CN102643229A - N-((4-氯-3-三氟甲基)苯基)-n’-((2-氟-4-(2-氨基甲酰基)-4-吡啶基氧)苯基)脲及其作为抗癌药物的应用 - Google Patents
N-((4-氯-3-三氟甲基)苯基)-n’-((2-氟-4-(2-氨基甲酰基)-4-吡啶基氧)苯基)脲及其作为抗癌药物的应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用作VEGFR-2激酶抑制剂的N-((4-氯-3-三氟甲基)苯基)-N’-((2-氟-4-(2-氨基甲酰基)-4-吡啶基氧)苯基)脲,及其用于制备治疗VEGFR-2所介导疾病的药物中的用途。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及用作VEGFR-2等激酶抑制剂的N-((4-氯-3-三氟甲基)苯基)-N’-((2-氟-4-(2-氨基甲酰基)-4-吡啶基氧)苯基)脲,及其用于制备治疗VEGFR-2等激酶所介导疾病的药物中的用途。
背景技术
随着对肿瘤分子生物学的深入研究,通过对多种致癌蛋白激酶进行抑制的靶向治疗法已成为抗肿瘤治疗的重要组成部分,并已在各类肿瘤的治疗中获得了重大进展。在细胞中,蛋白激酶通过对上游蛋白、下游蛋白及自身的磷酸化来传达及放大信息,控制细胞的生长、分化和凋亡。目前已知,所有真核细胞中均存在Raf/MEK/ERK这一信号通路,其通过Ras、Raf、MEK及ERK的特异性级联磷酸化将信号由细胞外传入细胞核内,大约30%的肿瘤细胞存在这一通路的上调。在Raf/MEK/ERK信号通路中,信号起始于表皮生长因子(EGF)与细胞膜上表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)的结合,EGFR在其磷酸化的位置SH2部位与衔接蛋白质GRB2(growth factor receptor-bound protein 2)结合,招募鸟苷酸交换因子SOS蛋白与Ras结合在相邻的内细胞膜上,GTP替代与Ras结合的GDP而激化Ras,Ras是关键的信号转导中心之一,参入多个上游和下游的信号转导。在研究得最多的通路中,激化后的Ras与细胞浆丝/苏氨酸激酶Raf结合,Raf再磷酸化MAPK激酶(MAPKK,又称MEK),MEK激活ERK1/2(extracellular signal regulated kinase,ERK)。ERK被激活后,进入细胞核内并直接激活转录因子,启动细胞的生长、分化和凋亡等生物学过程。一旦该通路发生过度的激活,细胞增殖的加速与细胞生存期的延长可导致肿瘤的形成及发展(Kolch W.Biochem J,2000,351:289-305;Gishizky ML.Annu.Rep.Med Chem.1995,30:247-253)。
需要指出的是,随环境因素的不同,信号通路级联反应中的信号蛋白都可能被不同的上游蛋白激活或抑制而形成一个极其复杂的网络调控结构。例如, Raf/MEK/ERK信号通路上的Raf和ERK也可通过不依赖Ras的方式发挥其信号转导调节作用;Ras的活性也可以通过肿瘤抑制基因NF1的突变而引起GTP水解的减少来提高。除了在Raf/MEK/ERK信号通路上的关键作用外,表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)还激活PI3K/AKT通道上的磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K),Ras和PI3K再一起调控分子哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)的作用。mTOR是控制细胞生理作用的另一多功能细胞浆丝/苏氨酸激酶,作为下游的底物,S6 konase(S6K)和4EBP1被mTOR磷酸化后启动核糖体蛋白的合成(Hay N,Sonenberg N(2004).Genes Dev18(16):1926-45)。
蛋白激酶基因共表达518多个蛋白激酶,其中受体激酶有20亚科分58类型,细胞浆激酶有10亚科分32类型;在已知的50多种致癌基因中,大部分是蛋白激酶基因(Manning et al.Sicence,2002,298,1912)。癌症基因通常处于被抑制的状态,但当它们发生突变或者被异常激活后,例如化学毒物、长期紫外光照或放射性物质的作用下,癌基因会过量地表达激酶,或表达持续活化的激酶,导致细胞生长、分化和凋亡等重要环节的失控而产生癌细胞(Croce CM.N Engl J Med.2008,358(5):502-11)。针对细胞信号通路上失控的激酶或生长因子等作为药物靶点,研发小分子或大分子抑制剂,对抗癌细胞生长与转移已成为当今抗癌药物研发的重要方向(Novel anticanccr agents,Academic Press,2006,editors:Alex A.Adijel;John K.Buolamwini)。
