CN102614536B - 细胞凋亡显像药物68Ga-NOTA-Duramycin及其制备方法 - Google Patents
细胞凋亡显像药物68Ga-NOTA-Duramycin及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种细胞凋亡显像药物68Ga-NOTA-Duramycin,其主要特点在于针对的结合靶点为凋亡细胞表面的磷脂酰乙醇胺,其主要结构Duramycin由19个氨基酸组成,与双功能螯合剂1,4,7-三氮杂环壬烷-1,4-7-三乙酸(1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid,NOTA)耦合,以直接标记法进行核素68Ga标记。所述放射性药物为无色透明液体针剂。用于检测心肌缺血损伤后心肌细胞凋亡和化疗后肿瘤细胞凋亡。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及用于检测细胞凋亡的显像药物,特别涉及以磷脂酰乙醇胺为结合靶点的显像药物及其制备方法。
背景技术
细胞凋亡是一种主动发生的、受基因严密调控的细胞逐渐死亡现象,在许多疾病,如:心血管疾病和肿瘤的发生、发展和转归中都具有重要的作用。
细胞凋亡是心梗早期心肌细胞的主要死亡形式,也是梗死范围扩大的独立预后因子;心肌细胞凋亡的持续存在和活性细胞的持续性缺失,是心衰进行性发展的主要机制;心肌细胞凋亡增多也是心肌炎发展为扩张型心肌病,进而发展为心衰的重要机制之一。
肿瘤的发生主要是由于细胞内癌基因、抑癌基因及其他相关调节基因突变,从而使细胞基因组失去稳定性。正常情况下,当修复机制不能完成损伤修复时,细胞凋亡机制将启动,异常细胞将被吞噬细胞识别而清除。如果调节机制出现障碍,凋亡机制不能正常启动,带有不稳定基因组的细胞发生失控性增殖,就很可能产生高度恶化状态的肿瘤细胞。在细胞癌变过程中,许多凋亡活化基因功能受阻,而凋亡抑制基因的功能得到增强。研究发现,许多肿瘤的发生机制就是由于凋亡受阻引起的。在肿瘤治疗方面,选择性诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡是目前最主要的治疗策略和目标。临床上采用的放射治疗、大多数化疗药物和生物治疗剂都是主要通过诱导细胞凋亡来清除肿瘤细胞的,以诱导细胞凋亡为目标的基因治疗也是目前重要的研究方向。
因此,细胞凋亡的检测对于心血管疾病和肿瘤的诊断和疗效监测都具有极为重要的临床意义。分子影像技术被认为是检测细胞凋亡最有效的无创性方法。目前,国内外研究较多的分子探针是99mTc-AnnexinV,它能与凋亡细胞表面的磷脂酰丝氨酸(PtdS)位点特异结合。研究表明:99mTc-AnnexinV显像能够显示心肌、血管、肿瘤、炎症等组织的凋亡细胞,在急性心肌梗塞、心肌炎、心脏移植排异反应、不稳定动脉粥样硬化斑块、肿瘤化疗等方面有一定的应用价值。但99mTc-AnnexinV还存在着明显的不足,一是AnnexinV分子量较大(36kDa)血液清除较慢,早期成像图像质量欠佳;二是用于单光子核素成像,分辨率受限;三是生产成本高,价格昂贵。因此,该显像剂的实际应用受到了很大限制,目前的市场表现也不理想。
发明内容
为克服上述不足,本发明的目的在于提供一种更为理想的细胞凋亡显像剂68Ga-NOTA-Duramycin,其主要特点在于针对的结合靶点为磷脂酰乙醇胺(PtdE),其主要结构Duramycin(耐久霉素)由19个氨基酸组成,与双功能螯合剂1,4,7-三氮杂环壬烷-1,4-7-三乙酸(1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-triacetic acid,NOTA)耦合,后者提供放射性正电子核素68Ga标记位点。
