CN102347640B

CN102347640B - Wireless energy transmission device

Info

Publication number: CN102347640B
Application number: CN2011101539701A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 崔铁军; 陈林辉; 刘硕; 周永春; 陈锦; 周小阳; 杨艳
Original assignee: Southeast University
Current assignee: Southeast University
Priority date: 2011-06-09
Filing date: 2011-06-09
Publication date: 2013-09-18
Anticipated expiration: 2031-06-09
Also published as: CN102347640A

Abstract

The invention discloses a wireless energy transmission device, which includes a power source, a transmitting device and a receiving device; the transmitting device includes a transmitting coil and is used for adjusting the optimal equivalent transmitting impedance Z _eqt at both ends of the transmitting coil to the optimal load of the power source The efficiency of the impedance Z _s adjusts the transmitting network. One end of the efficiency-adjusting transmitting network is connected to the transmitting coil, and the other end is connected to the power source; the receiving device includes a receiving coil for energy coupling with the transmitting coil through an alternating electromagnetic field and is used to adjust the receiving load impedance ZL The efficiency of the best equivalent receiving impedance Z _eqr to both ends of the receiving coil is used to adjust the receiving network. One end of the efficiency-adjusting receiving network is connected to the receiving coil, and the other end is connected to the receiving load. The transmission energy of the present invention will not be absorbed by objects at the surrounding non-resonant frequency points, and has good transmission efficiency; the present invention is suitable for any size of load and power source of output load, so as to maintain the highest power at any distance Good loss efficiency.

Description

A wireless energy transmission device

技术领域technical field

本发明涉及一种能量传输装置，具体涉及一种无线能量传输装置。The present invention relates to an energy transmission device, in particular to a wireless energy transmission device.

背景技术Background technique

目前，作为无线能量传输应用的最为广泛的技术是磁感应技术，也是目前国际无线充电联盟Qi技术标准所使用的技术，其工作原理是法拉第电磁感应定律，能量在两个线圈之间通过电磁感应进行传递。大致原理是：当交变电流通过线圈之后，便会产生交变磁场；而产生的交变磁场又会形成交变电场，进而在线圈上形成电压；有了电压之后便会产生电流，可为待充电设备进行充电。At present, the most widely used technology for wireless energy transmission is magnetic induction technology, which is also the technology used in the current Qi technical standard of the International Wireless Charging Alliance. Its working principle is Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, and energy is transferred between two coils through electromagnetic induction transfer. The general principle is: when the alternating current passes through the coil, an alternating magnetic field will be generated; and the generated alternating magnetic field will form an alternating electric field, and then a voltage will be formed on the coil; with the voltage, a current will be generated, which can be The device to be charged is charged.

这种磁感应技术的优点是发射线圈和接收线圈的体积都可以做得比较小，结构简单，方便嵌入小型电子设备中，因此目前的无线充电标准Qi采用此技术。但是磁感应技术由于采用的是普通的磁感应耦合，周围磁场的强度随距离增加急剧衰减，因此传输效率就会随着距离的增加而迅速下降。这导致有效传输距离只有几个毫米，因此要求带充电设备紧贴充电板，这样在很大程度上限制了无线能量传输的应用范围及应用场合。The advantage of this magnetic induction technology is that the volume of the transmitting coil and the receiving coil can be made relatively small, the structure is simple, and it is convenient to embed in small electronic devices. Therefore, the current wireless charging standard Qi adopts this technology. However, because the magnetic induction technology uses ordinary magnetic induction coupling, the strength of the surrounding magnetic field decreases sharply with the increase of distance, so the transmission efficiency will decrease rapidly with the increase of distance. As a result, the effective transmission distance is only a few millimeters, so the charging device is required to be close to the charging board, which greatly limits the application range and application occasions of wireless energy transmission.

另外一种技术是微波传输技术，它采用一个发射天线和一个接收天线，电磁能量在两个天线之间通过微波进行传输，它的主要技术特征是两个天线之间的距离远大于一个电磁波的波长，因此相当于天线的远场传播。它需要保证传播路径上障碍物尽量少，否则会导致电磁波的反射，致使传输效率会极大地降低。同时，由于采用微波频段，这样高频率大功率的电磁波对人体有很大的辐射。Another technology is microwave transmission technology, which uses a transmitting antenna and a receiving antenna, and electromagnetic energy is transmitted between the two antennas through microwaves. Its main technical feature is that the distance between the two antennas is much greater than that of an electromagnetic wave. wavelength, and thus corresponds to the far-field propagation of the antenna. It needs to ensure that there are as few obstacles as possible on the propagation path, otherwise it will cause the reflection of electromagnetic waves, resulting in a greatly reduced transmission efficiency. At the same time, due to the use of the microwave frequency band, such high-frequency and high-power electromagnetic waves have great radiation on the human body.

最后一种技术是磁耦合谐振式无线能量传输技术，这种技术最早是由该技术思路最早由美国麻省理工学院（MIT）物理系助理教授MarinSoljacic研究小组于2006年11月在美国AIP工业物理论坛上提出，并于2007年6月进行了实验验证，相隔2.16m隔空将一只60W灯泡点亮。这种技术区别于基于普通电磁感应的近场耦合，通过使接收线圈和发射线圈产生共振来实现能量的无线传输。本质上，这个过程与量子隧道效应相似，只是电磁波替代了量子力学中的波函数。该技术可在有障碍物的情况下传输，传输距离可达到米级范围。这种磁耦合谐振式无线能量传输技术由于发射线圈和接收线圈之间是共振耦合，因此可以在耦合系数很低的时候获得比传统磁感应技术高的多的传输效率，使得有效传输距离大大增加，周边的非谐振物体的存在也几乎不影响传输效率。同时接收线圈的摆放方位自由得多，并且同一个发射线圈可以为多个接收线圈进行能量传输，这突破了磁感应技术中一对一充电的局限。但是这种磁耦合谐振式无线能量传输技术结构采用了四个线圈，包括DriveLoop,TransmittingLoop,ReceivingLoop,Loadloop。它严格要求DriveLoop和TransmittingLoop之间有一定的距离。同理，ReceivingLoop和Loadloop之间也要保持一定距离，距离的改变会在很大程度上影响传输效率。因此，这种技术在制造和使用上都有一定的难度及不便。The last technology is the magnetic coupling resonant wireless energy transmission technology, which was first proposed by the research group of Marin Soljacic, an assistant professor of the Department of Physics of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), in November 2006 at the AIP Industrial Physics in the United States. It was proposed on the forum, and it was verified experimentally in June 2007. A 60W bulb was lit at a distance of 2.16m. This technology is different from the near-field coupling based on ordinary electromagnetic induction, and realizes the wireless transmission of energy by resonating the receiving coil and the transmitting coil. In essence, this process is similar to quantum tunneling, except that electromagnetic waves replace the wave function in quantum mechanics. This technology can transmit in the presence of obstacles, and the transmission distance can reach the range of meters. Due to the resonant coupling between the transmitting coil and the receiving coil, this magnetic coupling resonant wireless energy transmission technology can obtain much higher transmission efficiency than traditional magnetic induction technology when the coupling coefficient is very low, which greatly increases the effective transmission distance. The presence of surrounding non-resonant objects also hardly affects the transmission efficiency. At the same time, the placement of the receiving coil is much more free, and the same transmitting coil can transmit energy to multiple receiving coils, which breaks through the limitation of one-to-one charging in magnetic induction technology. However, this magnetically coupled resonant wireless energy transmission technology structure uses four coils, including DriveLoop, TransmittingLoop, ReceivingLoop, and Loadloop. It strictly requires a certain distance between DriveLoop and TransmittingLoop. Similarly, a certain distance should be kept between the ReceivingLoop and the Loadloop, and the change of the distance will greatly affect the transmission efficiency. Therefore, this technology has certain difficulty and inconvenience in manufacture and use.

发明内容Contents of the invention

针对现有技术存在的不足，本发明目的是提供一种不受传输距离及障碍物的限制、易于制造及使用且传输效率高的无线能量传输装置。In view of the deficiencies in the prior art, the purpose of the present invention is to provide a wireless energy transmission device that is not limited by transmission distance and obstacles, is easy to manufacture and use, and has high transmission efficiency.

为了实现上述目的，本发明是通过如下的技术方案来实现：In order to achieve the above object, the present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions:

本发明包括功率源、发射装置和接收装置；发射装置包括发射线圈和用来将发射线圈两端的效率最佳等效发射阻抗Z_eqt调节到功率源最佳负载阻抗Z_s的效率调节发射网络（前者通过效率调节发射网络后等效阻抗等于后者），效率调节发射网络一端连发射线圈，其另一端连功率源；接收装置包括通过交变电磁场与发射线圈进行能量耦合的接收线圈和用来将接收负载阻抗Z_L调节到接收线圈两端的效率最佳等效接收阻抗Z_eqr的效率调节接收网络（前者通过效率调节接收网络后等效阻抗等于后者），效率调节接收网络一端连接收线圈，其另一端连接收负载；功率源最佳负载阻抗Z_s=R_s+jX_s，接收负载阻抗Z_L=R_L+jX_L；The present invention includes a power source, a transmitting device _and a receiving device; the transmitting device includes a transmitting coil _and an efficiency-adjusting transmitting network ( The former adjusts the efficiency of the transmitting network and the equivalent impedance is equal to the latter), one end of the efficiency-adjusting transmitting network is connected to the transmitting coil, and the other end is connected to the power source; the receiving device includes a receiving coil for energy coupling with the transmitting coil through an alternating electromagnetic field and a Adjust the receiving load impedance Z _L to the efficiency of the best equivalent receiving impedance Z _eqr at both ends of the receiving coil. Efficiency adjustment of the receiving network (the former is equal to the latter after the efficiency adjustment of the receiving network), and one end of the efficiency adjustment receiving network is connected to the receiving coil , the other end of which is connected to the receiving load; the optimal load impedance of the power source Z _s =R _s +jX _s , the receiving load impedance Z _L =R _L +jX _L ;

接收线圈两端的效率最佳等效接收阻抗Efficiency Optimum Equivalent Receive Impedance at Both Ends of the Receive Coil

${Z Z}_{eqr eqr} = = \sqrt{\frac{{((kω kω \sqrt{{L L}_{t t} {L L}_{r r}}))}^{22} {R R}_{pr pr} + + {R R}_{pt pt} + + {R R}_{pr pr}^{22}}{{R R}_{pt pt}}} - - jω jω {L L}_{r r} = = {R R}_{eqr eqr} + + j j {X x}_{eqr eqr};;$

发射线圈两端的效率最佳等效发射阻抗Efficiency Optimum Equivalent Transmitting Impedance at Both Ends of the Transmitting Coil

${Z Z}_{eqt eqt} = = \sqrt{\frac{{((kω kω \sqrt{{L L}_{t t} {L L}_{r r}}))}^{22} {R R}_{pt pt} + + {R R}_{pr pr} + + {R R}_{pt pt}^{22}}{{R R}_{pr pr}}} + + jω jω {L L}_{t t} = = {R R}_{eqt eqt} + + j j {X x}_{eqt eqt};;$

其中，R_s是功率源最佳负载电阻，X_s是功率源最佳负载电抗，R_L是接收负载电阻，X_L是接收负载电抗，k是发射线圈和接收线圈之间的耦合系数，ω是整个无线能量传输装置的工作角频率，L_t是发射线圈自感，R_pt是发射线圈损耗电阻，L_r是接收线圈自感，R_pr是接收线圈损耗电阻，R_eqr是效率最佳等效接收电阻,R_eqt是效率最佳等效发射电阻，X_eqr是效率最佳等效接收电抗，X_eqt是效率最佳等效发射电抗，j是虚数单位。Among them, _Rs is the optimal load resistance of the power source, _Xs is the optimal load reactance of the power source, R _L is the receiving load resistance, X _L is the receiving load reactance, k is the coupling coefficient between the transmitting coil and the receiving coil, ω is the working angular frequency of the entire wireless energy transmission device, L _t is the self-inductance of the transmitting coil, R _pt is the loss resistance of the transmitting coil, L _r is the self-inductance of the receiving coil, R _pr is the loss resistance of the receiving coil, R _eqr is the best efficiency, etc. The effective receiving resistance, R _eqt is the equivalent transmitting resistance with the best efficiency, X _eqr is the equivalent receiving reactance with the best efficiency, X _eqt is the equivalent transmitting reactance with the best efficiency, and j is the imaginary unit.

当效率最佳等效接收电阻R_eqr<接收负载电阻R_L时，通过效率调节接收网络，使接收负载阻抗Z_L等于效率最佳等效接收阻抗Z_eqr；当效率最佳等效发射电阻R_eqt<功率源最佳负载电阻R_s时，通过效率调节发射网络，使效率最佳等效发射阻抗Z_eqt等于功率源最佳负载阻抗Z_s；效率调节接收网络和效率调节发射网络采用的均是A类工作模式效率调节网络；A类工作模式效率调节网络采用的是两元件的AL1型效率调节网络、AL2型效率调节网络、AL3型效率调节网络或AL4型效率调节网络中的一种、或三元件的APi1型效率调节网络、APi2型效率调节网络、APi3型效率调节网络或APi4型效率调节网络中的一种，或三元件的AT1型效率调节网络、AT2型效率调节网络、AT3型效率调节网络、AT4型效率调节网络或AT5型效率调节网络中的一种。When the equivalent receiving resistance R _eqr of the best efficiency < the receiving load resistance R _L , adjust the receiving network through the efficiency to make the receiving load impedance Z _L equal to the equivalent receiving impedance Z _eqr of the best efficiency; when the equivalent transmitting resistance R of the best efficiency When _eqt < the optimal load resistance R _s of the power source, adjust the transmitting network through the efficiency, so that the equivalent transmitting impedance Z _eqt of the optimal efficiency is equal to the optimal load impedance Z _s of the power source; It is a class A working mode efficiency regulating network; the class A working mode efficiency regulating network adopts one of the two-component AL1 type efficiency regulating network, AL2 type efficiency regulating network, AL3 type efficiency regulating network or AL4 type efficiency regulating network, Or one of the three-element APi1-type efficiency regulation network, APi2-type efficiency regulation network, APi3-type efficiency regulation network or APi4-type efficiency regulation network, or the three-element AT1-type efficiency regulation network, AT2-type efficiency regulation network, AT3-type One of efficiency regulation network, AT4 type efficiency regulation network or AT5 type efficiency regulation network.

当效率最佳等效接收电阻R_eqr>接收负载电阻R_L时，通过所述效率调节接收网络，使接收负载阻抗Z_L等于效率最佳等效接收阻抗Z_eqr；当效率最佳等效发射电阻R_eqt>功率源最佳负载电阻R_s时，通过所述效率调节发射网络，使效率最佳等效发射阻抗Z_eqt等于功率源最佳负载阻抗Z_s；效率调节接收网络和效率调节发射网络采用的均是C类工作模式效率调节网络；C类工作模式效率调节网络采用的是两元件的CL1型效率调节网络或CL2型效率调节网络中的一种、三元件的CPi1型效率调节网络或CPi2型效率调节网络中的一种，或三元件的CT1型效率调节网络、CT2型效率调节网络、CT3型效率调节网络或CT4型效率调节网络中的一种。When the efficiency best equivalent receiving resistance R _eqr > receiving load resistance _RL , adjust the receiving network through the efficiency, so that the receiving load impedance Z _L is equal to the best efficiency equivalent receiving impedance Z _eqr ; when the best efficiency equivalent emission When the resistance R _eqt > the optimal load resistance R _s of the power source, the efficiency is adjusted through the transmitting network, so that the equivalent transmitting impedance Z _{eqt of} the optimal efficiency is equal to the optimal load impedance Z _s of the power source; the efficiency adjusting receiving network and the efficiency adjusting transmitting The network adopts the C-type work mode efficiency adjustment network; the C-type work mode efficiency adjustment network adopts one of the two-element CL1-type efficiency adjustment network or CL2-type efficiency adjustment network, and the three-element CPi1-type efficiency adjustment network Or one of the CPi2-type efficiency regulation networks, or one of the three-element CT1-type efficiency regulation network, CT2-type efficiency regulation network, CT3-type efficiency regulation network or CT4-type efficiency regulation network.

