CN102742587A - 包含茚虫威的局部外用给药制剂 - Google Patents
包含茚虫威的局部外用给药制剂 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102742587A CN102742587A CN2012102459060A CN201210245906A CN102742587A CN 102742587 A CN102742587 A CN 102742587A CN 2012102459060 A CN2012102459060 A CN 2012102459060A CN 201210245906 A CN201210245906 A CN 201210245906A CN 102742587 A CN102742587 A CN 102742587A
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- worm prestige
- indenes worm
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Abstract
本发明提供了可用于控制家养动物上的外寄生虫的制剂和方法,其使用包含茚虫威和兽医学上可接受的载体的制剂,所述制剂外用施用到家养动物的总表面积的10%或以下。其他实施方案包括还包含一种或多种其他杀虫剂例如氟虫腈的那些制剂。
Description
本申请是2007年08月30日提交的发明名称为“包含茚虫威的局部外用给药制剂”的第200780036764.4号中国专利申请的分案申请。
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求于2006年9月1日递交的美国临时申请第60/841846号的优先权,其全文通过引用并入本文。
背景技术
动物通常易于被外寄生虫(例如,蝇和虱类)侵袭且易于被内寄生虫(例如,丝虫和肠道蛔虫)感染。驯养动物,例如猫和狗常被一种或多种以下外寄生虫侵袭:猫和犬蚤(猫蚤(Ctenocephalides felis)、犬蚤(Ctenocephalidescanis)等)、蜱类(扇头蜱(Rhipicephalus spp.)、硬蜱(Ixodes spp.)、革蜱(Dermacentor spp.)、花蜱(Amblyoma spp.)等)和螨类(蠕形螨(Demodex spp.)、疥螨(Sarcoptes scabei.)、耳螨(Otodectes cynotis.)等)。
跳蚤是一个特别的问题,因为它们不仅损害动物或人类的健康,还造成严重的心理压力。此外,跳蚤还是动物(包括人类)的病原体(例如,犬绦虫(Dipylidium caninum))的载体(vector)。
类似地,蜱类同样不利于动物或人类的生理和心理健康。然而,与蜱类相关的最严重的问题是它们是导致人和动物两者的病原体的传病媒介。由蜱类导致的主要疾病包括疏螺旋体病(由伯氏疏螺旋体(Borreliaburgdorferi)导致的莱姆病(Lyme disease))、巴贝氏虫病(或由焦虫(Babesia sp.)导致的焦虫病)和立克次体病(也称作落基山斑疹热(Rocky Mountain spottedfever))。蜱类还释放导致宿主发炎或麻痹的毒素。有时这些毒素对宿主是致命的。此外,螨类特别难以对付,因为对这些寄生虫起作用的活性物质很少,而且需要频繁的治疗。
同样,家畜(farm animal)也易于被寄生虫侵袭。例如,牛可被多种寄生虫侵袭。在家畜中最为常见的寄生虫为牛蜱属(Boophilus)的蜱,特别是微小牛蜱(B.microplus,牛蜱)、消色牛蜱(B.decoloratus)和具环牛蜱(B.anulatus)。蜱类,例如微小牛蜱,特别难以控制,因为它们栖息于放牧家畜的牧场中。其他重要的牛寄生虫包括导致蝇蛆病的蝇,例如人类肤蝇(Dermatobiahominis,在巴西被称为“Berne”)和螺旋蝇(Cochlyomia hominivorax,即螺旋蝇幼虫(screwworm)),其幼虫寄生于宿主动物的组织。此外,丝光绿蝇(Lucilia sericata,即叉叶绿蝇(greenbottle))、蛆症铜绿蝇(Lucilia cuprina,在澳大利亚、新西兰和南非,这种苍蝇导致的疾病通常被称为丽皮肤蝇疽病(blowfly strike))是羊蝇蛆病的重要病因。成虫阶段构成寄生虫的昆虫包括:角蝇(Haematobia irritans);虱类,例如狐颚虱(Linognathus vituli)等;和螨类,例如疥螨和绵羊痒螨(Psoroptes ovis)。上述列表并非完全的,并且本领域公知其他外寄生虫也对动物和人类有害。这些包括:例如迁徙性双翅目幼虫,例如皮蝇(Hypoderma spp.)和羊狂蝇(Oestrus ovis)。
人们试图使用包含多种杀虫剂的除蚤颈圈控制家养动物(domesticanimal)的外寄生虫。然而,外寄生虫仍出现在动物的周边区域,例如在宠物主人的寓所中。除非在动物的环境中持久地覆盖杀虫物质,否则难以根治动物环境中的外寄生虫,而在这种情况下存在毒性和再次侵袭的问题。因此,本领域需要持久而有效地根治家养动物上的外寄生虫的试剂以降低抗外寄生虫剂的周期和费用,其中此类试剂必须易于贮存和应用,并没对家养动物及其周边环境没有显著的毒性风险。
