that from the ESCA result of above report injection moulding process of the present invention has caused the change of articles injection-moulded surface composition.To being 0 psig(pound/inch at pressure 2Gauge pressure) the following parts of molding and can be observed the surface at the parts that improve molding under the pressure and change.In addition, the concentration of oxygen shows the existence of oxygen in die cavity on the surface, even only uses a kind of F 2/ N 2Handle the test of gas, the result too.
Following example is in order to explanation the present invention, and unrestricted implication.
Example 1
In briquetting pressure is under the atmospheric pressure, injects a kind of high density polyethylene (HDPE) of die cavity injection mo(u)lding (HDPE) plate by the HDPE with plasticizing, contains a kind of reactive gas mixture in this die cavity, and it comprises about 4%(volume) F 2At least 20ppm O 2The design of die cavity makes the HDPE that flows be formed centrally a melt run in plate.Other two HDPE plates are with identical mould and identical resin injection molding, are air but die cavity charges into.A plate wherein is then with containing the 4%(volume) F 2Air-flow carry out post processing.Injection speed is about 18 centimetres in all examples 3/ second, and the melt index (MI) of employed HDPE is 30.
Test the weld line strength and the failure mode of these plates with the Instron cupping machine, it the results are shown in the following table 2.
Table 2
Reactant gas
The average bursting stress standard deviation of material processing method concentration failure mode
HDPE does not have 0% surrender 4825psi 50psi
HDPE handles 4% fracture 3875psi 175psi on the spot
HDPE post processing 4% surrender 4875psi 25psi
The result of above-mentioned report shows, present a kind of neat smooth fracture at the melt run interface by the parts of injection moulding of the present invention, and untreated and through the parts of post processing, present surrender at first at the melt run place, and when they rupture, present coarse and irregular surface.
Example 2
Second test carrying out is used for measuring the failure mode and the average bursting stress of the HDPE of injection moulding and the melt run that the PP parts exist.These parts are injection mo(u)ldings in the die cavity that contains various reactant gases as described below.In addition, with HDPE parts of mold injection of filling air and PP parts thing in contrast.The melt index (MI) of HDPE is 0.5, and the melt index (MI) of PP is 12.In all situations, injection speed is approximately 18 centimetres 3/ second.It the results are shown in the following table 3.
Table 3
The average bursting stress standard deviation of material molding gas failure mode
Bursting stress
HDPE contrast (air) surrender 3582psi 75psi
HDPE 4%F 2/ air ruptures 3,006 95
PP contrast (air) surrender 5,104 46
PP 1%F 2/ air ruptures 3,281 627
PP 2%F 2/ air ruptures 3,047 644
PP 4%F 2/ air breaks in the mould and ruptures
The result of above-reported is consistent with the result of example 1, and shows that the parts according to injection moulding of the present invention present neat smooth fracture at the melt run place, do not have the surrender and the stretching that occur as can observe simultaneously near the melt run of parts in tester.
Example 3
Carry out this test measuring by the PP plate of the present invention's preparation the lap shear strength (LapShear strength) after bonding, and compare with parts and tester parts through post processing.Plate with handling equally on one square inch surface, is bonded together with polyurethane binder, measures then and separates the needed power of these parts.The result of this test lists in the following table 4 together with employed concrete treatment conditions.
The result of above-reported shows, the polypropylene board of handling on the spot that lumps together with viscoelastic polyurethane is than the shear strength height of common moulding.With polyurethane or the epoxy resin bonding polyethylene board of handling on the spot together, show the shear strength of obvious raising, so that the failure mode that it showed is that matrix destroys, rather than common (untreated) adhesive that moulding showed destroys.In some example, for example bonding polypropylene with polyurethane, its bonding strength has tangible improvement along with the raising of moulding, even also is being converted to matrix destruction from adhesive destruction aspect the improvement of its failure mode.
In a word, the result of above example clearly illustrates that, by the injection heat plasticity product of the present invention's preparation, has unique and useful performance.Product is neat smooth fracture at the melt run place, and this is a kind of useful performance for following occasion, and as the ampoule bottle of powder charge product, band disconnects the bottle of cap, and is connected the standard product on the public runner, and this product must separate with runner in use.In addition, this method is given the matrix of product and covered with paint, lacquer, colour wash, etc. adhesive provides improved bonding strength.
Introduction of the present invention so far, the relevant content of applying for a patent is set forth in the appended claims.