当效率最佳等效接收电阻R_eqr=接收负载电阻R_L时，通过所述效率调节接收网络，使接收负载阻抗Z_L等于效率最佳等效接收阻抗Z_eqr；当效率最佳等效发射电阻R_eqt=功率源最佳负载电阻R_s时，通过所述效率调节发射网络，使效率最佳等效发射阻抗Z_eqt等于功率源最佳负载阻抗Z_s；效率调节接收网络和效率调节发射网络采用的均是B类工作模式效率调节网络；B类工作模式效率调节网络采用的是一元件的B1型效率调节网络或B2型效率调节网络中的一种。When the efficiency best equivalent receiving resistance R _eqr = receiving load resistance _RL , adjust the receiving network through the efficiency, so that the receiving load impedance Z _L is equal to the best efficiency equivalent receiving impedance Z _eqr ; when the best efficiency equivalent emission When the resistance R _eqt = the optimal load resistance R _s of the power source, the efficiency is adjusted through the transmission network, so that the efficiency optimal equivalent emission impedance Z _eqt is equal to the power source optimal load impedance Z _s ; the efficiency adjustment receiving network and the efficiency adjustment emission The network adopts the B-type work mode efficiency regulation network; the B-type work mode efficiency regulation network adopts one of the one-component B1-type efficiency regulation network or B2-type efficiency regulation network.

上述接收负载可以为待供电设备和/或充电设备。The above-mentioned receiving load may be a device to be powered and/or a charging device.

上述功率源采用的是射频电源。The power source mentioned above is a radio frequency power source.

本发明的发射线圈和接收线圈谐振在同一频率，能量能在这两个线圈之间有效地传输，不会被周围的非谐振频率点上的物体所吸收，在这两个线圈之间的距离较大的情况下（即耦合系数k较低的情况下）也拥有良好的传输效率；本发明具有可调性，改变效率调节接收网络及效率调节发射网络中元件的参数，使得本发明可以适用于任何大小的负载和任何输出负载的功率源，做到在任何距离下（即任何耦合系数k）都保持最高佳输效率；且本发明结构简单易于制造和使用，适合批量制造和推广。The transmitting coil and the receiving coil of the present invention resonate at the same frequency, energy can be effectively transmitted between these two coils, and will not be absorbed by objects at surrounding non-resonant frequency points, the distance between these two coils In the larger case (that is, when the coupling coefficient k is low), it also has good transmission efficiency; the present invention has adjustability, changing the parameters of the elements in the efficiency-adjusting receiving network and the efficiency-adjusting transmitting network, so that the present invention can be applied The power source for any size load and any output load can maintain the best transmission efficiency at any distance (that is, any coupling coefficient k); and the invention has a simple structure, is easy to manufacture and use, and is suitable for mass production and promotion.

附图说明Description of drawings

下面结合附图和具体实施方式来详细说明本发明；The present invention is described in detail below in conjunction with accompanying drawing and specific embodiment;

图1为本发明的整体结构示意图；Fig. 1 is the overall structure schematic diagram of the present invention;

图2为本发明的AL1型效率调节网络结构示意图；Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the AL1 type efficiency regulation network of the present invention;

图3为本发明的AL2型效率调节网络结构示意图；Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the AL2 type efficiency regulation network of the present invention;

图4为本发明的AL3型效率调节网络结构示意图；Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the AL3 type efficiency regulation network of the present invention;

图5为本发明的AL4型效率调节网络结构示意图；Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the AL4 type efficiency regulation network of the present invention;

图6为本发明的APi1型效率调节网络结构示意图；Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of the APi1 type efficiency regulation network structure of the present invention;

图7为本发明的APi2型效率调节网络结构示意图；Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the APi2 type efficiency regulation network of the present invention;

图8为本发明的APi3型效率调节网络结构示意图；Fig. 8 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the APi3 type efficiency regulation network of the present invention;

图9为本发明的APi4型效率调节网络结构示意图；Fig. 9 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the APi4 type efficiency regulation network of the present invention;

图10为本发明的AT1型效率调节网络结构示意图；Fig. 10 is a schematic diagram of the AT1 efficiency regulation network structure of the present invention;

图11为本发明的AT2型效率调节网络结构示意图；Fig. 11 is a schematic diagram of the AT2 efficiency regulation network structure of the present invention;

图12为本发明的AT3型效率调节网络结构示意图；Fig. 12 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the AT3 type efficiency regulation network of the present invention;

图13为本发明的AT4型效率调节网络结构示意图；Fig. 13 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the AT4 type efficiency regulation network of the present invention;

图14为本发明的AT5型效率调节网络结构示意图；Fig. 14 is a schematic diagram of the AT5 efficiency regulation network structure of the present invention;

图15为本发明的CL1型效率调节网络结构示意图；Fig. 15 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the CL1 type efficiency regulation network of the present invention;

图16为本发明的CL2型效率调节网络结构示意图；Fig. 16 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the CL2 type efficiency regulation network of the present invention;

图17为本发明的CPi1型效率调节网络结构示意图；Fig. 17 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the CPi1 type efficiency regulation network of the present invention;

图18为本发明的CPi2型效率调节网络结构示意图；Fig. 18 is a schematic diagram of the CPi2 type efficiency regulation network structure of the present invention;

图19为本发明的CT1型效率调节网络结构示意图；Fig. 19 is a schematic diagram of the CT1 efficiency regulation network structure of the present invention;

图20为本发明的CT2型效率调节网络结构示意图；Fig. 20 is a schematic diagram of the CT2 efficiency regulation network structure of the present invention;

图21为本发明的CT3型效率调节网络结构示意图；Fig. 21 is a schematic diagram of the CT3 efficiency regulation network structure of the present invention;

图22为本发明的CT4型效率调节网络结构示意图；Fig. 22 is a schematic diagram of the CT4 efficiency regulation network structure of the present invention;

图23为本发明的B1型效率调节网络结构示意图；Fig. 23 is a schematic diagram of the B1-type efficiency regulation network structure of the present invention;

图24为本发明的B2型效率调节网络结构示意图；Figure 24 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the B2-type efficiency regulation network of the present invention;

图25（a）是一个固定电容和可变电容的并联；Figure 25(a) is a parallel connection of a fixed capacitor and a variable capacitor;

图25（b）是固定电容和可变电容的串联；Figure 25(b) is a series connection of fixed capacitors and variable capacitors;

图25(c)是一个固定电容和可变电容的并联，然后再和一个固定电容并联；Figure 25(c) is a parallel connection of a fixed capacitor and a variable capacitor, and then connected in parallel with a fixed capacitor;

图25（d）是一个固定电容和一个可变电容串联，然后再和一个固定电容并联；Figure 25(d) is a fixed capacitor connected in series with a variable capacitor, and then connected in parallel with a fixed capacitor;

图26(a)是一个可变电容和一个固定电感并联；Figure 26(a) is a parallel connection of a variable capacitor and a fixed inductor;

图26（b）是一个可变电容和固定电感串联；Figure 26(b) is a variable capacitor connected in series with a fixed inductor;

图26（c）是一个可变电容和一个固定电容并联，然后再和一个固定电感串联；Figure 26(c) is a variable capacitor connected in parallel with a fixed capacitor, and then connected in series with a fixed inductor;

图26（d）是一个可变电容和固定电感的串联，然后再和一个固定电容并联；Figure 26(d) is a series connection of a variable capacitor and a fixed inductor, and then connected in parallel with a fixed capacitor;

图27是实施例1的结构示意图；Figure 27 is a schematic structural view of Embodiment 1;

图28是实例1中传输效率efficiency随耦合系数k的变化关系图；Fig. 28 is a graph showing the variation of transmission efficiency efficiency with coupling coefficient k in Example 1;

图29是实例1中两个直径为30cm的、线径为2.5mm的匝数为3匝的螺线线圈相对d距离放置时，耦合系数k随距离distance变化的关系图；Fig. 29 is a relationship diagram of coupling coefficient k changing with distance when two helical coils with a diameter of 30 cm and a wire diameter of 2.5 mm and a number of turns of 3 turns are placed relative to a distance d in Example 1;

图30是实例1中两个直径为30cm的、线径为2.5mm的匝数为3匝的螺线线圈相对d距离放置时，传输效率efficiency随距离distance变化的关系图；Fig. 30 is a relationship diagram of transmission efficiency efficiency changing with distance when two helical coils with a diameter of 30 cm and a wire diameter of 2.5 mm and a number of turns of 3 turns in Example 1 are placed relative to a distance d;

图31是实例1中当k分别等于0.1，0.03，0.01，0.001时，效率调节网络优化出四组参数后的电路传输特性，即传输效率efficiency随耦合系数k变化的关系图；Fig. 31 is the circuit transmission characteristics after four sets of parameters are optimized by the efficiency adjustment network when k is respectively equal to 0.1, 0.03, 0.01, and 0.001 in Example 1, that is, the relationship diagram of the transmission efficiency efficiency changing with the coupling coefficient k;

图32是实例1中当k分别等于0.1，0.03，0.01，0.001时，效率调节网络优化出四组参数后的电路传输特性，即传输效率efficiency随距离distance变化的关系图；Fig. 32 is the circuit transmission characteristics after four sets of parameters are optimized by the efficiency adjustment network when k is equal to 0.1, 0.03, 0.01, and 0.001 in Example 1, that is, the relationship diagram of the transmission efficiency efficiency changing with the distance;

图33是实例2中传输效率efficiency随耦合系数k的变化关系图；Fig. 33 is the relationship diagram of the variation of the transmission efficiency efficiency with the coupling coefficient k in Example 2;

图34是实例2中传输效率efficiency随距离distance的变化关系图；Fig. 34 is a diagram showing the variation of transmission efficiency efficiency with distance in Example 2;

图35是实施例3的结构示意图；Figure 35 is a schematic structural view of Embodiment 3;

图36是无线能量传输装置演示样机的示意图；Fig. 36 is a schematic diagram of a demonstration prototype of a wireless energy transmission device;

图37（a）是两个线圈相互垂直的相互摆放方式；Figure 37(a) is the arrangement of two coils perpendicular to each other;

图37（b）是两个线圈相互倾斜有角度的相互摆放方式；Fig. 37(b) shows the mutual placement of the two coils at an angle;

图37（c）是两个线圈相互平行的相互摆放方式；Figure 37(c) is a mutual arrangement of two coils parallel to each other;

图37（d）是两个线圈相互正对的相互摆放方式；Figure 37(d) is the arrangement of two coils facing each other;

图38是无线能量传输在实际应用中的发射装置系统框图；Fig. 38 is a system block diagram of a transmitting device for wireless energy transmission in practical applications;

图39是无线能量传输在实际应用中的接收装置系统框图；Fig. 39 is a system block diagram of a receiving device for wireless energy transmission in practical applications;

图40是无线充电板的示意图；Figure 40 is a schematic diagram of a wireless charging pad;

图41（a）是基于本发明的一种可为小型电子设备如手机进行无线充电的多层无线充电架，本图是正在充电的情形；Figure 41(a) is a multi-layer wireless charging stand that can wirelessly charge small electronic devices such as mobile phones based on the present invention. This picture is the charging situation;

图41（b）是基于本发明的一种可为小型电子设备如手机进行无线充电的多层无线充电架，本图是打开第二层充电板的情形；Figure 41(b) is a multi-layer wireless charging stand that can wirelessly charge small electronic devices such as mobile phones based on the present invention. This figure shows the situation when the second layer of charging board is opened;

图42（a）是基于本发明的一种嵌有无线充电接收装置的手机，本图是从上方俯视图，可看到手机内边框的接收线圈；Figure 42(a) is a mobile phone embedded with a wireless charging receiving device based on the present invention. This figure is a top view from above, and the receiving coil of the inner frame of the mobile phone can be seen;

图42（b）是基于本发明的一种嵌有无线充电接收装置的手机，本图是从下方仰视图，可看到手机内边框的接收线圈；Figure 42(b) is a mobile phone embedded with a wireless charging receiving device based on the present invention. This figure is a bottom view from the bottom, and the receiving coil of the inner frame of the mobile phone can be seen;

图43（a）是基于本发明的一种嵌有无线充电接收装置的笔记本，本图是从下方仰视图，可看到笔记本内边框的接收线圈；Figure 43(a) is a notebook embedded with a wireless charging receiving device based on the present invention. This figure is a bottom view from the bottom, and the receiving coil of the inner frame of the notebook can be seen;

图43（b）是基于本发明的一种嵌有无线充电接收装置的笔记本，本图是从上方俯视图，可看到笔记本内边框的接收线圈；Figure 43(b) is a notebook embedded with a wireless charging receiving device based on the present invention. This figure is a top view from above, and the receiving coil of the inner frame of the notebook can be seen;

图44是带有无线能量传输发射装置的桌子的示意图；Fig. 44 is a schematic diagram of a table with a wireless energy transmission transmitter;

图45(a)是一种由多个正六边形的线圈按照蜂窝状的排列方式排列成的发射线圈组；Fig. 45(a) is a transmitting coil group composed of a plurality of regular hexagonal coils arranged in a honeycomb arrangement;

图45（b）是一种由多个正方形的线圈按照正方阵列的方式排列的发射线圈组；Figure 45(b) is a transmitting coil group in which a plurality of square coils are arranged in a square array;

图46是装有多个无线能量传输发射装置的房间的示意图；Fig. 46 is a schematic diagram of a room equipped with multiple wireless energy transmission transmitting devices;

图47（a）是基于本发明的一种嵌有无线充电接收装置的小汽车，可看到小汽车的底盘下装有一个接收线圈；Figure 47(a) is a car embedded with a wireless charging receiving device based on the present invention. It can be seen that a receiving coil is installed under the chassis of the car;

图47（b）是基于本发明的一种嵌有无线充电接收装置的小汽车，可看到小汽车的底盘下装有多个接收线圈；Figure 47(b) is a car embedded with a wireless charging receiving device based on the present invention. It can be seen that there are multiple receiving coils installed under the chassis of the car;

图48（a）是基于本发明的一种嵌有无线充电接收装置的公共汽车，可看到公共汽车的底盘下装有一个接收线圈；Figure 48(a) is a bus embedded with a wireless charging receiving device based on the present invention. It can be seen that a receiving coil is installed under the chassis of the bus;

图48（b）是基于本发明的一种嵌有无线充电接收装置的公共汽车，可看到公共汽车的底盘下装有多个接收线圈；Figure 48(b) is a bus embedded with a wireless charging receiving device based on the present invention. It can be seen that there are multiple receiving coils installed under the chassis of the bus;

图49（a）是基于本发明的一种嵌有无线充电接收装置的电动自行车，可看到电动自行车的底盘下装有一个接收线圈，本图是侧视图；Figure 49(a) is an electric bicycle embedded with a wireless charging receiving device based on the present invention. It can be seen that a receiving coil is installed under the chassis of the electric bicycle. This figure is a side view;