美国专利第5,462,938号公开了新型杀节肢动物组合物和涉及具有抗家庭害虫、叶面害虫、以及农业和非农业土壤(soil-inhabiting)害虫的活性的噁二嗪基羧酰替苯胺(carboxanilide)的方法。该文献中公开的化合物7-氯-2,5-二氢-2-[[(甲氧基羰基)-[4-(三氟甲氧基)苯基]氨基]羰基]茚并[1,2-e][1,3,4]噁二嗪-4a(3H)-甲酸(S)-甲基酯;常用名:茚虫威,或DPX-KN128已经被EPA登记为“低危险性”杀虫剂(化学品编号067710;CAS号173584-44-6;美国EPA PC0 67710(S-异构体))。British Journal of Pharmacology(2001)132,587-595;doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0703853在标题为“Indoxacarb,an OxadinzineInsecticide,Blocks Insect Neuronal Sodium Channels”一文中公开了关于茚虫威在美洲大蠊(Periplaneta Americana)中作为神经元钠通道抑制剂的作用模式的研究。Research Disclosure,1997年5月第39786号在标题为“Mixtures of Arthropodicides and Fungicides”一文中公开了在施用于土壤或空气的杀虫剂制剂中组合使用茚虫威与其他杀节肢动物剂以保护植物免受节肢动物的侵害。美国专利第6,395,765B1号涉及通过向家养动物的身体的局部区域的外用施用从而治疗并保护家养动物免受寄生性害虫侵害的组合物。
发明内容
一方面,本发明提供了组合物和方法,所述组合物和方法用于控制家养动物上的外寄生虫,包括根治家养动物上的外寄生虫,减少家养动物上的外寄生虫数量和/或预防家养动物上的外寄生虫侵袭。所述方法包括将对外寄生虫有效量的外用制剂外用施用到家养动物的一个或多个局部区域,其中所述局部区域的累计表面积小于或等于所述家养动物的总表面积的10%,所述外用制剂包含茚虫威和兽医学上可接受的载体。本组合物也可任选地包括其他杀虫剂。
在优选的方面,本发明提供了控制家养动物中的外寄生虫的侵袭的组合物和方法,其包括将对外寄生虫有效量的局部外用制剂施用到家养动物的一个或多个局部区域,其中所述局部区域的表面积小于或等于所述家养动物总表面积的10%,所述外用制剂包含兽医学上可接受的溶剂中的茚虫威并任选地还包含结晶抑制剂。
本文公开了在此类制剂中优选的溶剂、结晶抑制剂、施用模式和剂量。
具体实施方式
本申请人将本公开中所有引用的文献的全文都明确地并入本文。此外,作为范围、优选的范围或上限优选值和下限优选值的列表而给出的量、浓度或其他数值或参数应被理解为明确地公开了由任意范围上限或优选值和任意范围下限或优选值中的任意一对形成的所有范围,而无论所述范围是否被单独公开。除非另有标明,否则本文叙述数值范围时,所述范围应包括其端点,以及范围内所有的整数和分数。在定义范围时,本发明的范围不受所述特定数值的限制。
本申请人已发现使用特定类型的茚虫威制剂能够有效地控制家养动物的外寄生虫侵袭:施用到小于或等于家养动物总表面积10%的局部区域的外用制剂。在难以通过口服或注射治疗所有动物或花费时间过多的情况下,该制剂和方法对于动物特别有利。因此,本发明提供了可用于控制外寄生虫的外用制剂,其包含茚虫威和兽医学上可接受的溶剂。本申请人已发现某些茚虫威局部外用制剂具有出人意料的功效和持久性。
定义
提供以下与本申请人的公开相关的定义。
本文所用的术语“控制家养动物上的外寄生虫”包括根治家养动物上的外寄生虫,减少家养动物上的外寄生虫数量,和/或预防家养动物上的外寄生虫侵袭。
本文所用术语“家养动物”包括作为伴侣动物、宠物、役用动物或用于提供食品、毛皮、皮革、毛或其他动物产品而被人类饲养的任何动物;或发现与人类相关,因此需要控制此类动物的外寄生虫的动物。本发明对于以下常见家养动物特别有用,包括牛、马、驴、猪、骆驼、鸟、狗、猫、鹿、绵羊或山羊。
本文所用术语“外寄生虫”包括生活在动物体外、处于任意生命阶段(包括卵、幼虫或成虫形式)的寄生虫。家养动物上常见的成问题的外寄生虫包括,例如蚤类、虱类、蜱类和螨类。
通常特别关注哺乳动物和鸟类的节肢动物类外寄生虫。示例性的节肢动物包括在以下表A中总结的那些。
表A
因此,昆虫类害虫包括,例如叮咬昆虫,如蝇和蚊、螨类、蜱类、虱子、蚤类、半翅目长虫、寄生蛆等。
叮咬昆虫包括例如迁徙性双翅目幼虫,例如牛中的皮蝇(Hypodermasp.)、马中的胃蝇(Gastrophilus)和啮齿动物中的黄蝇(Cuterebra sp.),以及所有类型的叮咬蝇和蚊。例如,吸血蝇成虫包括例如角蝇(Haematobiairritans)、马蝇(或虻,Tabanus spp.)、厩螫蝇(Stomoxys calcitrans)、黑蝇(或蚋,Simulium spp.)、鹿蝇(或斑虻,Chrysops spp.)、虱蝇(或羊蜱蝇,Melophagusovinus)、采采蝇(或舌蝇,lossina spp.)。寄生型蝇蛆包括,例如狂蝇(羊狂蝇(Oestrus ovis)和鼠蝇蛆(Cuterebra spp.))、丽蝇(或绿蝇,Phaenicia spp.)、螺旋蝇幼虫(Cochlyomia hominivorax)、牛皮蝇(皮蝇属,Hypoderma spp.)和羊毛虫(fleeceworm)。蚊包括例如家蚊(Culex spp.)、疟蚊(Anopheles spp.)和斑蚊(Aedes spp.)。
螨类包括中气门目(Mesostigmata spp.),例如,中气门螨如鸡螨、鸡皮刺螨(Dermanyssus gallinae);疥螨或痒螨例如疥螨科(Sarcoptidae spp.),如疥螨(Sarcoptes scabiei);疥螨,如痒螨科(Psoroptidae spp.),包括牛足螨(Chorioptes bovis)和绵羊痒螨(Psoroptes ovis);恙螨,例如恙螨科(Trombiculidae spp.),例如北美恙螨、阿氏真恙螨(Trombicula alfreddugesi)。
蜱类包括,例如软体蜱(包括软蜱科(Argasidae spp.)),例如锐缘蜱(Argasspp.)和钝缘蜱(Ornithodoros spp.);硬体蜱(包括硬蜱科(Ixodidae spp.)),例如血红扇头蜱(Rhipicephalus sanguineus)和牛蜱(Boophilus spp.)。
虱类包括,例如吮吸型虱,如鸡虱(Menopon spp.)和牛毛虱(Bovicolaspp.);叮咬虱,例如血虱(Haematopinus spp.)、颚虱(Linognathus spp.)和管虱(Solenopotes spp.)。
