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CN102437385B - Grading method for cascade utilization of power battery of electric vehicle - Google Patents

Grading method for cascade utilization of power battery of electric vehicle Download PDF

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Publication number
CN102437385B
CN102437385B CN201110410608.8A CN201110410608A CN102437385B CN 102437385 B CN102437385 B CN 102437385B CN 201110410608 A CN201110410608 A CN 201110410608A CN 102437385 B CN102437385 B CN 102437385B
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battery
analysis
power
capacity
level
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CN102437385A (en
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郭剑波
刘道坦
王松岑
范茂松
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State Grid Corp of China SGCC
China Electric Power Research Institute Co Ltd CEPRI
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State Grid Corp of China SGCC
China Electric Power Research Institute Co Ltd CEPRI
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Priority to PCT/CN2012/081254 priority patent/WO2013086875A1/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/385—Arrangements for measuring battery or accumulator variables
    • G01R31/3865—Arrangements for measuring battery or accumulator variables related to manufacture, e.g. testing after manufacture
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
    • G01R31/385—Arrangements for measuring battery or accumulator variables
    • G01R31/387—Determining ampere-hour charge capacity or SoC
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/425—Structural combination with electronic components, e.g. electronic circuits integrated to the outside of the casing
    • H01M2010/4278—Systems for data transfer from batteries, e.g. transfer of battery parameters to a controller, data transferred between battery controller and main controller
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
    • H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)

Abstract

本发明提供了一种电动汽车动力电池梯次利用的分级方法，所述分级方法包括如下步骤：(1)对梯次利用动力电池进行外特性分析，判断动力电池是否可以进行梯次利用；(2)对于能梯次利用的电池，根据其外特性参数进行初步分级，然后对每一级别的电池进行抽样内特性分析；(3)在内外特性分析的基础上，建立内外特性参数之间的关联关系，并对电池的健康状态进行评估；(4)将电池健康状态评估结果与电池的使用条件相结合，对梯次利用动力电池进行分级。本发明提供的电动汽车动力电池梯次利用的分级方法，既能保证电池的性能满足使用场合的要求，又要充分发挥电池的性能。The present invention provides a classification method for cascaded utilization of power batteries of electric vehicles. The classification method includes the following steps: (1) analyzing the external characteristics of the power batteries for cascade utilization, and judging whether the power batteries can be used in cascades; (2) for Batteries that can be used in cascades are initially classified according to their external characteristic parameters, and then the internal characteristics of each level of batteries are sampled for analysis; (3) On the basis of internal and external characteristic analysis, the correlation between internal and external characteristic parameters is established, and Evaluate the state of health of the battery; (4) Combine the evaluation results of the state of health of the battery with the conditions of use of the battery, and classify the cascade utilization power battery. The classification method for cascaded utilization of electric vehicle power batteries provided by the invention can not only ensure that the performance of the battery meets the requirements of the use occasion, but also fully exert the performance of the battery.

Description

The stage division that a kind of electric automobile power battery echelon is utilized
Technical field
The invention belongs to storage battery field, be specifically related to the stage division that a kind of electric automobile power battery echelon is utilized.
Background technology
Electric automobile is higher to the performance requirement of electrokinetic cell, when the capacity loss of electrokinetic cell to a certain extent after, in order to ensure the security performance in power performance, continual mileage and the running of electric automobile, just must change it.The battery changing from electric automobile, still has higher residual capacity.Lithium ion battery has that specific energy is high, good temp characteristic, the advantage such as have extended cycle life, after retired as electric automobile power battery, process screening and again combo, likely be applied to relatively good, relatively low to the battery performance requirement occasion of operating mode, realize the echelon utilization of electrokinetic cell.The utilization of electrokinetic cell echelon refers at electrokinetic cell hydraulic performance decline, can not meet after electric automobile instructions for use, as energy production arrangement, at other field, continues to use.