Raf/MEK/ERK信号通路上的Raf激酶在许多癌症细胞中被过量表达,超过60%的人类恶性黑色素瘤、12%的大肠癌、14%的卵巢癌中都发现B-raf的激活突变,这种突变还存在于甲状腺和肺部的肿瘤中;另一方面,在50%的肾癌和几乎100%的肝癌细胞中存在异常高的C-raf活性,虽然其中C-raf并没有发生突变(Brose,M.S.et al.Cancer Res.2000,63:6997-7000;Davies,H.Nature,2002,417:949-954;Yuen,S.T.et al.Cancer Res.2002,62:6451-6455)。B-raf突变后的激酶B-raf-V600E,其活性是野生型激酶的500倍,它能与C-raf形成异源二聚体,持续激活下游的ERK及蛋白激酶mTOR(Sridhar SS,Hedley D,Siu LL.Mol.Cancer Ther.2005,4(4):677-85)。RAF激酶存在三种亚型,包括A-raf、B-raf和C-raf(也称Raf-1),它们高度同源,享有很高的序列相似性,所以小分子RAF激酶抑制剂通常会同时拮抗B-ref、C-raf及B-raf-V600E。由拜耳研发的索拉非尼(Sorafenib)是于2005年批准的首个治疗晚期肾癌的RAF激酶抑制剂,2007年又被批准为转移性肝癌的治疗药物。进一步的研究使拜耳的科学家们认为,索拉非尼实际上能拮抗多重激酶,它通过同时拮抗RAF激酶以及几种血管生成细胞生长因子受体(例如VEGFR、PDGFR等) 来抑制癌细胞的生长与转移(Keating GM,Santoro A.Drugs 2009,69(2):223-240)。肾癌及肝癌均是转移性极强的癌症,其中肾癌的主要病理类型是透明细胞癌(clear cell carcinoma),其发病机制与VHL抑癌基因的突变相关。一旦VHL基因发生突变,即便在正常非缺氧生理状态下,其编码的氨基酸蛋白(pVHL)也会导致缺氧诱导因子-1α(hypoxia-inducible factor-1α,HIF-1α)的异常激活;HIF-1α再刺激VEGF与PDGF-β等细胞生长因子的表达合成,参与肿瘤组织的新生血管生成。此外,大多数的肾癌具EGFR表达,且表达程度与预后相关,HIF-1α通过激活TGF-α产生自分泌作用与EGFR结合,从而促进细胞增殖与生存。无论何种生长因子与其受体的结合,通常均需通过Raf/MEK/ERK通路发挥作用(Gunaratnam L,et al.J Biol Chem.2003,278:44966-44974)。
早在1971年,Judah Folkman即提出血管生成理论(Angiogenesis)来解释肿瘤的增长与转移(metastasis)。他们的实验显示血管内皮细胞生长因子抑制剂,内皮抑素(endostatin)与人血管抑素(angiostatin)可以抑制小鼠上肿瘤的增长。他认为肿瘤细胞在自身分裂繁殖到一定程度后(1-2立方毫米),必须借助新生的肿瘤血管提供养分与氧气来帮助其进一步增长与扩散(Folkman J,Klagsbrun M.Science 1987,235(4787):442-7)。在血管形成过程中,癌细胞分泌出血管内皮细胞生长因子(VEGF)与细胞摸上的受体(VEGFR)结合,刺激血管内皮细胞的生长、分裂、繁殖;同时细胞释放出蛋白水解酶(proteolytic enzymes)和基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)降解周围基质,细胞得以前移、增长、形成管道化血管环和新基底膜,最终形成新生血管。文献进一步显示,多种不同的生长因子同时参与新生肿瘤血管的形成;除VEGF外,还有血小板衍生生长因子(Platelet-derived growth factor,PDGF)和成纤维细胞生长因子(Fibroblast Growth Factor,FGF)等。癌细胞分泌的PDGF和FGF等生长因子通过招募和刺激纤维细胞、平滑肌细胞、外膜细胞的生长形成新的癌细胞血管基质,帮助新生血管的形成。与正常血管不同,这种新生肿瘤血管往往结构不规整,血管基质不完善,渗透性高,所以肿瘤细胞得以渗透到血液中,扩散并附着在身体的其它部位上生长繁殖形成癌症转移(metastasis)。临床研究证明,抑制这一过程能有效地阻止肿瘤的增长和转移,延长患者寿命(Folkman J.Scientific American 1996,275(3):150-4)。已知参与癌细胞新生血管形成的生长因子受体有VEGFR-1(Flt-1),VEGFR-2(KDR,或Flk-1),血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF)受体PDGFR-α及PDGFR-β,和成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF)受体FGFR1-4等;另一方面,结构相似的VEGFR-3(Flt-4)受体主要参与新生淋巴管的形成(Lymphangiogenesis),在癌症通过淋巴系统转移的过程 中扮演重要的角色,这些受体都可以作为对抗实质肿瘤增长与转移的靶点(Steven A.Stacker.Lymphangiogenesis in Cancer Metastasis,Springer.2009 pp.27-)。
综上所述,最近二十年来人们对癌症的发生、生长、存活及转移在分子层面上的认识取得了非凡的进步,更重要的是,多个临床研究实例都证明了用小分子或大分子药物抑制激酶或生长因子来治疗癌症的疗效;研究血管生成(Angiogenesis)的不懈努力也终于证明了抑制血管内皮细胞生长因子或者受体的临床疗效,从阻抗癌细胞周围血管形成的角度来延缓癌症的增长与扩散,延长患者寿命。