与99mTc-AnnexinV相比,68Ga-NOTA-Duramycin具有明显的优势。首先,Duramycin分子量仅为2KD,远小于AnnexinV,因此血液清除较快,放射性本底较低,可提高早期图像质量;第二,Duramycin的结合位点PtdE在细胞膜磷脂中占约20%,是其含量是AnnexinV结合位点磷脂酰丝氨酸(PtdS)的3~4倍;第三,68Ga-NOTA-Duramycin用于正电子核素显像(PET),其分辨率明显高于单光子核素显像(SPECT)。
为达到上述目的,本发明的主要技术方案如下:由链酶菌属肉桂地菌DSM40005表达和后翻译修饰合成Duramycin;化学偶联制备出NOTA-Duramycin;采用直接标记法,取PH4.2、0.1M的乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲液150μL加入到含50μg NOTA-Duramycin的标记瓶中,20℃轻轻振荡混匀5min,然后加入放射性活度为370~740MBq(10~20mCi)、体积为100~300μL的68Ga淋洗液,轻轻振荡混匀后静置15min,得到68Ga-NOTA-Duramycin。
进一步地,是68Ga-NOTA-Duramycin作为显像剂用于检测心肌缺血损伤后心肌细胞凋亡方面的应用。
进一步地,是68Ga-NOTA-Duramycin作为显像剂用于化疗后检测肿瘤细胞凋亡方面的应用。
附图说明
图168Ga-NOTA-Duramycin高压液相分析(HPLC)结果;
图2实验猪缺血再灌注损伤模型PET/CT显像可见心肌局灶性异常放射性浓聚影;
图3实验猪心肌组织病理凋亡分析结果:HE染色可见大量的核碎片、核固缩(左图);TUNEL染色显示大量黄染的凋亡细胞(右图);
图4非小细胞肺癌裸鼠模型Micro PET显像结果:化疗后24h,肿瘤部位有明显的放射性摄取(右图),而未化疗(对照)组肿瘤部位未见明显的放射性摄取增高(左图)。
具体实施方式
一.68Ga-NODA-Duramycin的制备方法
1.Duramycin的表达和纯化
链酶菌属肉桂地菌DSM40005表达和后翻译阶段修饰而成带有特殊氨基酸残基的硫醚抗生素,修饰肉桂霉素的结构基因(cinA)生成Duramycin。
2.NOTA-Duramycin的合成
Duramycin溶解在二甲基酰胺溶液中,三乙胺溶液调整PH值至9.0,p-SCN-Bn-NOTA加入反应体系中,室温下反应2h,三氟醋酸加入后去除保护基团。反应结束后,NOTA-Duramycin过柱分离和纯化后,经质谱确认,冻干后备用。
3.68Ga的淋洗
用5ml注射器抽取0.05M HCl 5mL对锗-镓发生器进行淋洗,淋洗流速1mL/min,同时收集流出液,每瓶1mL,共5瓶。对每只淋洗瓶进行活度检测,取活度最大的一瓶用于标记。
4.68Ga-NOTA-Duramycin的标记
取PH4.2,0.2M的乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲液150μL加入到含50μg NOTA-Duramycin标记瓶中,20℃轻轻振荡混匀5min,然后加入放射性活度为370~740MBq(10~20mCi),体积为100~300μL的68Ga淋洗液,轻轻振荡混匀后静置15min。
5.质量控制
HPLC的分析条件:色谱分析柱为C18柱(4.6×250mm),流动相A为磷酸盐缓冲液(0.1%三氟醋酸),流动相B为CH3CN(0.1%三氟醋酸)。流速为1ml/min,0~5min:流动相B,10%;30min:流动相B,90%。检测紫外波长为220nm,柱温20℃。放射性检测应用HPLC专用放射探测器。HPLC分析结果显示:68Ga-NOTA-Duramycin的放射性出峰时间为16min(图1),标记率为92.5±2.1%(n=10),无需进一步纯化。