For the battery that gets off, likely carries out echelon utilization retired from electric automobile, not yet there is the proposition of battery hierarchical concept, more there is no relevant stage division.Lithium-ion-power cell, before using in groups, normally judges also sorting according to the external characteristic parameter of battery (as: capacity of battery, internal resistance, charging and discharging curve, self discharge etc.) to the performance of battery, and in proper order as battery foundation in groups.And the electrokinetic cell utilizing for echelon, decline due to its security performance and chemical property, therefore before use, need assess to its health status (comprising security performance, self discharge, charge-discharge characteristic, the cycle performance in follow-up use of battery etc.), judge that battery whether can echelon utilization and how to carry out echelon utilization.The external characteristic parameter of battery can only reflect the variation of its some main parameters, can not from inherent mechanism reflection, cause the factor of battery performance decline, also just can accurately not assess cell health state.On the basis that the present invention analyzes in battery external characteristic parameter first, internal characteristic analysis in conjunction with battery, fundamentally hold the reason of battery performance decline, and then the health status of battery is assessed, and according to echelon, utilize the health status of electrokinetic cell, requirement in conjunction with different use occasions to battery performance, utilizes electrokinetic cell to carry out classification to echelon.
At present, the approach of electrokinetic cell echelon utilization mainly comprise stand-by power supply as computer and information system, for the peak load shifting of electrical network, level and smooth etc. for the power of renewable energy power generation.There is different applying working conditions different application scenarios, also different to the performance requirement of battery, by utilize electrokinetic cell to carry out classification to echelon, the battery applications of different stage is arrived to different occasions, can guarantee that the performance of battery meets the requirement of use occasion, gives full play to the performance of battery again.
Summary of the invention
For overcoming above-mentioned defect, the invention provides the stage division that a kind of electric automobile power battery echelon is utilized, by utilize electrokinetic cell to carry out classification to echelon, the battery applications of different stage is arrived to different occasions, can guarantee that the performance of battery meets the requirement of use occasion, gives full play to the performance of battery again.
For achieving the above object, the invention provides the stage division that a kind of electric automobile power battery echelon is utilized, its improvements are, described stage division comprises the steps:
(1). to echelon, utilize electrokinetic cell to carry out Theoretic Analysis, judge whether electrokinetic cell can carry out echelon utilization;
(2). the battery for can echelon utilizing, carries out preliminary classification according to its external characteristic parameter, then to the internal characteristic analysis of sampling of each other battery of level;
(3). on the basis of interior Theoretic Analysis, set up the incidence relation between inside and outside characterisitic parameter, and the health status of battery is assessed;
(4). cell health state assessment result is combined with the service condition of battery, to echelon, utilize electrokinetic cell to carry out classification;
Wherein, in described step 4, the service condition of battery comprises the frequency of usage of battery, multiplying power, SOC limit value.
In optimal technical scheme provided by the invention, in described step 1: the Theoretic Analysis that utilizes electrokinetic cell to carry out to echelon, comprises historical characteristics analysis, fundamental characteristics analysis of experiments and accelerated aging test analysis.
In the second optimal technical scheme provided by the invention, described historical characteristics analysis, analyze every battery cosmetic variation, internal resistance variation and active volume and energy and energy reserving ability, to no-voltage battery, excessive battery and the serious bad electrokinetic cell of outward appearance of resistance, directly get rid of the possibility that its echelon is utilized; Described fundamental characteristics historical analysis, tests and records the following parameter of each battery: voltage, internal resistance, capacity, energy, efficiency, temperature rise, voltage drop and capability retention; Add described fast ageing test analysis, the performance of test battery under accelerated ageing conditions.
In the 3rd optimal technical scheme provided by the invention, in described step 2, described preliminary classification is carried out classification according to capacity, internal resistance and the capability retention of battery in fundamental characteristics historical analysis, and different capacity, internal resistance and capability retention scope are decided to be different ranks.
In the 4th optimal technical scheme provided by the invention, in described step 2, described internal characteristic dissecting needle is to causing the factor of capacity of lithium ion battery decay to detect, and by X-ray diffraction spectrum, electrode material is carried out to crystal structure research, with ESEM, transmission electron microscope, electrode, barrier film are carried out to Morphology analysis, and observe SEI film situation, also utilize mass spectrum to carry out constituent analysis to electrolyte remaining in battery.
In the 5th optimal technical scheme provided by the invention, cause the factor of capacity of lithium ion battery decay to comprise: material crystals structural aberration, active material dissolving, current collector corrodes, pole plate become flexible, barrier film blocks and SEI membrane stage changes.