2001年5月,美国FDA批准了第一个酪氨酸激酶小分子抑制剂伊马替尼(Imatinib)为慢性粒细胞白血病(慢性骨髓血癌,CML)的治疗用药(Gambacorti-Passerini C.Lancet Oncology 2008,9(600):600),伊马替尼首次证明了激酶抑制剂治疗癌症的可行性,同时伊马替尼显示了相对于化学疗法较低的药物毒性,提高了患者的生活品质。在分子层面,伊马替尼通过拮抗白血病癌细胞中过度表达的bcr-abl激酶,抑制细胞的生长和分裂;它同时也拮抗c-kit激酶的活性,并在临床显示其对胃肠道间质细胞瘤的疗效,被批准为胃肠道间质细胞瘤的治疗用药。几年后,百时美施贵宝和诺华又分别于2006年和2007年开发了另外两个慢性骨髓血癌治疗用药达沙替尼(Dasatinib)和尼罗替尼(Nilotinib),而且两者对抗伊马替尼的病患也有良好的疗效。
由英国阿斯利康公司研发的吉非替尼(Gefitinib)于2002年8月批准在日本上市,作为非小细胞肺癌一线治疗药物吉非替尼尤其对亚洲吸烟男性非小细胞肺癌患者非常有效。2004年,基因泰克和OSI制药联合开发了厄洛替尼(erlotinib),它的适用范围更加广泛,在全球七、八十个国家中被用作非小细胞肺癌一线治疗、维持治疗和序贯治疗的药物。吉非替尼和厄洛替尼均为表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)抑制剂,拮抗细胞表面跨膜上EGFR受体与表皮生长因子(EGF)的结合而抑制EGFR转导的Raf/MEK/ERK等信号通道(Raymond E,Faivre S,Armand J.Drugs 2000,60 Suppl 1:15-23;discussion 41-2)。同样的原理,厄洛替尼也能有效地抑制胰腺肿瘤细胞的生长,成为FDA批准的第一个治疗胰腺癌的靶向药物。
2006年,辉瑞与Sugene共同开发了舒尼替尼(Sunitinib)。作为治疗肾癌(RCC)的酪氨酸激酶小分子抑制剂,舒尼替尼通过拮抗血管内皮细胞生长因子受体(VGEFR),抑制癌细胞新生血管的形成来延缓癌细胞的生长与转移。舒 尼替尼同时也能抑制c-kit激酶的活性,被批准为抗伊马替尼胃肠道间质细胞瘤患者的治疗用药。
由拜耳研发的索拉非尼(Sorafenib)通过同时拮抗RAF激酶、血管内皮细胞生长因子受体(VGEFR)及血小板衍生生长因子受体(PDGFR-β)等多重途径对抗癌症的生长与转移,被FDA批准为晚期肾癌及转移性肝癌的治疗药物。索拉非尼对转移性肝癌的疗效是肝癌治疗领域的重大突破,肝癌是公认最难治疗,转移性最强的癌症之一(Escudier B,et al.(January 2007).N.Engl.J.Med.356(2):125-34;Keating GM,Santoro A.Drugs 2009,69(2):223-240)。
哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)是PI3K/AKT信号通道中一个多功能丝/苏氨酸激酶,与癌细胞的生长、分裂、存活及转移都有直接的关联(Rubio-Viqueira,B,Hidalgo M.Curr.Opin.Investig.Drugs2006,7:501-512)。mTOR激酶在肾癌转移中的作用尤其明显,失控的mTOR引起细胞内HIF-1α浓度的提高,HIF-1α再诱发VGEF的合成,促进癌细胞血管形成;另一方面,许多肾癌细胞由于VHL肿瘤抑制基因的突变或失去引起HIF-1α分解的减少也提高HIF-1α的浓度(Thomas GV.et al.Nature Medicine 2006,12:122-127)。第一个临床用mTOR抑制剂为美国惠氏制药研发的雷帕霉素衍生物西罗莫司(Temsirolimus),2007年被FDA批准为肾癌的治疗用药。
拉帕替尼(Lapatinib)是小分子酪氨酸激酶双重抑制剂,它能同时抑制表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)和ErbB2(HER-2/neu)受体,大约有30%左右的乳腺癌病患由于HER-2/neu原癌基因而产生过量的HER-2/neu受体。2007年,拉帕替尼被FDA批准为乳腺癌组合疗法用药,2010年又被批准为ER+/EGFR+/HER2+三重阳性乳腺癌患者的一线用药(Wood ER et al.Cancer research 2004,64(18):6652-9)。
由于激酶的高度同源性及多样性,目前研发的小分子抗癌药物大多为多重激酶抑制剂,幸运的是与以前担心的不同,较低的激酶选择性开没有影响药物的疗效;相反,优选的多重激酶抑制剂可能更利于对抗成因复杂,形式多样的癌症,并可一药多用。
与小分子激酶抑制剂多重性不同的是,大分子单克隆抗体通常是只针对细胞信号通道中单一靶点的特异抑制剂,多个临床实例也已证明了特异性单克隆抗体治疗癌症的疗效。1998年,曲妥珠单抗(Trastuzumab)获得美国FDA批准为乳腺癌治疗用药,适用于过量表达HER-2/neu的乳腺癌病患(Hudis,CA.N Engl J Med.2007,357(1):39-51)。2004年,FDA批准了贝伐单抗(Bevacizumab)与标准化疗药物结合治疗转移性大肠癌(mCRC)和非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)。贝伐单抗特异性地结合血管内皮细胞生长因子(VGEF),抑制癌新生血管的形成,并能促进化疗药物对癌症组织的渗透(Los M et al.The Oncologist 2007,12(4):443-50)。继后,帕尼单抗(Panitumumab)和西妥昔单抗(cetuximab)也被批准为转移性大肠癌用药。与贝伐单抗不同,帕尼单抗和西妥昔单抗通过与表皮生长因子受体(EGFR)的结合来抑制癌细胞生长分裂的信号通道。西妥昔单抗(IgG1)与帕尼单抗(IgG2)分属于免疫球蛋白的不同亚型,它们在抗癌机理上存在细微的差别,除对大肠癌的疗效外,施贵宝公司生产的西妥昔单抗也可治疗头颈癌。