6.体外稳定性测定
68Ga-NOTA-Duramycin标记后30min、60min和120min分别用HPLC测定其放射化学纯度。取标记物100μL,加入人血清400μL,混匀后用同样方法测定其放化纯。结果显示:68Ga-NOTA-Duramycin标记后30min、60min和120min的放化纯分别为93%、93%和92%,加入血清后放化纯分别为92.5%、92%和92%。
二.68Ga-NOTA-Duramycin在正常小鼠体内的生物学分布
健康Balb/c小鼠12只,体重(20±2)g,6~8周龄,分4组(每组3只),尾静脉注射68Ga-NOTA-Duramycin 100μCi,分别在5,15,30,60min将各组小鼠处死,取心、肝、脾、肺、肾、胃、肠等主要脏器并称重,用γ计数器测量其放射性。经时间衰减校正后,计算每克组织百分注射剂量率(%ID/g)。
68Ga-NOTA-Duramycin在正常小鼠体内的分布见表1,68Ga-NOTA-Duramycin从血液、心、肝中清除较快;肾脏放射性分布较多,注射后60min时摄取为8.12±2.74%ID/g,表明该显像剂主要经肾脏排泄。早期心脏、肝脏、肺有少量放射性摄取,但随时间延长,放射性摄取迅速减少,注射60min后,心脏和肝脏的摄取仅为1.05±0.31%ID/g和0.97±0.28%ID/g。该显像剂在胃、肠、脾、胰中有少量分布,脑组织摄取很少,表明该显像剂不能透过血脑屏障。
表1正常小鼠注射68Ga-NOTA-Duramycin后不同时间点各脏器放射性摄取%ID/g
三.68Ga-NOTA-Duramycin PET/CT显像检测心肌细胞凋亡动物模型的实验研究
选用中华小型猪6头,体重15~20Kg。肌肉注射盐酸氯胺酮10mg/Kg,安定5mg/kg麻醉后,静脉点滴丙泊酚6mg/Kg/h维持麻醉。在X线监视下,股动脉穿刺,通过6F导管将球囊送入冠状动脉左回旋支,血流阻断10~20min后,减压,撤去导管,造成心肌缺血再灌注损伤。全程心电监护,ECG证实有ST段抬高改变,撤出球囊后有明确的再灌注心率失常,如室性二联律、三联律及室速等,再灌注损伤后测定心肌酶谱和肌钙蛋白,均显著升高。
动物模型制备成功后1h,耳缘静脉注射68Ga-NOTA-Duramycin 1mCi,注射后1h后行PET/CT显像,每个床位采集2min,共3个床位,经计算机重建图像,分别得到PET、CT及PET/CT融合图像。
显像结束后,取出动物心脏,甲醛固定24h后,石蜡包埋,制片。免疫组织化学分析方法:①二甲苯脱蜡,梯度酒精水化后PBS冲洗2×3min;②胃蛋白酶消化,PBS冲洗2×3min;③擦干组织周围水份,每片加50ul的0.3%H2O2甲醇溶液,阻断内源性过氧化酶,PBS冲洗2×3min;④每片加50μL TUNEL反应液,孵育盒中37℃,60min,PBS冲洗2×3min;⑤每片加50ul辣根过氧化酶抗体,孵育盒中37℃,PBS冲洗3×3min;⑥加一滴新鲜配置的DAB,室温孵育,PBS冲洗3×3min。苏木素复染,酒精脱水,干燥;⑦中性树胶封片。光镜观察,细胞核棕色为阳性。同时HE染色做对照。
实验结果显示:68Ga-NOTA-Duramycin注射后1h,再灌注损伤心肌部位可见明显的局灶性放射性异常浓聚(图2);体外病理分析发现:HE染色见大量的核碎片、核固缩,TUNEL显示大量黄染的凋亡细胞,说明该部位有大量心肌细胞发生凋亡(图3)。
三.68Ga-NOTA-Duramycin PET/CT显像检测化疗后肿瘤细胞凋亡动物模型的实验研究
首先,建立非小细胞肺癌动物模型(荷NSCLC裸鼠)并进行化疗。