In the 6th optimal technical scheme provided by the invention, in described step 4, the echelon utilization of electrokinetic cell is carried out to following classification:
The first order: slowly thickening of SEI film mainly appears in inside battery, declines the interface charge exchange capacity of battery, but little on the frequency of usage of battery and the impact of use multiplying power;
The second level: inside battery is except SEI film thickens, also there is the phenomenon that electrode material Crystal Structure Distortion, part active material dissolve, electrochemical reaction invertibity and lithium ion diffusion coefficient are declined, the frequency of usage of battery and multiplying power are had to impact to a certain degree;
The third level: collector local corrosion appears in inside battery, part active material is loosening and come off, barrier film obstruction to a certain degree, make that active lithium quantity reduces, battery impedance increases, larger on frequency of usage, multiplying power and the impact of SOC limit value.
In the 7th optimal technical scheme provided by the invention, belong to the electrokinetic cell of the first order for the level and smooth occasion of the power of renewable energy power generation; Belong to the electrokinetic cell of the second level for the peak load shifting of electrical network; Belong to the electrokinetic cell of the third level as stand-by power supply.
Compared with the prior art, the stage division that a kind of electric automobile power battery echelon provided by the invention is utilized, by utilize electrokinetic cell to carry out classification to echelon, the battery applications of different stage is arrived to different occasions, can guarantee that the performance of battery meets the requirement of use occasion, gives full play to the performance of battery again; And the method combining by interior Theoretic Analysis, discloses echelon and utilizes the reason of electrokinetic cell performance degradation, and based on this, carry out cell health state assessment; Moreover, in grasp echelon, utilize on the basis of electrokinetic cell health status, it is carried out to accurate classification; In conjunction with the service condition of different occasions, for different stage battery finds suitable use occasion.
Embodiment
The stage division that electric automobile power battery echelon is utilized, is characterized in that, described stage division comprises the steps:
(1). to echelon, utilize electrokinetic cell to carry out Theoretic Analysis, judge whether electrokinetic cell can carry out echelon utilization;
(2). the battery for can echelon utilizing, carries out preliminary classification according to its external characteristic parameter, then to the internal characteristic analysis of sampling of each other battery of level;
(3). on the basis of interior Theoretic Analysis, set up the incidence relation between inside and outside characterisitic parameter, and the health status of battery is assessed;
(4). cell health state assessment result is combined with the service condition of battery, to echelon, utilize electrokinetic cell to carry out classification;
Wherein, in described step 4, the service condition of battery comprises the frequency of usage of battery, multiplying power, SOC limit value.
The main occasion that electrokinetic cell may carry out echelon utilization comprises peak load shifting and the stand-by power supply of level and smooth, the electrical network of renewable energy power generation power fluctuation.Level and smooth for renewable energy power generation power fluctuation, need energy-storage battery random carry out charging and discharging, charge-discharge magnification is large, frequency of usage is high, but SOC limits is relatively little; For the application of electrical network peak load shifting, the frequency of usage of energy-storage battery is relatively less and compare rule, use multiplying power also to reduce to some extent, but it is generally longer to discharge and recharge the time, and SOC limits is larger; For the application of stand-by power supply, the frequency of usage of energy-storage battery, use multiplying power and SOC limit value are all very little conventionally.
To echelon, utilize electrokinetic cell to carry out Theoretic Analysis, mainly comprise historical characteristics analysis, fundamental characteristics analysis of experiments and accelerated aging test analysis.Historical characteristics is analyzed, every battery cosmetic variation of Main Analysis, internal resistance variation and active volume and energy and energy reserving ability etc.To the serious electrokinetic cell of bad (having serious ballooning, battery surface to have breakage, battery surface to have heavy corrosion etc.) of the excessive battery of no-voltage battery, resistance and outward appearance, directly get rid of the possibility that its echelon is utilized; Fundamental characteristics historical analysis is mainly the parameters such as voltage, internal resistance, capacity, energy, efficiency, temperature rise, voltage drop and capability retention of testing and record each battery; Accelerated aging test analysis is mainly the performance of test battery under accelerated ageing conditions.For have abnormal battery in three analyses, get rid of the possibility that its echelon is utilized; For three analyses normal battery all, can consider it to carry out echelon utilization.