上述临床实例全面证明了用激酶抑制剂拮抗癌细胞失控的信号通道,治疗不同癌症的可行性。然而,癌症是最复杂的疾病之一,身体各个器官都可能通过各种机理形成结构组织各异的癌症,很多癌症是由多个基因的同时突变造成,而且同类癌症也可由不同的癌变原因形成等。癌症成因机理的多元性,形式结构的多样性使它的治疗一直以来充满着各种挑战,癌症专家不得不普遍利用多种药物的不同组合来对抗肿瘤顽疾;另一方面,癌症也会对现有药物产生抗药性,所以有必要不断地开发结构新颖、功能各异、药效更好的新型靶向药物,根据信号通路和肿瘤遗传学信息进行药物的优选组合,提高癌症治疗的疗效。
血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)是肿瘤血管生成过程中最重要的细胞生长因子,肿瘤血管对VEGF高度敏感,在很多肿瘤细胞中VEGF mRNA浓度显著地高于正常细胞,这些肿瘤包括肺癌(Mattern et al.Br.J Cancer 1996,73,93,1),甲状腺癌(Viglietto et al.Oncogene 1995,11,1569),乳腺癌(Brown et al.Human Pathol.1995,26,86),胃腸癌(Brown et al.Cancer Res.1993,53,4727;Suzuki et al.Cancer Res.1996,56,3004),肾癌和膀胱癌(Brown et al.Am.J Palhol.1993,143L 1255),卵巢癌(Olson et al.Cancer Res.1994,54,1255),宫颈癌(Guidi et al.J Nat’l Cancer30 Inst.1995,87,12137)、以及血管肉瘤(Hashimoto et al.Lab.lnvest.1995,73,859)和多种颅内肿瘤(Plate et al.Nature 1992,359,845;Phillips et al.Int.J Oncol.1993,2,913;Berkman et al.J Clin.Invest.,1993,91;153)。所以继贝伐单抗、舒尼替尼、索拉非尼作为血管形成抑制剂成功地应用于临床以来,研发新型血管形成抑制剂(如VEGFR-2及PDGFR-β抑制剂等)作为广谱抗癌药物已成为十分热门的领域,并已取得了新的、前景看好的临床试验结果。
WO-2004007458公开了一组2-烷胺烟酰胺衍生物作为VEGFR、PDGFR and Kit抑制剂,在临床三期试验中用于非鳞状非小细胞肺癌的治疗,其它适应症包括实质癌,胃腸癌,结肠直肠癌,内分泌癌,乳腺癌及肺癌。
WO-2004113304公开了一组吲唑、苯并异唑及苯并噻唑衍生物作为CSFR-1、PDGFR、Flt3、Kit、VEGFR-1、VEGFR-2、VEGFR-3抑制剂,在临床三期试验中用于治疗肝癌,二期临床用于非小细胞肺癌,乳腺癌,结肠直肠癌,其它适应症还包括肾癌,急性髓样白血病(AML)和骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)。
WO-2000043366公开了一组喹啉-脲衍生物作为Kit、PDGFR科受体、VEGFR-1、VEGFR-2、VEGFR-3抑制剂,在临床三期试验中用于治疗肾癌,其它临床实验包括乳腺癌,结肠直肠癌,胃腸癌,非小细胞肺癌和肝癌等。
WO-200102369公开了一组吲唑衍生物作为CSFR-1、PDGF、VEGF-1、VEGF-2及VEGF-3抑制剂,在临床三期试验中用于治疗肾癌,二期临床实验包括間皮癌,血管肉瘤,肾上腺皮质腺癌和肝癌等。
WO-200232872公开了一组新型喹啉-脲衍生物作为VEGFR-2、VEGFR-3、FGFR 1-4及RET抑制剂,在临床三期试验中用于甲状腺癌的治疗,二期临床实验包括肝癌,子宫内膜癌,黑素瘤,肾癌及神经胶质瘤。
WO-2003082272公开了一组芳胺苯并咪唑类化合物作为Raf,VEGFR-2,PDGFR-β及Kit抑制剂用于治疗黑素瘤。
中国专利CN101475513A,CN101260106A和CN101735215A也公开了三种raf激酶抑制剂双芳基脲类化合物在治疗癌症上的用途。
发明简述
本发明涉及N-((4-氯-3-三氟甲基)苯基)-N’-((2-氟-4-(2-氨基甲酰基)-4-吡啶基氧)苯基)脲或其药学上可接受的盐,以及治疗患者的方法,该方法包括向患者施用抑制VEGFR-2激酶有效量的N-((4-氯-3-三氟甲基)苯基)-N’-((2-氟-4-(2-氨基甲酰基)-4-吡啶基氧)苯基)脲或其药学上可接受的盐。
本发明涉及N-((4-氯-3-三氟甲基)苯基)-N’-((2-氟-4-(2-氨基甲酰基)-4-吡啶基氧)苯基)脲或其药学上可接受的盐,这些盐选自:
a)有机酸和无机酸的碱式盐,所述有机酸和无机酸选自盐酸、氢溴酸、硫酸, 磷酸、甲磺酸、三氟磺酸、苯磺酸、对甲苯磺酸、1-萘磺酸、2-萘磺酸、乙酸,三氟乙酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、乳酸、草酸、琥珀酸、富马酸、马来酸,苯甲酸、水杨酸、苯基乙酸或杏仁酸;和