将人非小细胞肺癌细胞株NCI-H460(购自中国科学院上海肿瘤研究所)接种于含15%小牛血清的RPMI1640完全培养基(购自Sigma公司),当细胞达到80%-90%融合时,胰酶消化,保证活细胞率大于99%。取4~5周龄的BALB/C裸小鼠,将含1×106肿瘤细胞悬液0.2ml,注射于鼠右侧颈近前腋皮下。待瘤体生长到直径约1cm左右时,经尾静脉注射紫杉醇(泰素)进行化疗,剂量为100mg/m2。
取5只荷NSCLC裸鼠,在紫杉醇化疗后12h~24h注射68Ga-NOTA-Duramycin,注射剂量为3.7MBq(0.1mCi),注射后即行microPET(德国西门子公司Inveon)显像,3D动态表模式采集,采集时间为120min,能量350~650keV,经傅立叶转换和图像后滤波重建得到PET横断位、冠状位及矢状位图像。另取5只未经化疗的荷NSCLC裸鼠做对照组。显像结果:肿瘤部位有明显的放射性摄取,标准摄取值(SUV)为3.6±0.7,明显高于对照组.0.9±0.3(P<0.001)。
活化Casepase-3的检测:以流式细胞术测定活化Casepase-3。试剂均购自Bio Viosion公司,方法为①将组织块放入平皿中,加入少量生理盐水,用剪刀将组织剪至匀浆状,加入10ml生理盐水,用吸管吸取组织匀浆,先以尼龙网过滤到试管中。离心沉淀4-5min(1000r/min),再用生理盐水洗3遍,每次以低速(500-800r/min)短时离心沉淀去除细胞碎片;以尼龙网滤去细胞碎片然后低温保存备用。②对照组加入1μl/ml的Casepase-3抑制剂Z-VAD-FMK抑制Casepase-3活化。③300μl细胞悬液加入离心管中,加入1μl的FITC-DEVD-FMK,在含5%CO2孵育盒中37℃孵育60min。④离心3000转,5min,去除上清液。⑤加入0.5ml缓冲液,再次离心3000转,5min。⑥流式细胞术定量分析。Casepase-3测定结果:对照组的活化Casepase-3为6.68%±3.89%,经紫杉醇化疗后,大量Casepase3被激活,化疗后72h为78.9%±8.15%。化疗各组与对照组相比均有显著性差异(P<0.001),显示化疗后大量肿瘤细胞发生凋亡,证实了68Ga-NOTA-Duramycin PET显像结果。
Claims (4)
1.一种细胞凋亡显像药物68Ga-NOTA-Duramycin,其主要结构是由19个氨基酸组成的Duramycin与双功能螯合剂1,4,7-三氮杂环壬烷,4-7-三乙酸耦合,以直接标记法进行核素68Ga标记,所述药物为无色透明液体针剂。
2. 权利要求1中所述的68Ga-NOTA-Duramycin的制备方法,其特征在于:所述方法包括以下步骤:
a.Duramycin溶解在二甲基酰胺溶液中,三乙胺溶液调整pH值至9.0,p-SCN-Bn-NOTA加入反应体系中,室温下反应2h,三氟醋酸加入后去除保护基团,反应结束后,NOTA-Duramycin过柱分离和纯化后,经质谱确认,冻干后备用;
b.用5mL注射器抽取0.05M HCl 5mL对锗镓发生器进行淋洗,淋洗流速1mL/min,同时收集流出液,取pH4.2,0.2M的乙酸乙酸钠缓冲液150μL加入到含50μg NOTA-Duramycin标记瓶中,20℃轻轻振荡混匀5min,然后加入放射性活度为370~740MBq,体积为100~300μL的68Ga淋洗液,轻轻振荡混匀后静置15min;
c.HPLC的分析条件:色谱分析柱为C18柱,流动相A为磷酸盐缓冲液,流动相B为CH3CN,流速为1mL/min,0~5min,流动相B,10%,30min,流动相B,90%,检测紫外波长为220nm,柱温20℃。
3.68Ga-NOTA-Duramycin在制备用于检测心肌缺血损伤后心肌细胞凋亡的显像剂中的用途。
4.68Ga-NOTA-Duramycin在制备用于化疗后检测肿瘤细胞凋亡的显像剂中的用途。
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