CN102623931A - Method and special equipment for laying underground pipelines at corridor - Google Patents
Method and special equipment for laying underground pipelines at corridor Download PDFInfo
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- CN102623931A CN102623931A CN2011104411682A CN201110441168A CN102623931A CN 102623931 A CN102623931 A CN 102623931A CN 2011104411682 A CN2011104411682 A CN 2011104411682A CN 201110441168 A CN201110441168 A CN 201110441168A CN 102623931 A CN102623931 A CN 102623931A
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- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 86
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 86
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 48
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- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 claims description 11
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Abstract
The invention provides a method and special equipment for laying underground pipelines at a corridor, which do not occupy lines, are not limited by the topography and further ensure the construction progress. The method for laying the underground pipelines at the corridor comprises the following steps of: A, carrying out construction preparation work; B, drilling holes by a drill; C, embedding a steel pipe; D, laying optical (electric) cables; E, recovering a subgrade; and F, cleaning the site. The special equipment for laying the underground pipelines at the corridor comprises the drill, a drill bit, the transmission steel pipe, a shelf bracket and a slipway; the drill is connected with the slipway by a guide plate arranged at the lower part of the drill in a sliding manner; the slipway is supported on the shelf bracket and is fixedly connected with the shelf bracket; the drill bit is a three-sided blade drill bit forming an axis deflection angle of 30 degrees to 60 degrees with a center shaft; the transmission steel pipe is divided into a plurality of sections; the sections are connected end to end in a threaded manner and are successively connected between the drill and the drill bit; and the transmission steel pipe is used as a power transmission rod for laying a good foundation for ensuring the integral construction periods and the economic benefits of all projects.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to road passageway underground utilities laying method and special equipment thereof, especially various model steel pipes passageway is laid in elevated formation level location, line circle broad, the uncomplicated section of geology and field, railway existing line station and interval improvement project.
Background technology
Along with the continuous speed-raising of existing railway and the fast development of high-speed railway, the density of driving and speed are also increasingly high, and is increasingly high to the stability requirement of roadbed; For guaranteeing subgrade stability and workmen's safety, the Ministry of Railways provides against and utilizes train interval to construct, and all relate to the construction of existing line and must main points carry out; Be engaged in constructing as electricity; Most important and the most difficult operation is carried out underground utilities exactly and is laid; And workload is very big, and how solving this difficult problem and be all electric affair construction enterprises must face, a large amount of at present adopt hand digging, mechanical jacking construction etc. are arranged; But hand digging is dangerous greatly, the busy line time is long, and interference on the road is big; The machinery push pipe receives the landform restriction ratio bigger, is not difficult to construct if do not possess the job platform of equivalent area; Some are advanced, small-sized push-bench (jacking of band pipe) can only jacking minor diameter flexible pipe, can not satisfy the needs of jacking large diameter steel pipe.
Summary of the invention
The objective of the invention is to overcome above-mentioned deficiency; Provide a kind of without busy line; Not limited by landform, better guarantee the passageway underground utilities laying method and the special equipment thereof of construction schedule, guarantee whole duration and economic benefit for each item engineering and have laid a good foundation.
The present invention realizes through following technical scheme:
A kind of passageway underground utilities laying method comprises the steps:
A. preparation of construction work: use cable detector that the underground cable of former cable pathway is surveyed and mark; Again in strict accordance with drawing; With the cable detection instrument underground utilities of new pathway are surveyed and marked; Especially near the underground utilities the passageway are carried out snoop tag, then demarcate job position.
B. water boring: according to job position fixed triangle support; On the slideway that the water brill is assemblied in A-frame is fixedly connected; And choose corresponding drill bit and transmission steel pipe according to laying diameter of steel tube, starter motor, be employed in that water bores and drill bit between pass the mode that connects the transmission steel pipe and hole.
C. embedded steel tube: choose the embedded steel tube of being longer than passageway 200mm-300mm; After the water brill is got through the passageway, separate transmission steel pipe and water brill, be connected embedded steel tube with iron wire with clip; And be connected firmly; Then pull transmission steel pipe that another layer of circuit penetrate and drive embedded steel tube and get into the passageway of accomplishing fluently, all get into the passageway up to embedded steel tube, and till leaning out more than the 20mm from the opposite side bank protection.