蚤类包括,例如栉首蚤(Ctenocephalides spp.),例如犬蚤和猫蚤;客蚤(Xenopsylla spp.),例如东方鼠蚤(印鼠客蚤(Xenopsylla cheopis));和致痒蚤(Pulex spp.),例如人蚤(Pulex irritans)。
半翅目长虫(true bug)包括,例如臭虫(Cimicidae)或例如普通臭虫(温带臭虫(Cimex lectularius));锥猎蝽亚科(Triatominae spp.),包括锥鼻虫(triatomid bugs,也称作猎蝽(kissing bugs)),例如长红锥蝽(Rhodnius prolixus)和锥鼻虫(Triatoma spp.)。
蝇类、蚤类、虱类、蚊、蠓虫、螨类、蜱类和蠕虫通常导致牲畜和伴侣动物部分的重大损失。节肢动物类寄生虫同样妨碍人类,并可携带人类和动物的致病生物。
本领域已知大量节肢动物害虫和外寄生虫,并同样希望本发明的化合物能够将其处理。D.S.Kettle著Medical And Veterinary Entomology,Publ.John Wiley & Sons,New York and Toronto;R.O.Drummand、J.E.George和S.E.Kunz,著Control Of Arthropod Pests Of Livestock:A Review Of Technology,Publ.CRC Press,Boca Raton,Florida对其进行了详尽描述,二者的全部内容均通过引用并入本文。
本文所用术语“对外寄生虫有效量”是指有效根治家养动物上的外寄生虫、减少家养动物上的外寄生虫数量,和/或预防家养动物上的外寄生虫侵袭的量。
本文所用术语“茚虫威”或DPX-KN128或名称KN128是指式I的S-异构体,
其中,*代表光学活性中心。
茚虫威的系统化学命名为7-氯-2,5-二氢-2-[[(甲氧基羰基)-[4-(三氟甲氧基)苯基]氨基]羰基]茚并[1,2-e][1,3,4]噁二嗪-4a(3H)-甲酸(S)-甲基酯。式I的R异构体或7-氯-2,5-二氢-2-[[(甲氧基羰基)-[4-(三氟甲氧基)苯基]氨基]羰基]茚并[1,2-e][1,3,4]噁二嗪-4a(3H)-甲酸(R)-甲基酯不具备杀虫活性。WO/9963825描述了活性S-异构体和无活性R-异构体的多种混合物,以及基本纯的S-异构体的应用。DuPont将S-异构体命名为DPX-KN128并将R异构体命名为DPX-KN127,在本说明书中,出于方便,将使用以上的命名法。茚虫威或DPX-KN128已被登记为CAS编号173584-44-6。
如方案I所示,可通过WO92/11249、WO95/29171和WO98/05656钟公开的一种或多种方法制备式I的化合物。
本文中使用的“局部外用制剂”是外用到小于或等于动物总表面积的10%的流体制剂。所述“局部外用制剂”在本文中可以指“本发明的制剂”。局部外用制剂可以是流体(包括水混悬剂),例如浇泼(pour-on)制剂和喷滴(spot-on)制剂、喷雾(spray-on)制剂、乳剂、油剂、乳膏剂和软膏剂。本文所用的“局部外部给药制剂”是包含一定量茚虫威和兽医学上可接受的载体的流体制剂,当其被施用到小于或等于10%的家养动物的总表面积时,所述量能够有效根治家养动物上的外寄生虫、减少家养动物上的外寄生虫数量,和/或预防家养动物上的外寄生虫侵袭。所述“局部外用制剂”在本文中可以指“本发明的制剂”。在一些优选的实施方案中,局部外用制剂可包含结晶抑制剂。“流体制剂”包括例如流体制剂如浇泼制剂、喷滴制剂和喷雾制剂,其可以为溶液剂、乳剂(水包油或油包水)、悬乳剂、微乳剂、混悬剂(水混悬剂或非水混悬剂)、油剂、乳膏剂和软膏剂的形式。“流体制剂”也可包括散剂、水分散性颗粒、可润湿性粉末和气溶胶。“流体制剂”可以是即用型或需要进行制备,例如在使用前用水稀释。
本文所用的术语“持久功效”是指本发明的制剂在特定的一段时间或条件下保持控制外寄生虫(即根治家养动物的外寄生虫、减少家养动物上的外寄生虫的数量,和/或预防家养动物上的外寄生虫侵袭)的能力;例如,经过给定次数的水洗,或经过给定的数天、数周或数月的时间。在一些实施方案中,功效的持久性足以使单次处理后所呈现的功效降低不超过20%、10%或5%。在本文中,术语“功效”是指制剂控制外寄生虫侵袭的能力。
本文所用术语“喷滴”和“浇泼”是指向动物上的局部区域施用的制剂,所述局部区域的累计表面积小于或等于所述动物总表面积的10%,还指向动物的局部表面区域施用组合物的方法,其中所述局部区域的累计面积小于或等于所述动物总表面积的10%。
本文所用术语“兽医学上可接受的”是指成分、组合物或治疗方法,其不会在家养动物中或家养动物上引起显著的不良反应,,并且另外在人类可能暴露于该动物的周边环境的情况下,在该动物的周边环境中不会产生对人类有毒性或其他不良反应的危险。
本文所用术语“兽医学上可接受的载体”是指在本发明组合物中除茚虫威之外其他所有的成分,或在包含茚虫威和一种或多种其他具有杀虫活性的组分的组合物的情况下,指在此类组合物中除茚虫威和其他具有杀虫活性的组分之外的组分。兽医学上可接受的载体的组分或化合物可能包含的实例包括:溶剂、结晶抑制剂、抗氧化剂、辅助剂、助溶剂、着色剂、表面活性剂、油、光稳定剂、增粘剂、助悬剂、推进剂、填充剂以及香味增强剂或掩蔽剂(masker)。
本文所用术语“包含”为开放式过渡语,其含义为包括指定的要素,但不必排除其他未指定的要素。
本文所用短语“基本由……组成”是指不包含对本发明制剂的基本的性质造成重要的影响的其他组分和/或试剂。特别地,制剂中抑制茚虫威和/或其他杀虫剂的结晶的其他组分和/或试剂可能会对所述制剂造成重要的影响。因此,除非该制剂中明确地包含了结晶抑制剂,否则,在使用术语“基本由……组成”时不应包含此类结晶抑制剂。
短语“由……组成”是指除所述要素和仅有的少量杂质外,不包含任何要素的过渡。
靶向家养动物上的外寄生虫的方法和制剂
