CN102963895A - Preparation method of chromium carbide powder - Google Patents
Preparation method of chromium carbide powder Download PDFInfo
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- CN102963895A CN102963895A CN2012104674860A CN201210467486A CN102963895A CN 102963895 A CN102963895 A CN 102963895A CN 2012104674860 A CN2012104674860 A CN 2012104674860A CN 201210467486 A CN201210467486 A CN 201210467486A CN 102963895 A CN102963895 A CN 102963895A
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- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 66
- UFGZSIPAQKLCGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium carbide Chemical compound [Cr]#C[Cr]C#[Cr] UFGZSIPAQKLCGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 229910003470 tongbaite Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000011812 mixed powder Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- QDOXWKRWXJOMAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichromium trioxide Chemical compound O=[Cr]O[Cr]=O QDOXWKRWXJOMAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000009997 thermal pre-treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000748 compression moulding Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000003936 Plumbago auriculata Species 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 14
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 14
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 11
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trioxochromium Chemical compound O=[Cr](=O)=O WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000036632 reaction speed Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000009489 vacuum treatment Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 241000209456 Plumbago Species 0.000 description 7
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 6
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000498 ball milling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052729 chemical element Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000007415 particle size distribution analysis Methods 0.000 description 4
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001339 C alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003082 abrasive agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- YNBADRVTZLEFNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl nicotinate Chemical compound COC(=O)C1=CC=CN=C1 YNBADRVTZLEFNH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FXNGWBDIVIGISM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylidynechromium Chemical compound [Cr]#[C] FXNGWBDIVIGISM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
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- Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Metal Powder And Suspensions Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a preparation method of chromium carbide powder, comprising the following steps of: evenly mixing chromic oxide powder and carbon black powder, adding deionized water, evenly stirring, forming in a pressing way to obtain wet powder blocks, and drying to obtain mixed power blocks; filling the mixed power blocks into a graphite crucible in a vacuum heating furnace, and vacuumizing to preheat; charging carbon dioxide gas, and carrying out high-temperature reduction; vacuumizing, and continuously carrying out vacuum treatment; cooling, and discharging from the furnace to obtain chromium carbide power; and smashing to obtain chromium carbide power. According to the preparation method, the raw materials are easy to obtain, the carbon black powder is taken as a reducing agent, the chromium carbide powder is small in particle size and large in specific surface area, the reduction reaction is easier to carry out, the reaction time can be shortened, and the production cost can be reduced; and after the manner of excessive reducing agent carbon black is adopted, the reaction speed can be effectively accelerated, the reaction temperature can be reduced, the rudimental carbon black powder can be removed by charging the carbon dioxide, the stability of the production quality can be guaranteed, and the preparation method is suitable for the industrial production.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of preparation method of chromium carbide powder.
Background technology
Chromium carbide is a kind of hard, wear-resisting, sludge proof high-temperature material, is widely used in alloy, welding rod, heat spray coating layer material and abrasive material and makes.Along with the development of aeronautical and space technology, the requirement of alloy performance is more and more higher, and chromium carbide powder plays a key effect to the preparation of high duty alloy tungsten.
At present, the production method of chromium carbide powder mainly is carborization and carbon reduction method.Carborization is that hafnium metal powfer and carbon dust are mixed, and adds the compressed with adhesive moulding, carries out carbonization under High Temperature High Pressure, pulverizes, and screening gets chromium carbide.Because carbonization process can not be removed the metallic impurity of raw material chromium, therefore, the method is higher to the purity requirement of raw material chromium, and production cost is high; And chromium metal and chromium carbide hardness are very large, need to adopt the hard pulverizer to pulverize, and equipment cost is high, production rate is slow and contaminate environment.Carbon reduction method be with carbonaceous material as reductive agent, be granularity that the chromium sesquioxide of 1 μ m～5 μ m is reduced into chromium carbide at high temperature.The method production cost is high; Owing to be the reduction reaction of solid-solid, require powder to mix and close contact, such as high pressure compacting or ball milling; Reductive agent and the chromium sesquioxide amount of allocating into are strict, otherwise easily because reaction not exclusively causes oxygen to exceed standard (chromium sesquioxide of surplus) or uncombined carbon exceeds standard (carbonaceous material of surplus), make unstable product quality; During reduction reaction, the reductive agent usage quantity is few, and temperature of reaction need to be higher than 1480 ℃, to accelerate speed of reaction, and over reduction occurs when being higher than 1500 ℃ in temperature of reaction easily, generates the chromium carbon alloy and sticks together, therefore, the temperature of reaction controlled range is little, is not suitable for suitability for industrialized production.