图49（b）是基于本发明的一种嵌有无线充电接收装置的电动自行车，可看到电动自行车的底盘下装有一个接收线圈，本图是仰视图；Figure 49(b) is an electric bicycle embedded with a wireless charging receiving device based on the present invention. It can be seen that a receiving coil is installed under the chassis of the electric bicycle. This figure is a bottom view;

图50（a）是一个公共停车场，每个停车位的地下都嵌有无线充电装置，当带有无线充电装置的汽车停在这样的停车位上时，就可以进行无线充电；Figure 50(a) is a public parking lot, each parking space has a wireless charging device embedded underground, and when a car with a wireless charging device is parked in such a parking space, wireless charging can be performed;

图50（b）是一个家用停车场，每个停车位的地下都嵌有无线充电装置，当带有无线充电装置的汽车停在这样的停车位上时，就可以进行无线充电；Figure 50(b) is a home parking lot, each parking space has a wireless charging device embedded in the ground, when a car with a wireless charging device is parked in such a parking space, wireless charging can be performed;

图51是装有无线能量传输发射装置的无线充电公路；Figure 51 is a wireless charging road equipped with a wireless energy transmission transmitter;

图52(a1)是正方形的发射线圈和接收线圈的样式的示意图；Fig. 52(a1) is a schematic diagram of the pattern of a square transmitting coil and a receiving coil;

图52(b1)是圆形的发射线圈和接收线圈的样式的示意图；Fig. 52(b1) is a schematic diagram of a circular transmitting coil and a receiving coil;

图52(c1)是六边形的发射线圈和接收线圈的样式的示意图；Fig. 52 (c1) is a schematic diagram of the pattern of the hexagonal transmitting coil and receiving coil;

图52(d1)是菱形的发射线圈和接收线圈的样式的示意图；Figure 52 (d1) is a schematic diagram of the pattern of the diamond-shaped transmitting coil and receiving coil;

图52(e1)是椭圆形的发射线圈和接收线圈的样式的示意图；Fig. 52 (e1) is a schematic diagram of the pattern of the elliptical transmitting coil and receiving coil;

图52(f1)是长方形的发射线圈和接收线圈的样式的示意图；Fig. 52 (f1) is the schematic diagram of the pattern of rectangular transmitting coil and receiving coil;

图52(a2)是图52(a1)的侧视图；Fig. 52 (a2) is the side view of Fig. 52 (a1);

图52(b2)是图52(b1)的侧视图；Figure 52 (b2) is a side view of Figure 52 (b1);

图52(c2)是图52(c1)的侧视图；Figure 52 (c2) is a side view of Figure 52 (c1);

图52(d2)是图52(d1)的侧视图；Figure 52 (d2) is a side view of Figure 52 (d1);

图52(e2)是图52(e1)的侧视图；Figure 52 (e2) is a side view of Figure 52 (e1);

图52(f2)是图52(f1)的侧视图。Fig. 52(f2) is a side view of Fig. 52(f1).

具体实施方式Detailed ways

为使本发明实现的技术手段、创作特征、达成目的与功效易于明白了解，下面结合具体实施方式，进一步阐述本发明。In order to make the technical means, creative features, goals and effects achieved by the present invention easy to understand, the present invention will be further described below in conjunction with specific embodiments.

实施例1：Example 1:

参见图1，本发明包括功率源1、发射装置、接收装置和接收负载6。本实施例中，接收负载6可以是待供电设备和/或充电设备，如纯电阻也可以是含有电抗成分，可以是直接耗电的设备如灯泡，或者带有存储能量的设备如电池，或者边消耗、边存储的如带充电电池的电脑或手机等；功率源1采用的是射频电源。Referring to FIG. 1 , the present invention includes a power source 1 , a transmitting device, a receiving device and a receiving load 6 . In this embodiment, the receiving load 6 can be a device to be powered and/or a charging device, such as a pure resistance or a reactive component, a device that directly consumes power such as a light bulb, or a device with stored energy such as a battery, or While consuming and storing, such as a computer or mobile phone with a rechargeable battery; the power source 1 uses a radio frequency power supply.

其中，发射装置包括发射线圈3和效率调节发射网络2，发射线圈3连接效率调节发射网络2的Port2端口，功率源1连接效率调节发射网络2的Port1端口。Wherein, the transmitting device includes a transmitting coil 3 and an efficiency-adjusting transmitting network 2 , the transmitting coil 3 is connected to the Port2 port of the efficiency-adjusting transmitting network 2 , and the power source 1 is connected to the Port1 port of the efficiency-adjusting transmitting network 2 .

接收装置包括接收线圈4及效率调节接收网络5，接收线圈4连接效率调节接收网络5的Port2端口，接收负载6连接效率调节接收网络5的Port1端口。The receiving device includes a receiving coil 4 and an efficiency adjusting receiving network 5 , the receiving coil 4 is connected to the Port2 port of the efficiency adjusting receiving network 5 , and the receiving load 6 is connected to the Port1 port of the efficiency adjusting receiving network 5 .

发射线圈3和接收线圈4之间通过交变电磁场进行能量耦合。Energy coupling is performed between the transmitting coil 3 and the receiving coil 4 through an alternating electromagnetic field.

功率源最佳负载阻抗Z_s=R_s+jX_s，接收负载阻抗Z_L=R_L+jX_L。（为公知常识，此处不再赘述）Power source optimal load impedance Z _s =R _s +jX _s , receiving load impedance Z _L =R _L +jX _L . (It is common knowledge and will not be repeated here)

接收线圈4两端的效率最佳等效接收阻抗Efficiency optimal equivalent receiving impedance at both ends of the receiving coil 4

发射线圈3两端的效率最佳等效发射阻抗Efficiency Optimum Equivalent Transmitting Impedance at Both Ends of Transmitting Coil 3

功率源1输出到接收负载6的最大传输效率Maximum transmission efficiency from power source 1 output to receiving load 6

${η η}_{max max} = = \frac{\sqrt{\frac{{((kω kω))}^{22} {L L}_{t t} {L L}_{r r}}{{R R}_{pt pt} {R R}_{pr pr}} + + 11} - - 11}{\sqrt{\frac{{((kω kω))}^{22} {L L}_{t t} {L L}_{r r}}{{R R}_{pt pt} {R R}_{pr pr}} + + 11} + + 11};;$

其中，R_s是功率源最佳负载电阻，X_s是功率源最佳负载电抗，R_L是接收负载电阻，X_L是接收负载电抗，k是发射线圈3和接收线圈4之间的耦合系数，ω是整个无线能量传输装置的工作角频率，L_t是发射线圈自感，R_pt是发射线圈损耗电阻，L_r是接收线圈自感，R_pr是接收线圈损耗电阻，R_eqr是效率最佳等效接收电阻,R_eqt是效率最佳等效发射电阻，X_eqr是效率最佳等效接收电抗，X_eqt是效率最佳等效发射电抗，j是虚数单位。Among them, R _s is the optimal load resistance of the power source, X _s is the optimal load reactance of the power source, _RL is the receiving load resistance, X _L is the receiving load reactance, k is the coupling coefficient between the transmitting coil 3 and the receiving coil 4 , ω is the working angular frequency of the whole wireless energy transmission device, L _t is the self-inductance of the transmitting coil, R _pt is the loss resistance of the transmitting coil, L _r is the self-inductance of the receiving coil, R _pr is the loss resistance of the receiving coil, R _eqr is the most efficient The best equivalent receiving resistance, R _eqt is the equivalent transmitting resistance with the best efficiency, X _eqr is the equivalent receiving reactance with the best efficiency, X _eqt is the equivalent transmitting reactance with the best efficiency, and j is the imaginary unit.

以上公式是通过以下步骤得到的：The above formula is obtained through the following steps:

（1）确定本发明工作的频率f或者角频率ω=2πf。(1) Determine the working frequency f or angular frequency ω=2πf of the present invention.

（2）通过直接或者间接的测量方法如LCR测量仪（用来测试电感和电容），阻抗分析仪，Q表等分析得到在工作频率下，发射线圈3和接收线圈4的各个参数：发射线圈自感L_t，发射线圈损耗电阻R_pt，接收线圈自感L_r，接收线圈损耗电阻R_pr，和要传输能量的相对位置下发射线圈3和接收线圈4的互感M，计算得到耦合系数k(2) Through direct or indirect measurement methods such as LCR measuring instrument (used to test inductance and capacitance), impedance analyzer, Q meter, etc., the parameters of transmitting coil 3 and receiving coil 4 are obtained at the working frequency: transmitting coil The self-inductance L _t , the loss resistance R _pt of the transmitting coil, the self-inductance L _r of the receiving coil, the loss resistance R _pr of the receiving coil, and the mutual inductance M of the transmitting coil 3 and the receiving coil 4 at the relative position where the energy is to be transmitted are calculated to obtain the coupling coefficient k

$k k = = \frac{M m}{\sqrt{{L L}_{t t} {L L}_{r r}}}$

为表述方便，本发明用Z_r表示整个接收端的阻抗，在工作频率处，Z_r=R′_L+R_pr,其中R′_L表示实际负载经过效率调节接收网络5后的等效负载的实部的大小；用Z_t表示接收线圈4耦合到发射线圈3的等效阻抗。在工作频率处，For the convenience of expression, the present invention uses Z _r to represent the impedance of the entire receiving end. At the operating frequency, Z _r =R′ _L +R _pr , where R′ _L represents the actual load of the equivalent load after the actual load passes through the efficiency-adjusted receiving network 5 The size of the department; use Z _t to represent the equivalent impedance of the receiving coil 4 coupled to the transmitting coil 3 . At the operating frequency,

${Z Z}_{t t} = = \frac{{ω ω}^{22} {M m}^{22}}{{Z Z}_{r r}} = = {k k}^{22} {ω ω}^{22} {L L}_{t t} {L L}_{r r} \cdot &Center Dot; \frac{11}{{Z Z}_{r r}}$

$η η = = \frac{{R R}_{L L}^{' '}}{{Z Z}_{r r}} \cdot &Center Dot; \frac{{Z Z}_{t t}}{{Z Z}_{t t} + + {R R}_{pt pt}} = = \frac{{R R}_{L L}^{' '}}{{R R}_{L L}^{' '} + + {R R}_{pr pr}} \cdot &Center Dot; \frac{{k k}^{22} {ω ω}^{22} {L L}_{t t} {L L}_{r r} \cdot \cdot \frac{11}{{Z Z}_{r r}}}{{k k}^{22} {ω ω}^{22} {L L}_{t t} {L L}_{r r} \cdot &Center Dot; \frac{11}{{Z Z}_{r r}} + + {R R}_{pt pt}} = = \frac{{R R}_{L L}^{' '}}{{R R}_{L L}^{' '} + + {R R}_{pr pr}} \cdot &Center Dot; \frac{{k k}^{22} {ω ω}^{22} {L L}_{t t} {L L}_{r r}}{{k k}^{22} {ω ω}^{22} {L L}_{t t} {L L}_{r r} + + {R R}_{pt pt} (({R R}_{L L}^{' '} + + {R R}_{pr pr}))}$

对R′_L求导， $\frac{&PartialD; η}{&PartialD; R_{L}^{\cdot}} = 0,$ 得当 $R_{L}^{'} = \sqrt{\frac{R_{pr}}{R_{pt}} k^{2} ω^{2} L_{t} L_{r} + {R_{pr}}^{2}}$ 时效率最大Derivative with respect to R′ _L , $\frac{&PartialD; η}{&PartialD; R_{L}^{&Center Dot;}} = 0,$ appropriate $R_{L}^{'} = \sqrt{\frac{R_{pr}}{R_{pt}} k^{2} ω^{2} L_{t} L_{r} + {R_{pr}}^{2}}$ maximum efficiency

${η η}_{max max} = = \frac{\sqrt{\frac{{R R}_{pr pr}}{{R R}_{pt pt}} {k k}^{22} {ω ω}^{22} {L L}_{t t} {L L}_{r r} + + {R R}_{pr pr}^{22}} \cdot \cdot {k k}^{22} {ω ω}^{22} {L L}_{t t} {L L}_{r r}}{((\sqrt{\frac{{R R}_{pr pr}}{{R R}_{pt pt}} {k k}^{22} {ω ω}^{22} {L L}_{t t} {L L}_{r r} + + {R R}_{pr pr}^{22}} + + {R R}_{pr pr})) \cdot \cdot [[{k k}^{22} {ω ω}^{22} {L L}_{t t} {L L}_{r r} + + {R R}_{pt pt} ((\sqrt{\frac{{R R}_{pr pr}}{{R R}_{pt pt}} {k k}^{22} {ω ω}^{22} {L L}_{t t} {L L}_{r r} + + {R R}_{pr pr}^{22}} + + {R R}_{pr pr}))]]}$

因此效率调节接收网络5应当将R′_L调节到Z_eqr，其中Therefore the efficiency adjustment receiving network 5 should adjust R' _L to Z _eqr , where

${Z Z}_{eqr eqr} = = \sqrt{\frac{{R R}_{pr pr}}{{R R}_{pt pt}} {k k}^{22} {ω ω}^{22} {L L}_{t t} {L L}_{r r} + + {R R}_{pr pr}^{22}} - - jω jω {L L}_{22} = = {R R}_{eqr eqr} + + j j {X x}_{eqr eqr}$

又显而易见，And obviously,

${Z Z}_{eqt eqt} = = {Z Z}_{t t} + + {R R}_{pt pt} + + jω jω {L L}_{t t} = = {k k}^{22} {ω ω}^{22} {L L}_{t t} {L L}_{r r} \cdot &Center Dot; \frac{11}{{R R}_{eqr eqr} + + {R R}_{pr pr}} + + {R R}_{pt pt} + + jω jω {L L}_{t t}$

$= = \frac{{R R}_{pt pt}}{{R R}_{pr pr}} \cdot &Center Dot; ((\sqrt{\frac{{R R}_{pr pr}}{{R R}_{pt pt}} {k k}^{22} {ω ω}^{22} {L L}_{t t} {L L}_{r r} + + {R R}_{pr pr}^{22}} - - {R R}_{pr pr})) + + {R R}_{pt pt} + + jω jω {L L}_{t t}$

$= = \sqrt{\frac{{R R}_{pt pt}}{{R R}_{pr pr}} {k k}^{22} {ω ω}^{22} {L L}_{t t} {L L}_{r r} + + {R R}_{pt pt}^{22}} + + jω jω {L L}_{t t} = = {R R}_{eqt eqt} + + j j {X x}_{eqt eqt}$

${η η}_{max max} = = \frac{{R R}_{eqt eqt} - - {R R}_{pt pt}}{{R R}_{eqt eqt}} \cdot \cdot \frac{{R R}_{eqr eqr}}{{R R}_{eqr eqr} + + {R R}_{pr pr}}$

$= = \frac{\sqrt{\frac{{R R}_{pt pt}}{{R R}_{pr pr}} {k k}^{22} {ω ω}^{22} {L L}_{t t} {L L}_{r r} + + {R R}_{pt pt}^{22}} - - {R R}_{pt pt}}{\sqrt{\frac{{R R}_{pt pt}}{{R R}_{pr pr}} {k k}^{22} {ω ω}^{22} {L L}_{t t} {L L}_{r r} + + {R R}_{pt pt}^{22}}} \cdot &Center Dot; \frac{\sqrt{\frac{{R R}_{pr pr}}{{R R}_{pt pt}} {k k}^{22} {ω ω}^{22} {L L}_{t t} {L L}_{r r} + + {R R}_{pr pr}^{22}}}{\sqrt{\frac{{R R}_{pr pr}}{{R R}_{pt pt}} {k k}^{22} {ω ω}^{22} {L L}_{t t} {L L}_{r r} + + {R R}_{pr pr}^{22}} + + {R R}_{pr pr}}$