Battery for having echelon and utilize possibility, first carries out preliminary classification according to its external characteristic parameter, the internal characteristic analysis of then other battery of each grade being sampled.The key factor that internal characteristic analysis is loosening mainly for material crystals structural aberration, active material dissolving, current collector corrodes, pole plate, barrier film obstructions, the variation of SEI membrane stage etc. cause capacity of lithium ion battery to decay detects.By X-ray diffraction spectrum, electrode material is carried out to crystal structure research, with ESEM, transmission electron microscope, electrode, barrier film are carried out to Morphology analysis, and observe SEI film situation.With mass spectrum, electrolyte remaining in battery is carried out to constituent analysis.
By internal characteristic, analyze, grasp the reason that causes battery capacity decay, and find out the incidence relation between battery external characteristic parameter and internal characteristic, on the basis of interior Theoretic Analysis, the health status of battery is assessed.According to cell health state assessment result, and in conjunction with conditions such as the following possible frequency of usage of battery, multiplying power, SOC limit values, it is carried out to classification:
The occasions such as the first order: slowly thickening of SEI film mainly appears in inside battery, declines the interface charge exchange capacity of battery, but on the frequency of usage of battery with use multiplying power impact little, and power that this class battery can be applicable to renewable energy power generation is level and smooth; The second level: except SEI film thickens, also there is the phenomenons such as electrode material Crystal Structure Distortion, the dissolving of part active material, electrochemical reaction invertibity and lithium ion diffusion coefficient are declined, this has impact to a certain degree to the frequency of usage of battery and multiplying power, but still can be applicable to the occasions such as peak load shifting; The third level: occur collector local corrosion, part active material is loosening and come off, barrier film obstruction to a certain degree, make that active lithium quantity reduces, battery impedance increases, larger on frequency of usage, multiplying power and the impact of SOC limit value, can only be applied to the occasion of the mild conditions such as stand-by power supply.
Need statement, content of the present invention and embodiment are intended to prove the practical application of technical scheme provided by the present invention, should not be construed as limiting the scope of the present invention.Those skilled in the art inspired by the spirit and principles of the present invention, can do various modifications, be equal to and replace or improve.But in the protection range that these changes or modification are all awaited the reply in application.

Claims (7)

1.一种电动汽车动力电池梯次利用的分级方法，其特征在于，所述分级方法包括如下步骤： 1. A classification method for step-by-step utilization of electric vehicle power batteries, characterized in that, the classification method comprises the steps of: (1).对梯次利用动力电池进行外特性分析，判断动力电池是否可以进行梯次利用； (1). Analyze the external characteristics of the cascade utilization power battery to determine whether the power battery can be used in cascade utilization; (2).对于能梯次利用的电池，根据其外特性参数进行初步分级，然后对每一级别的电池进行抽样内特性分析； (2). For batteries that can be used in stages, conduct preliminary classification according to their external characteristic parameters, and then conduct sampling internal characteristic analysis for batteries of each level; (3).在内外特性分析的基础上，建立内外特性参数之间的关联关系，并对电池的健康状态进行评估； (3). On the basis of internal and external characteristic analysis, establish the relationship between internal and external characteristic parameters, and evaluate the health status of the battery; (4).