b)含阳离子的有机和无机碱的酸式盐,所述阳离子选自碱金属阳离子、碱土金属阳离子、铵离子、脂族取代的铵离子或芳族取代的铵离子。
本发明用于治疗癌症的药物组合物,包含N-((4-氯-3-三氟甲基)苯基)-N’-((2-氟-4-(2-氨基甲酰基)-4-吡啶基氧)苯基)脲或其药学上可接受的盐,和生理上合适的载体。
本发明所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐可用于制造抑制VEGFR-2激酶介导的癌性细胞生长的药物的用途。
本发明所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐还可以用在制备治疗癌症疾病药物上的用途。
本发明所述的癌症包括实质癌、肾癌、肺癌、乳腺癌、肝癌、卵巢癌、胰腺癌、甲状腺癌、膀胱癌、白血病、黑素瘤、胃癌,结肠直肠癌、内分泌癌、急性髓样白血病(AML)、骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)、间皮癌、血管肉瘤、肾上腺皮质腺癌、子宫内膜癌及神经胶质瘤等。尤其对肾癌、肝癌、肺癌、结肠直肠癌、胃癌、乳腺癌及血管肉瘤等的治疗有效。
药学上可接受的盐优选N-((4-氯-3-三氟甲基)苯基)-N’-((2-氟-4-(2-氨基甲酰基)-4-吡啶基氧)苯基)脲的可药用的酸加成盐。例如酸加成盐,优选与有机或无机酸形成的酸加成盐,优选可药用盐。合适的无机酸有例如氢卤酸如盐酸、硫酸或磷酸。合适的有机酸有例如羧酸、膦酸、磺酸或氨基磺酸,例如乙酸、丙酸、辛酸、癸酸、十二烷酸、羟基乙酸、乳酸、2-羟基丁酸、葡糖酸、富马酸、丁二酸、己二酸、庚二酸、辛二酸、壬二酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、柠檬 酸、葡糖二酸、半乳糖二酸、氨基酸,例如谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、N-甲基甘氨酸、乙酰氨基乙酸、N-乙酰基天冬酰胺、N-乙酰基半胱氨酸、丙酮酸、乙酰乙酸、磷酸丝氨酸、2-或3-甘油磷酸、马来酸、羟基马来酸、甲基马来酸、环己烷甲酸、苯甲酸、水杨酸、1-或3-羟基萘-2-甲酸、3,4,5-三甲氧基苯甲酸、2-苯氧基苯甲酸、2-乙酰氧基苯甲酸、4-氨基水杨酸、邻苯二甲酸、苯基乙酸、葡糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、甲烷-或乙烷-磺酸、2-羟基乙烷磺酸、乙烷-1,2-二磺酸、苯磺酸、2-萘磺酸、1,5-萘二磺酸、N-环己基氨基磺酸、N-甲基-、N-乙基-或N-丙基-氨基磺酸,或其它有机质子酸,例如抗坏血酸。
本发明涉及用作VEGFR-2激酶抑制剂的N-((4-氯-3-三氟甲基)苯基)-N’-((2-氟-4-(2-氨基甲酰基)-4-吡啶基氧)苯基)脲,及其用于制备治疗VEGFR-2激酶所介导疾病的药物中的用途。
所述患者为哺乳动物,一般为人。
本发明的化合物可用于治疗哺乳动物癌症,优选人类癌症,包括但不限于实质癌、肾癌、肺癌、乳腺癌、肝癌、卵巢癌、胰腺癌、甲状腺癌、膀胱癌、白血病、黑素瘤、胃癌,结肠直肠癌、内分泌癌、急性髓样白血病(AML)、骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)、间皮癌、血管肉瘤、肾上腺皮质腺癌、子宫内膜癌及神经胶质瘤。本发明的化合物也可用于治疗炎性疾病,包括类风湿性关节炎、视网膜病(包括糖尿病性视网膜神经病和黄斑变性)、心血管疾病和代谢疾病。
本发明的N-((4-氯-3-三氟甲基)苯基)-N’-((2-氟-4-(2-氨基甲酰基)-4-吡啶基氧)苯基)脲或其药学上可接受的盐具有如上所述的有价值的药理学性质。
有机酸和无机酸的碱式盐,所述有机酸和无机酸选自盐酸,氢溴酸,硫酸,磷酸,甲磺酸,三氟磺酸,苯磺酸,对甲苯磺酸,1-萘磺酸,2-萘磺酸,乙酸, 三氟乙酸,苹果酸,酒石酸,柠檬酸,乳酸,草酸,琥珀酸,富马酸,马来酸,苯甲酸,水杨酸,苯基乙酸和杏仁酸;和
b)含阳离子的有机和无机碱的酸式盐,所述阳离子选自碱金属阳离子,碱土金属阳离子,铵离子,脂族取代的铵离子和芳族取代的铵离子。
本发明所述的N-((4-氯-3-三氟甲基)苯基)-N’-((2-氟-4-(2-氨基甲酰基)-4-吡啶基氧)苯基)脲药学上可接受的盐为可药用的酸加成盐。例如酸加成盐,优选与有机或无机酸形成的酸加成盐,尤其是可药用盐。合适的无机酸选自盐酸,氢溴酸,硫酸,磷酸等。合适的有机酸选自羧酸、膦酸、磺酸或氨基磺酸,例如甲磺酸、三氟磺酸、苯磺酸、对甲苯磺酸、1-萘磺酸、2-萘磺酸、乙酸、三氟乙酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、乳酸、草酸、琥珀酸、富马酸、马来酸,苯甲酸、水杨酸、苯基乙酸、杏仁酸、丙酸、辛酸、癸酸、十二烷酸、羟基乙酸、2-羟基丁酸、葡糖酸、丁二酸、己二酸、庚二酸、辛二酸、壬二酸、葡糖二酸、半乳糖二酸,或者氨基酸,例如谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、N-甲基甘氨酸、乙酰氨基乙酸、N-乙酰基天冬酰胺、N-乙酰基半胱氨酸、丙酮酸、乙酰乙酸、磷酸丝氨酸、2-或3-甘油磷酸、羟基马来酸、甲基马来酸、环己烷甲酸、1-或3-羟基萘-2-甲酸、3,4,5-三甲氧基苯甲酸、2-苯氧基苯甲酸、2-乙酰氧基苯甲酸、4-氨基水杨酸、邻苯二甲酸、苯基乙酸、葡糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、甲烷-或乙烷-磺酸、2-羟基乙烷磺酸、乙烷-1,2-二磺酸、I,5-萘二磺酸、N-环己基氨基磺酸、N-甲基-、N-乙基-或N-丙基-氨基磺酸,或其它有机质子酸,例如抗坏血酸。