D. lay light () cable: pull light () cable with iron wire and penetrate the embedded steel tube that lays, then guide to dish on the curb 1, so that use according to the construction needs.
E. roadbed recovers: embedded steel tube with lay the construction of light () cable after, in time with ash in class III earthen backfill test pit with job platform and tamp, as excellent as before the recovery of circuit both sides.
F. site clearing: site clearing residue leftover pieces, reclaim utilizable residue material, dissolve in the place that is put into unrenewable production refuse collection in the dustbin that carries the formulation of environment supervision department, to protect environment.
Preferred version as a kind of passageway of the present invention underground utilities laying method is characterized in that, among the step B, water bores in the boring procedure, when high-temperature operation, constantly adds water on the drill bit and lowers the temperature; When low temp operation, in water, add freezing point according to a certain percentage and be-40 ℃ anti-icing fluid, avoid water to flow into through drill bit and cause in the passageway freeze-uply in the passageway, wherein the proportioning of water and anti-icing fluid proportioning is as shown in the table.
Water and anti-icing fluid quality proportioning table
| Sequence number | Construction temperature | Water and anti-icing fluid quality proportioning |
| 1 | Subzero 15 ℃-subzero 30 |
3∶1 |
| 2 | Subzero 5 ℃-subzero 15 ℃ | 5∶1 |
| 3 | Subzero 5 ℃-3 ℃ above freezing | 10∶1 |
| 4 | 3 ℃ above freezing-30 ℃ above freezing | Need not to add anti-icing fluid |
A kind of passageway underground utilities lay special equipment; It is characterized in that; Comprise water brill, drill bit, transmission steel pipe, A-frame and slideway; Said water drilled through the guide plate and the slideway that place its underpart and was slidingly connected, and said slideway is supported by A-frame and is fixedly connected with A-frame, and said drill bit is to be three lobate drill bits of cutter of annulate shaft of 30 °-60 ° with drift angle, central shaft axle center; Said transmission steel pipe is divided into more piece, and head and the tail are threaded and pass and are connected between water brill and the drill bit, as the power transmission pole between joint and the joint.
Lay the preferred version of special equipment as a kind of passageway of the present invention underground utilities, it is characterized in that said transmission steel pipe is a seamless steel pipe.
Lay the preferred version of special equipment as a kind of passageway of the present invention underground utilities, it is characterized in that, said transmission steel pipe joint with save between be interference fit.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows:
1. construction method of the present invention is simple to operation, and the activity duration is short, can carry out the many places operation simultaneously.
2. adopt construction method construction of the present invention need not take driving route, do not receive the driving restriction, improved efficiency of construction greatly.
3. adopt construction method of the present invention to guarantee the stable of roadbed to greatest extent, can not bring driving hidden danger.
4. adopt this present invention construction method can significantly reduce the expenditure of labour cost, and can guarantee workmen's safety.
5. under normal temperature, all can adopt construction method construction of the present invention, and can guarantee that pipeline directly advances directly, guarantee construction quality.
Description of drawings
Sketch map when Fig. 1 lays the special equipment operation for passageway of the present invention underground utilities;
Wherein: curb-1, rail-2, railway bank protection-3, A-frame-4, slideway-5, water bores-6, drill bit-7.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing and embodiment the present invention is further specified.
A kind of passageway underground utilities laying method comprises the steps:
A. preparation of construction work: use cable detector that the underground cable of former cable pathway is surveyed and mark; Again in strict accordance with drawing; With the cable detection instrument underground utilities of new pathway are surveyed and marked; Especially near the underground utilities the passageway are carried out snoop tag, then demarcate job position.
B. water boring: according to job position fixed triangle support 4; Water is bored 6 to be assemblied on the slideway 5 that is fixedly connected with A-frame 4; And choose corresponding drill bit 7 and transmission steel pipe according to laying diameter of steel tube; Starter motor, be employed in water bore 6 and drill bit 7 between pass the mode that connects the transmission steel pipe and hole.