$= = \frac{\sqrt{\frac{{((kω kω))}^{22} {L L}_{t t} {L L}_{r r}}{{R R}_{pt pt} {R R}_{pr pr}} + + 11} - - 11}{\sqrt{\frac{{((kω kω))}^{22} {L L}_{t t} {L L}_{r r}}{{R R}_{pt pt} {R R}_{pr pr}} + + 11} + + 11}$

通过以上推导，可得出接收线圈4两端的效率最佳等效接收阻抗Z_eqr和此时发射线圈3两端的效率最佳等效发射阻抗Z_eqt为Through the above derivation, it can be obtained that the efficiency optimal equivalent receiving impedance Z _eqr at the two ends of the receiving coil 4 and the optimal efficiency equivalent transmitting impedance Z _eqt at the two ends of the transmitting coil 3 are as follows:

${Z Z}_{eqr eqr} = = \sqrt{\frac{{((kω kω \sqrt{{L L}_{t t} {L L}_{r r}}))}^{22} {R R}_{pr pr} + + {R R}_{pt pt} + + {R R}_{pr pr}^{22}}{{R R}_{pt pt}}} - - jω jω {L L}_{r r} = = {R R}_{eqr eqr} + + j j {X x}_{eqr eqr}$

${Z Z}_{eqt eqt} = = \sqrt{\frac{{((kω kω \sqrt{{L L}_{t t} {L L}_{r r}}))}^{22} {R R}_{pt pt} + + {R R}_{pr pr} + + {R R}_{pt pt}^{22}}{{R R}_{pr pr}}} + + jω jω {L L}_{t t} = = {R R}_{eqt eqt} + + j j {X x}_{eqt eqt}$

最后给出在给定耦合系数k、频率f、发射线圈自感L_t，发射线圈损耗电阻R_pt，接收线圈自感L_r，接收线圈损耗电阻R_pr的情况下，无线能量传输装置所能达到的最大传输效率Finally, given the coupling coefficient k, frequency f, transmitting coil self-inductance L _t , transmitting coil loss resistance R _pt , receiving coil self-inductance L _r , and receiving coil loss resistance R _pr , the wireless energy transmission device can The maximum transmission efficiency achieved

${η η}_{max max} = = \frac{\sqrt{\frac{{((kω kω))}^{22} {L L}_{t t} {L L}_{r r}}{{R R}_{pt pt} {R R}_{pr pr}} + + 11} - - 11}{\sqrt{\frac{{((kω kω))}^{22} {L L}_{t t} {L L}_{r r}}{{R R}_{pt pt} {R R}_{pr pr}} + + 11}} . .$

为了方便分析，本发明仅分析功率源最佳负载阻抗Z_s为纯电阻R_s，接收负载阻抗Z_L为纯电阻R_L的情况，在复阻抗的情况下只需要串接一个电感或者电容就可以变成纯电阻了。For the convenience of analysis, the present invention only analyzes the case where the optimal load impedance Z _s of the power source is a pure resistance R _s , and the receiving load impedance Z _L is a pure resistance _RL . In the case of a complex impedance, only one inductor or capacitor needs to be connected in series. It can become a pure resistor.

当效率最佳等效接收电阻R_eqr<接收负载电阻R_L时，通过效率调节接收网络5，使接收负载阻抗Z_L等于效率最佳等效接收阻抗Z_eqr，即接收负载电阻R_L等于效率最佳等效接收电阻R_eqr，接收负载电抗X_L等于效率最佳等效接收电抗X_eqr。When the equivalent receiving resistance R _eqr with the best efficiency is less than the receiving load resistance R _L , adjust the receiving network 5 through the efficiency, so that the receiving load impedance Z _L is equal to the equivalent receiving impedance Z _eqr with the best efficiency, that is, the receiving load resistance R _L is equal to the efficiency The best equivalent receiving resistance R _eqr , the receiving load reactance X _L is equal to the best efficiency equivalent receiving reactance X _eqr .

当效率最佳等效发射电阻R_eqt<功率源最佳负载电阻R_s时，通过效率调节发射网络2，使效率最佳等效发射阻抗Z_eqt等于功率源最佳负载阻抗Z_s，即效率最佳等效发射电阻R_eqt等于功率源最佳负载电阻R_s，效率最佳等效发射电抗X_eqt等于功率源最佳负载电抗X_s。When the equivalent emission resistance R _eqt of the best efficiency is less than the best load resistance R _s of the power source, adjust the emission network 2 through the efficiency, so that the equivalent emission impedance Z _eqt of the best efficiency is equal to the best load impedance Z _s of the power source, that is, the efficiency The best equivalent emission resistance R _eqt is equal to the best load resistance R _s of the power source, and the best equivalent emission reactance X _eqt of efficiency is equal to the best load reactance X _s of the power source.

效率调节接收网络5和效率调节发射网络2采用的均是A类工作模式效率调节网络。Both the efficiency adjusting receiving network 5 and the efficiency adjusting transmitting network 2 adopt the efficiency adjusting network of the A working mode.

A类工作模式效率调节网络采用的是两元件的AL1型效率调节网络（参见图2，AL1型效率调节网络中元件参数是根据以下条件确定的：当AL1型效率调节网络作为效率调节发射网络：“效率最佳等效发射阻抗Z_eqt等于功率源最佳负载阻抗Z_s”；当AL1型效率调节网络作为效率调节接受网络：“接收负载阻抗Z_L等于效率最佳等效接收阻抗Z_eqr”。其结构设计为现有的设计，不在此处赘述）、AL2型效率调节网络（参见图3，同上）、AL3型效率调节网络（参见图4，同上）或AL4型效率调节网络（参见图5，同上）中的一种、或三元件的APi1型效率调节网络（参见图6，同上）、APi2型效率调节网络（参见图7，同上）、APi3型效率调节网络（参见图8，同上）或APi4型效率调节网络（参见图9，同上）中的一种，或三元件的AT1型效率调节网络（参见图10，同上）、AT2型效率调节网络（参见图11，同上）、AT3型效率调节网络（参见图12，同上）、AT4型效率调节网络（参见图13，同上）或AT5型效率调节网络（参见图14，同上）中的一种。The efficiency adjustment network of type A working mode adopts the AL1 type efficiency adjustment network of two components (see Figure 2, the component parameters in the AL1 type efficiency adjustment network are determined according to the following conditions: when the AL1 type efficiency adjustment network is used as the efficiency adjustment transmission network: "The best efficiency equivalent transmitting impedance Z _eqt is equal to the best power source load impedance Z _s "; when the AL1 type efficiency adjustment network is used as the efficiency adjustment receiving network: "The receiving load impedance Z _L is equal to the best efficiency equivalent receiving impedance Z _eqr " .Its structural design is the existing design and will not be repeated here), AL2 type efficiency regulation network (see Figure 3, same as above), AL3 type efficiency regulation network (see Figure 4, same as above) or AL4 type efficiency regulation network (see Figure 3 5, as above), or three-element APi1-type efficiency regulation network (see Figure 6, same as above), APi2-type efficiency regulation network (see Figure 7, same as above), APi3-type efficiency regulation network (see Figure 8, same as above ) or one of APi4-type efficiency regulation networks (see Figure 9, same as above), or three-element AT1-type efficiency regulation network (see Figure 10, same as above), AT2-type efficiency regulation network (see Figure 11, same as above), AT3 Type efficiency regulation network (see Fig. 12, same as above), AT4 type efficiency regulation network (see Fig. 13, same as above) or AT5 type efficiency regulation network (see Fig. 14, same as above).

当效率最佳等效接收电阻R_eqr>接收负载电阻R_L时，通过效率调节接收网络5，使接收负载阻抗Z_L等于效率最佳等效接收阻抗Z_eqr，即接收负载电阻R_L等于效率最佳等效接收电阻R_eqr，接收负载电抗X_L等于效率最佳等效接收电抗X_eqr。When the equivalent receiving resistance R _eqr with the best efficiency > the receiving load resistance _RL , adjust the receiving network 5 through the efficiency, so that the receiving load impedance Z _L is equal to the equivalent receiving impedance Z _eqr with the best efficiency, that is, the receiving load resistance _RL is equal to the efficiency The best equivalent receiving resistance R _eqr , the receiving load reactance X _L is equal to the best efficiency equivalent receiving reactance X _eqr .

当效率最佳等效发射电阻R_eqt>功率源最佳负载电阻R_s时，通过效率调节发射网络2，使效率最佳等效发射阻抗Z_eqt等于功率源最佳负载阻抗Z_s，即效率最佳等效发射电阻R_eqt等于功率源最佳负载电阻R_s，效率最佳等效发射电抗X_eqt等于功率源最佳负载电抗X_s。When the equivalent emission resistance R _eqt of the best efficiency > the best load resistance R _s of the power source, adjust the emission network 2 through the efficiency, so that the equivalent emission impedance Z _eqt of the best efficiency is equal to the best load impedance Z _s of the power source, that is, the efficiency The best equivalent emission resistance R _eqt is equal to the best load resistance R _s of the power source, and the best equivalent emission reactance X _eqt of efficiency is equal to the best load reactance X _s of the power source.

效率调节接收网络5和效率调节发射网络2采用的均是C类工作模式效率调节网络。Both the efficiency adjusting receiving network 5 and the efficiency adjusting transmitting network 2 are efficiency adjusting networks of the C type working mode.

C类工作模式效率调节网络采用的是两元件的CL1型效率调节网络（参见图15，同上）或CL2型效率调节网络（参见图16，同上）中的一种、或三元件的CPi1型效率调节网络（参见图17，同上）或CPi2型效率调节网络（参见图18，同上）中的一种，或三元件的CT1型效率调节网络（参见图19，同上）、CT2型效率调节网络（参见图20，同上）、CT3型效率调节网络（参见图21，同上）或CT4型效率调节网络（参见图22，同上）中的一种。Type C working mode efficiency adjustment network adopts one of the two-element CL1-type efficiency adjustment network (see Figure 15, same as above) or CL2-type efficiency adjustment network (see Figure 16, same as above), or the three-element CPi1 type efficiency Regulatory network (see Figure 17, same as above) or CPi2-type efficiency regulating network (see Figure 18, same as above), or three-element CT1-type efficiency regulating network (see Figure 19, same as above), CT2-type efficiency regulating network ( See Fig. 20, same as above), CT3 type efficiency regulating network (see Fig. 21, same as above) or CT4 type efficiency regulating network (see Fig. 22, same as above).

当效率最佳等效接收电阻R_eqr=接收负载电阻R_L时，通过效率调节接收网络5，使接收负载阻抗Z_L等于效率最佳等效接收阻抗Z_eqr，即接收负载电阻R_L等于效率最佳等效接收电阻R_eqr，接收负载电抗X_L等于效率最佳等效接收电抗X_eqr。When the best efficiency equivalent receiving resistance R _eqr = receiving load resistance _RL , adjust the receiving network 5 through the efficiency, so that the receiving load impedance Z _L is equal to the best efficiency equivalent receiving impedance Z _eqr , that is, the receiving load resistance _RL is equal to the efficiency The best equivalent receiving resistance R _eqr , the receiving load reactance X _L is equal to the best efficiency equivalent receiving reactance X _eqr .

当效率最佳等效发射电阻R_eqt=功率源最佳负载电阻R_s时，通过效率调节发射网络2，使效率最佳等效发射阻抗Z_eqt等于功率源最佳负载阻抗Z_s，即效率最佳等效发射电阻R_eqt等于功率源最佳负载电阻R_s，效率最佳等效发射电抗X_eqt等于功率源最佳负载电抗X_s。When the equivalent emission resistance R _eqt of the best efficiency = the best load resistance R _s of the power source, adjust the emission network 2 through the efficiency, so that the equivalent emission impedance Z _eqt of the best efficiency is equal to the best load impedance Z _s of the power source, that is, the efficiency The best equivalent emission resistance R _eqt is equal to the best load resistance R _s of the power source, and the best equivalent emission reactance X _eqt of efficiency is equal to the best load reactance X _s of the power source.

效率调节接收网络5和效率调节发射网络2采用的是B类工作模式效率调节网络。The efficiency adjusting receiving network 5 and the efficiency adjusting transmitting network 2 adopt the efficiency adjusting network of the class B working mode.

B类工作模式效率调节网络采用的均是一元件的B1型效率调节网络（参见图23，同上）或B2型效率调节网络（参见图24，同上）中的一种。The efficiency adjustment network of the B-type working mode adopts one of the one-element B1-type efficiency adjustment network (see FIG. 23 , the same as above) or the B2-type efficiency adjustment network (see FIG. 24 , the same as above).

因此整个无线能量传输装置可工作在九种状态中，其中，Therefore, the entire wireless energy transmission device can work in nine states, among which,

当Reqr<RL且Reqt<Rs时，整个无线能量传输装置工作在状态A-A；When Reqr<RL and Reqt<Rs, the entire wireless energy transmission device works in state A-A;

当Reqr<RL且Reqt=Rs时，整个无线能量传输装置工作在状态A-B；When Reqr<RL and Reqt=Rs, the entire wireless energy transmission device works in state A-B;

当Reqr<RL且Reqt>Rs时，整个无线能量传输装置工作在状态A-C；When Reqr<RL and Reqt>Rs, the entire wireless energy transmission device works in state A-C;

当Reqr=RL且Reqt<Rs时，整个无线能量传输装置工作在状态B-A；When Reqr=RL and Reqt<Rs, the entire wireless energy transmission device works in state B-A;

当Reqr=RL且Reqt=Rs时，整个无线能量传输装置工作在状态B-B；When Reqr=RL and Reqt=Rs, the entire wireless energy transmission device works in state B-B;

当Reqr=RL且Reqt>Rs时，整个无线能量传输装置工作在状态B-C；When Reqr=RL and Reqt>Rs, the entire wireless energy transmission device works in state B-C;

当Reqr>RL且Reqt<Rs时，整个无线能量传输装置工作在状态C-A；When Reqr>RL and Reqt<Rs, the entire wireless energy transmission device works in state C-A;

当Reqr>RL且Reqt=Rs时，整个无线能量传输装置工作在状态C-B；When Reqr>RL and Reqt=Rs, the entire wireless energy transmission device works in state C-B;

当Reqr>RL且Reqt>Rs时，整个无线能量传输装置工作在状态C-C。When Reqr>RL and Reqt>Rs, the entire wireless energy transmission device works in state C-C.

实际上四元件及更多元件所组成的效率调节网络，由于篇幅限制，在这里只列举两元件和三元件的，其他类型的效率调节网络的作用都是将接收负载电阻Z_L调节到效率最佳等效接收阻抗Z_eqr，将效率最佳等效发射阻抗Z_eqt调节到功率源最佳负载电阻Z_s，属于本发明的范畴。In fact, the efficiency adjustment network composed of four elements and more elements, due to space limitations, only two elements and three elements are listed here. The role of other types of efficiency adjustment networks is to adjust the receiving load resistance Z _L to the highest efficiency. The optimal equivalent receiving impedance Z _eqr , and the adjustment of the optimal efficiency equivalent transmitting impedance Z _eqt to the optimal load resistance Z _s of the power source belong to the scope of the present invention.

另外需要说明的是效率调节网络中的任何一个电容代表该元件是一个成容性的电抗，其组合可能有多种类型(参见图25（a）、25（b）、25（c）和25（d）)；任何一个电感代表该元件是一个成感性的电抗，其组合可能有多种类型（参见图26(a)、26(b)、26(c)和26(d)）。In addition, it should be noted that any capacitor in the efficiency adjustment network represents that the component is a capacitive reactance, and its combination may have many types (see Figure 25(a), 25(b), 25(c) and 25 (d)); any inductance means that the element is an inductive reactance, and its combination may have many types (see Figures 26(a), 26(b), 26(c) and 26(d)).

