CN102531314B - Sludge water heat drying treatment device and flashing reactor thereof - Google Patents
Sludge water heat drying treatment device and flashing reactor thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN102531314B CN102531314B CN2011104470765A CN201110447076A CN102531314B CN 102531314 B CN102531314 B CN 102531314B CN 2011104470765 A CN2011104470765 A CN 2011104470765A CN 201110447076 A CN201110447076 A CN 201110447076A CN 102531314 B CN102531314 B CN 102531314B
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- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 63
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 57
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 49
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 177
- 238000001027 hydrothermal synthesis Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 238000007701 flash-distillation Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 abstract 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 6
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 5
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- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 4
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- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 3
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- 239000010865 sewage Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000029087 digestion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005189 flocculation Methods 0.000 description 2
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- 238000010335 hydrothermal treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003116 impacting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007781 pre-processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000010801 sewage sludge Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- Drying Of Solid Materials (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides a sludge water heat drying treatment device and a flashing reactor thereof. The sludge water heat drying treatment device comprises a homogeneous reactor, a slurry reactor, a hydrothermal reactor and the flashing reactor which are sequentially connected. The homogeneous reactor is used for chopping and agitating materials, then the materials are delivered to the slurry reactor for even preheating, hydrothermal reaction is conducted to the preheated materials in the hydrothermal reactor, the materials are stored in the flashing reactor and the recovered steam of the flashing reactor can be fed into the slurry reactor and/or the hydrothermal reactor. When the sludge water heat drying treatment device is under certain temperature and pressure, viscous organic matters in sludge are hydrolyzed, the colloid structure of the sludge is destructed and bond water is facilitated to be separated from solid particles. The flashing reactor can buffer-store the materials after the hydrothermal reaction, the flashing steam is recovered and the goal of fully utilizing the heat energy of the steam is achieved.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to the sludge water heat drying processing technology field, particularly a kind of sludge water heat drying treatment device and flashing reactor thereof.
Background technology
Be accompanied by the fast development of global economy and the people growing interest to environment, sewage load increases at a high speed, has caused the rapid expansion of sludge yield.At present, China's annual discharging dewatered sludge is about 5,000,000 tons, and quantity is also constantly increasing.If the improper meeting of sludge treatment causes serious secondary pollution, and the investment of sludge treatment and working cost are huge, account for 25%~65% of whole Sewage Plant investment and working cost, become the heavy burden that municipal sewage plant faces.Therefore, economic, efficient treating excess sludge how, realize that sludge stabilizing, innoxious, resource utilization are the current important topics that solves of being badly in need of.
In mud, contain a large amount of microorganism cellss and organism colloid, caused the sludge dewatering difficulty, the dehydrated sludge cake water ratio is up to 80% left and right usually.The means of sludge disposal mainly comprise compost, landfill and burning.
When mud is used for compost material, usually need to add the amendment reduction moisture to 50~60%, the amendment total amount that need to add is about 60% of mud, and as finding no sale of sludge composting product, sludge quantity does not only reduce increase on the contrary.
Mud is admitted with garbage sanitary filling field in domestic indivedual city, because moisture percentage in sewage sludge is high, easily cause landfill operation difficulty, leachate quality deterioration and landfill heap body unstable, therefore, in fact, at present most domestic garbage sanitary filling field refusal mud is marched into the arena.
Burning is the effective means that realizes sludge reduction, usually requires the calorific value that burns material greater than 1200 kcal/kg, according to the average shale level of municipal sludge, only has water ratio could meet this requirement less than 50% the time.Therefore landfill, compost and burning all should not directly be processed the dehydrated sludge cake of water ratio 80%, and for meeting disposal standard and technique needs, water ratio will be reduced to below 60% at least.How efficient low-consume ground is reduced to 60% by moisture percentage in sewage sludge by 80%, becomes the key problem in technology that ensures that mud is effectively disposed.This adopts the mummification mode usually.But sludge drying need to consume a large amount of energy, and as adopted the steam mummification, one ton of mud need to consume the steam of 0.8-1 ton, and running cost is high.