C. embedded steel tube: choose the embedded steel tube of being longer than passageway 200mm～300mm; After water brill 6 is got through the passageway, opened transmission steel pipe and water brill in 6 minutes, be connected embedded steel tube with iron wire with clip; And be connected firmly; Then pull transmission steel pipe that another layer of circuit penetrate and drive embedded steel tube and get into the passageway of accomplishing fluently, all get into the passageway up to embedded steel tube, and till leaning out more than the 20mm from the opposite side bank protection.
D. lay light () cable: pull light () cable with iron wire and penetrate the embedded steel tube that lays, then guide to dish on the curb 1, so that use according to the construction needs.
E. roadbed recovers: embedded steel tube with lay the construction of light () cable after, in time with ash in class III earthen backfill test pit with job platform and tamp, as excellent as before the recovery of circuit both sides.
F. site clearing: site clearing residue leftover pieces, reclaim utilizable residue material, dissolve in the place that is put into unrenewable production refuse collection in the dustbin that carries the formulation of environment supervision department, to protect environment.
Preferred version as a kind of passageway of the present invention underground utilities laying method is characterized in that, among the step B, water bores in 6 boring procedures, when high-temperature operation, constantly adds water on the drill bit 7 and lowers the temperature; When low temp operation, in water, add freezing point according to a certain percentage and be-40 ° anti-icing fluid, avoid water freeze-up through causing in the passageway in the drill bit 7 inflow passageways, wherein the proportioning of water and anti-icing fluid proportioning is as shown in the table.
Water and anti-icing fluid proportioning table
| Sequence number | Construction temperature | Water and anti-icing fluid proportioning |
| 1 | Subzero 15 |
3∶1 |
| 2 | Subzero 5 ℃-subzero 15 ℃ | 5∶1 |
| 3 | Subzero 5 ℃-3 ℃ above freezing | 10∶1 |
| 4 | 3 ℃ above freezing-30 ℃ above freezing | Need not to add anti-icing fluid |
A kind of passageway underground utilities lay special equipment; It is characterized in that; Comprise water brill 6, drill bit 7, transmission steel pipe, A-frame 4 and slideway 5; Said water bores 6 and is slidingly connected through guide plate and the slideway 5 that places its underpart, and said slideway 5 is supported and is fixedly connected with A-frame 4 by A-frame 4, and said drill bit 7 is to be three lobate drill bits of cutter of annulate shaft of 30 °-60 ° with drift angle, central shaft axle center; Said transmission steel pipe is divided into more piece, and head and the tail are threaded and pass and are connected between water brill 6 and the drill bit 7, as the power transmission pole between joint and the joint.
Lay the preferred version of special equipment as a kind of passageway of the present invention underground utilities, it is characterized in that said transmission steel pipe is a seamless steel pipe.
Lay the preferred version of special equipment as a kind of passageway of the present invention underground utilities, it is characterized in that, said transmission steel pipe joint with save between be interference fit.
Concrete job execution embodiment
1.1 preparation of construction work
1.1.1, be used for construction cools reamer head 7 (place construct in the passageway about 50-100 liter) so need to prepare a certain amount of clear water before the construction because the engineering time is longer.
1.1.2 because the jacking construction place is mostly for being difference cable or other underground concealed object locations; In work progress, very easily bore disconnected causing the accident, so should use cable detector that the underground cable of former cable pathway is surveyed and mark with equipment control unit before the construction; Again in strict accordance with drawing; With the cable detection instrument underground utilities of new pathway are surveyed and marked, especially near the underground utilities the passageway are carried out snoop tag, then demarcate job position.
1.1.3 because survey meter can not accurately be located the degree of depth of existing underground utilities; Under so relevant device management units such as construction the time must be engaged at electricity, communication, worker's affairs guard; The position of demarcating during corresponding location survey in the circuit outside vertical on the curb 1 of circuit; Use spade gently to dig the trial trench of 800mm-1200mm, confirm cable depth and scope, take measures to protect if any cable.