本实施例中，R_eqr<R_L且R_eqt<R_s，效率调节接收网络5和效率调节发射网络2采用的都是AL2型效率调节网络（参见图27）。In this embodiment, _Reqr < _RL and _Reqt <R _s , the efficiency adjustment receiving network 5 and the efficiency adjustment transmitting network 2 both use the AL2 type efficiency adjustment network (see FIG. 27 ).

具体电路参数为：L_t=6.4μH，L_r=6.4μH，R_pt=0.3ohm，R_pr=0.3ohm，R_L=100ohm，R_s=26ohm，k=0.03，f=4Mhz。The specific circuit parameters are: L _t =6.4μH, L _r =6.4μH, R _pt =0.3ohm, R _pr =0.3ohm, R _L =100ohm, R _s =26ohm, k=0.03, f=4Mhz.

这里本发明根据图所示推导出效率调节接收网络5中的C3和C4的解析解，用来将接收负载阻抗Z_L调节到效率最佳等效接收阻抗Z_eqr，也以通过smith圆图方式求得C3和C4。Here, the present invention deduces the analytical solutions of C3 and C4 in the efficiency adjustment receiving network 5 according to the figure, which is used to adjust the receiving load impedance Z _L to the equivalent receiving impedance Z _eqr with the best efficiency, also by means of the smith chart Find C3 and C4.

首先在接收端，从Port1看过去的等效阻抗为RL_eq+j*C_eq，其中RL_eq为等效阻抗的实部，C_eq为等效阻抗的虚部。First, at the receiving end, the equivalent impedance viewed from Port1 is RL _eq +j*C _eq , where RL _eq is the real part of the equivalent impedance, and C _eq is the imaginary part of the equivalent impedance.

${Rl Rl}_{eq eq} + + j j * * {C C}_{eq eq} = = \frac{(({R R}_{L L} + + \frac{11}{jω jω {C C}_{44}})) \frac{11}{jω jω {C C}_{33}}}{{R R}_{L L} + + \frac{11}{jω jω {C C}_{44}} + + \frac{11}{jω jω {C C}_{33}}} = = \frac{11 + + jω jω {C C}_{44} {R R}_{L L}}{- - {ω ω}^{22} {C C}_{44} {C C}_{33} {R R}_{L L} + + jω jω (({C C}_{33} + + {C C}_{44}))}$

其中in

${RL RL}_{eq eq} = = \frac{- - {C C}_{33} {C C}_{44} {R R}_{L L} + + {C C}_{44} {R R}_{L L} (({C C}_{33} + + {C C}_{44}))}{{ω ω}^{22} {C C}_{44}^{22} {C C}_{33}^{22} {R R}_{L L}^{22} + + {(({C C}_{33} + + {C C}_{44}))}^{22}} \approx \approx {R R}_{L L} {((\frac{{C C}_{44}}{{C C}_{33} + + {C C}_{44}}))}^{22}$

${C C}_{eq eq} = = \frac{{ω ω}^{22} {C C}_{44}^{22} {C C}_{33}^{22} {R R}_{L L}^{22} + + {(({C C}_{33} + + {C C}_{44}))}^{22}}{{ω ω}^{22} {C C}_{33} {C C}_{44}^{22} {R R}_{L L}^{22} + + (({C C}_{33} + + {C C}_{44}))} \approx \approx (({C C}_{33} + + {C C}_{44}))$

这里根据数量级判断 $(C_{3} + C_{4}) > > ω^{2} C_{3} C_{4}^{2} {R_{L}}^{2}; {(C_{3} + C_{4})}^{2} > > ω^{2} C_{4}^{2} C_{3}^{2} {R_{L}}^{2},$ 因此忽略高阶小项ω²C₄ ²C₃ ²R_L ²。由方程Judging by the magnitude here $(C_{3} + C_{4}) > > ω^{2} C_{3} C_{4}^{2} {R_{L}}^{2}; {(C_{3} + C_{4})}^{2} > > ω^{2} C_{4}^{2} C_{3}^{2} {R_{L}}^{2},$ Therefore ignore higher-order small terms ω ² C ₄ ² C ₃ ² R _L ² . by the equation

$\{\begin{matrix} \frac{{C C}_{44}}{{C C}_{33} + + {C C}_{44}} = = \sqrt{\frac{{R R}_{eq eq}}{{R R}_{L L}}} \\ {C C}_{33} + + {C C}_{44} = = \frac{11}{{ω ω}^{22} {L L}_{r r}} \end{matrix}$

解出 $\{\begin{matrix} C_{4} = \frac{\sqrt{R_{eqr}}}{R_{L}} \frac{1}{ω^{2} L_{r}} \\ C_{3} = \frac{1}{ω^{2} L_{r}} (1 - \sqrt{\frac{R_{eqr}}{R_{L}}}) \end{matrix}$ solve $\{\begin{matrix} C_{4} = \frac{\sqrt{R_{eqr}}}{R_{L}} \frac{1}{ω^{2} L_{r}} \\ C \\ _{3} = \frac{1}{ω^{2} L_{r}} (1 - \sqrt{\frac{R_{eqr}}{R_{L}}}) \end{matrix}$

其中， $R_{eqr} = \sqrt{\frac{R_{pr}}{R_{pt}} k^{2} \frac{L_{t}}{C_{3} + C_{4}} + {R_{pr}}^{2}} .$ in, $R_{eqr} = \sqrt{\frac{R_{pr}}{R_{pt}} k^{2} \frac{L_{t}}{C} + {R_{pr}}^{2}} .$

同样方法，本发明根据图所示推导出效率调节发射网络2中的C1和C2的解析解，用来将发射线圈3两端的效率最佳等效发射阻抗Z_eqt调节到功率源最佳负载阻抗Z_s，也以通过smith圆图方式求得C1和C2。In the same way, the present invention deduces the analytic solution of C1 and C2 in the efficiency adjustment transmission network 2 according to the figure shown, which is used to adjust the efficiency optimal equivalent transmission impedance Z _eqt at both ends of the transmission coil 3 to the optimal load impedance of the power source Z _s , C1 and C2 can also be obtained through the smith chart.

首先在发射端，从Port2看过去的等效阻抗如下：First, at the transmitting end, the equivalent impedance seen from Port2 is as follows:

${Z Z}_{in in} = = \frac{((R R + + jω jω {L L}_{t t})) \frac{11}{jω jω {C C}_{22}}}{R R + + jω jω {L L}_{t t} + + \frac{11}{jω jω {C C}_{22}}} + + \frac{11}{jω jω {C C}_{11}} = = \frac{R R + + jω jω {L L}_{t t}}{11 - - {ω ω}^{22} {L L}_{t t} {C C}_{22} + + jω jω {C C}_{22} R R} + + \frac{11}{jω jω {C C}_{11}}$

$= = \frac{R R ((11 - - {ω ω}^{22} {L L}_{t t} {C C}_{22})) + + {ω ω}^{22} {L L}_{t t} {C C}_{22} R R}{{((11 - - {ω ω}^{22} {L L}_{t t} {C C}_{22}))}^{22} + + {ω ω}^{22} {C C}_{22}^{22} {R R}^{22}} + + j j ((\frac{ω ω {L L}_{t t} ((11 - - {ω ω}^{22} {L L}_{t t} {C C}_{22})) - - ω ω {R R}^{22} {C C}_{22}}{{((11 - - {ω ω}^{22} {L L}_{t t} {C C}_{22}))}^{22} + + {ω ω}^{22} {C C}_{22}^{22} {R R}^{22}} - - \frac{11}{ω ω {C C}_{11}}))$

电路发生谐振时虚部为零必须满足When the circuit resonates, the imaginary part is zero and must satisfy

$\frac{ω ω {L L}_{t t} ((11 - - {ω ω}^{22} {L L}_{t t} {C C}_{22})) - - ω ω {R R}^{22} {C C}_{22}}{{((11 - - {ω ω}^{22} {L L}_{t t} {C C}_{22}))}^{22} + + {ω ω}^{22} {C C}_{22}^{22} {R R}^{22}} - - \frac{11}{ω ω {C C}_{11}} = = 00$

按ω降幂展开Expand in descending powers of ω

${L L}_{t t}^{22} {C C}_{22} (({C C}_{11} + + {C C}_{22})) {ω ω}^{44} + + (({R R}^{22} {C C}_{22}^{22} + + {R R}^{22} {C C}_{11} {C C}_{22} - - 22 {L L}_{t t} {C C}_{22} - - {L L}_{t t} {C C}_{11})) {ω ω}^{22} + + 11 = = 00$

忽略高阶小项

ignore higher-order minor terms

L_t ²C₂(C₁+C₂)ω⁴-(2L_tC₂+L_tC₁)ω²+1=0L _t ² C ₂ (C ₁ +C ₂ )ω ⁴ -(2L _t C ₂ +L _t C ₁ )ω ² +1=0

因式分解factorization

[L_t(C₁+C₂)ω²-1][L_tC₂ω²-1]=0[L _t (C ₁ +C ₂ )ω ² -1][L _t C ₂ ω ² -1]=0

得到get

带入到R_s的实部into the real part of R _s

${R R}_{s the s} = = \frac{{R R}_{eqt eqt}}{{((\frac{{C C}_{11}}{{C C}_{11} + + {C C}_{22}}))}^{22} + + {ω ω}^{22} {C C}_{22}^{22} {R R}_{eqt eqt}^{22}}$

忽略高阶小项

ignore higher-order minor terms

${R R}_{s the s} = = \frac{{R R}_{eqt eqt}}{{((\frac{{C C}_{11}}{{C C}_{11} + + {C C}_{22}}))}^{22}}$

得到get

$\{\begin{matrix} \frac{{C C}_{11}}{{C C}_{11} + + {C C}_{22}} = = \sqrt{\frac{{R R}_{eqt eqt}}{{R R}_{s the s}}} \\ {C C}_{11} + + {C C}_{22} = = \frac{11}{{ω ω}^{22} {L L}_{t t}} \end{matrix}$

解出solve

$\{\begin{matrix} {C C}_{11} = = \frac{\sqrt{{R R}_{eqt eqt}}}{{R R}_{s the s}} \frac{11}{{ω ω}^{22} {L L}_{t t}} \\ {C C}_{22} = = \frac{11}{{ω ω}^{22} {L L}_{t t}} ((11 - - \sqrt{\frac{{R R}_{eqt eqt}}{{R R}_{s the s}}})) \end{matrix}$

其中 $R_{eqt} = k^{2} \frac{L_{t}}{C_{3} + C_{4}} \cdot \frac{1}{(R_{eqr} + R_{pr})} + R_{pt} .$ in $R_{eqt} = k^{2} \frac{L_{t}}{C} &Center Dot; \frac{1}{(R_{eqr} + R_{pr})} + R_{pt} .$

通过以上公式，求得C1=137pF，C2=110pF，C3=177pF，C4=70pF。通过数值仿真，可以得出效率和耦合系数k的关系,参见图28,可以看出，在k=0.05时，传输效率达到92.87%，随着距离的增近，k增大，传输效率进一步提高，当k=0.3时达到96.25%,另外可以看出当k>0.01时，传输效率始终大于48%。Through the above formula, get C1=137pF, C2=110pF, C3=177pF, C4=70pF. Through numerical simulation, the relationship between efficiency and coupling coefficient k can be obtained. See Figure 28. It can be seen that when k=0.05, the transmission efficiency reaches 92.87%. As the distance increases, k increases and the transmission efficiency further improves , when k=0.3, it reaches 96.25%. In addition, it can be seen that when k>0.01, the transmission efficiency is always greater than 48%.

为了得出传输效率和传输距离的关系，这里本发明对两个直径为30cm的、线径为2.5mm的匝数为3匝的螺线线圈相对d距离放置的情形进行了三维电磁仿真，求出其自感L_t,L_r以及互感M，其自感L_t=L_r=6.4μH，通过耦合系数k和距离的关系，参见图29，可以看出，k随距离的增加成指数式下降，在一倍线圈直径距离下，耦合系数k约为0.28,两倍线圈直径距离下k约为0.006，三倍线圈直径距离下k约为0.002。In order to obtain the relationship between the transmission efficiency and the transmission distance, the present invention has carried out a three-dimensional electromagnetic simulation on the situation where two helical coils with a diameter of 30 cm and a wire diameter of 2.5 mm are placed at a distance of 3 turns relative to the distance d, and find that From its self-inductance L _t , L _r and mutual inductance M, its self-inductance L _t =L _r =6.4μH, through The relationship between the coupling coefficient k and the distance, see Figure 29, it can be seen that k decreases exponentially with the increase of the distance. At a distance of one coil diameter, the coupling coefficient k is about 0.28, and at a distance of twice the coil diameter, k is about 0.006, and k is about 0.002 at a distance of three times the coil diameter.

本发明可以得出效率和距离的关系，如图30所示，可以看到，在20cm距离处，效率达到93.25%，在30cm处（即一倍线圈直径距离），效率达到84.45%，在45cm处（即1.5倍线圈直径距离），效率接近56.42%，在60cm处（即2倍线圈直径距离），效率达到25.89%。The present invention can obtain the relationship between efficiency and distance, as shown in Figure 30, it can be seen that at a distance of 20cm, the efficiency reaches 93.25%, at 30cm (that is, the distance of one coil diameter), the efficiency reaches 84.45%, and at 45cm At a distance of 1.5 times the diameter of the coil, the efficiency is close to 56.42%, and at a distance of 60cm (that is, a distance of 2 times the diameter of the coil), the efficiency reaches 25.89%.

为了说明整个无线能量传输装置的可调节性，即在任何距离下，可以通过效率调节网络中各元件参数的设计来使当前耦合系数k下的传输效率最高。固定其他参数不变,令k分别等于0.1，0.03，0.01，0.001，通过公式或者smith圆图方法，可以求得效率调节接收网络5及效率调节发射网络2中四组不同的电容值C1、C2、C3和C4，如表1所示，In order to illustrate the adjustability of the entire wireless energy transmission device, that is, at any distance, the transmission efficiency under the current coupling coefficient k can be maximized by designing the parameters of each element in the efficiency adjustment network. Keeping other parameters unchanged, let k be equal to 0.1, 0.03, 0.01, and 0.001 respectively. Through the formula or the smith chart method, four groups of different capacitance values C1 and C2 in the efficiency adjustment receiving network 5 and the efficiency adjustment transmission network 2 can be obtained , C3 and C4, as shown in Table 1,

C1C1 C2C2 C3C3 C4C4 k=0.1k=0.1 194pF194pF 53pF53pF 148pF148pF 99pF99pF k=0.03k=0.03 107pF107pF 140pF140pF 193pF193pF 54pF54pF k=0.01k=0.01 62pF62pF 185pF185pF 215pF215pF 32pF32pF k=0.001k=0.001 28pF28pF 219pF219pF 232pF232pF 14pF14pF

表1Table 1

将每组电容值带入到整个电路中进行数值仿真，可以得到图31，从图中可以看出，当距离发生变化时，只需要改变效率调节接收网络5及效率调节发射网络2中元件的参数即可使得当前耦合系数k下（即当前距离d下）传输效率最大化。Bring each group of capacitance values into the whole circuit for numerical simulation, and you can get Figure 31. It can be seen from the figure that when the distance changes, only the components in the efficiency adjustment receiving network 5 and the efficiency adjustment transmission network 2 need to be changed. The parameter can maximize the transmission efficiency under the current coupling coefficient k (that is, under the current distance d).