一方面,本发明提供了控制家养动物上的外寄生虫侵袭的方法(即消除和/或预防外寄生虫例如成蚤或成蜱的侵袭)。所述方法包括将对外寄生虫有效量的局部外用制剂外用施用到动物皮肤的局部区域,其中所述局部区域的表面积小于或等于家养动物的总表面积的10%,所述局部外用制剂包含茚虫威和兽医学上可接受的载体。
本发明的制剂包括所谓的“浇泼”和“喷滴”制剂。除了将本发明的制剂施用到家养动物的皮肤的健康或正常表面之外,此类局部区域还可包括真皮层创伤(例如,切口或伤口)或完全由真皮层伤口构成。因此,在一些实施方案中,本发明还可用于治疗创伤处的外寄生虫侵袭。
在一些实施方案中,将该制剂施用到等于或小于家养动物总表面积的10%、5%或2%的单个局部区域,或将该制剂施用到总计小于动物总表面积10%、5%或2%的动物皮肤的两个或多个局部区域或部分的组合。不受任何具体作用机理的束缚,我们认为在局部外用施用后,活性成分茚虫威扩散到所述局部区域之外,从而对家养动物身体的整个或大部分区域提供外寄生虫控制。在优选的实施方案中,使用“浇泼”施用或“喷滴”施用将本发明制剂施用到动物皮肤上的单个点或单个区域。在一些专门用于猫和狗的实施方案中,施用局限于等于或小于10cm2的表面积,特别是在5cm2和10cm2之间的表面积内。在一些特别优选的实施方案中,在沿动物的背线(backline)的一个或多个点处施用制剂。例如,对于低剂量体积,在肩部之间的单个点较为适合;而对于高剂量体积,推荐沿背部分布的多个部位。
在一些优选的实施方案中,因为此类优选制剂已被设计成能够最小化或消除在毛发上的结晶并保持皮毛的装饰性外观,即便存在高浓度的活性物质也不会出现胶粘或粘性外观,所以由于其功效、持久性,以及涂覆和干燥后动物毛皮的良好外观,而使得制剂特别有利。因此,在另一方面,本发明提供了用于根治、减少和/或预防家养动物的外寄生虫侵袭的局部外用制剂,其包含有效量的茚虫威以及兽医学上可接受的载体(其包含结晶抑制剂)。本文所用的结晶抑制剂为在向动物施用后,使由制剂形成的可见的茚虫威结晶或茚虫威和/或任何其他杀虫剂的沉淀最小化的物质。可使用本领域公知的分析法检测用作结晶抑制剂的候选化合物。例如,可在20℃的载玻片上向茚虫威和兽医学上可接受的溶剂中添加候选的一种或多种结晶化合物,并持续24小时,随后由肉眼观察组合物以确定是否有结晶形成。或者,可在室温下向家养动物施用包含候选化合物的局部外用制剂,随后由肉眼观察所述动物以确定是否有结晶形成。
结晶抑制剂的实例包括:三乙酰甘油酯、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯醇、乙酸乙烯酯与乙烯吡咯烷酮的共聚物、聚乙二醇、聚乙氧基化失水山梨醇酯;卵磷脂,丙烯酸衍生物例如甲基丙烯酸酯等,阴离子表面活性剂,例如碱金属硬脂酸盐,特别是硬脂酸钠、硬脂酸钾或硬脂酸铵;硬脂酸钙;三乙醇胺硬脂酸酯;松香酸钠;烷基硫酸盐,特别是十二烷基硫酸钠和十六烷基硫酸钠;十二烷基苯磺酸钠、二辛基磺化琥珀酸钠;脂肪酸,特别是衍生自椰子油的那些脂肪酸;阳离子表面活性剂,例如式N+R'R"R'"R"",Y-的水溶性季胺盐,其中R基团为任选地羟基化的烃基,且Y-为强酸的阴离子,例如卤化物、硫酸根和磺酸根阴离子;在阳离子表面活性剂中,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵是可用的;式N+R'R"R'"的胺盐,其中R基团为任选地羟基化的烃基;在阳离子表面活性剂中,十八胺盐酸盐是可用的;非离子表面活性剂,例如任选地聚乙氧基化的失水山梨醇酯,特别是聚山梨醇酯80,聚乙氧基化的烷基醚;聚乙二醇硬脂酸酯、聚乙氧基化的蓖麻油衍生物、聚甘油酯、聚乙氧基化的脂肪醇、聚乙氧基化的脂肪酸、环氧乙烷与环氧丙烷的共聚物;两性表面活性剂,例如取代的十二烷基甜菜碱化合物,或优选地为以上至少两种的混合物。
结晶抑制剂以任何适合的比例和浓度存在,从而有效地抑制所选制剂内特定剂量茚虫威的结晶。也可使用结晶抑制剂的组合。在一些实施方案中,一种或多种结晶抑制剂的存在比例为1~60重量/体积%、5~50重量/体积%或10~40重量/体积%。因此,在最优选的实施方案中,一经沉积,所述制剂即在动物整个身体扩散,随后干燥而不发生结晶或改变外观(特别是没有任何白色沉淀或粉状外观)或动物毛皮或皮肤的感觉。
优选的制剂足以持久地保持功效,从而减少与向家养动物给药制剂相关的周期和费用。在一些情况下,该制剂每周施用不超过2次,每周不超过1次,每月不超过1次,或每3个月不超过1次。因此,本发明某些制剂可将功效持久保持至少48小时、1周、1个月、2个月或在一些情况下长达3个月。制剂还能持久地耐受水溶液(例如肥皂和水)对家养动物的清洗。因此,该制剂可在至少一次乃至五次水溶液清洗后保持持久的功效。
可使用本发明的制剂靶向多种外寄生虫。在一些实施方案中,外寄生虫为蚤类、蝇或虱类,包括蚤卵、蚤幼虫、蝇卵或蝇幼虫。当本发明的制剂被设计成靶向蚤卵、蚤幼虫、蝇卵或蝇幼虫时,蚤类和/或蝇的生活周期被破坏,从而降低了环境种群压力。出于本发明的目的,术语蚤类应被理解为涉及蚤目(特别是栉首蚤属)中所有常见或偶见的寄生性蚤种类,特别是猫蚤(C.felis)和犬蚤(C.canis)、鼠蚤(印鼠客蚤)和人蚤。
在需要控制家养动物的外寄生虫或此类动物所在环境中的外寄生虫的情况下,可使用本发明的制剂处理任何适合的此类动物。在某些优选的实施方案中,家养动物为哺乳动物,例如牛、马、驴、猪、鸟、骆驼、狗、猫、鹿、绵羊或山羊。
可通过简单地混合上述组分制备局部外用制剂,或在载体为乳剂、混悬剂或悬乳剂的情况下需要剧烈地混合或均质化,而在茚虫威(DPX-KN128)以固体形式(混悬剂、悬乳剂、粉末剂、散剂或颗粒剂)存在的情况下,需要研磨以减小茚虫威(DPX-KN128)的粒径。由于所述制剂中茚虫威以及优选成分的化学上确定的性质,本发明制剂的制备方法对本领域技术人员来说是显而易见的。例如,可在兽医学上可接受的溶剂中混合活性物质,随后添加兽医学上可接受的其他成分,或者可组成除茚虫威外包含所有制剂的成分的兽医学上可接受的载体,随后向兽医学上可接受的载体组合物中添加茚虫威(和任选的其他杀虫活性成分)。