1.1.4 fixing rig: on one side slope, push pipe place; At 1 time 1500mm place of curb; Make job platform or A-frame 4 is placed in (can reduce the job platform process of making, minimizing is to the destruction of roadbed) on the side slope, water is bored 6 be erected on the slideway 5; Connect engine, the operating personnel chooses corresponding drill bit 7 and transmission steel pipe according to laying the diameter of steel tube requirement.
1.1.5 fixed conveyor steel pipe slideway 5: when construction, the diameter of choosing slideway 5 is greater than and need lays diameter of steel tube 5mm-8mm, so just can guarantee in boring procedure, the phenomenon of passageway and precalculated position left and right deviation can not occur; On job platform before the spanning equipment, must the tamping operation platform, proof strength can reach water, and slideway 5 can sedimentation when boring 6 operations.
1.2 water bores drilling construction
(1) bores in the 6 drilling construction processes at water; Constantly adding cold water on the drill bit 7 avoids drill bit 7 overheated; Be-40 ° anti-icing fluid as suitably in water, adding freezing point when the low temp operation according to a certain percentage, avoid water freeze-up, can not lay steel pipe through causing in the passageway in the drill bit 7 inflow passageways; And in work progress, in time below a skew back of drill bit 7, dig out a dark 100mm with spade, the interim drainage trough of wide 200mm is in time guided to other places to water, and avoiding water to bore 6 below ponding influences operation, and boring is filled and led up compacting after finishing immediately.
Water and anti-icing fluid proportioning table
| Sequence number | Construction temperature | Water and anti-icing fluid proportioning |
| 1 | Subzero 15 |
3∶1 |
| 2 | Subzero 5 ℃-subzero 15 ℃ | 5∶1 |
| 3 | Subzero 5 ℃-3 ℃ above freezing | 10∶1 |
| 4 | 3 ℃ above freezing-30 ℃ above freezing | Need not to add anti-icing fluid |
(2) since passageway length all more than 3.6 meters; Interval passageway construction length can reach more than 15 meters; And every transmission steel pipe length has only 1 meter, bores 6 transmission steel pipes of adjunction again so after 1 meter of every boring, extract water out, the length of getting through the passageway through the increase of adjunction transmission steel pipe; In this process; Want whether level gets into level gauge check transmission steel pipe constantly, prevent because the levelness that job platform sedimentation or other reasons cause departs from, as finding to depart from horizontal level; Must stop operation immediately; Extraction drill bit 7 is adjusted to horizontal level and constructs, treats the corresponding thickness passageway protection steel pipe of in the hole, packing into after boring finishes, and promptly accomplishes place passageway operation.
1.3 embedded steel tube
(1) at first check embedded steel tube welding after, there is zero defect the commissure, like crackle, pore, slag inclusion etc., whether weld strength reaches 90% of steel strength, steel pipe length will be complementary with passageway length, slightly is longer than passageway 200mm-300mm; After water brill 6 is got through the passageway, opened transmission steel pipe and water brill in 6 minutes, be connected embedded steel tube with iron wire with clip, and be connected firmly, guarantee that bonding strength can not rupture when pulling steel pipe; Then pull transmission steel pipe that another layer of circuit penetrate and drive embedded steel tube and get into the passageway of accomplishing fluently, all get into the passageway up to embedded steel tube, and till leaning out more than the 20mm from the opposite side bank protection.
1.4 steel pipe mouth protection
After having laid steel pipe, clear up steel pipe two mud immediately, block steel pipe two with gauze then, complete with the adhesive plaster winding again, fill and lead up test pit, job platform and cross the road junction compacting with ash in class III soil; Because an embedded steel tube can penetrate many and lay light () cable,,, prepare for laying light () cable next time so after once construction finishes, want marked so can use repeatedly repeatedly.
1.5 lay light () cable
Utilize embedded steel tube, pull light () cable to penetrate with iron wire and be laid in undergroundly, guide to then on the curb 1 that dish is good to be used according to the construction needs.
1.6 roadbed recovers
Embedded steel tube with lay light () cable construction after, be in time with ash in class III earthen backfill test pit with job platform and tamp, as excellent as before the recovery of circuit both sides, if any the barnacle side slope, must properly protect with cement is floating with stone being returned to original position.