本发明的化合物可以单独施用或与其它抗癌药组合施用,例如抑制肿瘤血管生成的化合物,例如蛋白酶抑制剂、表皮生长因子受体激酶抑制剂、血管内皮生长因子受体激酶抑制剂等;细胞毒性药物,例如抗代谢物,如嘌呤和嘧啶类似物抗代谢物;抗有丝分裂药如微管稳定药和抗有丝分裂生物碱;铂配位复 合物;抗肿瘤抗生素;烷化剂,例如氮芥和亚硝基脲;内分泌物,例如肾上腺类皮质激素类、雄激素类、抗雄激素类、雌激素类、抗雌激素类、芳香酶抑制剂、促性腺激素释放激素激动剂和促生长素抑制素类似物,以及靶向于被过量表达和/或在其它方面与肿瘤细胞中被上调的特定代谢通路有关的酶或受体的化合物,例如ATP和GTP磷酸二酯酶抑制剂、蛋白激酶抑制剂,例如丝氨酸、苏氨酸和酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,例如Abelson蛋白酪氨酸激酶和各种生长因子、它们的受体和其激酶抑制剂,例如表皮生长因子受体激酶抑制剂、血管内皮生长因子受体激酶抑制剂、成纤维细胞生长因子抑制剂、胰岛素样生长因子受体抑制剂和血小板源生长因子受体激酶抑制剂等;甲硫氨酸氨基肽酶抑制剂、蛋白酶体抑制剂、环加氧酶抑制剂,例如环加氧酶-1或-2抑制剂,和组蛋白脱乙酰基酶抑制剂。
本发明的化合物还可以与放射疗法、免疫疗法、手术治疗或其组合一起施用。用于在肿瘤减轻或甚至化学预防治疗后维持患者状态的治疗(例如在危险中的患者的情况)也是可能的。
本发明的化合物不仅用于(预防性地和优选治疗性地)治疗人,而且用于治疗其它温血动物,例如商业上有用的温血动物,例如啮齿类动物,如小鼠、兔或大鼠,或豚鼠。
本发明还包括包含N-((4-氯-3-三氟甲基)苯基)-N’-((2-氟-4-(2-氨基甲酰基)-4-吡啶基氧)苯基)脲和生理学上认可的载体的药物组合物。
本发明化合物可通过注射、吸入或喷洒或直肠,经口、皮肤、胃肠外给予,或以单位制剂剂型给予。“注射给予”包括静脉、肌内、皮下和胃肠外注射,以及应用输液技术。皮肤给药包括外用或透皮给予。一种或多种化合物可与一种或多种药学上认可的无毒载体,以及视需要而定的其他活性成分共存。
口用组合物可按照任何药物组合物制造领域已知的合适方法制备。为了改善制剂口感,所述组合物可含一种或多种以下试剂:稀释剂,甜味剂,香料,着色剂和防腐剂。片剂含有活性成分,它们与药学上认可的、适合片剂生产的无毒赋形剂混合。所述赋形剂例如惰性稀释剂,例如碳酸钙,碳酸钠,乳糖,磷酸钙或磷酸钠;粒化剂和崩解剂,例如玉米淀粉或藻酸;黏合剂,例如硬脂酸镁,硬脂酸或滑石粉。片剂可以没有包衣,也可以用已知技术进行包裹,以延迟其在胃肠道内的崩解与吸收,提供长期的持续作用。例如,可采用诸如一硬脂酸甘油酯或二硬脂酸甘油酯之类延时物质。所述化合物也可以制成固体,快释形式。
口服制剂还可以是硬明胶胶囊,其中的活性成分与例如碳酸钙、磷酸钙或高岭土等惰性固体稀释剂相混合,或者是软明胶胶囊,其中的活性成分与水或例如花生油、液体石蜡或橄榄油等油混合。
也可使用含有活性物质与适合制造水性悬浮液的赋形剂混合的水性悬浮液。所述赋形剂是悬浮剂,例如羧甲基纤维索钠,甲基纤维素,羟基丙基-甲基纤维素,藻酸钠,聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮,西黄蓍胶和阿拉伯树胶;分散剂或润湿剂可以是天然磷脂,例如卵磷脂,或环氧乙烷与脂肪酸的缩合产物,例如硬脂酸聚氧乙烯酯,或环氧乙烷与长链脂肪醇的缩合产物,例如十七氧乙烯十六烷醇,或环氧乙烷与脂肪酸与己糖醇所成偏酯的缩合产物,例如单油酸聚氧乙烯山梨醇酯。水性悬浮液还可含有一种或多种防腐剂,例如对羟基苯甲酸乙酯或正丙酯,一种或多种着色剂,一种或多种香料,和一种或多种甜味剂,例如蔗糖或糖精。
适合加水成为水性悬浮液的可分散粉末或颗粒中,活性成分与分散剂或润湿剂,悬浮剂和一种或多种防腐剂混合。合适的分散剂或润湿剂和悬浮剂可以 上文所述为例。还可以含其他赋形剂,例如甜味剂,香料和着色剂。
化合物的形式还可以是非水性液体制剂,例如油性悬浮液,这可以通过将活性成分悬浮在花生油、橄榄油、芝麻油或花生油等植物油或诸如液体石蜡等矿物油中来配制。该油性悬浮液可含增稠剂,例如蜂蜡、硬石蜡或鲸蜡醇。为了改善口感,可加入上述甜味剂和香料。所述组合物可通过添加诸如抗坏血酸等抗氧化剂来保质。
本发明药物组合物的形式还可以是水包油乳液。油相可以是诸如橄榄油或花生油等植物油或例如液体蜂蜡等矿物油,或它们的混合物。合适的乳化剂可以是西黄蓍胶和阿拉伯树胶等天然树胶,或天然磷脂,例如大豆卵磷脂或卵磷脂;脂肪酸与脱水己糖醇形成的偏酯,例如但油酸脱水山梨醇酯;所述偏酯与环氧乙烷的缩合产物,例如单油酸聚氧乙烯脱水山梨醇酯。所述乳液还可含有甜味剂和香料。
也可用例如甘油、聚丙二醇、山梨醇或蔗糖等甜味剂配制糖浆和酏剂。这类制剂还可含有润药,防腐剂和香料及着色剂。
本发明的药物组合物以本身已知的方法制备,例如通过常规的混合、制粒、成型、溶解或冻干方法制备。