将电池健康状态评估结果与电池的使用条件相结合，对梯次利用动力电池进行如下分级； (4). Combining the evaluation results of the battery health status with the use conditions of the battery, the cascade utilization power battery is classified as follows; 第一级：电池内部主要出现SEI膜的缓慢增厚，使电池的界面电荷交换能力下降，但对电池的使用频次和使用倍率影响不大； The first level: the slow thickening of the SEI film mainly occurs inside the battery, which reduces the interface charge exchange capacity of the battery, but has little effect on the frequency of use and the use rate of the battery; 第二级：电池内部除SEI膜增厚外，还出现电极材料晶体结构畸变、部分活性物质溶解的现象，使电化学反应可逆性和锂离子扩散系数下降，对电池的使用频次和倍率有一定程度的影响； The second level: In addition to the thickening of the SEI film inside the battery, the crystal structure of the electrode material is distorted and some active substances dissolve, which reduces the reversibility of the electrochemical reaction and the diffusion coefficient of lithium ions, which has a certain impact on the frequency and rate of use of the battery. degree of influence; 第三级：电池内部出现集流体局部腐蚀，部分活性物质松动和脱落、隔膜一定程度的阻塞，使活性锂数量减少、电池阻抗增加，对使用频次、倍率和SOC限值影响较大； Level 3: Local corrosion of the current collector occurs inside the battery, some active materials loosen and fall off, and the diaphragm is blocked to a certain extent, which reduces the amount of active lithium and increases the battery impedance, which has a great impact on the frequency of use, rate and SOC limit; 其中，所述步骤4中，电池的使用条件包括电池的使用频次、倍率、SOC限值。 Wherein, in the step 4, the usage conditions of the battery include the usage frequency, rate, and SOC limit of the battery. 2.根据权利要求1所述的分级方法，其特征在于，在所述步骤1中：对梯次利用动力电池进行的外特性分析，包括历史特性分析、基本特性试验分析和加速老化试验分析。 2. The grading method according to claim 1, characterized in that, in the step 1: the external characteristic analysis of the cascaded power battery includes historical characteristic analysis, basic characteristic test analysis and accelerated aging test analysis. 3. 根据权利要求2所述的分级方法，其特征在于，所述历史特性分析，分析每支电池外观变化、内阻变化和可用容量与能量以及能量保持能力，对零电压电池、电阻过大的电池及外观严重不良的动力电池，直接排除其梯次利用的可能性；所述基本特性历史分析，测试并记录每个电池的以下参数：电压、内阻、容量、能量、效率、温升、电压下降及容量保持率；加所述速老化试验分析，测试电池在加速老化条件下的性能。 3. The grading method according to claim 2, characterized in that, the analysis of the historical characteristics is to analyze the appearance change, internal resistance change, available capacity, energy and energy retention capacity of each battery, and for zero-voltage batteries and excessive resistance The battery with serious bad appearance and the power battery with serious bad appearance directly rule out the possibility of cascading utilization; the historical analysis of the basic characteristics, test and record the following parameters of each battery: voltage, internal resistance, capacity, energy, efficiency, temperature rise, Voltage drop and capacity retention rate; accelerated aging test analysis to test the performance of the battery under accelerated aging conditions. 4. 根据权利要求1所述的分级方法，其特征在于，在所述步骤2中，所述初步分级是根据电池的基本特性历史分析中电池的容量、内阻和容量保持率将其进行分级，不同的容量、内阻和容量保持率范围定为不同的级别。 4. The grading method according to claim 1, characterized in that, in the step 2, the preliminary grading is carried out according to the capacity, internal resistance and capacity retention rate of the battery in the historical analysis of the basic characteristics of the battery , Different capacity, internal resistance and capacity retention ranges are defined as different levels. 5. 根据权利要求1所述的分级方法，其特征在于，在所述步骤2中，所述内特性分析针对造成锂离子电池容量衰减的因素进行检测，且通过X射线衍射谱对电极材料进行晶体结构研究，以扫描电镜、透射电镜对电极、隔膜进行微观形貌分析，并观察SEI膜情况，还利用质谱对电池内残余的电解液进行成分分析。 5. classification method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, in described step 2, described internal characteristic analysis detects at the factor that causes lithium-ion battery capacity attenuation, and electrode material is carried out by X-ray diffraction spectrum For crystal structure research, use scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope to analyze the microscopic morphology of electrodes and separators, observe the condition of SEI film, and use mass spectrometry to analyze the composition of the remaining electrolyte in the battery. 6. 根据权利要求5所述的分级方法，其特征在于，造成锂离子电池容量衰减的因素包括：材料晶体结构畸变、活性物质溶解、集流体腐蚀、极板松动、隔膜阻塞和SEI膜状态变化。 6. The grading method according to claim 5, wherein the factors causing capacity decay of lithium-ion batteries include: material crystal structure distortion, active material dissolution, current collector corrosion, plate loosening, diaphragm blockage, and SEI film state change . 7. 根据权利要求1所述的分级方法，其特征在于，属于第一级的动力电池用于可再生能源发电的功率平滑的场合；属于第二级的动力电池用于电网的削峰填谷；属于第三级的动力电池用作备用电源。 7. The grading method according to claim 1, characterized in that the power battery belonging to the first level is used for power smoothing of renewable energy power generation; the power battery belonging to the second level is used for peak-shaving and valley-filling of the power grid ; The power battery belonging to the third level is used as a backup power source.
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