在一些实施方案中,载体中的其他组分可以是抗氧化剂。可用的抗氧化剂包括,例如丁基羟基茴香醚、丁基羟基甲苯、抗坏血酸、亚硫酸盐、偏亚硫酸氢盐、或硫代硫酸盐(例如,硫代硫酸钠、偏亚硫酸氢钠、偏亚硫酸氢钾等)、没食子酸丙酯和/或生育酚,或这些试剂中不超过两种的混合物。
本发明的制剂中可包含一种或多种其他杀虫剂。可用的杀虫剂包括:昆虫生长调节剂、有机磷杀虫剂、氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂、有机氯杀虫剂、除虫菊酯类杀虫剂、拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂、烟碱类杀虫剂、新烟碱类杀虫剂、含铜杀虫剂、驱虫剂、苯并咪唑类杀虫剂、N-水杨酰苯胺类杀虫剂、取代的酚类杀虫剂、嘧啶类杀虫剂和咪唑并噻唑类杀虫剂。特别优选甲脒类杀昆虫剂,例如双甲脒(amitraz)、缩氨基脲类杀昆虫剂,例如氰氟虫腙(metaflumazone),以及苯基吡唑例如氟虫腈(fipronil)。氟虫腈已描述于美国专利第5,232,940号、第6,096,329号、第6,395,765号和第6,716,442号,以上文献的内容均通过引用并入本文。在一个此类实施方案中,所述制剂包括有效量的氟虫腈和茚虫威。
在一些实施方案中,咪唑并噻唑类杀虫剂为左旋咪唑。嘧啶类杀虫剂可以是噻嘧啶。取代的酚类杀虫剂可以是硝碘酚腈。N-水杨酰苯胺类杀虫剂可以是氯氰碘柳胺或氯羟柳胺。苯并咪唑类杀虫剂可以是阿苯哒唑或三氯苯哒唑。驱虫剂可以是大环内酯,例如阿维菌素(例如伊维菌素)或美贝霉素(milbemycin)(例如莫西菌素)。有机磷杀虫剂可以是百治磷、特丁硫磷、乐果、二嗪磷、乙拌磷、敌百虫、甲基谷硫磷(azinphos-methyl)、毒死蜱、马拉硫磷、甲基异内吸磷亚砜(oxydemeton-methyl)、甲胺磷、乙酰甲胺磷(acephate)、乙基对硫磷、甲基对硫磷、速灭磷、甲拌磷、三硫磷(carbofenthion)、伏杀硫磷、萘肽磷或吡唑硫磷。氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂可以是胺甲萘、克百威、涕灭威或克百威。拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂可是丙烯菊酯、苄呋菊酯、氯菊酯、溴氰菊酯或四溴菊酯。含铜杀虫剂可以是氢氧化铜(II)或氯氧硫酸铜(即与Cu4(OH)6(SO4)混合的Cu2Cl(OH)3)。新烟碱类杀虫剂可以是吡虫啉、烯啶虫胺或呋虫胺。
此外,在一些实施方案中,杀虫剂为除虫菊酯类杀虫剂、苏云金杆菌毒素、乙酯杀螨醇、氟氯氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、三氯杀螨醇、硫丹、高氰戊菊酯、氰戊菊酯、高三氟氯氰菊酯、甲氧滴滴涕、硫、环戊二烯类、鱼尼丁(ryania)、KT-199(抗蠕虫抗生素)或吡喹酮。
昆虫生长调节剂可以是几丁质合成抑制剂或保幼激素类似物。在某些实施方案中,昆虫生长调节剂为印楝素、敌杀磷(diofenolan)、苯氧威、烯虫乙酯、烯虫炔酯、烯虫酯、吡丙醚、四氢印楝素、氟啶脲、环丙氨嗪、除虫脲、氟啶蜱脲、氟螨脲、氟虫脲、氟铃脲、氯芬新、双苯氟脲、虫酰肼、氟苯脲和杀虫脲。
这些其他杀虫剂的存在量可以使制剂的功效和持久性最优化。特别地,这些其他杀虫剂的含量可以为约0.05%~约80%。在优选的实施方案中,制剂中的其他杀虫剂为氯菊酯,其含量为约30%~约75%。在另一个优选的实施方案中,制剂中的其他杀虫剂为氟虫腈,其含量为约5%~约25%。
在另一个优选的实施方案中,其他杀虫剂为伊维菌素,其含量为约0.05%~约10%。在另一个优选的实施方案中,制剂中的其他杀虫剂为阿维菌素,其含量为约0.05%~约10%。在另一个优选的实施方案中,其他杀虫剂为莫西菌素,其含量为约0.05%~约10%。在另一个优选的实施方案中,其他杀虫剂为多拉霉素(doramecin),其含量为约0.05%~约10%。在另一个优选的实施方案中,其他杀虫剂为依立克丁,其含量为约0.05%~约10%。在另一个优选的实施方案中,其他杀虫剂为赛拉菌素,其含量为约0.05%~约10%。在另一个优选的实施方案中,其他杀虫剂为烯虫酯,其含量为约1%~约20%。在另一个优选的实施方案中,其他杀虫剂为S-烯虫酯,其含量为约1%~约20%。
尽管选择适于茚虫威的溶剂是制备有效、持久且外观理想的制剂的重要方面,但是在本发明中可使用多种兽医学上可接受的溶剂。本文所用的“兽医学上可接受的溶剂”是指当外用施用到家养动物时没有毒性并且能够充分溶解茚虫威以形成溶液的溶剂。例如,本发明的兽医学上可接受的溶剂不会导致家养动物真皮层出现皮疹或发炎。兽医学上可接受的溶剂通常不易燃,或者点燃时不会快速燃烧。兽医学上可接受的溶剂在施用到所述家养动物后也不会呈现出油腻感。
在一些实施方案中,兽医学上可接受的溶剂具有0和40之间、0和20之间或0和10之间的介电常数。
可用于本发明的兽医学上可接受的溶剂的实例包括:二乙二醇单丁醚、三乙酸甘油酯、二乙二醇单甲醚、二乙二醇单乙醚、苯甲酸苄酯、乙二醇单丁醚、乳酸乙酯、二丙二醇单甲醚、乙二醇单丁醚乙酸酯、异丙醇、苯甲醇、乙酰乙酸乙酯、2-吡咯烷酮、异山梨醇二甲醚、双丙酮醇、四氢糠醇、丙二醇单甲醚、乙醇、碳酸丙烯酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、三乙酸甘油酯乙酸庚酯、辛酸甲酯/癸酸甲酯、N,N-二甲基辛酰胺、乙酸戊酯、乙酸已酯、乙酸环己酯、乙二醇二乙酸酯、乙酸甲氧基丙酯、糠醇、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、N-甲基吡咯烷酮、甘油缩甲醛、2,6-二甲基-4-庚酮、甲基乙基酮、甲基异丁基酮和环己酮。
在一些优选的实施方案中,用于茚虫威的兽医学上可接受的溶剂为二醇醚或乙酸烷基酯,例如乙酰乙酸乙酯。在某些特别优选的实施方案中,兽医学上可接受的溶剂为乙酰乙酸乙酯或二丙二醇单甲醚。