优选使用活性成分的溶液,另外还可使用混悬液或分散体,尤其是等张的水溶液、分散体或混悬液,例如在仅含有活性物质或含有活性物质与载体例如甘露醇的冻干组合物的情况下,这些剂型可以在使用前制备。药物组合物可以被灭菌和/或包含赋形剂,例如防腐剂、稳定剂、湿润剂和/或乳化剂、增溶剂、调节渗透压的盐和/或缓冲剂,并以本身已知的方法制备,例如通过常规的溶解或冻干方法制备。所述的溶液或混悬液可以包含增粘物质例如羧甲基纤维素钠、羧甲基纤维素、葡聚糖、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮或明胶或增溶剂例如Tween 80。
在油中的混悬液包含常规用于注射目的的植物油、合成油或半合成油作为油性组分。可提及的如尤其是液体脂肪酸酯,其包含具有8至22个、尤其是12至22个碳原子的长链脂肪酸作为酸组分,例如月桂酸、十三烷酸、肉豆蔻酸、十五烷酸、棕榈酸、十七烷酸、硬脂酸、花生酸、二十二烷酸或相应的不饱和酸,例如油酸、反油酸、芥酸、巴西烯酸或亚油酸,任选地加入抗氧化剂,例如维生素E、β-胡萝卜素或3,5-二-叔丁基-4-羟基甲苯。这些脂肪酸酯的醇组分具有最多6个碳原子,为单-或多-元醇,例如单-、二-或三-元醇,例如甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、丁醇或戊醇或它们的异构体,但是尤其是乙二醇和甘油。因此,可以提及的脂肪酸酯的例子有:油酸乙酯、肉豆蔻酸异丙酯、棕榈酸异丙酯等,但是尤其是植物油,例如棉子油、杏仁油、橄榄油、芝麻油、豆油和更尤其是花生油。
注射组合物的制备在无菌条件下以常规方法进行,将其引入到例如安瓿或小瓶中和容器的密封也是在无菌条件下以常规方法进行的。
用于口服施用的药物组合物可以例如通过以下方法获得:将活性成分与一种或多种固体载体混合,将得到的混合物制粒,如果合适,将混合物或颗粒加工(如果需要,酌情加入另外的赋形剂)成片剂或糖衣丸的芯。
合适的载体尤其是填充剂,例如糖如乳糖、蔗糖、甘露醇或山梨糖醇、纤维素制品和/或磷酸钙例如磷酸三钙或磷酸氢钙,还有粘合剂,例如淀粉如玉米、小麦、米或马铃薯淀粉、甲基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠和/或聚乙烯吡咯烷酮,和/或如果需要,崩解剂,例如以上提到的淀粉,还有羧甲基淀粉、交联聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、海藻酸或其盐,例如藻酸钠。另外的赋形剂尤其是流动性调节剂和润滑剂,例如硅酸、滑石粉、硬脂酸或其盐,例如硬脂酸镁或硬脂酸钙,和/或聚乙二醇或其衍生物。
糖衣丸芯可以具有合适的包衣,任选肠溶衣,尤其是使用浓糖溶液,所述浓糖溶液可以含有阿拉伯胶、滑石粉、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚乙二醇和/或二氧化钛,或使用在合适有机溶剂或溶剂混合物中的包衣溶液,或者对于肠溶衣的制备,使用合适的纤维素制品的溶液,例如醋酸纤维素邻苯二甲酸酯或羟丙基甲基纤维素邻苯二甲酸酯。可以向片剂或糖衣丸包衣中加入着色剂或色素,例如为了鉴别目的或为了显示活性成分的不同剂量。
用于口服施用的药物组合物还有硬明胶胶囊和由明胶和增塑剂例如甘油或山梨醇组成的软密封胶囊。硬明胶胶囊可以含有颗粒形式的活性成分,例如混合有填充剂如玉米淀粉、粘合剂和/或助流剂如滑石粉或硬脂酸镁以及任选地稳定剂的颗粒形式的活性成分。在软胶囊中,活性成分优选溶解或混悬在合适的液体赋形剂中,例如脂肪油、石蜡油或液体聚乙二醇或者乙二醇或丙二醇的脂肪酸酯,同样可以加入稳定剂和清洁剂,例如聚氧乙烯脱水山梨醇脂肪酸酯类的清洁剂。
合适的可直肠施用的药物组合物有例如栓剂,其由活性成分与栓剂基质的混合物组成。合适的栓剂基质有例如天然或合成的甘油三酯、链烷烃、聚乙二醇或高级链烷醇。
对于胃肠外施用,尤其适合的是水溶性形式、例如水溶性盐形式的活性成分的水性溶液,或水性注射混悬液,其包含增粘物质,例如羧甲基纤维素钠、山梨醇和/或葡聚糖,以及如果需要,还含有稳定剂。任选地与赋形剂一起的活性成分也可以是冻干物的形式,其可以在胃肠外施用前通过加入合适的溶剂被制成溶液。
用于例如胃肠外施用的溶液也可以以输液形式被使用。优选的防腐剂有例如抗氧化剂如抗坏血酸或杀微生物剂如山梨酸或苯甲酸。
在本文中所有使用N-((4-氯-3-三氟甲基)苯基)-N’-((2-氟-4-(2-氨基甲酰基)-4-吡啶基氧)苯基)脲的治疗方案中,每日口服剂量以0.01-200mg/kg体重为佳。注射,包括静脉、肌内、皮下和胃肠外注射和应用输入技术,的每日剂量以0.01-200mg/kg体重为佳。直肠给药的日剂量以0.01-200mg/kg体重为佳。外用的每日剂量以每日1至4次,没每次0.1-200mg为佳。吸入的每日剂量以0.01-10mg/kg体重为佳。
本领域技术人员将看出,具体的给药方式取决于多种因素,这些都是在常规给药时常考虑的。然而,还可以看出,特定患者的具体剂量取决于包括所用具体化合物的活性、患者年龄、患者体重、患者总体健康状况、患者性别、患者饮食、给药时间、给药途径、排出速度、药物组合和当前所治病情的严重程度等多种因素。本领域技术人员还将发现,最佳治疗程式,即一定天数内的治疗方式和N-((4-氯-3-三氟甲基)苯基)-N’-((2-氟-4-(2-氨基甲酰基)-4-吡啶基氧)苯基)脲或其药学上认可的盐的日给药次数,本领域技术人员可用常规治疗试验来确定。