本发明可以得出传输效率和距离的关系，如图32所示，从图中可以看出，随着k的减小，近距离的最大传输效率有所降低，但是有效传输距离大大延长，因此可以根据实际需要的传输距离来优化效率调节网络中的各元件的值。The present invention can draw the relationship between transmission efficiency and distance, as shown in Figure 32, it can be seen from the figure that as k decreases, the maximum transmission efficiency at short distances decreases, but the effective transmission distance is greatly extended, so The value of each element in the network can be adjusted according to the actual required transmission distance to optimize efficiency.

实施例2：Example 2:

实施例1中，发射线圈3和接收线圈4相等，为了说明这种整个无线能量传输网络同样适用于不对称的情况，本实施例中，发射线圈3和接收线圈4不等大。In Embodiment 1, the transmitting coil 3 and the receiving coil 4 are equal. In order to illustrate that the entire wireless energy transmission network is also applicable to asymmetrical situations, in this embodiment, the transmitting coil 3 and the receiving coil 4 are not equal in size.

具体电路参数为：L_t=16μH，L_r=1.4μH，R_pt=1ohm，R_pr=0.2ohm，R_L=100ohm，R_s=26ohm，k=0.05，f=4Mhz。The specific circuit parameters are: L _t =16μH, L _r =1.4μH, R _pt =1ohm, R _pr =0.2ohm, R _L =100ohm, R _s =26ohm, k=0.05, f=4Mhz.

通过以上公式，求得C1=71pF，C2=28pF，C3=946pF，C4=184pF。通过数值仿真，可以得出效率和耦合系数k的关系，如图33所示，可以看出，在k=0.05时，传输效率达到85.24%，随着距离的增近，k增大，传输效率进一步提高，当k=0.3时达到91.85%,另外可以看出当k>0.01时，传输效率始终大于30%。Through the above formula, get C1=71pF, C2=28pF, C3=946pF, C4=184pF. Through numerical simulation, the relationship between efficiency and coupling coefficient k can be obtained. As shown in Figure 33, it can be seen that when k=0.05, the transmission efficiency reaches 85.24%. As the distance increases, k increases, and the transmission efficiency Further improvement, when k=0.3, it reaches 91.85%. In addition, it can be seen that when k>0.01, the transmission efficiency is always greater than 30%.

本发明可以得出传输效率和距离的关系，如图34所示，相距5cm时，传输效率达到75.4%,相距10cm时,传输效率达到61.18%,相距15cm时，传输效率达到40.13%,相距20cm时,传输效率达到21.01%。可以看出，由于接收线圈4直径大大减小，有效传输距离比实例1中有所减小，不过这种情况适用于将线圈嵌入到小型电子设备中如手机，这样的有效传输距离完全满足应用需求。The present invention can obtain the relationship between transmission efficiency and distance, as shown in Figure 34, when the distance is 5cm, the transmission efficiency reaches 75.4%, when the distance is 10cm, the transmission efficiency reaches 61.18%, when the distance is 15cm, the transmission efficiency reaches 40.13%, and the distance is 20cm , the transmission efficiency reaches 21.01%. It can be seen that due to the greatly reduced diameter of the receiving coil 4, the effective transmission distance is reduced compared to Example 1, but this situation is suitable for embedding the coil into small electronic devices such as mobile phones, and such an effective transmission distance fully meets the application requirements. need.

实施例3：Example 3:

实施例1中，R_eqr>R_L且R_eqt<R_s，效率调节接收网络5采用CL2型效率调节网络，效率调节发射网络2采用AL1型效率调节网络，整个无线能量传输装置工作在状态A-C。In Embodiment 1, _Reqr >RL and _Reqt < _{R s} _, the efficiency adjustment receiving network 5 adopts the CL2 type efficiency adjustment network, the efficiency adjustment transmission network 2 adopts the AL1 type efficiency adjustment network, and the entire wireless energy transmission device works in the state AC .

参见图35所示,有一个功率源1，功率源最佳负载电阻R_s=50欧姆，接收负载R_L=0.5欧姆，本发明设定工作频率为f=10MHz，则根据本发明提供的方法可以获得效率最佳等效接收阻抗Z_eqr和效率最佳等效发射阻抗Z_eqt，同时根据本发明提供的效率公式，预计最大效率为81.79%，具体参数如表2所示，Referring to Fig. 35, there is a power source 1, the optimal load resistance of the power source R _s =50 ohms, the receiving load R _L =0.5 ohms, the present invention sets the working frequency as f=10MHz, then according to the method provided by the present invention The best efficiency equivalent receiving impedance Z _eqr and the best efficiency equivalent emission impedance Z _eqt can be obtained. Meanwhile, according to the efficiency formula provided by the present invention, the maximum efficiency is expected to be 81.79%. The specific parameters are shown in Table 2.

kk L_t L _t R_pt R _pt L_r L _r R_pr R _pr ff Z_eqr Z _eqr Z_eqt _Zeqt efficiencyefficiency 0.010.01 15μH15μH 1ohm1ohm 5μH5μH 0.3ohm0.3ohm 10MHz10MHz 2.996-j*314.162.996-j*314.16 9.985+j*942.489.985+j*942.48 81.79%81.79%

表2Table 2

为了尽量实现最大效率传输，本实例接收端采用图16所示结构，发射段采用图3所示结构。仿真的结果如表3所示，在第一组值当中，本发明将Z_L严格匹配到Z_eqr，将Z_eqt严格匹配到Z_s，这个时候效率跟本发明给出的公式完全一致；在第二组值当中，调节后的阻抗实部虚部都产生了一些偏差，效率会下降的很厉害，大概严格匹配效率的66%左右，第三组值中实部有一点误差，但是虚部几乎没有误差，效率仍然很高，第四组值中实部误差很大，虚部仍然保持很好的吻合，此时效率也会下降的很快，约只有严格匹配效率的68％左右，可以发现，本发明的精神就是将阻抗的实部和虚部尽量调节一致。In order to achieve maximum transmission efficiency, the receiving end of this example adopts the structure shown in Figure 16, and the transmitting section adopts the structure shown in Figure 3. The results of the simulation are shown in Table 3. Among the first set of values, the present invention strictly matches Z _L to Z _eqr , and strictly matches _Zeqt to Z _s . At this time, the efficiency is completely consistent with the formula given by the present invention; In the second group of values, the real and imaginary parts of the adjusted impedance have some deviations, and the efficiency will drop sharply, about 66% of the strict matching efficiency. There is a little error in the real part of the third group of values, but the imaginary part There is almost no error, and the efficiency is still very high. In the fourth group of values, the real part has a large error, and the imaginary part still maintains a good match. At this time, the efficiency will drop rapidly, only about 68% of the strict matching efficiency, which can be It is found that the spirit of the present invention is to adjust the real part and the imaginary part of the impedance as consistent as possible.

第一组值first set of values 第二组值second set of values 第三组值third set of values 第四组值fourth set of values L_r1(μH)L _r1 (μH) 2．043022.04302 2．042.04 22 11 C_r1(pF)C _r1 (pF) 174．638174.638 174174 177．3052177.3052 303．867303.867 C_t1(pF)C _t1 (pF) 9．340369.34036 1010 9．47039.4703 12．542812.5428 C_t2(pF)C _t2 (pF) 7．568647.56864 88 7．418867.41886 4．344764.34476 R_eqr(ohm)R _eqr (ohm) 2．9952.995 3．1043.104 3．1253.125 12．51912.519 X_eqr(ohm)X _eqr (ohm) -314．163-314.163 -319．34-319.34 -314．158-314.158 -314．16-314.16 R_eqt(ohm)R _eqt (ohm) 9．9869.986 3．6223.622 9．6449.644 3．3103.310 X_eqt(ohm)X _eqt (ohm) 942．489942.489 946．469946.469 942．476942.476 942．478942.478 Eff(％)Eff(%) 81．79％81.79% 66％66% 81．78％81.78% 68．153％68.153%

表3table 3

下面是为了验证本无线能量传输装置的特性而制作的一个演示样机。它展示了本无线能量传输装置在实际应用中所需要的一些必要的模块。The following is a demonstration prototype made to verify the characteristics of the wireless energy transmission device. It shows some necessary modules required by the wireless energy transmission device in practical applications.

如图36所示为一个无线能量传输系统，11为开关电源或变压器，将220V市电转化为直流，12高频振荡源，产生4MHz的方波，13为开关类高效率功率放大器，经过选频滤波网络输出4MHz的高频能量波，14为效率调节网络，将最佳发射阻抗匹配到功率放大器的最佳负载电阻，15为发射线圈，在周围形成环形磁场，16为接收线圈，当它靠近发射线圈附近的时候，就能耦合到发射线圈的能量，17为接收端效率调节网络，将负载阻抗调节到最佳的接收阻抗，18为接收端的桥式整流电路，将高频交流能量转化成直流能量，19是一个小灯泡，表示待供电或充电设备。20表示发射线圈周围的磁场或磁力线。As shown in Figure 36, it is a wireless energy transmission system, 11 is a switching power supply or a transformer, which converts 220V mains electricity into DC, 12 is a high-frequency oscillation source, which generates a 4MHz square wave, and 13 is a switching high-efficiency power amplifier. The high-frequency filter network outputs 4MHz high-frequency energy waves, 14 is the efficiency adjustment network, which matches the best transmitting impedance to the best load resistance of the power amplifier, 15 is the transmitting coil, forming a ring magnetic field around it, and 16 is the receiving coil, when it When it is close to the transmitting coil, it can couple to the energy of the transmitting coil. 17 is the efficiency adjustment network at the receiving end, which adjusts the load impedance to the best receiving impedance. 18 is the bridge rectifier circuit at the receiving end, which converts high-frequency AC energy. into DC energy, and 19 is a small light bulb, representing a device to be powered or charged. 20 represents the magnetic field or flux lines around the transmitting coil.

目前，我们制作了四种不同直径的发射线圈15和接收线圈16，具体参数如表4所示,At present, we have produced four kinds of transmitting coils 15 and receiving coils 16 with different diameters, and the specific parameters are shown in Table 4.

直径D(cm)Diameter D (cm) 匝数NNumber of turns N 电感L(μH)Inductance L(μH) 55 99 4.1μH4.1μH 1010 55 4.28μH4.28μH 2020 55 6.2μH6.2μH 3030 33 6.78μH6.78μH

表4Table 4

演示过程中，只需要将电源适配器插到220v市电上，便可以给发射装置供电，当带有待供电负载（小灯泡）的接收装置靠近发射装置时，可以很明显的看到小灯泡持续点亮，表示能量通过本装置无线式地传输到了接收装置。小灯泡的亮度随着接收装置和发射装置之间的距离和摆放角度的变化而变化，表示两个线圈之间的耦合系数随着发射线圈和接收线圈之间的距离和相对角度变化而变化（当然功率放大器的输出功率和工作效率也会随着负载的变化而变化）。During the demonstration, you only need to plug the power adapter into the 220v mains to supply power to the transmitting device. When the receiving device with the load to be powered (small light bulb) is close to the transmitting device, you can clearly see that the small light bulb continues to light up. Lights up to indicate that energy is wirelessly transmitted from the device to the receiving device. The brightness of the small bulb changes with the distance and placement angle between the receiving device and the transmitting device, indicating that the coupling coefficient between the two coils changes with the distance and relative angle between the transmitting coil and the receiving coil (Of course, the output power and working efficiency of the power amplifier will also change with the load).

当用20cm直径的发射线圈作为发射装置，接收装置采用以上任意直径的接收线圈时，在发射线圈附近25cm范围内，灯泡的亮度都在1.2w以上，并且摆放的方位和角度很随意，如37（a）、图37（b）、图37（c）和图37（d）所示，并且一个发射机可以为多个接收机提供无线能量传输。经过测试，当在发射线圈附近25cm范围内有四个接收装置的情况下，总机的效率（从15v直流输入到最终灯泡接收到的实际功率）在50%以上。并且中间存在的任何非金属物体几乎不降低传输效率。When a transmitting coil with a diameter of 20cm is used as the transmitting device, and the receiving device adopts a receiving coil with any diameter above, within 25cm near the transmitting coil, the brightness of the bulb is above 1.2w, and the orientation and angle of placement are very random, such as 37(a), Figure 37(b), Figure 37(c) and Figure 37(d), and one transmitter can provide wireless energy transmission for multiple receivers. After testing, when there are four receiving devices within 25cm near the transmitting coil, the efficiency of the switchboard (from 15v DC input to the actual power received by the final bulb) is above 50%. And any non-metallic objects in the middle hardly reduce the transmission efficiency.

这里列出了无线能量传输在实际应用中的系统框图，发射装置系统框图如图38所示，接收装置系统框图如所示。所示的无线能量传输系统框图可以适用于各种实际场合中，可以对小型电子设备进行无线供电或充电，如手机、MP3及数码相机等；可以对中型电子设备进行无线供电或充电，如笔记本电脑；也可以对大型设备进行无线供电或充电，如电动自行车及电动汽车。The system block diagram of wireless energy transmission in practical application is listed here. The system block diagram of the transmitting device is shown in FIG. 38 , and the system block diagram of the receiving device is shown in Fig. 38 . The block diagram of the wireless energy transmission system shown can be applied to various practical occasions. It can wirelessly power or charge small electronic devices, such as mobile phones, MP3 and digital cameras, etc.; it can wirelessly power or charge medium-sized electronic devices, such as notebooks. Computers; it can also wirelessly power or charge large devices, such as electric bicycles and electric cars.

先看发射装置系统框图（如图38），主要包含以下七个模块，分别是发射装置系统框图包括微控制单元(MCU)、功率放大器(Power Amplifier)、效率调节网络(EfficiencyOptimizer Network)、发射线圈(TransmittingCoil)、人机交互接口(Human-Machine Interface)、传感器(Sensors)以及电流/电压监控单元(Current/Voltage detector)，其中微控制单元(MCU)产生的高频振荡信号通过功率放大器(Power Amplifier)放大后送入效率调节网络(Efficiency Optimizer Network)，之后信号被传输到发射线圈(TransmittingCoil)上，通过连接到效率调节网络(Efficiency Optimizer Network)及发射线圈(Transmitting Coil)上的传感器(Sensors)以和电流/电压监控单元(Current/Voltage detector)来检测电压电流的变化以及其他异常情况，将检测到的这些信号反馈给微控制单元(MCU)进行处理然后微控制单元(MCU)会对输出信号作出相应的反应以实时适应接收负载及外界环境的变化，使得传输效率时刻最优化，用户可以通过连接到微控制单元(MCU)上的人机交互接口(Human-Machine Interface)来进行各种不同的充电及其他选择。下面将逐一对每个模块做一简要介绍。First look at the system block diagram of the transmitting device (as shown in Figure 38), which mainly includes the following seven modules. (TransmittingCoil), human-machine interface (Human-Machine Interface), sensor (Sensors) and current/voltage monitoring unit (Current/Voltage detector), in which the high-frequency oscillation signal generated by the micro-control unit (MCU) passes through the power amplifier (Power Amplifier) is amplified and sent to the Efficiency Optimizer Network, and then the signal is transmitted to the Transmitting Coil, through the Sensors connected to the Efficiency Optimizer Network and the Transmitting Coil ) with the current/voltage monitoring unit (Current/Voltage detector) to detect changes in voltage and current and other abnormal conditions, and feed back the detected signals to the micro control unit (MCU) for processing, and then the micro control unit (MCU) will The output signal responds accordingly to adapt to changes in the receiving load and the external environment in real time, so that the transmission efficiency is optimized at all times. Users can perform various tasks through the Human-Machine Interface connected to the Micro Control Unit (MCU). different charging and other options. A brief introduction to each module will be given below.