本发明的一些制剂也可包括其他试剂,例如辅助剂、助溶剂、着色剂、表面活性剂、铺展油、抗氧化剂、光稳定剂、助悬剂、推进剂、填充剂和/或增粘剂。着色剂为经许可用于动物并且能够被溶解或混悬的所有着色剂。在外用制剂中选择并使用此类其他试剂以获得某些所需特征是本领域公知的。
光稳定剂的实例为来自苯甲酮类或novantisolic acid的物质。
增粘剂的实例为纤维素衍生物、淀粉衍生物、聚丙烯酸酯、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮和天然聚合物,例如海藻酸盐和明胶。
辅助剂可以包括铺展油,例如肉豆蔻酸异丙酯、二丙二醇壬酸酯、硅油、脂肪酸酯、甘油三酯和脂肪醇。例如,浇泼和喷滴制剂可有利地包含有助于在宿主动物皮肤和毛皮表面快速分布的载体,这些载体通常被称作铺展油。很多铺展油/溶剂组合都是合适的,例如,油性溶液;醇类和异丙醇溶液,例如2-辛基十二烷醇或油醇的溶液;一元羧酸的酯的溶液,所述酯例如肉豆蔻酸异丙酯、棕榈酸异丙酯、月桂酸草酸酯、油酸油基酯、油酸癸酯、月桂酸己酯、油酸油酯、油酸癸酯、链长为C12-C18的饱和脂肪醇的己酸酯;二羧酸酯的溶液,所述酯例如邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、间苯二甲酸二异丙酯、己二酸二异丙酯、己二酸二正丁酯或脂族酸的酯的溶液,例如二醇类。另外存在制药业或美容业已知的分散剂是有利的。实例为吡咯烷-2-酮、N-烷基吡咯烷-2-酮、丙酮、聚乙二醇及其醚和酯、丙二醇或合成的甘油三酯。
本发明的制剂可进一步包含失水山梨醇单月桂酸酯、二丙二醇单甲醚、三乙醇胺、苯甲醇、异丙醇和/或乙酰乙酸乙酯。
有用的阴离子表面活性剂包括碱性硬脂酸酯,特别是硬脂酸钠、硬脂酸钾或硬脂酸铵;硬脂酸钙;三乙醇胺硬酯酸酯;松香酸钠;烷基硫酸酯,特别是十二烷基硫酸钠和十六烷基硫酸钠;十二烷基苯磺酸钠、二辛基磺化琥珀酸钠;脂肪酸,特别是衍生自椰子油的那些脂肪酸。
有用的阳离子表面活性剂包括式N+R'R"R'"R"",Y-的水溶性季胺盐,其中R基团为任选地羟基化的烃基,且Y-为强酸的阴离子,例如卤化物、硫酸根和磺酸根阴离子;十六烷基三甲基溴化铵是可用的阳离子表面活性剂之一。
有用的阳离子型表面活性剂包括式N+R'R"R'"的胺盐,其中R基团为H或任选羟基化的烃基团;十八胺盐酸盐是其中可用的阳离子表面活性剂。
有用的非离子表面活性剂包括聚氧乙烯化失水山梨醇酯,特别是聚山梨醇酯80,聚氧乙烯化烷基醚;聚乙二醇硬脂酸酯、蓖麻油的聚氧乙烯化衍生物、聚甘油酯、聚氧乙烯化脂肪醇、聚氧乙烯化脂肪酸、环氧乙烷与环氧丙烷的共聚物。可用的两性表面活性剂包括取代的十二烷基甜菜碱化合物。
选择本发明制剂中茚虫威的剂量和浓度以优化制剂的功效和持久性。在一些实施方案中,制剂中茚虫威的浓度为至少100g/L、150g/L或200g/L;或1~50重量/体积%、5~35重量/体积%或10~20重量/体积%。在一些优选的实施方案中,所述浓度为约200g/L或20重量/体积%。在某些施用(例如所述家养动物为宠物)中,同样选择所述浓度以将施用所述制剂后动物的不期望的外观(例如茚虫威的白色结晶)减少到最低限度。给药到家养动物的茚虫威的总量通常为每kg体重1~50mg,每kg体重2~25mg或每kg体重5~15mg。
在一些实施方案中,将制剂施用到动物的背部并在若干个点或沿背线施用,且以低体积施用,例如每100kg施用5~20mL或每100kg施用10mL。在一些实施方案中,总体积为每只动物10~150mL,有时限制为50mL。例如,根据动物的体重,对猫的施用体积可以为约0.3~1mL,对狗的施用体积可以为约0.5~5mL。
在一些实施方案中,兽医学上可接受的载体可以以乳剂或溶液剂的形式施用到动物皮肤的局部区域(例如在喷滴型施用中,施用到两肩之间)。制剂可包括向动物喷施、浇泼、铺展或喷滴的溶液、油剂、乳膏剂、软膏剂或用于外部给药的任何其他适合的流体制剂。浇泼和喷滴制剂可浇泼、喷滴或喷施到皮肤的限制的区域。可通过将活性化合物溶解、混悬或乳化到皮肤耐受的适合的溶剂或溶剂混合物中,由此制备浇泼和喷滴制剂。制剂的形式可以为局部且外用施用到动物的室温下稳定的即用型溶液。
兽医学上可接受的乳剂为油包水型或水包油型。它们通过将茚虫威在疏水相或亲水相中溶解,并在适合乳化剂的协助下将该相与其他相的溶剂一起均质来制备,如果合适,也可与其他辅助剂例如着色剂、吸收促进剂、防腐剂、抗氧化剂、光稳定剂和/或粘度增加剂一起均质化。
疏水相(油)的实例包括:石蜡油、硅油、天然植物油例如芝麻油、杏仁油、蓖麻油,合成的甘油三酯例如辛酸/癸酸甘油二酯、由链长为C8-12的植物脂肪酸或与其他特别选择的天然脂肪酸形成的甘油三酯混合物,还包含羟基基团的饱和或不饱和脂肪酸的部分甘油酯混合物,以及C8/C10脂肪酸的甘油单脂和甘油二酯。脂肪酸酯例如硬脂酸乙酯、二正丁酰己二酸酯、月桂酸己酯、二丙二醇壬酸酯、中长链的支链脂肪酸与链长为C16-C18的饱和脂肪醇的酯、肉豆蔻酸异丙酯、棕榈酸异丙酯、链长为C12-C18的饱和脂肪醇的辛酸酯/癸酸酯、硬脂酸异丙酯、油酸油酯、油酸癸酯、油酸乙酯、乳酸乙酯,蜡状脂肪酯例如邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、己二酸二异丙酯、与后者相关的酯混合物,以及脂肪醇例如十三烷醇、2-辛基十二烷醇、十六基硬脂醇和油醇。
亲水相溶液包括水、醇类、丙二醇、甘油、山梨糖醇及其混合物。乳化剂包括:非离子表面活性剂,例如聚氧乙烯化蓖麻油、聚氧乙烯化失水山梨糖醇单油酸酯、失水山梨醇单硬脂酸酯、单硬脂酸甘油酯、聚氧乙基硬脂酸酯、烷基酚聚乙二醇醚;两性表面活性剂,例如N-月桂基-β-亚氨基二丙酸二钠或卵磷脂;阴离子表面活性剂,例如十二烷基硫酸钠、脂肪醇醚硫酸盐、单烷基/二烷基聚乙二醇醚正磷酸酯的单乙醇胺盐;阳离子表面活性剂例如十六烷基三甲基氯化铵。
可用的粘度增加物质和稳定乳剂的物质包括:羧甲基纤维素、甲基纤维素和其他纤维素和淀粉衍生物、聚丙烯酸酯、海藻酸盐、明胶、阿拉伯胶、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙烯醇、甲基乙烯基醚与马来酸酐的共聚物、聚乙二醇、蜡、胶体二氧化硅、或上述物质的混合物。