Claims (19)

1, a kind of thermoplasticity or thermosetting polymer are injected die cavity prepare the method for moulded products, the physics of this method change resulting product and the corrective measure of chemical characteristic comprise:
When above-mentioned polymer injects die cavity, in this die cavity, keep a kind of 0.1%～50% (mole) F that contains 2At least 20ppmO 2Atmosphere.
2, according to the process of claim 1 wherein that the atmosphere of described die cavity contains 2%～10%(mole) between F 2
3, according to the process of claim 1 wherein that the remainder of atmosphere of die cavity is the inert gas component.
4, according to the process of claim 1 wherein that the remainder of atmosphere of die cavity is an air.
5, according to the process of claim 1 wherein that thermoplasticity or thermosetting polymer are polyolefin.
6, according to the process of claim 1 wherein that the pressure in the die cavity maintains 20～60psig(pound/inch 2Gauge pressure) between.
7, according to the process of claim 1 wherein that the atmosphere of described die cavity contains 100ppm O at least 2
8, a kind of goods physics and chemical property improved, by the method for thermoplasticity or thermosetting polymer injection-molded item, this method comprises:
A) emptying or displaced air or other gas from die cavity,
B) in die cavity, feed a kind of 0.1%～50%(mole that contains) F 2Reactant gas,
C) plasticizing thermoplastic polymer or blending thermosetting polymer, and
D) polymer that obtains is injected the die cavity that contains reactant gas.
9, according to the method for claim 8, wherein said polymer is to use the reciprocating screw plasticizing that has thermal source.
10, according to the method for claim 8, wherein said reactant gas is to contain the 2%(mole)～the 10%(mole) F 2Air.
11, according to the method for claim 8, wherein said polymer is a polyolefin.
12, according to the method for claim 8, wherein said die cavity is to be forced between 20psig～60psig.
13, according to the method for claim 8, wherein said goods contain the melt run at two interfaces of the plasticizing polymerization thing that adds die cavity, and when exerting pressure to product, wherein said melt run can form a neat breakaway poing.
14, according to the method for claim 8, the surface of wherein said goods has the surface energy of increase.
15, according to the method for claim 14, the surface of wherein said goods has improved bonding and adhesiveness.
16, according to the method for claim 8, wherein said reactant gas also contains 20ppm O at least 2
17, a kind of thermoplasticity or thermosetting polymer are injected die cavity prepare the method for moulded products, the physics of this method change resulting product and the corrective measure of chemical characteristic comprise:
When above-mentioned polymer injects die cavity, in this die cavity, keep a kind of 0.1%(mole at least that contains) SO 3Atmosphere.
18, according to the method for claim 17, wherein the atmosphere of die cavity contains the 0.1%(mole)～the 50%(mole) between SO 3, and remainder is the inert gas component.
19, according to the method for claim 17, wherein the pressure in the die cavity maintains between 20～60psig.
CN88100454A 1987-01-28 1988-01-27 Injection molding forming method with the reactant gas processing Pending CN1030043A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US7,690 1987-01-28
US07/007,690 US4752428A (en) 1987-01-28 1987-01-28 Injection molding process with reactive gas treatment

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CN1030043A true CN1030043A (en) 1989-01-04

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EP (1) EP0276763A3 (en)
JP (1) JPH01110916A (en)
KR (1) KR880008869A (en)
CN (1) CN1030043A (en)
AU (1) AU1066488A (en)
BR (1) BR8800264A (en)
CA (1) CA1291612C (en)
DK (1) DK39188A (en)
FI (1) FI880258A (en)
NO (1) NO880251L (en)

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JPH0464491B2 (en) 1992-10-15
US4752428A (en) 1988-06-21
KR880008869A (en) 1988-09-13
EP0276763A3 (en) 1990-04-04
EP0276763A2 (en) 1988-08-03
BR8800264A (en) 1988-09-13
NO880251L (en) 1988-07-29
NO880251D0 (en) 1988-01-21
DK39188A (en) 1988-07-29
DK39188D0 (en) 1988-01-27
AU1066488A (en) 1988-08-04
FI880258A0 (en) 1988-01-21
JPH01110916A (en) 1989-04-27
FI880258A (en) 1988-07-29
CA1291612C (en) 1991-11-05

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