微控制单元（MCU）负责协调整个无线能量传输系统中每个模块的运作，收集从人机交互接口(Human-Machine Interface)发送过来的用户信息以及从传感器(Sensors)和电流/电压监控单元(Current/Voltage detector)传送过来的信号进行分析后，产生相应的控制信号来控制功率放大器(Power Amplifier)的输出以及效率调节网络(Efficiency Optimizer Network)中各元件的参数，保证在任何情况下按照用户的需求为待供电设备提供合适的功率以及良好的传输效率。The micro control unit (MCU) is responsible for coordinating the operation of each module in the entire wireless energy transmission system, collecting user information sent from the human-machine interface (Human-Machine Interface) and information from sensors (Sensors) and current/voltage monitoring unit ( Current/Voltage detector) after the analysis of the signal sent by the corresponding control signal to control the output of the power amplifier (Power Amplifier) and the parameters of each component in the efficiency adjustment network (Efficiency Optimizer Network), to ensure that in any case according to the user The demand provides suitable power and good transmission efficiency for the equipment to be powered.

功率放大器(Power Amplifier)，由于本无线能量传输装置需要提供一定功率的频率为f的高频功率信号给发射线圈(Transmitting Coil)，因此需要将微控制单元（MCU）产生的频率为f的小信号通过功率放大器(PowerAmplifier)放大到合适的功率。功率放大器可采用工作在开关模式的具有高效率的E类功率放大器，输出功率可以从0.01w到10kw。它受控于微控制单元（MCU）发来的控制信号，时刻调整发射功率，以满足待供电设备时刻变化的功率需求。Power Amplifier (Power Amplifier), since this wireless energy transmission device needs to provide a high-frequency power signal with a certain power frequency f to the transmitting coil (Transmitting Coil), it is necessary to generate a small The signal is amplified to the appropriate power by the power amplifier (PowerAmplifier). The power amplifier can be a class E power amplifier with high efficiency working in switch mode, and the output power can be from 0.01w to 10kw. It is controlled by the control signal sent by the micro control unit (MCU), and adjusts the transmission power at all times to meet the ever-changing power requirements of the equipment to be powered.

效率调节网络(Efficiency OptimizerNetwork)，在发射端即为效率调节发射网络2，用于将发射线圈两端的效率最佳等效发射阻抗Zeqt调节到功率源最佳负载电阻Rs，使效率最优化。它受控于微控制单元（MCU）发来的控制信号，时刻根据待供电设备的负载变化改变网络中元件的值，使得效率最优化。Efficiency Optimizer Network (Efficiency Optimizer Network), at the transmitting end is the efficiency adjusting transmitting network 2, which is used to adjust the efficiency optimal equivalent transmitting impedance Zeqt at both ends of the transmitting coil to the optimal load resistance Rs of the power source, so as to optimize the efficiency. It is controlled by the control signal sent by the micro control unit (MCU), and changes the value of the components in the network according to the load change of the equipment to be powered at all times, so as to optimize the efficiency.

发射线圈(Transmitting Coil)用来将功率放大器(Power Amplifier)提供的功率信号耦合到接收线圈（Receiving Coil）。The Transmitting Coil is used to couple the power signal provided by the Power Amplifier to the Receiving Coil.

人机交互接口(Human-Machine Interface)可以随时接收来自用户端的各种请求，比如需要者加大无线供电功率、减小无线供电功率或者停止无线供电。它将收集到的各种信息提供给受控于微控制单元（MCU），微控制单元（MCU）会根据这些用户信息对相应的模块单元做出相应的控制。例如在汽车充电应用场合中，人机交互接口(Human-Machine Interface)将负责判断该车的车型，进而通知微控制单元（MCU）产生合适的功率信号，提供合适的充电功率，同时还负责如计费等功能。在手机及数码相机等小型电子设备的充电应用场合中,他将判断所要充电的小型电子设备的型号，为其提供合适的充电功率。The Human-Machine Interface (Human-Machine Interface) can receive various requests from the user at any time, such as increasing the wireless power supply power, reducing the wireless power supply power or stopping the wireless power supply. It provides various information collected to the micro control unit (MCU), and the micro control unit (MCU) will control the corresponding module units according to the user information. For example, in the application of car charging, the Human-Machine Interface (Human-Machine Interface) will be responsible for judging the model of the car, and then notifying the Micro Control Unit (MCU) to generate a suitable power signal to provide a suitable charging power, and is also responsible for such Billing and other functions. In the charging applications of small electronic devices such as mobile phones and digital cameras, he will judge the type of small electronic devices to be charged and provide suitable charging power for them.

传感器(Sensors)用于探测发射装置附近是否有非待供电设备的存在，例如大面积的金属物靠近，生物体的靠近等，如果探测到这些干扰物的存在，将会停止发射装置工作，并发出警告，避免损坏外部设备以及发射装置。例如，在在汽车充电应用场合中，传感器(Sensors)负责辅助汽车在停车时对准汽车的接收装置，以便提高传输效率。Sensors (Sensors) are used to detect whether there is non-power supply equipment near the transmitter, such as the proximity of large-area metal objects, the proximity of living organisms, etc. If the presence of these interference objects is detected, the transmitter will stop working, and Warns to avoid damage to external equipment and transmitters. For example, in the car charging application, the sensor (Sensors) is responsible for assisting the car to align the receiving device of the car when parking, so as to improve the transmission efficiency.

传感器(Sensors)以及电流/电压监控单元(Current/Voltage detector)用于探测效率调节网络(Efficiency Optimizer Network)和发射线圈(Transmitting Coil)上的电流和电压，将电流电压数据反馈给微控制单元（MCU），当带充电设备的负载发生改变或者所需的供电功率发生变化时，微控制单元（MCU）将根据收集到的电压电流的关系来判定当前应如何对效率调节网络(Efficiency Optimizer Network)中的元件参数进行改变，保证效率调节网络的正常工作。The sensors (Sensors) and the current/voltage monitoring unit (Current/Voltage detector) are used to detect the current and voltage on the Efficiency Optimizer Network (Efficiency Optimizer Network) and the transmitting coil (Transmitting Coil), and feed back the current and voltage data to the micro control unit ( MCU), when the load with charging equipment changes or the required power supply changes, the micro control unit (MCU) will determine how to adjust the efficiency of the network (Efficiency Optimizer Network) according to the relationship between the collected voltage and current Change the parameters of the components in it to ensure the normal operation of the efficiency regulation network.

再来看接收装置系统框图（如39），主要包含以下八个模块，分别是微控制单元(MCU)、效率调节网络(Efficiency Optimizer Network)、接收线圈(Receiving Coil)、人机交互接口(Human-Machine Interface)、传感器(Sensors)、整流及充电控制单元(Rectifier/Charging Control Unit)、电流/电压监控单元(Current/Voltage detector)以及待供电设备(Device UnderPowered)，其中从接收线圈(Receiving Coil)接收到的高频功率信号通过效率调节网络(Efficiency Optimizer Network)后送入到整流及充电控制单元(Rectifier/Charging Control Unit)进行整合和电压电流控制，保证给待供电设备(Device Under Powered)提供一个所需要的稳定的电压和电流，通过连接到效率调节网络(Efficiency Optimizer Network)及接收线圈(Transmitting Coil)上的传感器(Sensors)以和电流/电压监控单元(Current/Voltage detector)来检测电压电流的变化以及其他异常情况，将检测到的这些信号反馈给微控制单元(MCU)进行处理然后微控制单元(MCU)会对输出信号作出相应的反应以实时适应接收负载及外界环境的变化，使得传输效率时刻最优化，用户可以通过连接到微控制单元(MCU)上的人机交互接口(Human-Machine Interface)来进行各种不同的充电及其他选择。Let’s look at the block diagram of the receiving device system (such as 39), which mainly includes the following eight modules, namely the micro control unit (MCU), efficiency optimizer network (Efficiency Optimizer Network), receiving coil (Receiving Coil), human-computer interaction interface (Human-computer interaction interface) Machine Interface), Sensors, Rectifier/Charging Control Unit, Current/Voltage Detector, and Device UnderPowered, among which the receiving coil The received high-frequency power signal is sent to the rectifier/charging control unit (Rectifier/Charging Control Unit) for integration and voltage and current control through the Efficiency Optimizer Network (Efficiency Optimizer Network), so as to ensure the power supply to the device under powered (Device Under Powered). A required stable voltage and current is detected by sensors (Sensors) connected to the Efficiency Optimizer Network and the receiving coil (Transmitting Coil) and the current/voltage monitoring unit (Current/Voltage detector) For changes in current and other abnormal conditions, the detected signals are fed back to the micro control unit (MCU) for processing, and then the micro control unit (MCU) will respond to the output signal to adapt to changes in the receiving load and the external environment in real time. To optimize the transmission efficiency at all times, users can perform various charging and other options by connecting to the Human-Machine Interface (Human-Machine Interface) on the Micro Control Unit (MCU).

效率调节网络(Efficiency Optimizer Network)，在发射端即为效率调节发射网络RNet，用于将负载ZL调节到Zeqr，使效率最优化。它受控于微控制单元（MCU）发来的控制信号，时刻根据待供电设备的负载变化改变网络中元件的值，使得效率最优化。Efficiency Optimizer Network (Efficiency Optimizer Network), which is the efficiency adjustment transmission network RNet at the transmitting end, is used to adjust the load ZL to Zeqr to optimize the efficiency. It is controlled by the control signal sent by the micro control unit (MCU), and changes the value of the components in the network according to the load change of the equipment to be powered at all times, so as to optimize the efficiency.

接收线圈(Receiving Coil)用来接收从发射线圈耦合过来的能量。The receiving coil (Receiving Coil) is used to receive the energy coupled from the transmitting coil.

待供电设备（Device Under Powered）可以是需要无线供电或充电的各种设备，比如手机及数码相机等小型电子设备，或者是电动自行车等中型设备，或者是电动汽车、电动巴士等大型设备，抑或是心脏起搏器等微型设备。The device to be powered (Device Under Powered) can be a variety of devices that need wireless power supply or charging, such as small electronic devices such as mobile phones and digital cameras, or medium-sized devices such as electric bicycles, or large devices such as electric cars and electric buses, or It is a tiny device such as a pacemaker.

无线能量传输未来应用场合Future applications of wireless energy transmission

首先是小型电子设备的供电或者充电，比如如图40所示的无线充电板，内嵌有一个或多个发射装置为带充电设备提供能量。使用的时候只需要将装有无线能量接收的带充电设备（如手机，MP3,数码相机等）放到无线充电板上，无线充电板自己自动地为其充电。The first is the power supply or charging of small electronic devices, such as the wireless charging board shown in Figure 40, which is embedded with one or more transmitters to provide energy for charging devices. When using it, you only need to put the charging device equipped with wireless energy receiving (such as mobile phone, MP3, digital camera, etc.) on the wireless charging board, and the wireless charging board will automatically charge it.

图41(a)所示的是另一种无线充电装置——无线充电架。它是一种立体的多层结构的无线充电装置，每一层可以放置一个或多个待充电设备（如手机，MP3,数码相机等），每一层可以抽出或者旋转开（如图41（b）所示）这种立体多层式无线充电架可以节省桌面宝贵的空间，其在家庭、办公以及公共场合都有很好的适用性。Figure 41(a) shows another wireless charging device—a wireless charging stand. It is a wireless charging device with a three-dimensional multi-layer structure. Each layer can place one or more devices to be charged (such as mobile phones, MP3, digital cameras, etc.), and each layer can be pulled out or rotated (as shown in Figure 41 ( As shown in b), this three-dimensional multi-layer wireless charging stand can save precious space on the desktop, and it has good applicability in homes, offices and public places.

下面是内嵌有无线能量传输接收装置的各种小型待供电或充电设备，如图42(a)所示的带有无线能量传输接收装置的手机，接收线圈以及接收控制电路可以小型化，嵌入到手机背部壳体内（可以从图42（b）清楚看出）。又如图43(a)所示的带有无线能量传输接收装置的笔记本电脑，接收线圈可以嵌入到笔记本电脑的底部（可以从图43（b）清楚看出）。The following are various small devices to be powered or charged with embedded wireless energy transmission and receiving devices, such as a mobile phone with a wireless energy transmission and receiving device as shown in Figure 42(a), the receiving coil and receiving control circuit can be miniaturized and embedded into the back shell of the phone (as can be clearly seen from Figure 42(b)). Also, as shown in Figure 43(a) for a notebook computer with a wireless energy transmission receiving device, the receiving coil can be embedded in the bottom of the notebook computer (it can be clearly seen from Figure 43(b)).

图44所示的是一个装有无线能量传输发射装置的无线充电桌，桌子里面镶嵌上一个较大的线圈或者一组较小的线圈的阵列（如图45（a）和45（b）所示）。一些移动设备诸如笔记本电脑、手机、照相机放置在桌面上以后就开始自动充电。充电完成后自动停止充电。传统的有线充电需要大量的电线、插头，如果用电器比较多的情况下，光是保管这些设备的电线、插头就很麻烦，而且电线和插头损坏以后配件比较麻烦。再者，很多的电线缠绕以后清理比较麻烦。而我们的无线充电系统省去了电线的麻烦，而且更智能、更方便，也更安全（不存在漏电等问题）。家里或者诸如娱乐场所的桌子上面做成这样的系统，我们在平时休息的时候电子设备就可以随时充电，这样也可以缓解现在电子设备用电量太大电量不够的问题，比如现在大屏幕的手机、MP4等用电非常厉害，有的甚至一天都支持不到，有了这种即时方便的无线充电方式，随时补充电量就不用担心电量的问题。Figure 44 shows a wireless charging table equipped with a wireless energy transmission device, and a larger coil or an array of smaller coils is embedded in the table (as shown in Figure 45(a) and 45(b) Show). Some mobile devices such as notebook computers, mobile phones, and cameras begin to charge automatically after they are placed on the desktop. Automatically stop charging after charging is complete. Traditional wired charging requires a large number of wires and plugs. If there are many electrical appliances, it is very troublesome to keep the wires and plugs of these devices, and it is troublesome to install accessories after the wires and plugs are damaged. Furthermore, it is cumbersome to clean up after many wires are entangled. And our wireless charging system saves the trouble of wires, and is smarter, more convenient, and safer (no problems such as leakage). Such a system is built at home or on the table in entertainment venues. We can charge electronic devices at any time when we are resting. This can also alleviate the problem that electronic devices consume too much power and not enough power, such as the current large-screen mobile phones. , MP4, etc. consume a lot of power, and some of them can't even last a day. With this instant and convenient wireless charging method, you don't have to worry about the power problem when you replenish power at any time.

图46是一个家庭使用无线充电的全景图，在房间的8个角各安置一个线圈，这样可以使无线能量的覆盖范围扩大到整个房间，同时房间内的多个线圈之间组网，可以根据接收装置的方位自动调控每个发射装置的功率输出，使得效率进一步提高。这种方案可以让房间里的大多数电器都永久摆脱了电线和插座的烦恼，用电器在搬移位置的时候也比较方便。Figure 46 is a panoramic view of a family using wireless charging. A coil is placed in each of the 8 corners of the room, so that the coverage of wireless energy can be extended to the entire room. At the same time, multiple coils in the room can be networked according to The orientation of the receiving device automatically regulates the power output of each transmitting device, further improving efficiency. This solution can permanently get rid of the troubles of wires and sockets for most of the electrical appliances in the room, and it is also more convenient for electrical appliances to move their locations.