实施例
进一步通过以下实施例说明本发明的物质和方法。这些实施例用于说明而非限制本发明的权利要求。
实施例1
使用包含异山梨醇二甲醚和丙二醇单甲醚的茚虫威外用局部给药进行犬抗
蚤的剂量反应研究
使用完全随机的设计进行非盲、前瞻纵贯式人工寄生虫侵袭效率圈养试验(基于饲养和预处理的蚤计数进行分级和分组)。总计5个处理组,每组6只犬,以及一个未处理的对照组。
对三十三(33)只成年犬(Labrador Retrievers and Jack Russell Terriers)进行诱导、临床检查、称重、鉴定并在第-7天分配到试验围栏中。在第-5天使用100只蚤(猫蚤)人工侵袭每只犬,并在第-2天进行再次侵袭。在第-1天对所有犬进行蚤指计数(flea thumb count),并选择30只犬进行试验。基于饲养和蚤计数,将这些犬随机分配到5个类似的组(每组6只)中并将各组分配到试验围栏中。在第0天,使用包含溶解于异山梨醇二甲醚(DMI)和丙二醇单甲醚(90体积%异山梨醇二甲醚(DMI)和10体积%丙二醇单甲醚)的茚虫威(DPX-K128)的外用局部给药制剂处理组B、C、D和E,以形成75、100、125或150g/L的茚虫威(DPX-K128)总浓度。用于制备制剂的起始原料为包含70.43%的茚虫威(DPX-K128)的DPX-K128与DPX-KN127(式1的R-异构体)的混合物。因此,对于每1克所需的茚虫威(DPX-K128),使用1.42克此混合物。通过喷滴施用(即以液体形式施用到小于或等于动物表面积的10%)以0.1mL/1kg的比率将制剂施用到背部中线。组A保持未处理以作为对照。组B以7.5mg/kg的比率给药;组C为10.0mg/kg的比率;组D为12.5mg/kg的比率;组E为15.0mg/kg的比率。
在第24小时进行蚤指计数。在处理后第48小时进行蚤梳计数,随后在下次侵袭前使用口服片(Nitenpyram,Novartis Animal Health)对所有犬进行处理以除去所有的蚤。在处理后第7、14、21和28天再次使用100只成蚤侵袭动物。在每次侵袭后的第24小时进行蚤梳计数随后进行Capstar处理。
在处理后最初的48小时内,组D(12.5mg/kg)和组E(15.0mg/kg)在第24小时的蚤侵袭分别减少99.0%和100%,在第48小时分别减少100%和99.4%。组B(7.5mg/kg)和组C(10.0mg/kg)同样显示出极佳的消除功效,在第24小时的减少均达到97.9%,在第48小时分别达到99.4%和100%。
所有4个组均显示出极佳的持久功效,从第48小时的计数直到处理后的第29天的减少率为100%或接近100%(均≧99%)。
实施例2
清洗对持久性的影响
在完成上述试验1所述的研究后,使用组E中的6只犬继续进行为期两周的清洗研究。
在两周的期间内,将E组6只犬中的4只每周在没有杀昆虫作用的水浴中清洗两次,而E组的其余两只犬不进行清洗并作为对照。在处理后第43天,使用100只蚤侵袭6只犬,随后通过在第44天进行蚤梳计数评价其保持抗蚤侵袭的能力。结果显示于下表1中。
表1:
这些结果证明所有的犬均具有低蚤计数并仍保持对蚤侵袭的抗性,表明即便经过4次彻底的洗发剂水浴清洗后,在第44天仍具有极佳的持久性。
实施例3
使用15mg/kg茚虫威外用局部给药剂进行犬抗蚤的功效研究
此研究为非盲、前瞻纵贯式随机临床功效圈养试验,以3只犬为一组,每只分别接受5次处理:4次试验制剂处理和阴性对照(未处理)中的一种。基于饲养和预处理的蚤计数,将一批动物随机分组。人工侵袭动物并根据标准化的方法进行寄生虫计数。
在第-6天将20只成年犬(Labrador Retrievers and Jack Russell Terriers)引入研究,并在第-4天对每只犬使用100只蚤(猫蚤)进行人工侵袭。在第-1天进行蚤计数,并选择18只犬进行试验。基于饲养和蚤计数,将犬随机分配到6个类似的组(每组3只)中并将各组随机分配到试验围栏中。对每只犬再次使用100只蚤进行侵袭。在第-1天,对所有犬再次进行蚤计数。在第0天,使用如以下表2所示的4种不同的15mg/kg茚虫威(DPX-KN128)外用局部给药剂之一处理组B、C、D和E。制剂的起始原料为在硅石上的DPX-KN128:DPX-KN127的3:1的混合物。该原料包含56.2%的茚虫威(DPX-KN128)。因此,对于每1毫克所需的茚虫威(DPX-K128),使用1.78毫克此混合物。将制剂作为喷滴剂由颈根部向肩部施用。组B、C和D的运载体为异山梨醇二甲醚(DMI),组E的运载体包含40g/L聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、47g/L乙氧基化蓖麻油、33g/L乙醇,并由1-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮稀释定容。组A保持未处理。
表2:
在处理后第24小时和第48小时进行蚤计数。在处理后第7、14、21、28、35和42天重复蚤侵袭,并在每次侵袭后第24和48小时进行蚤计数。
除组B之外,用所有的制剂处理均获得处理后持续44天的极佳(100%或接近100%的减少)的蚤控制,观察到组B的极佳的控制持续37天。结果显示于表3中。
表3:
与同期的对照计数相比,各组蚤计数减小的百分比(%)。
组 | 24小时 | 48小时 | 8天 | 9天 | 15天 | 16天 | 22天 |
B | 77.4% | 96.2% | 94.3% | 98.0% | 100.0% | 95.7% | 100.0% |
C | 82.8% | 98.7% | 98.1% | 100.0% | 100.O% | 100.0% | 98.6% |
D | 98.9% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 99.3% |