1.7 site clearing
Residue leftover pieces in site clearing reclaim utilizable residue material, and dissolve in the place that is put into unrenewable production refuse collection in the dustbin that carries the formulation of environment supervision department, to protect environment.
The present invention uses for reference the body of wall method for punching; Speed change is bored (or percussion drill, water bore 6) transforms and weld and make the big or small lobate drill bit of cutter of different size; With being connected to the speed change brill upward as the power transmission pole by interconnective seamless transmission steel pipe; The electric drill that was suitable for drill bit 7 and the different output power of deferent size through replacing drills through the pore of corresponding requirements, then carries out pipelining, reaches the requirement that () cable is crossed the rail construction.
The present invention is applicable in all fields, existing line station and the interval improvement project; Lay the various model steel pipes passageway construction of various diameters below 100mm; All need carry out the construction of passageway pipelining also to be applicable to simultaneously highway etc.; Especially in the elevated formation level location, line circle broad, the uncomplicated section of geology, be more suitable for adopting operation of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. a passageway underground utilities laying method comprises the steps:
A. preparation of construction work: use cable detector that the underground cable of former cable pathway is surveyed and mark; Again in strict accordance with drawing; With the cable detection instrument underground utilities of new pathway are surveyed and marked; Especially near the underground utilities the passageway are carried out snoop tag, then demarcate job position.
B. water boring: according to job position fixed triangle support; On the slideway that the water brill is assemblied in A-frame is fixedly connected; And choose corresponding drill bit and transmission steel pipe according to laying diameter of steel tube, starter motor, be employed in that water bores and drill bit between pass the mode that connects the transmission steel pipe and hole.
C. embedded steel tube: choose the embedded steel tube of being longer than passageway 200mm-300mm; After the water brill is got through the passageway, separate transmission steel pipe and water brill, be connected embedded steel tube with iron wire with clip; And be connected firmly; Then pull transmission steel pipe that another layer of circuit penetrate and drive embedded steel tube and get into the passageway of accomplishing fluently, all get into the passageway up to embedded steel tube, and till leaning out more than the 20mm from the opposite side bank protection.
D. lay light () cable: pull light () cable with iron wire and penetrate the embedded steel tube that lays, then guide to dish on the curb 1, so that use according to the construction needs.
E. roadbed recovers: embedded steel tube with lay the construction of light () cable after, in time with ash in class III earthen backfill test pit with job platform and tamp, as excellent as before the recovery of circuit both sides.
F. site clearing: site clearing residue leftover pieces, reclaim utilizable residue material, dissolve in the place that is put into unrenewable production refuse collection in the dustbin that carries the formulation of environment supervision department, to protect environment.
2. a kind of passageway according to claim 1 underground utilities laying method is characterized in that, bores in the boring procedure at said step B water, and when subzero 15 ℃-subzero 30 ℃ of constructions, be that 3: 1 liquid is added on the drill bit constantly with water and anti-icing fluid quality proportioning; Subzero 5 ℃-subzero 15 ℃ of whens construction, be that 5: 1 liquid is added on the drill bit constantly with water and anti-icing fluid quality proportioning; Subzero 5 ℃-3 ℃ of whens construction above freezing, be that 10: 1 liquid is added on the drill bit constantly with water and anti-icing fluid quality proportioning; 3 ℃ above freezing-30 ℃ of whens construction above freezing, constantly cold water is added on the drill bit.
3. passageway underground utilities lay special equipment; It is characterized in that; Comprise water brill, drill bit, transmission steel pipe, A-frame and slideway; Said water drilled through the guide plate and the slideway that place its underpart and was slidingly connected, and said slideway is supported by A-frame and is fixedly connected with A-frame, and said drill bit is to be three lobate drill bits of cutter of annulate shaft of 30 °-60 ° with drift angle, central shaft axle center; Said transmission steel pipe is divided into more piece, and head and the tail are threaded and pass and are connected between water brill and the drill bit, as the power transmission pole between joint and the joint.
4. a kind of passageway according to claim 3 underground utilities lay special equipment, it is characterized in that, said transmission steel pipe is a seamless steel pipe.