The sludge dewatering difficulty is due to the water in mud, to be subject to the constraint of multi-acting force, and to this, people have done a large amount of correlative studys.The hydro-thermal drying technique is development in recent years a kind for the treatment of process rapidly, and by by mud heating, the viscosity hydrolysis of organic matter make mud under certain temperature and pressure in, destroy the colloidal structure of mud, can improve simultaneously dewatering and anaerobic digestion performance.With the increase of hydrothermal temperature and pressure, the particle collision probability increases, and intergranular collision has caused the destruction of colloidal structure, and irreducible water is separated with solid particulate.In addition, heating is decomposed the protein in mud, and cell breaks, and the moisture in born of the same parents is released.Pass through the mud of hydrothermal treatment consists in the situation that do not add flocculation agent, mechanical dehydration can make, below water ratio decrease to 50%, greatly to have improved the dewatering of mud, and Sludge Disposal Techniques is to possibility low-cost, sustainable future development.
But existing sludge water heat drying treatment device exists the problem that reaction effect is poor, the material continuity is poor, so the efficiency of sludge water heat drying is still very low.
Summary of the invention
The invention provides a kind of sludge water heat drying treatment device and flashing reactor thereof, can to mud, carry out the hydro-thermal drying and other treatment continuously, improved hydro-thermal mummification efficiency.
In order to realize above purpose, technical scheme of the present invention is:
The invention provides a kind of sludge water heat drying treatment device, comprising: the homogeneous reactor that is linked in sequence, pulp reactor, hydrothermal reactor and flashing reactor;
Described homogeneous reactor comprises the first reactor tank body and the first agitator that stretches in the first reactor tank body, and first material outlet of material after the first agitator shreds and stirs, from the first reactor tank body top that the first material inlet from the first reactor tank body bottom inputs in the first reactor tank body exports the pulp reactor to;
Described pulp reactor comprises the second reactor tank body, stretch in the second reactor tank body the second agitator and can be to the first vapour pipe that passes into steam in the second reactor tank body, the second material inlet from the second reactor tank body top inputs to the even preheating of steam that the material in the second reactor tank body is passed into by the first vapour pipe, and after by the second agitator, stirring, the second material outlet from the second reactor tank body bottom exports hydrothermal reactor to;
Described hydrothermal reactor comprises the 3rd reactor tank body, stretch in the 3rd reactor tank body the 3rd agitator and can be to the second vapour pipe that passes into steam in the 3rd reactor tank body, 3 material entrance from the 3rd reactor tank body top inputs to the pressurization of steam homogeneous heating, the generation hydro-thermal reaction that the material in the 3rd reactor tank body is passed into by the second vapour pipe, and the 3 material outlet after stirring by the 3rd agitator, from the 3rd reactor tank body bottom exports flashing reactor to;
Described flashing reactor comprises the 4th reactor tank body and the vapor recovery pipe that is communicated with the 4th reactor tank body, the 4th reactor tank body stores material, and the steam in this material is back to pulp reactor and/or hydrothermal reactor by the vapor recovery pipe, the top of the 4th reactor tank body has the 4 materials entrance, and bottom has the 4 materials outlet.
Preferably, described flashing reactor comprises the 4th reactor tank body, is arranged on material baffle and vapor recovery pipe in the 4th reactor tank body,
The 4 materials entrance of the 4th reactor tank body is arranged at the top of the sidewall of the 4th reactor tank body, the 4 materials outlet is arranged at the bottom of the 4th reactor tank body, from the mud material of hydrothermal reactor output in the 4 materials entrance inputs to the 4th reactor tank body, the top of the 4th reactor tank body has the flash distillation mouth, the 4th reactor tank body is erected at and supports on skirt
The contiguous described 4 materials entrance of described material baffle arranges, and inputs to the steam that the material impact material baffle in the 4th reactor tank body produces and exports from the flash distillation mouth.