E | 73.1% | 97.4% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% |
组 | 23天 | 29天 | 30天 | 36天 | 37天 | 43天 | 44天 |
B | 99.2% | 98.7% | 98.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 95.5% | 100.0% |
C | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 99.1% | 100.0% | 99.0% | 100.0% |
D | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 96.6% | 98.9% | 73.3% | 85.4% |
E | 100.0% | 100.0% | 100.0% | 98.3% | 100.0% | 96.0% | 99.0% |
实施例4
示例性制剂
以下表4提供了制备的某些外用给药的制剂的列表
表4
实施例5
对犬施用时包含茚虫威的外用溶液安全性、外观以及流失可能性的评价
在施用到成年比格犬后,进行一系列研究以评估多种茚虫威外用溶液的安全性、外观以及流失可能性。对于表5中列出的所有试验,将体重在10~20kg之间的雄性和雌性犬随机分配到各个制剂组。对每只犬施用1.5mL的剂量体积,从而递送15mg茚虫威/kg体重的最小剂量。在施用时,分开处理点的毛发,并将制剂直接施用到肩胛之间单个区域的皮肤上。随后近距离观察施用位点和毛皮上的溶液扩散、残留的迹象和湿润,并确定在处理后(5、15、30、60和180分钟和24小时)是否有任何溶液自动物流失。在处理后24小时检查处理位点周边皮肤和毛发是否有任何不良反应。
表5提供了在16个独立试验中检测的制剂成分的列表。除了试验编号X07-055-12(6只犬/制剂)以及试验X07-055-13和X07-055-14(36只犬/制剂)之外,在每个试验中,将每种制剂施用至4只犬。
所有制剂都具是安全的,并且在经处理的犬的皮肤或毛发上未观察到不良反应。确定制剂V、Z、AB、AC、AE、AF、AG和AH具有作为商用喷滴处理的优选特征。这些优选特征包括:施用后没有滴落或流失,在干燥并相对快速地干燥施用位点时残留或结晶的外观最少。具有最少的期望的特征(即滴落/流失、残留和湿润的外观)的制剂为制剂C、E、G、J、Q和S。其他制剂的特征位于中间水平。
Claims (19)
1.用于控制家养动物上的外寄生虫的局部外用喷滴制剂,其包含i)对外寄生虫有效量的茚虫威和一种或多种其他杀虫剂,以及ii)兽医学上可接受的载体;其中茚虫威在所述制剂中的浓度为至少100g/L;其中所述兽医学上可接受的载体包含结晶抑制剂和溶剂;并且其中所述溶剂选自二醇醚和乙酸烷基酯。
2.如权利要求1所述的制剂,其中所述一种或多种其他杀虫剂选自由昆虫生长调节剂、有机磷杀虫剂、氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂、有机氯杀虫剂、除虫菊酯类杀虫剂、拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂、烟碱类杀虫剂、新烟碱类杀虫剂、含铜杀虫剂、驱虫剂、苯并咪唑、N-水杨酰苯胺、取代的酚类杀虫剂、嘧啶类杀虫剂、咪唑并噻唑类杀虫剂、苏云金杆菌毒素、乙酯杀螨醇、氟氯氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、三氯杀螨醇、硫丹、高氰戊菊酯、氰戊菊酯、高三氟氯氰菊酯、甲氧滴滴涕、硫、环戊二烯类、鱼尼丁、KT-199和吡喹酮组成的组中。
3.如权利要求1所述的制剂,其中所述一种或多种其他杀虫剂为甲脒类(formadine)。
4.如权利要求3所述的制剂,其中所述甲脒类为双甲脒。
5.如权利要求1所述的制剂,其中所述一种或多种其他杀虫剂为缩氨基脲。
6.如权利要求5所述的制剂,其中所述缩氨基脲为氰氟虫腙。
7.如权利要求1所述的制剂,其中所述一种或多种其他杀虫剂为苯基吡唑。
8.如权利要求7所述的制剂,其中所述苯基吡唑为氟虫腈。
9.如权利要求1所述的制剂,其中所述一种或多种其他杀虫剂为拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂。
10.如权利要求9所述的制剂,其中所述拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂是氯菊酯。
11.如权利要求1所述的局部外用制剂,以重量计,所述制剂包含:
5-25%茚虫威;
5-25%氟虫腈;和
QS乙酰乙酸乙酯。
12.如权利要求1所述的局部外用制剂,以重量计,所述制剂包含:
5-25%茚虫威;
5-25%氟虫腈;和
QS二丙二醇单甲醚。
13.如权利要求1所述的局部外用制剂,以重量计,所述制剂包含:
1-50%茚虫威;
0.05-80%氯菊酯;和
乙酰乙酸乙酯。
14.如权利要求1所述的局部外用制剂,以重量计,所述制剂包含:
5-25%茚虫威;
30-75%氯菊酯;和
乙酰乙酸乙酯。
15.如权利要求1所述的局部外用制剂,以重量计,所述制剂包含:
1-50%茚虫威;
0.05-80%氯菊酯;和
丙二醇单甲醚。
16.如权利要求1所述的局部外用制剂,以重量计,所述制剂包含:
5-25%茚虫威;
30-75%氯菊酯;和
丙二醇单甲醚。
17.如权利要求1所述的外用制剂,其基本由茚虫威、氟虫腈和兽医学上可接受的溶剂组成。
18.如权利要求1所述的外用制剂,其基本由茚虫威、氯菊酯和兽医学上可接受的溶剂组成。
19.用于控制家养动物上的外寄生虫的方法,其包括将对外寄生虫有效剂量的权利要求1-18中的任一项所述的制剂外用施用到局部区域,其中所述局部区域的表面积小于或等于所述家养动物的总体表面积的10%。
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