CN101955184A discloses a kind of preparation method of novel nanoscale chrome carbide powder; the method is that Nanoscale Chromic Oxides and carbonaceous reducing agent are mixed; add alcohol or acetone as ball-milling medium; after ball milling, drying; under argon gas or hydrogen shield atmosphere or vacuum condition; in 800 ℃～1100 ℃ carbonization 0.5h～1h, obtain chromium carbide powder.The method raw material need adopt Nanoscale Chromic Oxides, and consumes a large amount of alcohol or acetone, and production cost is high; And need to use the nano level raw material of ball mill ball milling, be not suitable for suitability for industrialized production.
Summary of the invention
The technical problem to be solved in the present invention provides a kind of preparation method of chromium carbide powder, and the method raw material is easy to get, and production cost is low, and constant product quality is fit to suitability for industrialized production.
Technical solution of the present invention is:
A kind of preparation method of chromium carbide powder, its concrete steps are:
1.1 chromium sesquioxide powder and carbon black powder are mixed according to mass ratio 1:0.35～1:0.48, get mixed powder, adding quality is the deionized water of mixed powder total mass 20%～50%, stir, compression moulding gets the wet mash piece, drying gets the mixed powder piece;
1.2 in the packaged plumbago crucible that enters to be located in the vacuum furnace of mixed powder, vacuumize, making the heating under vacuum furnace pressure is 1Pa～200Pa, under 100 ℃～500 ℃, and thermal pretreatment 5h～10h; Pass into carbon dioxide, making the heating under vacuum furnace pressure is 5000Pa～10000Pa, under 1250 ℃～1450 ℃, and high temperature reduction 1.5h～2h; Vacuumize, making the heating under vacuum furnace pressure is 1Pa～100Pa, under 1200 ℃～1500 ℃, and vacuum-treat 0.5h～1.5h;
1.3 cooling is come out of the stove, and gets the chromium carbide powder ball;
1.4 the chromium carbide powder ball is pulverized, is got the chromium carbide powder.
Described chromium sesquioxide powder is pigmentary chromium sesquioxide powder.
During thermal pretreatment, first with temperature increase to 100 ℃～120 ℃, insulation 2h～3h, then under 120 ℃～500 ℃, insulation 3h～5h to avoid the water evaporation rate in the mixed powder piece too fast, causes the mixed powder piece cracked.
The particle diameter of described carbon black powder is 500 orders～2000 orders.
The pressing pressure that the powder piece is closed in described wet mixing is 0.1MPa～1MPa.
During high temperature reduction, temperature is 1200 ℃～1400 ℃ in the vacuum furnace, and the time is 1.5h～1.8h.
Beneficial effect of the present invention:
(1) use carbon black powder to make reductive agent, granularity is little, and specific surface area is large, and the easier reduction reaction of carrying out has shortened the reaction times, has reduced production cost.
(2) because the water absorbing properties of carbon black powder is good, can adopt deionized water and material and compression moulding, need not to adopt tackiness agent, pollution-free to raw material; During mixing, need not pressing machine, the moulding of energy direct pressing has been shortened the production time and has been reduced the equipment investment cost; After the drying, mixed powder piece internal defect helps carbon dioxide in the internal flow of mixed powder piece, has shortened the carbon dioxide reaction times; The chromium carbide that makes is smashed to pieces powdered easily.
(3) adopt the excessive mode of reductive agent carbon black powder, effectively improved speed of response, reduced temperature of reaction, pass into co 2 removal and remain in carbon black powder in the chromium carbide, guaranteed the stability of the quality of production.
(4) vacuum-treat behind the high temperature reduction has become the high price sulphur that is difficult to remove and holds volatile low price sulphur, can effectively reduce the sulphur content among the carbon Chrome.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 is process flow sheet of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the Laser particle-size distribution analysis chart of the present invention (corresponding embodiment 1);
Fig. 3 is the Laser particle-size distribution analysis chart of the present invention (corresponding embodiment 2).