Preferably, an end of described vapor recovery pipe is communicated with the flash distillation mouth, and the other end is communicated with the first vapour pipe of pulp reactor and/or the second vapour pipe of hydrothermal reactor.
Preferably, described material baffle surface is vertical with described 4 materials entrance.
Preferably, the diameter of described 4 materials outlet is than large one or two grade of the diameter of described 4 materials entrance.
Preferably, described the 4th reactor tank body further comprises a plurality of temperature monitors that are positioned at the 4th reactor tank body different heights place.
The present invention also provides a kind of flashing reactor of sludge water heat drying treatment device, and described sludge water heat drying treatment device comprises homogeneous reactor, pulp reactor, hydrothermal reactor and the flashing reactor that is linked in sequence,
Described flashing reactor comprises the reactor tank body, is arranged on material baffle and vapor recovery pipe in the reactor tank body,
The material inlet of described reactor tank body is arranged at the top of the sidewall of reactor tank body, material outlet is arranged at the bottom of reactor tank body, from the mud material of hydrothermal reactor output in material inlet inputs to the reactor tank body, the top of described reactor tank body has the flash distillation mouth, described reactor tank body is erected at and supports on skirt
The contiguous described material inlet setting of described material baffle, input to the steam that the described material baffle of material impact in the reactor tank body produces and export from the flash distillation mouth.
Preferably, an end of described vapor recovery pipe is communicated with the flash distillation mouth, and the other end is communicated with the vapour pipe of pulp reactor and/or the vapour pipe of hydrothermal reactor.
Preferably, described material baffle surface is vertical with described material inlet.
Preferably, the diameter of described material outlet is than large one or two grade of the diameter of described material inlet.
Preferably, described reactor tank body further comprises a plurality of temperature monitors that are positioned at reactor tank body different heights place.
The problem that sludge water heat drying treatment device of the present invention is poor for existing sludge treatment equipment reaction effect, the material continuity is poor, based on the sludge water heat drying treatment technology, by mud is pulverized, is heated, under certain temperature and pressure, by the viscosity hydrolysis of organic matter in mud, destroy the colloidal structure of mud, impel irreducible water to separate with solid particulate.
In addition, because treating processes between four reactors of sludge water heat drying treatment device of the present invention is coherent, the reactor input and output material is without stop, therefore can make the hydro-thermal drying and other treatment process of mud be in the state of continuous operation.
Flashing reactor for sludge water heat drying treatment device provided by the invention is used for the material after the buffer memory hydro-thermal reaction, and, by material baffle and vapor-recovery unit are set, can reclaim flash-off steam, reaches the purpose that takes full advantage of steam thermal energy.
The accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of sludge water heat drying treatment device of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the structural representation of the flashing reactor of sludge water heat drying treatment device of the present invention.
Embodiment
The invention provides a kind of sludge water heat drying treatment device and flashing reactor thereof, can to mud, carry out the hydro-thermal drying and other treatment continuously, improved hydro-thermal mummification efficiency.
Fig. 1 is the structural representation of sludge water heat drying treatment device of the present invention.As shown in Figure 1, sludge water heat drying treatment device of the present invention comprises homogeneous reactor 101, pulp reactor 102, hydrothermal reactor 103 and the flashing reactor 104 that is linked in sequence.
Wherein, homogeneous reactor 101 comprises the first reactor tank body and stretches to the first agitator in the first reactor tank body.The first material inlet 111 of homogeneous reactor 101 is arranged on the bottom of the first reactor tank body, and the first material outlet 112 is arranged on the top of the sidewall of the first reactor tank body.The mud material, by high-pressure pump, in the first material inlet 111 inputs to the first reactor tank body, after the first agitator shreds and stirs, exports pulp reactor 102 to by the first material outlet 112.