本发明不仅能够应用在小型电子设备的供电或者充电，还可以为大型设备提供无线能量传输，比如汽车，公交汽车和电动车等。众所周知，电动汽车是我们将来走清洁能源道路的发展目标。我们可以将线圈镶嵌在电动汽车底部（如图47（a）和47（b）所示），电动公交车底部（如图48(a)和48（b）所示），电瓶车底部（如图49(a)和49（b）所示），或其他的交通工具的底部。由于汽车充电所需传送的功率极大，因此汽车底部可以嵌入多个无限能量线圈（如图47(b)所示），这样可以降低每个接收装置的负荷，减轻发射装置和接收装置的设计难度和制作成本，同时提高传输效率；同理，电动公交车也可以在底部嵌入多个线圈（如图48(b)所示）。作为一个很好的应用前景，我们可以在公交车站台上布置充电线圈。电动公交车到达每个站台后会都会停车一会儿，无线能量传输装置就可以利用这段间隙给电动公交车车进行充电。发射线圈接收到电动公交车的信号后开始发射能量，公交车开走后充电过程停止。由于公交车的运营特点，需要多次停靠以及相对固定的停车位置，这些零散的时间加起来足够给电动公交车补充足够的电力，因此很有希望在短时间内普及电动公交车的无线充电桩。如果使用有线充电，那么城市里大量的电动公交车就需要很多的停车场地和充电站充电桩来及时充电，从而保证汽车的连续正常的运营。而我们设计的无线充电系统，让公交车在靠站的过程中充电，既有效的节约了时间，又省去了插插头拉线这些繁琐的过程，同时节省了大量的地皮资源。The present invention can not only be applied to the power supply or charging of small electronic devices, but also can provide wireless energy transmission for large devices, such as automobiles, buses and electric vehicles. As we all know, electric vehicles are our future development goals for taking the road of clean energy. We can embed the coil on the bottom of the electric car (as shown in Figure 47(a) and 47(b)), the bottom of the electric bus (as shown in Figure 48(a) and 48(b)), the bottom of the battery car (as shown in Figure 49(a) and 49(b)), or the bottom of other vehicles. Due to the extremely high power required for car charging, multiple infinite energy coils can be embedded in the bottom of the car (as shown in Figure 47(b)), which can reduce the load of each receiving device and reduce the design of the transmitting device and receiving device Difficulty and production cost, while improving transmission efficiency; similarly, electric buses can also embed multiple coils at the bottom (as shown in Figure 48(b)). As a good application prospect, we can arrange charging coils on the bus platform. After the electric bus arrives at each platform, it will stop for a while, and the wireless energy transmission device can use this gap to charge the electric bus. The transmitting coil starts to emit energy after receiving the signal from the electric bus, and the charging process stops after the bus drives away. Due to the operating characteristics of buses, multiple stops and relatively fixed parking positions are required. These scattered times add up to enough power for electric buses. Therefore, it is very hopeful that wireless charging piles for electric buses will be popularized in a short period of time. . If wired charging is used, a large number of electric buses in the city will need a lot of parking lots and charging piles to charge in time, so as to ensure the continuous and normal operation of the car. And the wireless charging system we designed allows the bus to charge during the process of stopping, which not only effectively saves time, but also saves the tedious process of plugging and pulling cables, and saves a lot of land resources at the same time.

图50（a）所示的是可以为电动汽车提供无线能量传输的公共停车场，每个停车位的地下都埋有无线能量传输发射装置，为带有无线能量接收装置的电动汽车进行充电。公共停车场由于汽车停留时间短，所以需要大功率的无线能量发射装置，为电动汽车提供短时间快速充电。图50（b）所示的是家庭或者小区的停车场，同样在每个停车位的地下都埋有无线能量传输发射装置，为带有无线能量接收装置的电动汽车进行充电。由于家用停车场汽车停留时间长，因此无线能量发射装置所需要发射的能量就比公共停车场的小很多，可以在晚间长达10多小时的时间内为用户的汽车进行慢速充电，提高充电电池的使用寿命。Figure 50(a) shows a public parking lot that can provide wireless energy transmission for electric vehicles. A wireless energy transmission transmitter is buried underground in each parking space to charge electric vehicles with wireless energy receiving devices. Due to the short residence time of cars in public parking lots, high-power wireless energy transmitters are needed to provide short-term fast charging for electric vehicles. Figure 50(b) shows the parking lot of a family or a community. Also, a wireless energy transmission transmitter is buried underground in each parking space to charge an electric vehicle with a wireless energy receiving device. Since the car stays in the home parking lot for a long time, the energy emitted by the wireless energy transmitter device is much smaller than that of the public parking lot. It can charge the user's car at a slow speed for more than 10 hours at night, improving the charging efficiency. battery life.

图51是无线能量传输的远期应用场景的设想——无线充电公路。由于现在的电动汽车电池电量有限（续航距离在100～200公里左右），并且化学电池的单位提及容量在短时期内很难有突破性进展，这使得将来驾驶电动汽车做长途旅行成为一个比较难以客服的难题，将在很大程度上限制电动汽车的广泛应用。因此针对这个难题，可以建设一条充电的公路，公路的路面下的每隔固定距离就埋有一个无线能量传输发射装置，因此这条公路可以连续地为带有无线能量传输接收装置的电动汽车提供无线能量传输，这样汽车在行驶的过程中实时地补充能量，大大延长了电动汽车的出行范围。这样就解决了电动汽车的远距离续航能力难题，可以大大促进电动汽车的长足发展和广泛应用。Figure 51 is a vision of the long-term application scenario of wireless energy transmission - wireless charging highway. Due to the limited power of electric vehicle batteries (the cruising distance is about 100-200 kilometers), and the unit mention capacity of chemical batteries is difficult to make breakthroughs in a short period of time, this makes driving electric vehicles for long-distance travel in the future become a comparison. Difficult to solve the problem, will largely limit the widespread application of electric vehicles. Therefore, to solve this problem, a charging road can be built, and a wireless energy transmission transmitting device is buried at a fixed distance under the road surface, so this road can continuously provide electric vehicles with wireless energy transmission receiving devices. Wireless energy transmission, so that the car can replenish energy in real time during driving, which greatly extends the travel range of electric vehicles. This solves the problem of long-distance battery life of electric vehicles, which can greatly promote the rapid development and wide application of electric vehicles.

最后一种应用是微型电子设备的供电或者充电，如心脏起搏器，目前由于化学电池的使用寿命问题，一般心脏起搏器的寿命在6～8年之间，达到使用期限之后，要将整个起搏器换掉。而更换的过程中无疑会带来一定的危险。而使用无线能量传输来为心脏起搏器的可充电电池进行充电，只需要每隔一段固定时间（如半年或者一年）为心脏起搏器的可充电电池充一次电，就不需要对病人进行手术更换心脏起搏器了。由于心脏起搏器的电池容量相对很小，所需的充电功率也就很小，整个充电过程将非常安全，甚至在病人睡眠的过程当中就可以不知不觉的完成。因此这种方案可以避免更因换心脏起搏器对患者带来的生命危险和昂贵医疗费用，节省了大量的人力和物力。The last application is the power supply or charging of microelectronic devices, such as cardiac pacemakers. At present, due to the service life of chemical batteries, the lifespan of general cardiac pacemakers is between 6 and 8 years. The entire pacemaker was replaced. And the replacement process will undoubtedly bring certain dangers. While using wireless energy transmission to charge the rechargeable battery of the pacemaker, it only needs to charge the rechargeable battery of the pacemaker at regular intervals (such as half a year or a year), and there is no need to charge the rechargeable battery of the patient. Had surgery to replace the pacemaker. Because the battery capacity of the cardiac pacemaker is relatively small, the required charging power is also very small, and the entire charging process will be very safe, and it can even be completed unconsciously in the process of the patient's sleep. Therefore, this scheme can avoid the life-threatening and expensive medical expenses brought by the replacement of the cardiac pacemaker, and save a lot of manpower and material resources.

以上的所有线圈可以是平面的方形（如图52(a1)(a2)所示），平面的圆形（如图52(b1)(b2)所示），平面的正六边形（如图52(c1)(c2)所示），平面的菱形（如图52(d1)(d2)所示），平面的椭圆形（如图52(e1)(e2)所示），平面的长方形（如图52f1)(f2)所示）。也可以是非平面的类似弹簧的方形、圆形、正六边形、菱形、椭圆形、长方形、如图37所示。All the above coils can be planar squares (as shown in Figure 52 (a1) (a2)), planar circles (as shown in Figure 52 (b1) (b2)), planar regular hexagons (as shown in Figure 52 (c1)(c2)), planar rhombus (as shown in Figure 52(d1)(d2)), planar ellipse (as shown in Figure 52(e1)(e2)), planar rectangle (as shown in Figure 52(e1)(e2)) Figure 52f1) (f2) shown). It can also be a non-planar spring-like square, circle, regular hexagon, rhombus, ellipse, or rectangle, as shown in FIG. 37 .

以上所有的线圈所使用的线材为漆包铜线，截面为圆形或者矩形，截面积从0.5-30平方毫米。或者使用多股绞合线，股数从10股到1500股。The wires used in all the above coils are enamelled copper wires with circular or rectangular cross-sections and a cross-sectional area of 0.5-30 square millimeters. Or use multi-strand wire with strand counts from 10 to 1500 strands.

以上显示和描述了本发明的基本原理和主要特征和本发明的优点。本行业的技术人员应该了解，本发明不受上述实施例的限制，上述实施例和说明书中描述的只是说明本发明的原理，在不脱离本发明精神和范围的前提下，本发明还会有各种变化和改进，这些变化和改进都落入要求保护的本发明范围内。本发明要求保护范围由所附的权利要求书及其等效物界定。The basic principles and main features of the present invention and the advantages of the present invention have been shown and described above. Those skilled in the industry should understand that the present invention is not limited by the above-mentioned embodiments. What are described in the above-mentioned embodiments and the description only illustrate the principle of the present invention. Without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, the present invention will also have Variations and improvements all fall within the scope of the claimed invention. The protection scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A wireless energy transmission device is characterized by comprising a power source, a transmitting device and a receiving device;

the transmitting device comprises a transmitting coil and an equivalent transmitting impedance Z for optimizing the efficiency of the two ends of the transmitting coil_eqtAdjusting to the optimum load impedance Z of the power source_sOne end of the efficiency adjusting and transmitting network is connected with a transmitting coil, and the other end of the efficiency adjusting and transmitting network is connected with a power source;

the receiving device comprises a receiving coil for energy coupling with the transmitting coil via an alternating electromagnetic fieldTo receive a load impedance Z_LAdjusting the effective equivalent receive impedance Z to both ends of the receive coil_eqrOne end of the efficiency adjusting receiving network is connected with the receiving coil, and the other end of the efficiency adjusting receiving network is connected with the receiving load;

the optimum load impedance Z of the power source_s=R_s+jX_s；

The receiving load impedance Z_L=R_L+jX_L；

An efficient equivalent receive impedance across the receive coil

Z_{eqr} = \sqrt{\frac{{(kω \sqrt{L_{t} L_{r}})}^{2} R_{pr} + R_{pt} + {R_{pr}}^{2}}{R_{pt}}} - jω L_{r} = R_{eqr} + j X_{eqr};

The most efficient equivalent transmit impedance

Z_{eqt} = \sqrt{\frac{{(kω \sqrt{L_{t} L_{r}})}^{2} R_{pt} + R_{pr} + {R_{pt}}^{2}}{R_{pr}}} + jω L_{t} = R_{eqt} + j X_{eqt};

Wherein R is_sIs the optimum load resistance of the power source, X_sIs the optimum load reactance, R, of the power source_LIs receiving a load resistance, X_LIs a receiving load reactance, k is a coupling coefficient between the transmitting coil and the receiving coil, ω is an operating angular frequency of the entire wireless energy transmission device, L_tIs self-inductance of the transmitting coil, R_ptIs the loss resistance of the transmitting coil, L_rIs the self-inductance of the receiving coil, R_prIs a loss resistance of the receiving coil, R_eqrIs the most efficient equivalent receiving resistance, X_eqrIs the most efficient equivalent receive reactance, R_eqtIs the most efficient equivalent emission resistance, X_eqtIs the most efficient equivalent transmit reactance and j is the imaginary unit.

2. The wireless energy transmission device according to claim 1, wherein the receiving resistance R is equivalent when the efficiency is optimal_eqr<Receiving load resistance R_LBy adjusting the receiving network to make the receiving load impedance Z_LEqual to the most efficient equivalent receive impedance Z_eqr(ii) a Equivalent emitting resistance R when efficiency is optimal_eqt<Optimum load resistance R of power source_sThen, the efficiency is adjusted by the transmission network to make the efficiency optimum equivalent to the transmission impedance Z_eqtEqual to the optimum load impedance Z of the power source_s(ii) a The efficiency adjusting receiving network and the efficiency adjusting transmitting network both adopt A-type working mode efficiency adjusting networks; the type-a operation mode efficiency adjustment network is one of a two-element AL1 type efficiency adjustment network, an AL2 type efficiency adjustment network, an AL3 type efficiency adjustment network, or an AL4 type efficiency adjustment network, or one of a three-element APi1 type efficiency adjustment network, an APi2 type efficiency adjustment network, an APi3 type efficiency adjustment network, or an APi4 type efficiency adjustment network, or one of a three-element AT1 type efficiency adjustment network, an AT2 type efficiency adjustment network, an AT3 type efficiency adjustment network, an AT4 type efficiency adjustment network, or an AT5 type efficiency adjustment network.

3. The wireless energy transmission device according to claim 1, wherein the receiving resistance R is equivalent when the efficiency is optimal_eqr>Receiving load resistance R_LBy adjusting the receiving network to make the receiving load impedance Z_LEqual to the most efficient equivalent receive impedance Z_eqr(ii) a Equivalent emitting resistance R when efficiency is optimal_eqt>Optimum load resistance R of power source_sThen, the efficiency is adjusted by the transmission network to make the efficiency optimum equivalent to the transmission impedance Z_eqtEqual to the optimum load impedance Z of the power source_s(ii) a The efficiency regulation receiving network and the efficiency regulation transmitting network adopt C-type working mode effectsA rate adjustment network; the C-type operation mode efficiency adjustment network employs one of a two-element CL1 type efficiency adjustment network or a CL2 type efficiency adjustment network, one of a three-element CPi1 type efficiency adjustment network or a CPi2 type efficiency adjustment network, or one of a three-element CT1 type efficiency adjustment network, a CT2 type efficiency adjustment network, a CT3 type efficiency adjustment network or a CT4 type efficiency adjustment network.

4. The wireless energy transmission device according to claim 1, wherein the receiving resistance R is equivalent when the efficiency is optimal_eqr= receiving load resistance R_LBy adjusting the receiving network to make the receiving load impedance Z_LEqual to the most efficient equivalent receive impedance Z_eqr(ii) a Equivalent emitting resistance R when efficiency is optimal_eqt= power source optimum load resistance R_sThen, the efficiency is adjusted by the transmission network to make the efficiency optimum equivalent to the transmission impedance Z_eqtEqual to the optimum load impedance Z of the power source_s(ii) a The efficiency adjusting receiving network and the efficiency adjusting transmitting network both adopt B-type working mode efficiency adjusting networks; the class B operating mode efficiency adjustment network employs one of a one element type B1 efficiency adjustment network or a type B2 efficiency adjustment network.

5. The wireless energy transmission device according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the receiving load can be a device to be powered and/or a charging device.

6. The wireless energy transmission device according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the power source is a radio frequency power source.