5. laying special equipment according to claim 3 or 4 described a kind of passageway underground utilities, it is characterized in that, is interference fit between said transmission steel pipe joint and the joint.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2011104411682A CN102623931A (en) | 2011-12-26 | 2011-12-26 | Method and special equipment for laying underground pipelines at corridor |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN2011104411682A CN102623931A (en) | 2011-12-26 | 2011-12-26 | Method and special equipment for laying underground pipelines at corridor |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| CN102623931A true CN102623931A (en) | 2012-08-01 |
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| CN2011104411682A Pending CN102623931A (en) | 2011-12-26 | 2011-12-26 | Method and special equipment for laying underground pipelines at corridor |
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Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103322297A (en) * | 2013-05-14 | 2013-09-25 | 中煤科工集团武汉设计研究院 | Method for laying coal transporting pipeline and communication optical cable in same ditch across road through heavy excavation |
| CN105846361A (en) * | 2016-03-21 | 2016-08-10 | 梁红 | Electric spear |
| CN107574810A (en) * | 2017-10-13 | 2018-01-12 | 吴波挺 | A kind of power line network laying apparatus |
| CN108899807A (en) * | 2018-07-20 | 2018-11-27 | 中铁六局集团有限公司 | Subway long steep grade entrance electromechanics construction method of installation |
| CN112688237A (en) * | 2020-12-28 | 2021-04-20 | 安徽童天星智能科技发展有限公司 | Method for laying HDPE (high-density polyethylene) pipeline through river channel in long distance |
| CN113140984A (en) * | 2021-04-07 | 2021-07-20 | 中国电建集团河南工程有限公司 | Construction method for fan foundation embedded cable pipe in mountain wind power engineering |
| CN116556233A (en) * | 2023-05-25 | 2023-08-08 | 中建国际城市建设有限公司 | Raft plate self-anchored box culvert pushing device for high slope |
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| US5720354A (en) * | 1996-01-11 | 1998-02-24 | Vermeer Manufacturing Company | Trenchless underground boring system with boring tool location |
| CN1865650A (en) * | 2006-06-22 | 2006-11-22 | 刘明明 | Construction method for push pipe by cooperation of horizontal auger driller and horizontal directional driller |
| CN101055047A (en) * | 2007-04-18 | 2007-10-17 | 中国石油天然气管道局穿越分公司 | A process for horizontal directional drill passing through and tampering casing for separating gravel |
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Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN103322297A (en) * | 2013-05-14 | 2013-09-25 | 中煤科工集团武汉设计研究院 | Method for laying coal transporting pipeline and communication optical cable in same ditch across road through heavy excavation |
| CN105846361A (en) * | 2016-03-21 | 2016-08-10 | 梁红 | Electric spear |
| CN107574810A (en) * | 2017-10-13 | 2018-01-12 | 吴波挺 | A kind of power line network laying apparatus |
| CN107574810B (en) * | 2017-10-13 | 2018-09-21 | 陕西众和伟业工程安装有限公司 | A kind of power line network laying apparatus |
| CN108899807A (en) * | 2018-07-20 | 2018-11-27 | 中铁六局集团有限公司 | Subway long steep grade entrance electromechanics construction method of installation |
| CN112688237A (en) * | 2020-12-28 | 2021-04-20 | 安徽童天星智能科技发展有限公司 | Method for laying HDPE (high-density polyethylene) pipeline through river channel in long distance |
| CN113140984A (en) * | 2021-04-07 | 2021-07-20 | 中国电建集团河南工程有限公司 | Construction method for fan foundation embedded cable pipe in mountain wind power engineering |
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Inventor after: Yang Yujiang Inventor after: Song Jianxin Inventor after: Yin Hong Inventor after: Zhang Yujin Inventor after: Yan Changgui Inventor after: Zhang Qiang Inventor after: Yang Qiang Inventor after: Li Manjun Inventor after: Wang Hongbing Inventor after: Jiang Min Inventor before: Yang Yujiang Inventor before: Zhang Yujin Inventor before: Zhang Qiang Inventor before: Yang Qiang Inventor before: Li Manjun Inventor before: Wang Hongbing Inventor before: Jiang Min Inventor before: Song Jianxin |
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