Sludge water heat drying treatment device of the present invention is to utilize hydro-thermal drying and other treatment principle, and mud is carried out to deep dehydration.Under certain temperature and pressure, mud generation hydro-thermal reaction, viscosity organism wherein is hydrolyzed, thereby destroys the colloidal structure of mud, impels irreducible water to separate with solid particulate.In addition, heating also can make the protein in mud decompose, and cell breaks, and the moisture in born of the same parents is released, and carry out mechanical dehydration and can make the water ratio decrease, thus the dewatering of raising mud.
Wherein, homogeneous reactor 101 is the one-level pre-processing device of sludge water heat drying treatment device, and is large mainly for material viscosity, and gluey semi-solid characteristics design.Its utilize the first agitator in the first reactor tank body shred at a high speed material, and the material stirring that will shred even.By by the material chopping, can reduce particle size and the weight of mud, thereby impel irreducible water more easily to separate with solid particulate.In addition, by reducing the particle size of mud, make material more easily stir, make material reach the purpose of homogeneous.
In addition, due to the first material inlet of homogeneous reactor 101, be arranged at the bottom of the first reactor tank body, the first material outlet is arranged at the top of the first reactor tank body, thereby can avoid material to form interior accumulation of homogeneous reactor 101 problem that stirs blind area, and be conducive to material and can pile with the first reactor tank body, guarantee that input and output material stops without piling up, make material in sludge water heat drying treatment device, keep the state of operation continuously.
Further, pulp reactor 102 can further arrange a plurality of temperature monitors that are positioned at the different positions place, thereby according to the temperature of charge in the second reactor tank body, adjust the air flow of the first vapour pipe, make material can preheat equably, also fully stir.By being set, 102 pairs of mud materials of pulp reactor preheat processing, the process that will heat, pressurize the mud material is decomposed in pulp reactor 102 and hydrothermal reactor 103 carries out respectively, can shorten mud reacts in hydrothermal reactor 103 time, and realize saving the purpose of the energy.Because the residence time of mud material in pulp reactor and hydrothermal reactor all shortened, can guarantee that therefore material is in the state that continuous operation is processed.
Further, hydrothermal reactor 103 can further arrange a plurality of temperature monitors that are positioned at the different positions place, thereby according to the temperature of charge in the 3rd reactor tank body, adjust the air flow of the second vapour pipe, make material can heat equably, also fully stir.In addition, hydrothermal reactor 103 can adopt the intermittently mode of input and output material, so that the hydro-thermal reaction of material is more abundant.
Further, flashing reactor 104 can further arrange a plurality of temperature monitors that are positioned at the different positions place, and after material reached drop temperature, the material after dehydration can be from 4 materials outlet output.
Due to the viscosity hydrolysis of organic matter can make mud under certain temperature and pressure in, destroy the colloidal structure of mud, can improve simultaneously dewatering and anaerobic digestion performance.And along with the increase of hydrothermal temperature and pressure, the particle collision probability increases, and intergranular collision has caused the destruction of colloidal structure, and irreducible water is separated with solid particulate.In addition, heating is decomposed the protein in mud, and cell breaks, and the moisture in born of the same parents is released.Therefore the sludge water heat drying treatment device of the application of the invention, pass through the mud of hydrothermal treatment consists in the situation that do not add flocculation agent, and mechanical dehydration can make, below water ratio decrease to 50%, greatly to have improved the dewatering of mud.And sludge water heat drying treatment device of the present invention is simple in structure, and can realize the recycle of the energy, therefore can greatly reduce the cost that sludge drying is processed.
Fig. 2 is the structural representation of the flashing reactor of sludge water heat drying treatment device of the present invention.As shown in Figure 2, the flashing reactor 104 of sludge water heat drying treatment device of the present invention comprise reactor tank body 201, be arranged in reactor tank body 201 material baffle 202 and be used to reclaiming the vapor recovery pipe 203 of flash-off steam.
The material inlet 204 of reactor tank body 201 is arranged at the top of the sidewall of reactor tank body 201, and material outlet 205 is arranged at the bottom of reactor tank body 201, and material inlet 204 is communicated with the material outlet of the hydrothermal reactor of sludge water heat drying treatment device.Reactor tank body 201 is erected at and supports on skirt 208.