显然,具体患者的具体记录水平取决于多种因素,包括所用具体化合物的活性、患者年龄、患者体重、患者总体健康状况、患者性别、患者饮食、给药时间、给药途径、排出速度、药物组合和当前所治病情的严重程度。
本发明化合物可由已知化合物(或以可由已知化合物制得的原料作为起始物),通过例如后文所述的一般方法来制备。可以后文所述的常用方法测定各化合物已知VEGFR-2激酶的活性。以下实施例仅作说明,而非限定。
一般方法
本发明的化合物是利用本领域普通技术人员已知的方法根据如下所述的通 用反应流程制备的。
本发明所述化合物抑制肿瘤生长的生物活性按以下方法测定。
取生长旺盛期的人肝癌HepG2瘤组织剪切成1.5mm3左右,在无菌条件下,接种于裸小鼠右侧腋窝皮下。裸小鼠移植瘤用游标卡尺测量移植瘤直径,待肿瘤生长至60~200mm3后将动物随机分组。使用测量瘤径的方法,动态观察受试物抗肿瘤的效应。肿瘤直径的测量次数为每周3次,每次测量同时还需称鼠重。对照品多西他赛注射液腹腔注射给药,给药剂量分别为30mg/kg,每周1次。N-((4-氯-3-三氟甲基)苯基)-N’-((2-氟-4-(2-氨基甲酰基)-4-吡啶基氧)苯基)脲和对照品索拉非尼给药剂量分别为30mg/kg和10mg/kg,每日1次。阴性对照(蓖麻油聚氧乙烯醚∶95%乙醇∶0.9%生理盐水=10%∶10%∶80%)腹腔给药,每日1次。连续给药21大。实验结果如表1。
表1.本发明化合物对人肝癌HepG2裸小鼠移植瘤的治疗作用
*P<0.05;**P<0.01
具体实施方式
以下通过具体实施方式进一步解释或说明本发明内容,但实施例不应被理解为对本发明保护范围的限制。
实施例1
4-氯吡啶-2-甲酰胺的制备
将4-氯吡啶-2-甲酰氯(20g)溶于甲苯(200mL),室温,2hr内滴加甲醇(200mL),然后向反应液中加入水和乙酸乙酯,静置分层,有机层用无水Na2SO4干燥,减压蒸出溶剂的淡黄色油状物。用甲醇(200mL)溶解,然后加入甲苯(200mL),加入氨水(200mL),室温搅拌过夜。分层,有机层减压蒸出溶剂,硅胶柱纯化得白色固体(14.3g,80.4%)。
实施例2
2-氨基甲酰基-4-((3-氟-4-氨基)苯氧基)吡啶的制备
将4-氯吡啶-2-甲酰胺(2.5g)和3-氟-4-氨基苯酚(2.25g)溶于DMF(16mL),然后加入t-BuOK(1.9g),165℃搅拌75分钟,减压蒸出溶剂,硅胶柱纯化得白色固体(1.8g,45.6%)。
实施例3
N-((4-氯-3-三氟甲基)苯基)-N’-((2-氟-4-(2-氨基甲酰基)-4-吡啶基氧) 苯基)脲的制备
2-氨基甲酰基-4-((3-氟-4-氨基)苯氧基)吡啶(3.5g)溶于预算一直乙酸乙酯(20mL),然后加入3-三氟甲基-4-氯苯基异氰酸酯(2.9g),60℃搅拌4小时,减压蒸出溶剂,硅胶柱纯化得白色固体(1.2g,18.1%)。1HNMR(DMSO-d6):δ=7.18(d,1H),δ=7.20(m,1H),δ=7.32(m,1H),δ=7.40(d,1H),δ=7.61(d,2H),δ=7.72(s,1H),δ=8.18(m,3H),δ=8.52(d,1H),δ=8.73(s,1H),δ=9.51(s,1H)。m/e=469.26。
Claims (8)
2.权利要求1所述的化合物,它是式(I)化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,选自:
a)有机酸和无机酸的碱式盐,所述有机酸和无机酸选自盐酸、氢溴酸、硫酸,磷酸、甲磺酸、三氟磺酸、苯磺酸、对甲苯磺酸、1-萘磺酸、2-萘磺酸、乙酸,三氟乙酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、乳酸、草酸、琥珀酸、富马酸、马来酸,苯甲酸、水杨酸、苯基乙酸或杏仁酸;和
b)含阳离子的有机和无机碱的酸式盐,所述阳离子选自碱金属阳离子、碱土金属阳离子、铵离子、脂族取代的铵离子或芳族取代的铵离子。
3.用于治疗癌症的药物组合物,包含权利要求1所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐,和生理上合适的载体。
4.权利要求1所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐用于制造抑制VEGFR-2等激酶介导疾病的药物的用途。
5.权利要求1所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐用于制造抑制VEGFR-2等激酶介导的癌性细胞生长和转移的药物的用途。
6.权利要求1所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐在制备治疗癌症疾病药物上的用途。
7.权利要求6所述的用途,其中所述的癌症是实质癌、肾癌、肺癌、乳腺癌、肝癌、卵巢癌、胰腺癌、甲状腺癌、膀胱癌、白血病、黑素瘤、胃癌,结肠直肠癌、内分泌癌、急性髓样白血病(AML)、骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)、间皮癌、血管肉瘤、肾上腺皮质腺癌、子宫内膜癌及神经胶质瘤。
8.权利要求6所述的用途,其中所述癌症是肾癌、肝癌、肺癌、结肠直肠癌、胃癌、乳腺癌及血管肉瘤。
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