Embodiment
Embodiment 1
When 1, producing, as shown in Figure 1, be that 500 orders～2000 purpose carbon black powders are put into two-dimensional mixing machine with the pigmentary chromium sesquioxide powder of 100kg and 40kg particle diameter, stir 0.5h, get mixed powder; Mixed powder is put into stirring tank, evenly add the 42kg deionized water, stir, make mixed powder moistening fully, and under 0.1MPa pressure, be pressed into diameter and be 3cm, high be the cylindrical wet mash piece of 4cm, in air, dry 2h, get cylindrical mixed powder piece.
2, with in the packaged plumbago crucible that enters to be located in the vacuum furnace of cylindrical mixed powder, vacuumize, make the heating under vacuum furnace pressure remain on 1Pa, adopt the Medium frequency induction coil that plumbago crucible is heated, with temperature increase to 100 ℃, then thermal pretreatment 3h continues heating, under 500 ℃, thermal pretreatment 5h; Pass into carbon dioxide, make the heating under vacuum furnace pressure remain on 5000Pa, under 1450 ℃, high temperature reduction 1.5h; Be evacuated to 1Pa, under 1500 ℃, vacuum-treat 0.5h.
3, cooling is come out of the stove, and gets the chromium carbide powder ball, and the chromium carbide powder ball is pulverized, and gets the chromium carbide powder, purity〉99.95%; The chromium carbide powder is carried out respectively Laser particle-size distribution analysis (as shown in Figure 2) and analysis of chemical elements (as shown in table 1).
Embodiment 2
1, is that 500 orders～2000 purpose carbon black powders are put into two-dimensional mixing machine with the pigmentary chromium sesquioxide powder of 100kg and 38kg particle diameter, stirs 0.5h, get mixed powder; Mixed powder is put into stirring tank, evenly add the 28kg deionized water, stir, make mixed powder moistening fully, and under 0.5MPa pressure, be pressed into the square wet mash piece that the length of side is 4cm, in air, dry 2h, get square mixed powder piece.
2, with in the packaged plumbago crucible that enters to be located in the vacuum furnace of square mixed powder, vacuumize, make the heating under vacuum furnace pressure remain on 100Pa, adopt the Medium frequency induction coil that plumbago crucible is heated, with temperature increase to 120 ℃, thermal pretreatment 10h; Pass into carbon dioxide, make the heating under vacuum furnace pressure remain on 10000Pa, under 1250 ℃, high temperature reduction 2h; Be evacuated to 100Pa, under 1200 ℃, vacuum-treat 1.5h.
3, cooling is come out of the stove, and gets the chromium carbide powder ball, and the chromium carbide powder ball is pulverized, and gets the chromium carbide powder, purity〉99.95%; The chromium carbide powder is carried out respectively Laser particle-size distribution analysis (as shown in Figure 3) and analysis of chemical elements (as shown in table 1 |), and as seen from Figure 2, the particle diameter of chromium carbide powder is 0.1 μ m～0.5 μ m.
Embodiment 3
1, is that 500 orders～2000 purpose carbon black powders are put into two-dimensional mixing machine with the pigmentary chromium sesquioxide powder of 100kg and 48kg particle diameter, stirs 1h, get mixed powder; Mixed powder is put into stirring tank, evenly add the 74kg deionized water, stir, make mixed powder moistening fully, and under 1MPa pressure, be pressed into the spherical wet mash piece of diameter 4cm, in air, dry 2h, get spherical mixed powder piece.
2, with in the packaged plumbago crucible that enters to be located in the vacuum furnace of spherical mixed powder, vacuumize, make the heating under vacuum furnace pressure remain on 200Pa, adopt the Medium frequency induction coil that plumbago crucible is heated, with temperature increase to 100 ℃, insulation 2h, then continue heating, under 400 ℃, insulation 3h; Pass into carbon dioxide, make the heating under vacuum furnace pressure remain on 8000Pa, under 1350 ℃, high temperature reduction 1.8h; Be evacuated to 50Pa, under 1400 ℃, vacuum-treat 1h.
3, cooling is come out of the stove, and gets the chromium carbide powder ball, and the chromium carbide powder ball is pulverized, and gets the chromium carbide powder, purity〉99.95%; The chromium carbide powder is carried out analysis of chemical elements (as shown in table 1 |), and after testing, the particle diameter of chromium carbide powder is 0.1 μ m～0.5 μ m.