The position of material baffle 202 contiguous material inlets 204 arranges, when in hydrothermal reactor through hydro-thermal reaction, substantially be decomposed into liquid material and pass into reactor tank body 201 when interior from material inlet 204, owing to impacting material baffle 202, steam thermal energy unnecessary in material is discharged, and the flash-off steam of release can be discharged by the flash distillation mouth 206 that is positioned at reactor tank body 201 tops.
For the energy that reclaims these flash-off steams and it is used, flashing reactor of the present invention further arranges vapor recovery pipe 203, one end of vapor recovery pipe 203 is communicated with flash distillation mouth 206, and its other end is communicated with the vapour pipe of the pulp reactor of sludge water heat drying treatment device and/or the vapour pipe of hydrothermal reactor.Owing in pulp reactor and hydrothermal reactor, all needing in tank body, to pass into steam to impel mud material generation hydro-thermal reaction, the flash-off steam that therefore reclaims can be fully used, thereby reaches the effect of save energy.
Preferably, material inlet 204 adopts and tangentially enters, therefore, surface that can material baffle 202 is set to vertical with the direction of material picture library 204, make like this mud material can fully impact material baffle 202, be conducive to after steam is received impact discharge more heats, thereby improve the utilization ratio of flash-off steam.
Preferably, in order to control the temperature of mud material, be convenient to set discharging time according to temperature of charge, flashing reactor of the present invention further comprises a plurality of temperature monitors 207 that are positioned at the different positions place, thereby adjusts when discharging according to the temperature of charge in reactor tank body 201.
For fear of material outlet 205, cotton-shaped solid accumulation occurs and form obstruction, the caliber of material outlet 205 should be tried one's best greatly, and to guarantee the unimpeded of discharging, namely the diameter of material outlet 205 should be greater than the diameter of material inlet 204.Preferably, large one or two grade of the diameter of the comparable material inlet 204 of the caliber of material outlet 205.For example the caliber of material inlet 204 is DN50, and material outlet 205 calibers exceed one or two grade so, are taken as DN65 or DN80.
Further, for fear of material sagging phenomenon occurring, the outside surface of the internal surface of reactor tank body 201 and material baffle 202 all needs to carry out polished finish, and its material should be chosen as and have erosion resistance and anti abrasive material according to material characteristic.
The flashing reactor of sludge water heat drying treatment device of the present invention through the mud material of hydro-thermal reaction, carries out discharging for buffer memory when material reaches suitable temperature.Further, flashing reactor of the present invention is by arranging material baffle near the material inlet at the reactor tank body, make material when passing into material inlet, impact material baffle, so that wherein unnecessary flash-off steam can discharge, and by this flash-off steam being back to the pulp reactor of sludge water heat drying treatment device and the vapour pipe of hydrothermal reactor, make steam thermal energy to be used fully, thereby realize the effect of save energy.
The foregoing is only preferred embodiment of the present invention, in order to limit the present invention, within the spirit and principles in the present invention not all, any modification of making, be equal to replacement, improvement etc., within all should being included in the scope of protection of the invention.
Claims (5)
1. a sludge water heat drying treatment device, is characterized in that, comprising: the homogeneous reactor that is linked in sequence, pulp reactor, hydrothermal reactor and flashing reactor;
Described homogeneous reactor comprises the first reactor tank body and the first agitator that stretches in the first reactor tank body, and first material outlet of material after the first agitator shreds and stirs, from the first reactor tank body top that the first material inlet from the first reactor tank body bottom inputs in the first reactor tank body exports the pulp reactor to;
Described pulp reactor comprises the second reactor tank body, stretch in the second reactor tank body the second agitator and can be to the first vapour pipe that passes into steam in the second reactor tank body, the second material inlet from the second reactor tank body top inputs to the even preheating of steam that the material in the second reactor tank body is passed into by the first vapour pipe, and after by the second agitator, stirring, the second material outlet from the second reactor tank body bottom exports hydrothermal reactor to;
Described hydrothermal reactor comprises the 3rd reactor tank body, stretch in the 3rd reactor tank body the 3rd agitator and can be to the second vapour pipe that passes into steam in the 3rd reactor tank body, 3 material entrance from the 3rd reactor tank body top inputs to the pressurization of steam homogeneous heating, the generation hydro-thermal reaction that the material in the 3rd reactor tank body is passed into by the second vapour pipe, and the 3 material outlet after stirring by the 3rd agitator, from the 3rd reactor tank body bottom exports flashing reactor to;
Described flashing reactor comprises the 4th reactor tank body and the vapor recovery pipe that is communicated with the 4th reactor tank body, the 4th reactor tank body stores material, and the steam in this material is back to pulp reactor and/or hydrothermal reactor by the vapor recovery pipe, the top of the 4th reactor tank body has the 4 materials entrance, and bottom has the 4 materials outlet;
Described flashing reactor comprises the 4th reactor tank body, is arranged on material baffle and vapor recovery pipe in the 4th reactor tank body,
The 4 materials entrance of the 4th reactor tank body is arranged at the top of the sidewall of the 4th reactor tank body, the 4 materials outlet is arranged at the bottom of the 4th reactor tank body, from the mud material of hydrothermal reactor output in the 4 materials entrance inputs to the 4th reactor tank body, the top of the 4th reactor tank body has the flash distillation mouth, the 4th reactor tank body is erected at and supports on skirt
The contiguous described 4 materials entrance of described material baffle arranges, and inputs to the steam that the material impact material baffle in the 4th reactor tank body produces and exports from the flash distillation mouth.
2. sludge water heat drying treatment device according to claim 1, is characterized in that, an end of described vapor recovery pipe is communicated with the flash distillation mouth, and the other end is communicated with the first vapour pipe of pulp reactor and/or the second vapour pipe of hydrothermal reactor.
3. sludge water heat drying treatment device according to claim 1 and 2, is characterized in that, described material baffle surface is vertical with described 4 materials entrance.
4. sludge water heat drying treatment device according to claim 1 and 2, is characterized in that, the diameter of described 4 materials outlet is than large one or two grade of the diameter of described 4 materials entrance.
5. sludge water heat drying treatment device according to claim 1 and 2, is characterized in that, described the 4th reactor tank body further comprises a plurality of temperature monitors that are positioned at the 4th reactor tank body different heights place.
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DE102014013813A1 (en) * | 2014-09-23 | 2016-03-24 | Bma Braunschweigische Maschinenbauanstalt Ag | Process and arrangement for wastewater treatment |
CN105347637A (en) * | 2015-12-14 | 2016-02-24 | 北京洁绿科技发展有限公司 | Continuous sludge pyrohydrolysis system and method |
CN107056013A (en) * | 2017-05-24 | 2017-08-18 | 中国东方电气集团有限公司 | A kind of device and method for handling sludge |
CN113800732A (en) * | 2021-09-07 | 2021-12-17 | 东方电气集团东方电机有限公司 | Sludge pyrohydrolysis device and control method thereof |
CN114620901A (en) * | 2022-03-31 | 2022-06-14 | 浙江天地环保科技股份有限公司 | A coupling system for thermal hydrolysis of biogas slurry flue gas in biogas engineering |
CN115625190A (en) * | 2022-10-18 | 2023-01-20 | 广东海纳百川环保科技有限公司 | A heat circulation system for food waste treatment |
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CN201605215U (en) * | 2009-12-29 | 2010-10-13 | 天津市裕川置业集团有限公司 | Sludge hydrolysis extracting microbial-protein system |
CN102234170B (en) * | 2010-04-29 | 2012-08-22 | 安徽合协生态环境科技有限公司 | Method and device for rapidly reducing moisture content of sludge |
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