Analysis of chemical elements result (the unit: wt%) of table 1 chromium carbide powder
| ? | C | Fe | Al | Si | Cu | O | S | N |
| Embodiment 1 | 13.0 | 0.0110 | 0.0008 | 0.0040 | 0.0002 | 0.015 | 0.006 | 0.0050 |
| Embodiment 2 | 12.8 | 0.0130 | 0.0008 | 0.0042 | 0.0002 | 0.010 | 0.005 | 0.0030 |
| Embodiment 3 | 13.2 | 0.0210 | 0.0006 | 0.0044 | 0.0001 | 0.020 | 0.003 | 0.0045 |
Claims (6)
1. the preparation method of a chromium carbide powder is characterized in that:
1.1 chromium sesquioxide powder and carbon black powder are mixed according to mass ratio 1:0.35～1:0.48, get mixed powder, adding quality is the deionized water of mixed powder total mass 20%～50%, stir, compression moulding gets the wet mash piece, drying gets the mixed powder piece;
1.2 in the packaged plumbago crucible that enters to be located in the vacuum furnace of mixed powder, vacuumize, making the heating under vacuum furnace pressure is 1Pa～200Pa, under 100 ℃～500 ℃, and thermal pretreatment 5h～10h; Pass into carbon dioxide, making the heating under vacuum furnace pressure is 5000Pa～10000Pa, under 1250 ℃～1450 ℃, and high temperature reduction 1.5h～2h; Vacuumize, making the heating under vacuum furnace pressure is 1Pa～100Pa, under 1200 ℃～1500 ℃, and vacuum-treat 0.5h～1.5h;
1.3 cooling is come out of the stove, and gets the chromium carbide powder ball;
1.4 the chromium carbide powder ball is pulverized, is got the chromium carbide powder.
2. the preparation method of chromium carbide powder according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described chromium sesquioxide powder is pigmentary chromium sesquioxide powder.
3. the preparation method of chromium carbide powder according to claim 1 is characterized in that: during thermal pretreatment, and first with temperature increase to 100 ℃～120 ℃, insulation 2h～3h, then under 120 ℃～500 ℃, insulation 3h～5h.
4. the preparation method of chromium carbide powder according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the particle diameter of described carbon black powder is 500 orders～2000 orders.
5. the preparation method of chromium carbide powder according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: the pressing pressure that the powder piece is closed in described wet mixing is 0.1MPa～1MPa.
6. the preparation method of chromium carbide powder according to claim 1 is characterized in that: during high temperature reduction, temperature is 1200 ℃～1400 ℃ in the vacuum furnace, and the time is 1.5h～1.8h.
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Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RU2543902C2 (en) * | 2013-04-23 | 2015-03-10 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Новосибирский государственный технический университет" | Method of obtaining chrome carbide |
| RU2558601C1 (en) * | 2014-03-17 | 2015-08-10 | Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Национальный исследовательский технологический университет "МИСиС" | METHOD OF PRODUCTION OF CHROMIUM CARBIDE Cr3C2 |
| CN107511968A (en) * | 2017-10-27 | 2017-12-26 | 苏州市天星山精密模具有限公司 | Precision plastic rubber mould |
| CN108046259A (en) * | 2018-01-12 | 2018-05-18 | 锦州市金属材料研究所 | The preparation method of coarseness carbonization chromium powder |
| CN109550946A (en) * | 2019-01-29 | 2019-04-02 | 攀钢集团钒钛资源股份有限公司 | The preparation method of chromium carbide |
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Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| RU2543902C2 (en) * | 2013-04-23 | 2015-03-10 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Новосибирский государственный технический университет" | Method of obtaining chrome carbide |
| RU2558601C1 (en) * | 2014-03-17 | 2015-08-10 | Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования "Национальный исследовательский технологический университет "МИСиС" | METHOD OF PRODUCTION OF CHROMIUM CARBIDE Cr3C2 |
| CN107511968A (en) * | 2017-10-27 | 2017-12-26 | 苏州市天星山精密模具有限公司 | Precision plastic rubber mould |
| CN108046259A (en) * | 2018-01-12 | 2018-05-18 | 锦州市金属材料研究所 | The preparation method of coarseness carbonization chromium powder |
| CN108046259B (en) * | 2018-01-12 | 2021-04-30 | 锦州市金属材料研究所 | Preparation method of coarse-grained chromium carbide powder |
| CN109550946A (en) * | 2019-01-29 | 2019-04-02 | 攀钢集团钒钛资源股份有限公司 | The preparation method of chromium carbide |
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| CN102963895B (en) | 2014-07-02 |
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